a c ac

ab c ab ac,
b d bd
a c ad bc a b a d
,
b d bd c d b c

a a a
a a,
b b b
Division by zero is not defined.
0
If a 0: a 0, a0 1, 0a 0

For any number a: a 0 0 a 0

a ma n a m n, ab m
a mb m, am n
a mn, am n am a m

If a 0,
am 1
a m n, a0 1, a m
.
an am

For any positive integer n,

n nn 1 n 2 2
a b an na n 1b a b
1 2
nn 1 n 2
a n 3b 3 nab n 1
bn.
1 2 3
For instance,
2
a b a2 2ab b 2, a b 2
a2 2ab b2
3
a b a3 3a 2b 3ab 2 b 3, a b 3
a3 3a 2b 3ab 2 b 3.

an bn a b an 1
a n 2b a n 3b 2 ab n 2
bn 1

For instance,
a2 b2 a b a b ,
a3 b3 a b a2 ab b2 ,
a4 b4 a b a3 a 2b ab 2 b3 .

If a 0,
b2
ax 2 bx c au 2 C u x b 2a , C c
4a
If a 0 and ax 2 bx c 0 , then
b b2 4ac
x .
2a