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DOI: 10.1002/best.200710103
Norbert Randl
2007 Ernst & Sohn Verlag fr Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 102 (2007), Special Edition 31
06_031-037_SH_engl.qxd 15.08.2007 10:42 Uhr Seite 32
foil at the inner bearing edge of a single-field test beam. into a concrete cube were tested in a total of 27 shear
The shear force at the bearing had to be transferred en- tests. Above these ribbed steel bars, a total of up to six
tirely by the reinforcing bars crossing the joint. The most small thin tubes were cast in at 13 mm spacing, so that
important result was the proportionality between shear re- displacement transducers could be installed later and
sistance and steel cross-sectional area. The cause of fail- thus the deformation of the bar during the loading
ure in the end was the formation of a plastic hinge in the process recorded. The first shell-shaped spalling of con-
connecting reinforcement. crete ocurred at about 80 % of the peak load, as also ob-
In connection with their investigations into aggregate served by other researchers, and the final cause of failure
interlock across cracks, Millard and Johnson at the Uni- was yielding of the bars. The development of the curva-
versity of Warwick carried out a series of tests in order to ture could be established from the measured deforma-
establish the effect of the reinforcement [5]. Half of the tions. The calculations showed that the first yielding of
test samples were cast in steel formwork and covered with the steel occurred at about 40 % of peak load; with fur-
two thin polyethylene sheets to minimise the friction ef- ther loading, the yielding extended rapidly, starting from a
fect. The other halves of the test specimen were then cast point about one bar diameter below the concrete surface.
against the plastic sheet. Strain gauges were glued to the According to the details in [6], the yield zones finally ex-
reinforcing bars in grooves (about 1 mm deep). Only for tended over a length of about 1 to 2ds.
the 8 mm-bars, they were glued directly to the surface of
the bar without grooves (which incidentally did not dis- 2.2 Influence of the embedment depth
turb the bearing behaviour). The measured strain values
showed a large scatter overall and allowed no clear con- There are many investigations and parameter studies into
clusions. Because of the short distance to the edge in the the influence of the relationship of embedment depth to
loading direction of mostly not more than 6ds, splitting bar diameter (lb/ds) on the shear bearing capacity of cast-
failures occurred in some places in the concrete specimen, in shear studs, which are all based on bars cast-in on one
so that the measured ultimate loads lie on average some- side. However, because of the comparable load transfer in-
what under those of other researchers. to the concrete, the observations regarding the influence
At the end of the 1980s, tests were carried out at the of embedment depth can be made use of.
Polytechnic University of Milan to record the shear resis- Starting with the support modulus method, Friberg
tance of steels under transverse loading [6]. These de- [7] suggested as far back as 1938, in connection with in-
serve special attention, in connection with the research vestigations into the joints in pavement slabs in the USA,
into the load bearing capacity of cast-in shear studs, be- the selection of a length of at least 75 % of the distance
cause a special experimental setup was used to make sure from the concrete surface up to the second zero crossing
that the shear load acted exactly in the plane of the con- in the concrete stresses of an endlessly long bar. This cor-
crete surface without lever arm. A section of the test spe- responds to an embedment length of about 6ds. From de-
cimen (the load introduction zone) is shown in Fig. 3. formation measurements of the bar at the concrete sur-
Bars of diameters 14, 18 and 24 mm cast-in on one side face, Friberg calculated figures for the modulus of dowel
It has the dimension of a length and is normally called Substituting equation (5a) in (6c) gives:
elastic or characteristic length. Under the assumption
that the embedment length lb 3 L, one can solve the dif- 2 V0 2 M0
c y1(z1 = 0) = + = pmax (7)
ferential equation by using the solution for an endlessly Lds L2ds
long bar (the error is less than 5 %).
The boundary conditions for moment and shear at For V0 and M0, the boundary conditions from (6a, b) are
the bar end are then M = 0 and V = 0. Thus the mathe- now substituted into (7):
matical solution for a bar loaded by a horizontal load and
a moment simplifies to (for plus/minus definition, see ds
2 (F pmax ds h) 2 h (F pmax 2 h)
Fig. 9): + = pmax (8)
L ds L2ds
2 V0 2M z
y1 = e cos + 2 0 e (cos sin
n ) and := 1
Ldsc L dsc L which gives after reworking:
(5a)
2
h 2L 2
2 F h L 2FL
2 V0 4 M0 d + d p 2 +
ds ds pmax ds 3
=0
y1 = e (cos + sin ) e cos (5b) s s max d s (9)
L2d sc L3dsc
From this equation, the plastic depth h related to the 1, sin and e 1 (the plastic hinge is near the
diameter ds can be determined: start of the plastic zone), finally resulting in:
Literature
[1] Paulay, T., Park, R. and Phillips, M. H.: Horizontal Con- Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Norbert Randl
struction Joints in Cast-in Place Reinforced Concrete; ACI Professorship for Concrete and Steel Construction
Special Publication SP-42 Shear in Reinforced Concrete, Fachhochschule Krnten
1974, Vol. II, S. 599616. 9800 Spittal an der Drau, Austria
[2] Fuchs, W.: Tragverhalten von Befestigungen unter Querlast n.randl@fh-kaernten.at
im ungerissenen Beton (Load bearing behaviour of fastenings
under shear load in uncracked concrete). Dissertation, Uni- First publication (in German language):
versitt Stuttgart, 1990. Beton und Stahlbetonbau 100 (2005), issue 6, pp. 467474.