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DESIGNING FOR FIRE SAFETY

PART 1 : MEANS OF EGRESS


A re-visit to the interpretations and applications
of the Uniform Building By-Laws 1984

Ar Chong Lee Siong


APAM MIFireE MMIArbs

PAM CPD SEMINAR


Uniform Building By-Laws 1984
is a
PRESCRIPTIVE BUILDING CODE

Compliance with this code is a requirement by law


Sets rules and regulations on the application of the code
Provides pre-determined prescriptions

The prescriptions are absolute :

no smaller than..
no bigger than..
no shorter than
no longer than
or
no less than and no more than.
CONCEPTS OF FIRE SAFETY

1 EVACUATION

2 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT

3 ACTIVE INTERVENTION

4 ACCESS FOR FIRE FIGHTING AND RESCUE


Contributing factors to designing for evacuation

occupants

Numbers and distribution


State of mind
Familiarity of place
Physical mobility
Contributing factors to designing for evacuation

buildings
Detection and alarm
Complexity of plan
Passive and active systems

These factors lead to the


designation of purpose groups in the
Fifth Schedule, UBBL
Designation of purpose group
UBBL 5th schedule
UBBL 134
UBBL 135, 136, 137, 138, 139
Every building is to have one overall designation

Individual components of building with different usage


from overall must be designed to accommodate the
more stringent requirement, and where these
requirements spill into the other parts of the building,
the more stringent requirement applies.

Only horizontal separation is allowed between buildings


of different purpose groups
MIXED USE BUILDINGS
BASIC CONCEPT

part of building
use/purpose grp : hotel/iii
HT. 1 to be used for compliance
with Schedules 6,7,9,10 of By-law.
A- HOTEL

part B of building
use/purpose grp : SHOPS/V
HT. 1
HT. 2 to be used for compliance
with Schedules 6,7,9,10 of By-
law.

Vertical compartment wall B-SHOPS


separating Purpose Groups
III & V -By-Law 215 HT. 2
b- shops
Ground level Ground level
Compartment floor
C-CARPARKS
above basement
part C of building c - basement
Depth 3
By-Law 138(d)
use/purpose grp :
basement parking/viii
depth/ht. 3 to be used for compliance
with Schedules 7,9,10 of By-law.
EVACUATION

Detection
Alarm
Exits
Travel distance
Components
Capacity of exits

Accepted assumption in designing for safe evacuation:

Only one fire at one location at a time


NATURE OF FIRE
Flashover

Temperature / size

Untenable condition

Time

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4


Ignition & growth development Full fire Decay
Available Safe Egress Time ASET
Temperature / size

Untenable condition
detection

alarm

movement
Total
evacuation
Time
ignition

Factor of safety:
RSET < 0.75 ASET
Required Safe Egress Time RSET
detection
Very early detection

Early detection

Manual detection
alarm
Automatic

Pre alarm

Local / manual
exit
Final exit

Alternative exits

Storey exit

Horizontal exit

Exit route
Final exit
UBBL 133 interpretations

Final exit refers to the threshold that


separates still within the building and
out of the building. The liability of the
design for evacuation from the building
ends at this point.
Alternative exits
UBBL 166

This is the primary concept for safe evacuation.


Every floor space shall be provided with at least
two exits on the basis that if one exit is
inoperable, the other exit can serve the function.
This designing for redundancy principle applies
to all aspects of evacuation.
Alternative exits
Final exit

Alternative exits

Final
Final
exit
exit
Horizontal exit
UBBL 171

Exits that lead to an adjacent (horizontal)


separated compartment within the same
floor
Horizontal exit

Protected staircase
to final
exits

Protected staircase
to final exits

Compartment wall

Horizontal exit
Storey exit
UBBL 167, 174

Exits from a floor which is of a different level


from the final exit, or, if on the same level, a
distance away from the final exit.

A storey exit is to lead to a final exit.


Exit route
UBBL 133 interpretations
UBBL 169

the protected passage from a storey exit


that leads to the final exit.
Can include spaces that are designated
as areas of refuge anywhere between the
storey exit and the final exit
Storey
exit

Storey
exit
Exit route

Exit route

Final
exit
Final
exit

Storey exit
storey exit

Travel distance
Final exit

Travel distance Travel distance Exit route

horizontal exit

Final exit
Travel distance
UBBL 165
7th Schedule
Dead end
initial travel distance before a point where an alternative path
becomes available
Direct distance
Stipulates that travel distance must be measured along the actual
path of travel
Open plan
Where an actual path of travel cannot be determined, the direct
distance can be measured as a straight line direct to the exit.
Permitted travel distance is then reduced to 2/3.
Evacuation : small area
Evacuation : larger area
UBBL
165 (B)
Max
15m if
room
< 6 pax

Final exits To comply with dead end


and travel distance

Max distance is 15m within room


plus max allowable travel distance
From door of room to final exit

Evacuation : multiple areas


Horizontal
exits

storey exits

Evacuation : multiple areas


23
1

Horizontal exits
2 2
1

Horizontal exits
b Travel distance
over steps

Over steps
a a

a + b = Travel distance

a b
A b c

B a

45 o Dead end
limit
c
C

Travel distance to exit

EXAMPLES OF DEAD END TRAVEL DISTANCE

b
b
a
300mm c
a
300mm
300mm
a+b+c P
Diagramme 4.4.4.8.
Exit and travel distance
Exit
Open Areas
(<9 Open Plan offices,
Warehouse, Hallways or
without Fixtures or
a <= 2/3 P Furnitures at time of
a
design)

Diagramme 4.4.4.9.
Travel distance within rooms X
< 6 occupants
X <= 15m
< 6 occupants
Exit
X
X < 6 occupants

Exit

Diagramme 4.4.4.10. X
Measurement of
travel distance within rooms < 6 occupants

< 6 occupants
X X 15m
X < 6 occupants
a <= 15m if room < 6 occupants
b <= dead end limits
c <= maximum permissible distance (P)
d + e <= max. permissible distance (P)
c + (d + e) <= 2P max. permissible distance (P)
Occupied area

a a Exit

b c d e

Corridor
Exit
Occupied area

a
a Room < 6 occupants
b1 b1
OPEN PLAN a <= 15m if room < 6 occupants
b2
Exit b1 <= dead end limit
b2 c
b2 <= dead end limit
c + d <= 2P (maximum permissible distance)
Corridor
Diagramme 4.4.4.13.
2 storey exits to be provided

d
45 degree

Diagramme 4.4.4.14. > 4.5m

Compliance with
permitted travel distance
At least either c or d
This area does not comply with
Max. permissible distance
the provision of permitted travel
(or 2/3 P if space is open plan)
distance.

d
c

Diagramme 4.4.4.15.
Overlapping of c d
travel distances
Recommended method to check
positions of alternative exits
and compliance with travel distance
Diagramme 4.4.5.9.
Egress through
unenclosed openings
Storey exit
(mezzanines)

Permitted
Alternative
Route

For floors up to 9m from


ground floor, mezzanine floors may be
permitted to be up Storey exit
to 50% of the area of floor below.
For mezzanines above 9m from ground level,
a floor area of upto 1/3 of floor area below
may be permitted.
components

Exit door
Exit discharge
Protected corridor
Protected staircase
Balcony approach
Single staircase
Exit door, exit discharge
UBBL 173
UBBL 186
UBBL 193
UBBL 133 - interpretations

Door refers to the physical door installed at an


exit, and all its functional components e.g.
locksets, latches, hinges and closers
discharge refers to the doorway or threshold of
an exit
Exit door, exit discharge
Not all fire rated doors are exit doors
Not all exit doors need to be fire doors
Not all doors need to be exit doors
Not all doors can be exit doors

Exit doors must always be able to be opened (without


undue effort) at all times
Exit discharge must always allow the passage of people
at all times

Exit in this context means storey exit, horizontal exit or


final exit
Final exit Final exit

Evacuation : separation of routes


Diagram 4.4.5.3.
Minimum distance between exits
min 5000mm

min 5000mm Diagram 4.4.5.4.


Minimum distance between storey exits

Diagram 4.4.5.5.
min 5000mm Minimum distance between exits onto corridor

As far as practical
Protected staircase

Diagramme 4.4.5.6.
Storey exits (staircases)

Final exit
Diagramme 4.4.5.7.
Storey exits Basement
Ground level
Balcony (balcony approach)
approach
Diagramme 4.4.5.8.
Exit route to discharge
direct to final exit
Separate access/escape route
to and from basement level.
This helps in preventing escaping
occupants from upper floors
inadvertently entering the
basement instead of final exit.
Protected corridor,
protected staircase
UBBL 133-interpretations
UBBL 157, 189, 190, 191

While not expressed, it is inferred from the UBBL


that all components that form the Exit Route
shall be of protected construction.

Using the same inference, protected shall mean


enclosed, separated or isolated
A 2m

Protection for External B B


2m
Escape Staircase
A

By-Law 191 ensures that an PLAN


external staircase used for escape
purposes will remain protected 2m Zone where
from fire exposure originating from opening
not permitted
the building. Therefore, a zone of
protection is extended from the
staircase both upwards and
downwards to ensure safe passage
during a fire. section a-a

The following illustrations show 2m

the zone where no opening shall be


formed or only toilets or other 2m
Fixed openings
protected area openings or openings with wired glass
Openings for toilets
can be formed
with wired glass and kept allowed
permanently closed can be allowed
Opening more than 9m
to be formed. 9m below can be
2m section B-B
formed
staircases
The following information on steps and stairs must be shown on drawings submitted to JBPM:

1) number of treads (or risers) which shall not exceed 16 in a single flight.

2) dimension of treads and risers; tread shall not be less than 255mm, riser shall not be
more than 180mm. (By-Law 106)

3) width of steps or stairs which shall be calculated in accordance with by-law 168.

4) length of landing which shall not be less than the width.

tread 255mm min

Riser
Diagramme 4.4.6.1. 180mm
Measurement of riser and tread max
tread

Tread and riser dimensions must be constant within a staircase


to prevent users from tripping and falling especially in the event tread

of fire. Dimensions are stipulated for the same reasons.

The width of staircase shall not reduce along its path of travel to
the final exit (by-law 169)
Diagramme 4.4.6.2.
Landing in residential building
(more than 16 risers per flight
is not encouraged)
Min
Residential
1800mm
Building

Max
4.25m

Diagramme 7.4.6.3.
Single riser in staircase
not permitted
(minimum number of riser can
be two but it should be regular)

Single riser not allowed


Long flight
Diagramme 4.4.6.7.
Example of bad
staircase design
Unenclosed void poses
a danger to evacuees falling
over in an emergency

Short flight

Staircases with long and short flights as shown above are not encouraged by
JBPM for an escape staircase because a persons rhythm of walking down steps
is broken especially during an evacuation when the staircase is packed with
evacuees and one cannot see the steps ahead.

Diagramme 4.4.6.8.
Example of acceptable staircase design

The above layout is acceptable provided brickwall surround the void


brick and the flights are regular. This is to prevent people from falling over
wall
the staircase into the void in the event of a rush during evacuation.
Diagramme 4.4.6.4.
No obstruction in staircases

200mm

Full width of stair

Meter box, post box or other fittings are not to


intrude into this
enclosure.
Width
No obstruction or intrusion within this
enclosure (except permitted handrails).
Diagramme 4.4.6.5.
Width of staircase
Depth
Width of required
staircase to comply
with provisions of
VII Schedule and
By-law 168
Diagramme 4.4.6.9.
Door swing to be in
direction of escape.
a=b
Door swing to be
Stair a outside path of
width b travel in stair

Recommended standard of escape


stair

1m

Occupancy
Occupancy

min. 2x

1m
Balcony approach
Handrails
All flight of stairs with 4 or more risers shall be provided with at least one handrail.
No stairs to exceed 2225mm in
width without the installation
of a handrail.

A childrens handrail is
Adult recommended for steps/stair of
handrail this nature.
2225mm
max

Children 2225mm
handrail max

Diagram 4.4.10.1. 2225mm


max
Staircase exceeding 2225mm width
requires intermediate handrails

Max 100mm
Diagram 4.4.10.2.
Wall mounted handrail Handrail

Width of staircase

min Handrail
Diagram 4.4.10.3. Landing
900mm
Handrail detail 900mm
min
Single stair
UBBL 194

Special provision for the common shop-house design

Usage limited to shop (ground floor only), residential or


office.

Uppermost floor level limited to 12m


SINGLE STAIRCASE
Domestic or office use PROVISION
Height of UBBL 194
topmost floor < 12m

Shop or car park

Assumed Room of occupancy < 6

Diagram 4.4.8.1.
12m
Height of topmost floor
max.
of building with single not more 12m
12m
staircase max.

Diagram 4.4.8.2.
Maximum travel distance

By-Law 194 stipulates when a single staircase may be permitted. Essentially, this is only
allowed where the occupancy above ground level is confined to either domestic or office
purposes. The ground floor may be used for shops or car parks. (shop offices, shop
houses)

All elements of structure shall have a FRP of not less than one hour except the enclosure
for the staircase at the ground floor where the wall shall have an FRP of not less than two
hours, assuming the ground floor will not be used for residential purposes.
Capacity of exits
UBBL 7th Schedule
UBBL 175, 176, 178

Occupant load

Exit width

Application of horizontal exit


Sample calculation

Scenario 1: upper floor assembly area in an institutional building

Stair A Stair B

50m
Occupancy load
Assume
(UBBL 180(b))lobby C is inaccessible,
=1.35m2/pax
VII persons per unit for stair = 75
Therefore 20m
C =Ahorizontal
and B must accommodate
exit, persons pertotal
unit occupancy
= 100
371 / 75= = 741
1000m2 / 1.35m2 4.95,persons
say 5
741 / 2 371
stairs
pax =/ 100371 persons per stair
= 3.71,
5 x 0.55m = 2.75m width each stair
3.71 x 0.55m = 2.04 m min width for lobby C

Lobby C
Sample calculation

Scenario 2: upper floor assembly area in an institutional building

Stair A Stair B

15m 35m
Assume C inaccessible, either B or D
B = stair = 75 pax per unit
Must accommodate
260/ 75 = 3.47
222 persons 519= persons
3.47 x 0.55m 1.9m width
519 / 2 exits = 260 persons
20m
222 persons
D = horizontal exit = 100 pax per unit
260/ 100 = 2.6
door D 2.6 x 0.55m = 1.43m width

Lobby C
storey exit

250 pax 250 pax


Final exit

400 pax
400 pax

200 pax 150 pax Exit route

400 pax

horizontal exit
300 pax 400 pax

200 pax
Final exit
400 pax
Horizontal exit
Exit routes
?

?
Final exit
Compartmentation

Size limitations of compartments

Fire Resistance Ratings of elements of


structure
Compartmentation
To contain the spread of fire from point of origin
To limit the potential size of the fire
To separate areas of different levels of hazard
To separate areas for safe exit, evacuation or
refuge
To limit threat to the structural integrity of the
building
To allow sufficient time for safe evacuation,
active extinguishment of fire and rescue.
compartmentation
Fire Load

Surface area / volume of combustible


content (A)
Combustion heat per area / volume (B)
Fire Load = (A) x (B)
NATURE OF FIRE
Flashover

Temperature / size

Untenable condition

Time

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4


Ignition & growth development Full fire Decay
EQUAL VOLUME
Temperature / size

high Btu

moderate Btu

low Btu

Time
EQUAL Btu
Temperature / size

high volume

moderate volume

low volume

Time
EQUAL VOLUME EQUAL Btu
Temperature / size

Temperature / size
high Btu

moderate
Btu high volume

low Btu
moderate volume
low volume

Time Time

Purpose Group classification


Prescription of
Limitation of Fire Resistance Rating
Floor Areas and Volume
Accepted assumption in designing for safe evacuation:

Only one fire at one location at a time

Primary objective of compartmentation:

To contain the one fire within


the one location at all times
Contributing factors to potential fire load :

Contents of the building


Fittings and furnishings..
..including the building itself
Furniture and equipment
Consumables
Storage items
Presence of hazardous materials
Presence (or absence) of human
occupants
These factors lead to the
designation of purpose groups in the
5th Schedule, UBBL, .

and to the prescriptions of UBBL

6 Schedule
th

8th Schedule
9th Schedule
UBBL 5 Schedule th

UBBL 5th schedule


UBBL 134
UBBL 135, 136, 137, 138, 139
Every building is to have one overall designation

Individual components of building with different usage


from overall must be designed to accommodate the
more stringent requirement, and where these
requirements spill into the other parts of the building,
the more stringent requirement applies.

Only horizontal separation is allowed between buildings


of different purpose groups
UBBL 5th Schedule
Dimensions of buildings and
compartments

Single storey buildings : limitations apply


only to II and III
Others : dimensional limitations does not
apply to I, IV and VII
other limitations that may affect areas
and volumes
UBBL
136, 220 : if automatic sprinklers installed,
limits can be doubled ( x 2 )
137 : floor to floor compartmentation
138 : floor and wall compartmentation for
flats, basement and areas of different
usage
139 : compartmentation of hazardous
areas
other limitations that may affect areas
and volumes

158, 178 to 188 : specific coverage for VII


places of assembly

Travel distances and occupant loads


UBBL 6 th
Schedule

UBBL 142, 145 Construction and


protection of external walls
UBBL 8 th
Schedule

UBBL 204 to 207


Flame spread over surfaces of walls and
ceilings
UBBL 9 th
Schedule

Minimum periods of Fire


Resistance for
Elements of Structure.
UBBL 213 : every element of structure to have
FRP no less than as specified in 9th Schedule
Elements of structure
for application of FRP
Structural frame, beams and columns (excluding
roof structures)
Floor (except the lowest floor)
Compartment floor
External wall
Separating wall ( including party wall )
Compartment wall
Protected shaft : structure and enclosure
Load bearing wall
gallery
SEPARATING WALL : TERRACE HOUSES

Constructional function : Party Wall UBBL 86


Fire safety function : Separating wall to be Compartment Wall UBBL
138(c)
Check compartment size
Check Fire Resistance Period of elements of structure

UBBL 214 : External Wall and Separating Wall minimum FRP


COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP

Service
138(c) : floor and walls separating purpose group
apts
215(1) : reference to elements of structure,
by building, or by compartments
215(2) : reference to height, by building only
138(d) : floor separating basements

137 : floor to floor compartment for buildings


Offices
> 30m height
138(b) : floor and walls separating flats

Cineplex
Shops

Carpark
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP

Basement compartment volume limit 42,000m2

Separation of vertical shaft

Compartment D Compartment A

Compartment B

Compartment C
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP
Large Shopping Malls (Sarawak Building Ordinance)

Shop compartment limit 4,000m2 14,000m3 (sprinklered )

Compartment B
No limits if
Compartment A At least 60% area are shops Compartment C
Less than 280m2 each
UBBL 6th SCHEDULE

Reference plane

relevant boundary
Reference plane
UBBL 6th SCHEDULE

notional boundary
Reference plane
Reference plane

SEPARATING WALL
Sample calculation
2h x 3w
1) Establish enclosing
rectangle
3h x 9w
2) Establish height and width 9m
of enclosing rectangle

1) Enclosing rectangle on reference plane :


24m high x 9m wide = 216m2
2) Total unprotected area :
( 2m x 3m) x 10 = 60m2
3m x 9m = 27m2
total = 87m2
3) Percentage of unprotected area : 24m
87m2 / 216m2 = 40 %

4) Minimum distance from reference plane


to relevant boundary : 8m

Office building Protected staircase


FLAME TRAJECTORY OUTSIDE WALL OPENINGS

Shape of opening

Square

1: 2
height

1: 3

Distance from face of wall


EXTERNAL WALL BARRIERS
UBBL 149

900mm vertical or
750mm horizontal barrier
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP
Atrium Space (NFPA 101)
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP
Atrium Space (NFPA 101)

Minimum dimension of 6m and minimum area of 95m


Required exits to be separated from atrium volume
Atrium construction and usage to be of hazard level no
higher than ordinary
Entire building to have automatic sprinklers
Designed for smoke exhaust and smoke control
Atrium volume to be separated from adjacent
occupancy, or to be engineered such that the adjacent
occupancies are not at risk from a fire originating from
the atrium
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP
Atrium Space (NFPA 101)

UBBL 251
Smoke venting for
Safe exit
Compartmentation of large volumes
Compartmentation of large volumes
Protection of penetrations through compartments and elements

UBBL 141 : Separating walls

Diameter of combustible pipe < 25mm


Diameter of non-combustible pipe <150mm
No flue pipes allowed
Doors to have equal or greater FRP as with the element

UBBL 148 : Compartment floor and walls

Opening for protected shaft


Ventilation duct with fire damper
Encased ducts to have FRP no less than half of the element
Protection of penetrations through compartments and elements

UBBL 150 : Protected Shafts

for pipes, ducts, sanitary facilities, staircase, lift

UBBL 156 : Ventilating Duct in Protected Shaft

To have automatic Fire Dampers at appropriate


intervals
Required FRP
Max 25mm (/)

Max 150mm (/)

Half of required FRP

Required FRP
Half of required FRP

Required FRP
Full FRP for structures

Half of required FRP


PHOTOS
THANK YOU

Ar Chong Lee Siong


APAM MIFireE MMIArbs

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