Production Engineering II

Composite IPR
Multilateral TPR
 IPR for Single (Liquid)-Phase Reservoirs
The pressure is above the bubble-point pressure
for radial transient flow around a vertical well

for radial steady-state flow around a vertical well

for pseudosteady-state flow around a vertical well

 IPR for Single (Liquid)-Phase Reservoirs
The pressure is above the bubble-point, the linear IPR model
 IPR for Two-Phase Reservoirs
The pressure is below the bubble-point pressure
Only empirical equations are available for modeling IPR of two-
phase reservoirs.
The solution gas escapes from the oil and become free gas, the
free gas occupies some portion of pore space, which reduces flow
of oil.
Also, oil viscosity increases as its solution gas content drops
The combination of the effects results in lower oil production rate
at a given bottom-hole pressure.
This makes the IPR curve deviating from the linear trend below
bubble-point pressure
oil and gas two- phase flow exists in the whole reservoir domain
 IPR for Two-Phase Reservoirs
Empirical equations:
Vogels (1968),
Standing (1971), and
Fetkovich (1973)

Vogels equation is still widely used in the industry

The maximum possible value of reservoir deliverability, or AOF:

 IPR for Two-Phase Reservoirs
The pressure is below the bubble-point pressure
Vogels Equation
 IPR for Partial Two-Phase Reservoirs
If the reservoir pressure is above the bubble-point and the flowing
bottom-hole pressure is below the bubble point.
IPR model can be formulated by combining the straight-line IPR
model for one-phase flow with Vogels IPR model for 2-phase flow.
 IPR for Partial Two-Phase Reservoirs
If the reservoir pressure is above the bubble-point and the flowing
bottom-hole pressure is below the bubble point.
Behavior of Variables
as a Function of Pressure
Behavior of Variables
as a Function of Pressure
 Composite IPR of Stratified Reservoirs
Nearly all producing formations are stratified to some extent
Layers have different reservoir pressures, K , and producing fluids
The production will come mainly from the higher permeability
layers If there are no other communication between the layers
As the wells rate of production is gradually increased, the layer
with lower GOR progressively begin to produce.
The overall GOR will eventually start to rise as the rate is
increased, it is due to increasing of free gas produced

Thus, it is to be expected that a well producing from a stratified

formation will exhibit a minimum GOR as the rate of production
is increased
 Composite IPR Models
One of the major concerns in a multiplayer system is that interlayer
cross-flow may occur if reservoir fluids have unequal initial press.
This cross-flow greatly affects the composite IPR of the well,
Assumptions:
PSS flow prevails in all the reservoir layers.
Fluids from all the layers have similar properties.
Pressure losses in the wellbore between layers are negligible
The IPR of individual layers is known

net mass flow rate from layers to the well = mass flow rate at well
head
 Composite IPR Models
Single-Phase Liquid Flow
For reservoir layers containing undersaturated oils, if the flowing
bottom-hole pressure is above the bubble-point pressures of oils in
all the layers, single-phase flow in all the layers is expected, so

A straight-line IPR can be drawn through two points at AOF and pwfo
which is a dynamic bottom-hole pressure because of cross-flow
between layers.
 Composite IPR Models
Two-Phase Flow
For reservoir layers containing saturated oils, pressure two-phase
flow is expected. If Vogels IPR model is used
 Composite IPR Models
Partial Two-Phase Flow
If the reservoir layers pressure is above the bubble-point and the
flowing bottom-hole pressure is below the bubble point.
 Composite IPR Models
Evaluating Productivity Indexes
If all Ji*s are known, the equations can be readily used for
generation of a composite IPR curve.
It is always recommended to determine Ji* based on flow tests of
individual layers.
If the tested rate , qi ,was obtained at a wellbore pressure ,pwfi ,that
is greater than the bubble point pressure in layer i,

If the tested rate , qi ,was obtained at a wellbore pressure ,pwfi ,that

is less than the bubble point pressure in layer i,

With Ji*, pi , and pbi known, the composite IPR can be generated
 Deliverability of Multilateral Wells
Suppose the well has n laterals and each lateral consists of three
sections: horizontal, curvic, and vertical.
Let Li , Ri , and Hi denote the length of the horizontal section, radius
of curvature of the curvic section, and length of the vertical section
of lateral i, respectively.
Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Nomenclature
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Assuming the pressure losses in the horizontal sections are
negligible, so PSS IPR of the laterals can be expressed as

qi is production rate from lateral i,

fLi is IPR of the horizontal section of lateral i,
pwfi is the average flowing bottom-lateral pressure in lateral I

The fluid flow in the curvic sections can be described by

fRi is flow performance function of the curvic section of lateral i

pkfi is flowing pressure at the kick-out-point of lateral i.
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
The fluid flow in the vertical sections may be described by

fhi is flow performance function of the vertical section of lateral i

phfi is flowing pressure at the top of lateral i.

The following relation holds true at the junction points

For a given flowing pressure phfn at the top of lateral n, the

following 4n-1 unknowns can be solved from the 4n-1 equations
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
For a given flowing pressure phfn at the top of lateral n, the
following 4n-1 unknowns can be solved from the 4n-1 equations:
q1, q2, qn
Pwf1, pwf2, pwfn
Pkf1,pkf2, pkfn
Phf1,phf2, phfn-1

Then the production rate of multilateral well can be determined by

Thus, the composite IPR model , can be established implicitly

which represents WPR
 Deliverability of Single Gas Well
Average T and Z factor-Review

If single average values of temperature and compressibility factor

over the entire tubing length can be assumed the conservation of
energy for tubing yields:
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Gas Well
IPR of the laterals can be expressed as:

The fluid flow in the curvic sections can be described by

 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Gas Well
The fluid flow in the vertical sections may be described by
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Gas Well-Example
For the data given in the following table, predict gas production
rate against 1,000 psia wellhead P and 100 8F wellhead T:
Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Gas Well-Example-Solution
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Gas Well
Another method employs the following IPR model for individual
laterals

Flow in curvic and vertical sections are of laterals analyzed same as

before.
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Oil Well
The inflow performance function for horizontal section can be
expressed as,

The fluid flow in the curvic sections can be approximated as

The pressure gradient in curvic section may be estimated by the

PoettmannCarpenter method
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Oil Well
The fluid flow in the vertical sections may be expressed as

The pressure gradient in curvic section may be estimated by the

PoettmannCarpenter method
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Oil Well
The following relation holds true at the junction points

For a given flowing pressure phfn at the top of lateral n, the

following 4n-1 unknowns can be solved from the 4n-1 equations:
q1, q2, qn
Pwf1, pwf2, pwfn
Pkf1,pkf2, pkfn
Phf1,phf2, phfn-1

Then the oil production rate of multilateral well can be determined

by

Thus, the composite IPR model , can be established implicitly

which represents WPR
 Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Oil Well-Example
For the data given in the table, predict the oil production rate
against 1,800 psia wellhead P and 100 8F wellhead T
Deliverability of Multilateral Well
Oil Well-Example- Solution