Atonality, Modality, and Incantation in Two Works For Trumpet by Andre Jolivet, With A Discussion of His Technical and Aesthetic Principles

CH@ILG;NCIH NI OM?
LM
N_`j dXeljZi`gk _Xj Y\\e i\gif[lZ\[ ]ifd k_\ d`Zif]`cd dXjk\i) OGC
]`cdj k_\ k\ok [ì\Zkcp ]ifd k_\ fi`^èXc fi Zfgp jlYd`kk\[) N_lj' jfd\
k_\j`j Xe[ [`jj\ikXk`fe Zfg`\j Xi\ è kpg\ni`k\i ]XZ\' n_`c\ fk_\ij dXp
Y\ ]ifd Xep kpg\ f] Zfdglk\i gièk\i)
N_\ hlXc`kp f] k_`j i\gif[lZk`fe `j [\g\e[\ek lgfe k_\ hlXc`kp f] k_\

Zfgp jlYd`kk\[) <ifb\e fi è[`jkèZk gièk' Zfcfi\[ fi gffi hlXc`kp
`ccljkiXk`fej Xe[ g_fkfîXg_j' gièk Yc\\[k_ifl^_' jlYjkXe[Xi[ dXi^èj'
Xe[ `dgifg\i Xc`êd\ek ZXe X[m\ij\cp X]i\\k i\gif[lZk`fe)
Ce k_\ lec`b\cp \m\ek k_Xk k_\ Xlk_fi [`[ efk j\e[ OGC X Zfdgc\k\
dXeljZi`gk Xe[ k_\i\ Xi\ d`jjè^ gX^\j' k_\j\ n`cc Y\ efk\[) ;cjf' `]
leXlk_fi`q\[ Zfgpi`^_k dXk\i`Xc _X[ kf Y\ i\dfm\[' X efk\ n`cc è[`ZXk\
k_\ [\c\k`fe)
Im\ij`q\ dXk\i`Xcj #\)^)' dXgj' [iXnè^j' Z_Xikj$ Xi\ i\gif[lZ\[ Yp

j\Zk`feè^ k_\ fi`^èXc' Y\^èeè^ Xk k_\ lgg\i c\]k(_Xe[ Zfie\i Xe[
Zfekèlè^ ]ifd c\]k kf i`^_k è \hlXc j\Zk`fej n`k_ jdXcc fm\icXgj) ?XZ_
fi`^èXc `j Xcjf g_fkfîXg_\[ è fe\ \ogfjli\ Xe[ `j èZcl[\[ è
i\[lZ\[ ]fid Xk k_\ YXZb f] k_\ Yffb)
J_fkfîXg_j èZcl[\[ è k_\ fi`^èXc dXeljZi`gk _Xm\ Y\\e i\gif[lZ\[

o\ifîXg_`ZXccp è k_`j Zfgp) B`^_\i hlXc`kp 1 o 4 YcXZb Xe[ n_`k\
g_fkfîXg_`Z gièkj Xi\ XmX`cXYc\ ]fi Xep g_fkfîXg_j fi `ccljkiXk`fej
Xgg\Xiè^ è k_`j Zfgp ]fi Xe X[[`k`feXc Z_Xi^\) =fekXZk OGC [ì\Zkcp
kf fi[\i)
Qidq`mndot Id^mjadghn Eio`mi\odji\g

= >`gg # Djr`gg Eiajmh\odji ? jh k\it
0 - - Jjmoc V ` ` ] N j\_+ =ii =m]jm+ Ig 15.-3*.013 QO=
0 .0,43.*14-- 5--,2/.*-3--
L \g if [ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f ] k_\ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g \id `jj`fe)
#)120(5')( 6-4, 1)2.-33-0/ 0* 4,) '0172-+,4 06/)2 !524,)2 2)120(5'4-0/ 120,-&-4)( 6-4,054 1)2.-33-0/
K m_`m J ph ]`m 61/30/0
; kfeXc`kp' d f[Xc`kp' Xe[ èZXekXk`fe è knf nfibj ]fi kild g\k

Yp ;e[i[ Dfc`m\k' n `k_ X [`jZljj`fe f] _`j k\Z_e`ZXc Xe[ X\jk_\k`Z
gièZ`gc\j
Pp^f`m) >ìe\hdi O^joo) @+I+=+

N_\ Oe`m\ij`kp f] ;i`qfeX' ,44/
OGC
.++ H) S\\Y L[)
;ee ;`Yfi' GC /3,+1
L \g if [ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f ] k_ \ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g\id `jj`fe)
#)120(5')( 6-4, 1)2.-33-0/ 0* 4,) '0172-+,4 06/)2 !524,)2 2)120(5'4-0/ 120,-&-4)( 6-4,054 1)2.-33-0/
=PKJ=HEPU) IK@=HEPU) =J@ EJ?=JP=PEKJ EJ PSK SKNGO BKN
PNQILAP >U =J@Nad FKHERAP) SEPD = @EO?QOOEKJ KB DEO
PA?DJE?=H =J@ =AOPDAPE? LNEJ?ELHAO
]t
>ìe\hdi O^joo Pp^f`m
= @j^phìo Op]hdoo`_ oj oc` B\^pgot ja oc`

O?DKKH KB IQOE?
Ei L\mod\g Bpgadgghìo ja oc` N`lpdm`hìon

Bjm oc` @`bm`` ja
@K?PKN KB IQOE?=H =NPO
SEPD = I=FKN EJ LANBKNI=J?A
Ei oc` Cm\_p\o` ?jgg`b`
PDA QJERANOEPU KB =NEVKJ=
.661
NB? OHCP?LMCNR I@ ;LCSIH;
AL;>O;N? =IFF?A?
;j d\dY\ij f ] k_ \ @ è X c ? oXd èXk`fe =fdd`kk\\' n\ Z \ i k ` ] p k_ X k n\ _Xm\
i\X[ k_ \ [fZld\ek gi\gXi\[ Yp g ee a ed` e M Z f k k N l Z b \ i WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
\ e k`kc\ [ ;NIH;FCNR' GI>;FCNR' ;H> CH=;HN;NCIH CH NQI QILEM
@IL NLOGJ?N <R ;H>L? DI FCP?N' QCNB + >CM=OMMCIH
I@ BCM N?=BHC=;F ;H> ;?MNB?NC= JLCH=CJF?MWWWWWWWWW
Xe[ i\Zfdd\e[ k_ X k ` k Y\ X ZZ\g k\[ Xj ] l c ] ` c c ` e ^ k_ \ i\hl ì\d \e kj
]f i k_ \ >\î\\ f ] > f Z k f i f ] G l j ` Z X c ; i k j WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
' $ # " "!%

WWWWWWWW >Xk\%
> Xk\" :
$B
%>::C%)&
E >Xk\
; % : 4
> X k\ * D *
'*
"v
*PE *P/*V.
>Xk\
E%
>Xk\
@ è X c Xg gifmXc Xe[ X ZZ\g kX e Z\ f ] k _ ` j [fZld\ek ` j Zf e kè ^ \ e k lgfe k_\

Z X e [ `[ X k\ "j jl Y d `jj`fe f ] k_ \ ] ` e X c Zfgp f ] k_ \ [fZld\ek kf k_\
AiX[lXk\ = f cc\ ^ \ )
C _\i\Yp Z \ i k ` ] p k_ X k C _Xm\ i\X[ k _ ` j [fZld\ek gi\gXi\[ le[\i dp

[ ì \ Z k `f e Xe[ i\Zfdd\e[ k_ X k ` k Y\ X ZZ\g k\[ Xj ] l c ] ` c c ` e ^ k_\
i\h l ì\d \e k)
> ì \ Z kf i >Xk\
.
OP=PAIAJP >U =QPDKN
Pcdn _j^phìo c\n ]`ì np]hdoo`_ di k\mod\g apgadgghìo ja

m`lpdm`hìon ajm \i \_q\i^`_ _`bm`` \o Pc` Qidq`mndot ja =mduji\ \i_ dn
_`kjndo`_ di oc` Qidq`mndot Hd]m\mt oj ]` h\_` \q\dg\]g` oj ]jmmjr`mn pi_`m
mpg`n ja oc` Hd]m\mt+
>mdà lpjo\odjin amjh ocdn _j^phìo \m` \ggjr\]g` rdocjpo nk`^d\g

k`mhdnndji) kmjqd_`_ oc\o \^^pm\o` \^fijrg`_bhìo ja njpm^` dn h\_`+
N`lp`non ajm k`mhdnndji ajm `soì_`_ lpjo\odji amjh jm m`kmj_pôdji ja ocdn
h\ipn^mdko di rcjg` jm di k\mo h\t ]` bm\io`_ ]t oc` c`\_ ja oc` h\ejm
_`k\moh ìo jm oc` @`\i ja oc` Cm\_p\o` ?jgg`b` r cì di cdn ja c`m ep_bhìo
oc` kmjkjn`_ pn` ja oc` h\o`md\g dn di oc` dio`m`non ja n^cjg\mncdk+ Ei \gg joc`m
dino\i^`n) cjr`q`m) k`mhdnndji h pno ]` j]o\di`_ amjh oc` \pocjm+
OECJA@7
/
P=>HA KB ?KJPAJPO
HEOP KB EHHQOPN=PEKJO +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2
=>OPN=?P ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3
EJPNK@Q?PEKJ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5
HEBA =J@ IQOE?=H @ARAHKLIAJP ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..
PA?DJE?=H =J@ =AOPDAPE? LNEJ?ELHAO ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/2
IQOE?=H =J=HUOEO 7 :KBHLH ;:KH<<H +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 06

Fjgdqò$n Bdq` P`^cid^\g Lmdi^dkg` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 06
Bjmh \i_ Pc`h\od^ Lmj^`nn+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2/
=oji\gdot ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 53
Ei^\io\odji +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.-.
Ophh\mt +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.-6
IQOE?=H =J=HUOEO7 L><HG= <HG<>KMH ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..1

Bdmno Ijq`hìo +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++./.
O`^ji_ Ijq`hìo +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.3-
Pcdm_ Ijq`hìo +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.35
OQII=NU =J@ ?KJ?HQOEKJ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ .55
NABANAJ?AO +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.60
0
HEOP KB EHHQOPN=PEKJO
Bdbpm` .7 C m\kc ja mctochd^ _ìndot di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( h`\npm`_ di

\mod^pg\odjin k`m ]`\o) \q`m\b`_ jq`m `\^c h`\npm` ++++++++++++++ 0.
Bdbpm` /7 I podib ja oc` omph kò npk`mdhkjn`_ ji oc` bm\kc ja mctochd^

_ìndot di :i`fjf ;XifZZf ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++21
Bdbpm` 07 ?jhkjndo` bm\kc ncjrdib mctochd^ _ìndot) omph kò hpodib)

hj_pg\odjin) \i_ o`hkj q\md\odji di :i`fjf ;XifZZf ++++++++++++++ 22
1
=>OPN=?P
Pcdn _j^ph ìo km`nìon oc` hjno n\gdìo a`\opm`n ja Fjgdqò$n h\opm`
hpnd^\g notg` \n `s`hkgdad`_ di orj ja cdn h\ejm njgj rjmfn ajm omphkò+ Pc`
orj rjmfn rcd^c n`mq` \n oc` hpnd^\g aj^pn ja oc` _j^phìo \m` ji` ja cdn
g\o`no rjmfn) :i`fjf ;XifZZf %.635& ajm omph kò \i_ jmb\i) \i_ \ rjmf ndop\o`_
i`\m oc` ^ìo`m ja cdn ^jhkjndodji\g jpokpo) oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf %.621& ajm
omph kò \i_ \ ocdmo`ì*h`h]`m ^c\h]`m ìn`h]g`+
Bjggjrdib \i `skjndodji ja Fjgdqò$n gda` \i_ hpnd^\g _`q`gjkhìo) r`
]`bdi ]t `s\hdidib adq` o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n ja c\mhjit) o`sopm`) h`gj_t) \i_
mctoch) rcd^c Fjgdqò nò ajmoc di \ .613 \mod^g`+ Ddn \`nocòd^ kmdi^dkg`n \n
no\o`_ di ocdn \i_ joc`m \mod^g`n ]t oc` ^jhkjn`m \m` \gnj `s\hdi`_+ Pc` hjno
dh kjmo\io ja oc`n` \`nocòd^ kmdi^dkg`n cjg_n oc\o hpnd^ dn ]t i\opm`
di^\io\ojmt jm c\n \i di^\io\ojmt hdnndjioc\o dn) do c\n oc` kjr`m oj ^jii`ô
h\i r doc oc` ^jnhjn) ò`midot) jm oc\o rcd^c dn bm`\o`m oc\i h \i cdhn`ga+ =o
oc` c`\mo ja ocdn di^\io\ojmt \`nocòd^ d_`\g dn Fjgdqò$n ]`gdà di oc` kmdh\^t ja
`skm`nndq` h`gj_t) am`` ja oc` c\mhjid^ m`nom\dion ja om\_dodji\g oji\gdot+
Pc` hpnd^\g \i\gtndn kmj^``_n ]t d_ìodatdib di :i`fjf ;XifZZf oc`
nk`^dad^ \kkgd^\odji ja Fjgdqò$n o`^cid^\g \i_ \`nocòd^ kmdi^dkg`n oj oc` hpnd^)
\n r`gg \n ^jind_`mdib ajmh\g nompôpm` \i_ oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn+ Pc` L\Zfe[
<feZ\ikf dn ocì `s\hdi`_ di oc` n\h` r\t) \i_ \ notgdnod^ \i_ o`^cid^\g
^jhk\mdnji dn _m\r i ]òr`ì oc` orj rjmfn+

Pc` nop_t ^ji^gp_`n oc\o rcdg` ]joc rjmfn n`mq` oc` n\h` pi_`mgtdib
\oji\g \i_ di^\io\ojmt hpnd^\g \`nocòd^) oc`t \m` h\mf`_gt _daa`mìo di h\it
ndbidad^\io o`^cid^\g ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n \i_ notgdnod^ om\don+ Ei qd`r ja oc` a\ô oc\o
2
]joc rjmfn ^jh` amjh rc\o dn ^jind_`m`_ Fjgdqò$n ocdm_ \i_ adi\g ^m`\odq`
k`mdj_) oc`n` adi_dibn bdq` ^\pn` ajm apmoc`m m`n`\m^c dioj Fjgdqò$n
^jhkjndodjin amjh ocdn k`mdj_ oj _ò`mhdi` rcòc`m oc`t _j di a\ô ^jinodopo`
ji` ^m`\odq` k`mdj_ jm orj n`k\m\o` \i_ _dnodiô k`mdj_n+
3
EJPNK@Q?PEKJ
Pc` orj ^ji^`mojn ajm omph kò ja =i_m` Fjgdqò \m` \hjib oc` hjno
^c\ggìbdib \i_ cdbcgt m`b\m_`_ rjmfn di oc` dinomph ìo$n m`k`mojdm`+ Uò)
ojj gdoog` dn fijri \]jpo oc` ^jhkjndodji\g notg` ja ocdn q`mt ^jind_`m\]g` ]po
i`bg`ô`_ ^jhkjn`m+ . Ddn orj g\o`m njgj omph kò rjmfn) :i`fjf ;XifZZf %.635&
ajm omph kò \i_ jmb\i) \i_ A\gkX[\ %.64.& ajm omph kò \i_ k`m^pnndji) \m`
r mdooì di \ notg` rcd^c n``hn ^jhkgò`gt _daa`mìo amjh oc\o ja oc` ^ji^`mojn)
rcd^c _\o` amjh orj _`^\_`n `\mgd`m+ Uò \gg ajpm rjmfn \m` amjh r c\o dn
^jind_`m`_ cdn ocdm_ ^m`\odq` k`mdj_+ D` c\n ]`ì _`n^md]`_ ]t cdn
^jio`hkjm\md`n \n \i pikm`_dô\]g` \e]Xek k\ii`Yc\ \i_ \n oc` ^jnhd^
h pnd^d\i+ + + \ am`` h\i di \ oji\g epibg`+ / >po oc`m` \m` \gnj oc` di`qdo\]g`
^mdod^n rcj ^jioì_ oc\o cdn hpnd^ dn ijocdib ]po dio`ggdbìo om\nc) nfdggapg)
pi^jhkgd^\o`_) \i_ pinp]og` npma\^` hpnd^) jm ^gjoo`_) jkkm`nndq`) n`mqdib
oj _dnbpdn` oc` kg\di d_`\n rcd^c gpmf ]ì`\oc+ 0 D\n cdn <feZ\ikèf %.615& ajm
omph kò) nomdibn) \i_ kd\ij m`\ggt) \n Opu\ii` @`h\mlpù n\tn) `sc\pno`_
oc` h\bidad^ìo kjnnd]dgdod`n ja o c ` + + + dinomphìo) jm dn do h`m`gt \ dfiZ\Xl
[\ L_fjkXbfm`kZ_ [ cX]iXe^X`j\( \n Nd^c\m_ B+ Cjg_h\i r jpg_ c\q` pn ]`gd`q`<1
,;e[i\n N_fdjfe' L\m) f] LXiXYXe[\ jli c\ efd [$>i`b LXk`\( Hlm\ikli\ \e ife[\Xl(
<_fiXc \k]l^Xkf( =XeZ\ èZXekXkfì\( IfYe\j gfli O\e]Xek( Xe[ JlXki\ d\cf[`\j jl i [\j gf\j`\j
XeZ`\ee\j( Yp ;e[i\ Dfc`m\k' Flj`ZXc M`d\j ,./ #,44.$5 3/)
-Cimè^ Ffn\ej' =lii\ek =_ife`Zc\5 Q Xj_è^kfe' >) =)' Flj`ZXc JlXik\icp /0 #,404$5
.326 L`Z_Xi[ @i\\[ hlfkè^ @i\eZ_ Zi`k`Z <\ieXi[ AXmfkp è Ie\ Ble[i\[ R\Xij f] H\^c\Zk\[
@i\eZ_ Glj`Z5 ; Mg\Z`Xc`jk"j F`YiXip' Lk\i\f K\m`\n .-)- #,42/$5 20)
.DXd\j Lè^f' N_\ "Cek\cc`^\ek NiXj_" f ] Dfc`m\k Xe[ G`c_Xl[' :d\i`ZXe K\Zfi[ @l`[\
.2 #,42+$5 ,116 Alek_\i MZ_lcc\i' L\m) f] <feZ\ikf gfli g\iZljj`fe \k fiZ_\jki\ #,403$' Gfk\j ,3
#,41,$5 10.6 GXo BXii`jfe' L\m) f] I`Xef LfeXkX Gf* .( Flj`ZXc M`d\j ,,+ #,414$5 .44)
/MlqXee\ >\dXihl\q' =feZ\ik L\m) f] <feZ\ikèf]f i Mildg\k( I`Xef( Xe[ Lkiè^j(

=feZ\ikj JXj[\cflg' JXi`j' Flj`ZXc <fli`\i ,/-),+ #,40+$5 36 L`Z_Xi[ @) Afc[dXe' Dfc`m\k5
<feZ\ikf ]f i I`Xef Xe[ HiZ_\jkiX( Flj`ZXc JlXik\icp /+ #,40/$5 /11)
4
Qgodh\o`gt) oc`n` fdi_n ja lp`nodjin ^\i jigt ]` \inr`m`_ r doc oc` k\nn\b` ja
odh` \i_ oc` pi_`mno\i_dib rcd^c ^jh`n amjh fijrg`_b` \^^phpg\o`_
ocmjpbc nop_t \i_ `sk`mdì^`+ Pc` km`nìo nop_t c\n ]`ì pi_`mo\fì ajm oc`
kpmkjn` ja ^jiomd]podib oj ocdn ]j_t ja \^^phpg\odib fijrg`_b`) di jm_`m oj
\mmdq` \o \ _``k`m) hjm` ocjmjpbc pi_`mno\i_dib ja Fjgdqò$n hpnd^\g notg`+
Lm`qdjpn \pocjmn c\q` _dqd_`_ Fjgdqò$n jpokpo) rcd^c nk\in mjpbcgt
ajmot t`\mn amjh \]jpo .601 piodg cdn _`\oc di .641) dioj ocm`` ^m`\odq` k`mdj_n+
Pc` admno ja oc`n` ^jq`mn oc` t`\mn km`^`_dib Sjmg_ S\m EE \i_ ^\i ]` gjjn`gt
_`n^md]`_ \n \oji\g+ Pc` n`^ji_ j^^pmn _pmdib oc` r\m) r doc \ h \mf`_ ^c\ib`
oj hjm` om\_dodji\g hj_\g rmdodib+ Pc` ocdm_ k`mdj_ ^jhkmdn`n \gg oc` t`\mn
\ao`m oc` r\m \i_ dn m`b\m_`_ \n \ fdi_ ja ntioc`ndn ja oc` admno orj k`mdj_n+
Dì^` oc` _dqdndjin ]òr`ì oc` ^m`\odq` k`mdj_n \m` ]\n`_ ji notgdnod^
^c\ib`n di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ rcd^c j^^pmm`_ \o oc` jponò \i_ oc` ì_dib ja oc`
r\m \i_ rcd^c rdgg ]` `s\hdi`_ apmoc`m di oc` ajmoc^jhdib k\b`n+ Djr`q`m)
oc` k`mdj_ \ao`m oc` r\m ^jq`mn i`\mgt ocdmot t`\mnnds odh`n oc` nk\i ja `doc`m
ja oc` admno orj k`mdj_n\i_) di a\ô) Fjgdqò$n ^jhkjndodji\g notg` pi_`mbj`n \
ocdm_ ^c\ib`) rcd^c didod\o`n \ ajpmoc _dnodiô ^m`\odq` k`mdj_ \mjpi_ .63-+
>po ndi^` oc` a`r `sdnodib nop_d`n ja Fjgdqò$n jpokpo c\q` aj^pn`_ `s^gpndq`gt
ji rjmfn r mdooì r`gg ]àjm` .63-) oc` `sdnoì^` ja \ ajpmoc ^m`\odq` k`mdj_ c\n
piodg ijr ]`ì pifijri jm dbijm`_+ Pcdn km`qdjpngt pid_ìodad`_ ajpmoc

k`mdj_) da do ^\i ]` ^jiadmh`_ ]t apmoc`m m`n`\m^c) ^jhkmdn`n njh` ajmot
^jhkjndodjin\kkmjsdh\o`gt ji` ocdm_ ja Fjgdqò$n ojo\g jpokpo+
Pc` ^pmmìo nop_t dn pidlp` di oc\o do aj^pn`n ajm oc` admno odh` ji \i
dhkjmo\io \i_ m`km`nìo\odq` rjmf amjh ocdn ajpmoc ^m`\odq` k`mdj_ y :i`fjf
;XifZZf\i_ ocì _dm`ôn don \ooìodji ]\^fr\m_) amjh ocdn k`mnk`ôdq`) oj oc`
,+
L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf %.621& ajm omph kò) ndop\o`_ i`\m oc` ^ìo`m ja cdn jpokpo \i_
m`km`nìodib oc` hjm` kjkpg\m notg` ja Fjgdqò$n ocdm_ ^m`\odq` k`mdj_) ]àjm`
.63-+ >t aj^pndib \ooìodji ji Fjgdqò$n g\o` notg`) r` kmjqd_` \ am`nc) ^g`\m)
\i_ hjm` ^jhkgò` am\h` ja mà`mì^` amjh rcd^c oj qd`r cdn ìodm` jpokpo
oc\i c\n piodg ijr ]`ì kjnnd]g`+
Pc` \i\gtndn admno ^jind_`mn oc` \kkgd^\odji oj :i`fjf ;XifZZf ja adq`
o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n) rcd^c Fjgdqò ajmhpg\o`_ \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja cdn
^jhkjndodji\g ^\m``m \i_ rcd^c \kk`\m oj _`n^md]` ^`mo\di ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja
c\mhjit) o`sopm`) h`gj_t) \i_ mctoch di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^\g ^ji^`kodji+ J`so)
Fjgdqò$n ajmh\g nompôpm` \i_ oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn \m` `s\hdi`_ di njh` _ò\dg+
Bdi\ggt) oc` nk`^dad^ mjg` \i_ i\opm` ja di^\io\odji di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ dn
`skgjm`_ \i_ oc` `g`hìon ja di^\io\odji) \n r`gg \n ocjn` ja \oji\gdot \i_
hj_\gdot) \m` d_ìodad`_ di :i`fjf ;XifZZf* Pc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf dn ocì
`s\hdi`_ ji oc` n\h` ]\ndn) diqdodib notgdnod^ \i_ o`^cid^\g ^jhk\mdnji rdoc
oc` g\o`m rjmf+
,,
HEBA =J@ IQOE?=H @ARAHKLIAJP
=i_mz Fjgdqò r\n ]jmi =pbpno 5).6-2 di L\mdn \i_ _`hjinom\o`_ \

h \mf`_ dio`m`no di \gg oc` \mon amjh \ q`mt tjpib \b`+ Ddn a\oc`m r\n \
k\dio`m) nodhpg\odib tjpib Fjgdqò$n dio`m`no di oc` qdnp\g \mon+ Ddn hjoc`m) \
kd\idno) b\q` cdh cdn admno kd\ij g`nnjin+ =o oc` \b` ja .0 c` rmjo` \
^jhkjndodji ìodog`_ KfdXeZ\ YXiYXi$ ]\n`_ ji ji` ja cdn jri kj`hn+ =o .1
c` ojjf ^`ggj g`nnjin rdoc Hjpdn Bpdgg\m_ \i_ admno ^\h` oj fijr oc` hpnd^ ja
@`]pnnt) @pf\n) \i_ N\q`g \o oc` L\n_`gjpk ^ji^`mon ja .6.6+2 Scì c` r\n
adao`ì c` ^jhkjn`_ \ ]\ggò) ^jhkgò` r doc cdn jri n^ì`mt \i_ ^jnoph`
_`ndbin+ Pc` n\h` t`\m c` ]`b\i nop_tdib ndibdib) c\mhjit) \i_ oc` jmb\i
r doc oc` =]]3 Pc`j_\n) @dm`ôjm ja oc` ?c\k`g \o Gfki\ =Xd\ [\ <c`êXeZflik
di L\mdn+ D` am`lpìogt \ooì_`_ hpnd^\g oc`\o`m kmj_pôdjin ja oc` <fd\[`$
?iXe^X`j\ di cdn tjpoc \i_ _m`\h`_ ja ]`^jhdib \ h`h]`m ja oc\o dinodopodji+
D` r\n g\o`m) di a\ô) oj ]` \kkjdio`_ hpnd^ _dm`ôjm ja oc` <fd\[`\)?iXe^X`j\( \

kjno rcd^c c` c`g_ amjh .612*26+
Ei nkdo` ja cdn hpnd^\g \i_ \modnod^ \kodop_`n \i_ dio`m`non) cdn k\mìon
_dn^jpm\b`_ oc` tjpib Fjgdqò amjh kpmnpdib \ ^\m``m di hpnd^) kmà`mmdib oc\o
c` ìo`m \ kmja`nndji r doc bm`\o`m adi\i^d\g n`^pmdot oc\i oc\o ja \ ^jhkjn`m+
Oj c` ^jhkgò`_ cdn o`\^c`m ^`modad^\odji r doc \ _`bm`` di gdo`m\opm` \i_ ]`b\i
o`\^cdib di \ L\mdn no\o` bm\hh\m n^cjjg di .6/4+ Pc\o n\h` t`\m oc` ^p]dno
k\dio`m C`jmb` R\ghd`m) rdoc rcjh Fjgdqò c\_ nop_d`_ k\diodib ajm \ odh`)
diomj_p^`_ cdh oj L\pg H` Bg`h) \ ajmh`m kpkdg ja =g]`mo Njpnn`g \i_
kmja`nnjm ja ^jpio`mkjdio \o oc` LZ_fcX <Xekfild* Fjgdqò$n np]n`lpìo adq`
0GXikè\ =X[`\l' ; =fem\ijXk`fe n `k_ ;e[i\ Dfc`m\k' M\dgf 04 #,41,$5 -)
,-
t`\mn ja nop_tdib c\mhjit) ^jpio`mkjdio) \i_ ^g\nnd^\g ajmhn r doc H` Bg`h

r`m` qdbjmjpn+ H` Bg`h o\pbco Fjgdqò ijo jigt oc` o`^cidlp`n ja ^g\nnd^\g
^jhkjndodji) di^gp_dib oc` bm`\o kjgtkcjid^ notg` ja oc` adao`ìoc \i_
ndso`ìoc ^ìopmd`n\i \m`\ di rcd^c H` Bg`h r\n ^jind_`m`_ \i `sk`mo]po
c` \gnj ì^jpm\b`_ `skjnpm` oj \gg oc` ^jio`hkjm\mt omì_n di hpnd^+ Scì
ocm`` ^ji^`mon r`m` oj ]` bdqì \o oc` LXcc\ Ic\p\c di .6/4 oj cjijm
O^cjì]`mb$n qdndo oj L\mdn) H` Bg`h admno diomj_p^`_ cdn kpkdg oj O^cjì]`mb$n
mpg`n ja or`gq`*oji` ^jhkjndodji) bdqdib Fjgdqò cdn admno `skjnpm` oj \oji\g
hpnd^+ Pcì) di .6/6) H` Bg`h mà`mm`_ Fjgdqò oj cdn amdì_ \i_ a`ggjr nop_ìo
ja Njpnn`g) A_b\m_ R\m`n`+ =o oc` odh`) R\m`n`$n :d\i`hl\j r\n ]`dib
k`majmh`_ \o oc` LXcc\ @Xm\Xl \i_ h\_` \ _``k dhkm`nndji ji Fjgdqò+ R\m`n`)
rcj r\n ocì 13) c\_ i`q`m o\fì \it nop_ìon ]po \^^`ko`_ Fjgdqò \n cdn
jigt kpkdg \ao`m Fjgdqò ^jhkgd`_ r doc cdn m`lp`no oj km`k\m` \ ajpm*c\i_
kd\ij m`_pôdji ja R\m`n`$n HZkXe[i\* Fjgdqò m`h\di`_ R\m`n`$n nop_ìo piodg
R\m`n` mòpmi`_ oj oc` Q+O+=+ di O`ko`h]`m .600+
Pc` h`òdibn r doc R\m`n` r`m` ijo ^jhkjndodji g`nnjin di oc` pnp\g
nìn`+ Fjgdqò k\mod^dk\o`_ di R\m`n`$n m`n`\m^c dioj \^jpnod^n) _ìndot*^`ggn)
njpi_ h\nn`n \i_ oc`dm om\inhpo\odji) \nomjijht) \i_ oc` hò\kctnd^\g g\rn
ja hpnd^+ R\m`n` \gnj diomj_p^`_ cdh oj rmdo`mn) \modnon) \i_ n^pgkojmn np^c \n
=mo\p_) Ld^\nnj) \i_ ?\g_`m+ @pmdib oc`n` t`\mn Fjgdqò _d_ rmdo` \ a`r rjmfn
nodgg pi_`m oc` bpd_\i^` ja H` Bg`h) ]po do r\n R\m`n`$n diagpì^` rcd^c h\_`
oc` hjno dhkjmo\io \i_ g\nodib dhk\ô ji Fjgdqò$n k`mnji\g hpnd^\g

^ji^`kodji+ Ei cdn jri rjm_n) do r\n R\mzn`) rcjn` jigt kpkdg E r\n) \i_
ajm rcjh E c\q` oc` _``k`no \_hdm\odji) rcj nò h` ji ht r\t+ D ` c`gk`_
h` oj _dn^jq`m ji` ja hpnd^$n hjno ndbidad^\io \nk`ôn8 hpnd^ \n \ h\bd^\g \i_
,.
mdop\g `skm`nndji ja cph \i nj^dòt+ E c\q` g`\mio oj \oo\^c bm`\o dhkjmo\i^` oj

oc` ]\g\i^` ]òr`ì h\i \i_ oc` ^jnhjn+ 3
Fjgdqò r\n ijo i`r oj oc` d_`\ ja h\bd^\g \i_ mdop\g `skm`nndji ja
cph \i nj^dòt+ Scì c` r\n \ ]jt ji` ja cdn pi^g`n) \ mòdm`_ \_hdidnom\ojm
ja oc` Bmì^c =amd^\i ^jgjid`n) pn`_ oj o`gg cdh nojmd`n ja omd]\g mdop\gn \i_
g`bì_n ja h\bd^*h\fdib rcd^c a\n^di\o`_ oc` tjpib Fjgdqò+ Pc` Qi^g`$n
qdgg\ r\n apgg ja m\m` \i_ `sjod^ j]e`ôn ]mjpbco ]\^f amjh =amd^\^pgo \i_
njm^`mt j]e`ôn) h\nfn) r`\kjin) \i_ q\mdjpn hpnd^\g dinomphìon+ Fjgdqò
^g\dhn oj c\q` `sk`mdì^`_ a\io\nd`n di rcd^c c` ojjf k\mo cdhn`ga di ]\oog`n)
n\^mdad^`n) mdop\gn) \i_ hpnd^*h\fdib ja oc` i\odq`n+4 =gnj _pmdib oc`n` t`\mn)
=amd^\i \moda\ôn \i_ =amd^\i*dinkdm`_ \mo r`m` ]`^jhdib kjkpg\m di L\mdn+
Pc` t`\m .6.0 n\r oc` admno =amd^\i n^pgkopm` `scd]dodji di L\mdn) \i_ di oc`
t`\mn ]òr`ì oc` orj rjmg_ r\mn ]g\^f \mo ]`^\h` di^m`\ndibgt
a\ncdji\]g` di oc` Bmì^c ^\kdo\g) oc\ifn h\digt oj oc` h\mfòdib àajmon ja
L\pg Cpdgg\ph` rcj r\n k`mc\kn oc` ]`no*fijri =amd^\i \mo ^jgg`ôjm \i_
_`\g`m di L\mdn+5
Pc` ^mtno\ggdu\odji ja Fjgdqò$n hò\kctnd^\g d_`\n ^ji^`midib hpnd^

ocmjpbc oc` o`\^cdibn ja R\m`n` ajpi_ don admno h\opm` `skm`nndji di \ npdo` ja
nds kd\ij kd`^`n ^\gg`_ FXeX( ^jhkjn`_ di F\ip\mt .602+ F X d dn \ I`g\i`nd\i
%jm Ljgti`nd\i& r jm_ mà`mmdib oj \i dhk`mnji\g npk`mi\opm\g ajm^` jm kjr`m
1=X[`\l .)
2B`c[X Dfc`m\k' :m\Z :e[i\ Cfc`m\k #JXi`j5 @cXddXi`fe' ,423$ -2(-3)
3Q`cc`Xd ;cY\ik MZ_d`[' ?c\d\ekj f] DXqq Mkpc\ è =fek\dgfiXip @i\eZ_ Nildg\k

F`k\iXkli\' [`jj)' O f ] Hfik_ N\oXj' ,44,'-(.)
L \g if [ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f ] k_ \ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g \id `jj`fe )
,/
oc\o h\t ]` ^ji^ìom\o`_ di j]e`ôn jm k`mnjin \i_ oc\o h\t ]` dic`mdo`_)

\^lpdm`_) jm ^jia`mm`_+ 6
Pc` ^jhkjndodji m`km`nìon) di Fjgdqò$n r jm_n) \ ^ji_ìn`_ h`hjmt

ja R\m`n`+ .- A\^c hjq`hìo kjmom\tn oc` d Xd ja ji` ja 3 adbpmdi`n) bdqì oj
Fjgdqò ]t R\m`n` ]àjm` g`\qdib ajm =h`md^\) \i_ rcd^c m`h\di`_ ji Fjgdqò$n
kd\ij ajm oc` m`no ja cdn gda` \n \ ^jino\io m`hdi_`m ja cdn ]`gjq`_ o`\^c`m+
Fjgdqò \i_ cdn rda` c\_ ]`ì \ooì_dib ^jpmn`n di oc` nj^djgjbt ja kmdhdodq`
nj^dòd`n \o oc` Ojm]jii`) \i_ ocdn `sk`mdì^` n``hn oj ]` r c\o g`_ Fjgdqò oj
oc` d_`\ ja rmdodib I\in+.. FXeX dn Fjgdqò$n admno rjmf di cdn h \opm` notg` \i_
h\mfn oc` ]`bdiidib ja cdn admno ^m`\odq` k`mdj_cdn nj*^\gg`_ h\bd^
k`mdj_]po `\mgd`m rjmfn ja cdn c\_ \gm`\_t ^\pbco oc` \ooìodji \i_
\_hdm\odji ja \ijoc`m tjpib \i_ kmjhdndib Bmì^c ^jhkjn`m ]t oc` i\h` ja
Kgdqd`m I`nnd\ì+
Pcm`` t`\mn tjpib`m oc\i Fjgdqò) I`nnd\ì c\_ bm\_p\o`_ amjh oc`
L\mdn ?jin`mq\ojmt di .60- \i_ r\n) _pmdib cdn `g`qì t`\mn \o oc` n^cjjg) oc`
m`^dkdìo ja adq` admno kmdu`ndi \^^jhk\idhìo) ^jpio`mkjdio) jmb\i
dhkmjqdn\odji) cdnojmt \i_ ^jhkjndodji+ =ao`m bm\_p\odib c` c\_ ]`ì
\kkjdio`_ oj oc` ]j\m_ ja oc` J\odji\g ?jhhdoo`` ja Ipnd^) ja rcd^c L\pg H`
Bg`h r \n \gnj \ h`h]`m \i_ rcd^c r\n m`nkjind]g` ajm m`qd`rdib i`r hpnd^+
S cì Fjgdqò$n Mif`j M\dgj gfli g`Xef %.60-& r\n km`nìo`_ oj oc` ^jhhdoo``)
I`nnd\ì dhh`_d\o`gt m`^jbidu`_ oc` `s^`kodji\g lp\gdod`n ja don
^jhkjn`m+./ Pcì r cì Fjgdqò$n nomdib lp\moò %.601& r\n m`qd`r`_ ajpm
4 GXeX' P\Yjk\izj M_ì[ G\`m Bek\ieXk`feXc =`Zk`feXip( ,42, \[)
,+MlqqXe\ >\dXihl\q' :e[i\ afc`m\k #JXi`j5 P\ekX[fli' ,403$ ,+)
,cEXk_\iè\ E\dc\i' Cj k_\i\ GX^`Z è Dfc`m\k"j Glj`Z:' F lj`Z K\m`\n // #,43.$5 ,--)
,->\dXihl\q' Cfc`m\k 2)
,0
t`\mn g\o`m) I`nnd\ì r\n dhh`_d\o`gt o\fì r doc oc` rjmf \i_ g\o`m
_`n^md]`_ cdn m`\ôdji di \ .65- dio`mqd`r rdoc F\iò H\i_mòc7
Fjgdqò km`nìo`_ oj ocdn ^jhhdoo`` cdn nomdib lp\moò) \i_

oc` h`h]`mn ja oc` ^jhhdoo`` r`m` ncj^f`_ \i_ cjmmdad`_ ]t
oc` njpi_ ja ocdn q`mt hj_`mi hpnd^+ Eo r\n \ lp\moò) gò$n n\t)
gdf` >\mo_f) \i_ \o ocdn odh` di oc` ^ìopmt) do r\n njhòcdib
m`qjgpodji\mt+ Bjm h`) do r\n \]njgpo`gt h\mq`gjpn \i_ E
`\b`mgt r ìo cjh` \i_ omd`_ oj kg\t do ji oc` kd\ij+ Pc` lp\moò
r\n \^^`ko`_ ]t oc` ^jhhdoo`` pkji oc` m`^jhhì_\odji ja H`
Bg`h \i_ h`) \i_ \mm\ib`hìon r`m` h\_` oj c\q` oc` rjmf
k`majmh`_+
=ao`mr\m_n) E rmjo` oj Fjgdqò \i_ ojg_ cdh oc\o c` r\n
rmdodib rji_`mapg hpndôc` fdi_ ja hpnd^ E rjpg_ gdf` oj ]`
\]g` oj r mdo` .0
Bmjh ocdn kjdio ji oc` orj ^jhkjn`mn ]`^\h` ^gjn` amdì_n) nc\mdib \i
dio`m`no di oc` nkdmdop\g) m`gdbdjpn) \i_ cph \i lp\gdod`n ja hpnd^ %\g]`do di
njh`rc\o _daa`mìo m`nk`ôn&) \i_ ]joc ]`dib _`qjo`_ oj gtmd^dnh \i_ oj
rd_ìdib oc` n^jk` ja o`^cid^\g \i_ `skm`nndq` h`\in+ .1 Scì FXeX r\n
^jhkgò`_ di .602) I`nnd\ì rmjo` \ kmà\^` ajm do \i_ ocì kp]gdnc`_ \i
\mod^g` di npkkjmo ja don kmjbm`nndq` oì_ì^d`n+ =gnj di .602) Fjgdqò) I`nnd\ì)
\i_ H` Bg`h) \gjib rdoc @\id`g*H`npm \i_ C`jmb` Idbjo) ajpi_`_ \i
jmb\idu\odji rcd^c oc`t ^\gg`_ EX LgìXc\ ajm oc` kpmkjn` ja km`nìodib
^jio`hkjm\mt ^c\h]`m hpnd^ ^ji^`mon \o oc` O^cjg\ ?\iojmph+ Pcì) di .603)
ocm`` ja oc` ajpi_dib h`h]`mn ja EX LgìXc\Fjgdqò) I`nnd\ì) \i_ @\id`g*
H`npmb\oc`m`_ ojbòc`m rdoc Uq`n >\p_md`m oj ajmh oc` bmjpk C\le\ ?iXeZ\*
Pcdn _dq`mn` bmjpk ja ^jhkjn`mn r\n pido`_ ]t \ nc\m`_ _`ndm` oj
^m`\o` \ gdqdib hpnd^ di \ nkdmdo ja ndi^`mdot) bì`mjndot) \i_ \modnod^
,.DXe\k ?cXè\ FXe[i\k_' ;e[i\ Dfc`m\k5 ; Mkl[p f ] k_\ J`Xef Qfibj n`k_ X
>`jZljj`fe f] B`j ;\jk_\k`Z Xe[ N\Z_e`ZXc JièZ`gc\j' [`jj)' O f] IbcX_fdX' ,43+'1)
,/<i`^`kk\ MZ_`]]\i' ;e[i7uDfc`m\k #,4+0(,42/$' M\dgf ,,- #,420$5 ,/)
,1
^jin^djpni`nn+ .2 Pc`dm \dh r\n oj kmjhjo` rjmfn oc\o \m` tjpib) am``) \n
a\m \n kjnnd]g` amjh qpgb\m dhdo\odji) `doc`m m`qjgpodji\mt jm \^\_`hd^+ .3
Pc`t r`m` jkkjn`_ oj ]joc oc` i`j^g\nnd^\g hjq`hìo) m`km`nìo`_ ]`no ]t
oc` ^jio`hkjm\mt hpnd^ ja Oom\qdinft) \i_ oc` n`md\gdnh ja oc` n`^ji_
Rdìi`n` n^cjjg+ Pjbòc`m oc`t nò jpo oj m`cph\idu` hpnd^) di m`\ôdji oj
oc` \]nom\ô oì_ì^d`n ja oc` \]jq` orj km`q\dgdib hpnd^\g omì_n+ Pc` i``_
r\n a`go ajm mì`r`_ `skm`nndji di hpnd^\i `skm`nndji ja pidq`mn\g) ^jnhd^

kmjkjmodjin+
Pj I`nnd\ì \i_ Fjgdqò+ + + h \i dn k\mo ja njhòcdib

]`tji_ cdhn`ga7 pidq`mn\g h\i8 ò`mi\g) nkdmdop\g h\i+ Ipnd^ dn
oc`màjm` ijo gdhdo`_ oj oc` `skm`nndji h`m`gt ja \ k`mnji\g
`sk`mdì^`8 do hpno ijo ]` od`_ _jr i oj oc` o`^cid^\g kmj]g`hn ja
\ k\mod^pg\m \b`) nodgg g`nn oj oc` \m]dom\mt njgpodji ja \ k\mod^pg\m
^jhkjn`m+ N\oc`m oc` r\t oj m`_dn^jq`m oc` ji` pidq`mn\g)
cph \i hpnd^) rcjn` ocm`\_ c\_ ]`ì ]mjfì) r\n oj mòm\^`
ji`$n no`kn oj oc` ]`bdiidibn ja cph \i ^jin^djpni`nn) oj
kmdhdodq` \i_ jmdìo\g ^dqdgdu\odjin) `sjod^ hj_`n \i_ mctochn)
oc` rjmg_ ja i\opm`) ]`gdà di Cj_+.4
>joc I`nnd\ì \i_ Fjgdqò npkkjmo`_ `sk`mdhìo\odji \i_ r`m` \oom\ô`_ oj
oc` hpnd^ ja `sjod^ \i_ kmdhdodq` ^pgopm`n) ]po I`nnd\ì$n hpnd^ r\n _``kgt
mjjo`_ di ?\ocjgd^ htnod^dnh rcdg` Fjgdqò ajpi_ cdn dinkdm\odji di oc` h\bd^\g
di^\io\odjin ja hjm` kmdhdodq` ajmhn ja m`gdbdji+.5
Pc` ^ji^`mon km`nìo`_ ]t C\le\ ?iXeZ\( hjnogt ja hpnd^ ^jhkjn`_ ]t
don ajpm h`h]`mn) r`m` r`gg*m`^`dq`_ ]t oc` hpnd^\g kp]gd^ \i_ \^^g\dh`_ ]t
^jhkjn`mn \i_ ^mdod^n+ >po ajpm t`\mn \ao`m oc` bmjpk$n ajmh\odji do r\n
,0=X[`\l .)
,1H`ZfcXj Mcfe`djbp' F lj`Z LèZ\ -5,,(/k_ \[)' #H \n Rfib5 MZi`Ye\i"j' ,42,$ 1-3)
,2@iXeZ`j Lflk_' <fek\dgfiXip Flj`Z6 : e Bekif[lZk`fe #Ffe[fe5 ?e^c`j_ Oe`m\ij`k`\j

J' ,413$ 10(11)
,3Lfccf Gp\ij' Glj`Z è @iXeZ\ è k_\ Jfjk(QXi >\ZX[\' KfpXc F lj`Z :jjfZ`Xk`fe
IifZ\\[è^j 3, #,40/(00$5 41)
,2
np__ìgt _dn]\i_`_ rcì \gg don h`h]`mn ìo`m`_ oc` hdgdo\mt n`mqd^` rdoc
oc` jpo]m`\f ja Sjmg_ S\m EE+ Pc` r\m \i_ oc` j^^pk\odji c\_ \ _`q\no\odib
dhk\ô ji Fjgdqò oc\o r\n màg`ô`_ di \ _m\h\od^ ^c\ib` ja hpnd^\g notg`+ Pc`
r \m t`\mn \m` ^jind_`m`_ Fjgdqò$n n`^ji_ ^m`\odq` k`mdj_cdn om\_dodji\g
k`mdj_\i_ \m` h \mf`_ ]t \ mòpmi oj om\_dodji\g ^g\nnd^\g ajmhn \i_ oji\g
nompôpm`n+ Ijodq\o`_ ]t oc` i``_ oj n`mq` cdn _à`\o`_ ^jpiomthì \i_
a``gdib oc` i``_ oj f``k di ^gjn`m ^jio\ô r doc oc` kp]gd^) c` \]\i_ji`_ oc`
_\mdib diijq\odjin ja cdn admno k`mdj_ oj rmdo` di \ ndhkg`m hjm` \^^`nnd]g`
notg`+.6 Djr`q`m) `qì ocjpbc hjm` om\_dodji\g di notg`) Fjgdqò$n rjmfn amjh
ocdn k`mdj_ \m` ]t ij h`\in omdqd\g+ Bjm `s\hkg`) Cjg1\ _`n^md]`n oc` njib E\j
kif`j ZfdgcXèkj [l jfc[Xk %.61-& \n ji` ja ocjn` hdm\^g`n rcd^c \gg ja \ np__ì
h\f`n `qd_ìo oc` km`nì^` ja \ bìdpn+ /- Pcdn dn \ q`mt n`mdjpn rjmf ja

njmmjr \i_ _`njg\odji) ]po Fjgdqò \gnj rmjo` gdbco`m hpnd^) dggpnom\o`_ ]t cdn
]\ggò @l`êfc \c IXe[fi\ %.610&) \]jpo rcd^c c` n\d_7 E rdnc`_ oj kmjq` oj
htn`ga oc\o E r\n ^\k\]g` ja rmdodib hpnd^ di \ nìn` hjm` ^jiajmhdib rdoc
om\_dodji) hpnd^ oc\o r\n h`\io oj ]` ijocdib hjm` oc\i \ m`g\s\odji) \i
`n^\k` amjh oc` njh]`m t`\mn ja .61- oj .611+ /. K__gt) `qì ocjpbc Fjgdqò$n
rjmfn amjh ocdn odh` _d_ ijo m`km`nìo cdn pidq`mn\g \`nocòd^ d_`\g) do r\n oc`
hpnd^ ja ocdn k`mdj_ rcd^c b\di`_ ajm Fjgdqò rd_`nkm`\_ kp]gd^ m`^jbidodji
jpond_` \ n`g`ô ^dm^g` ja ^jhkjn`mn \i_ amdì_n+ Ei .610 = mocpm Dji`bb`m \i_
L\pg ?g\p_`g \nf`_ Fjgdqò oj ^ji_pô oc`dm kmj_pôdji ja E\ jflc`\i [\ LXkè \o
oc` <fd\[`\)?iXe^X`j\( rcd^c pgodh\o`gt g`_di F\ip\mt ja .612oj cdn
,4M\i^\ Alk Xe[ >Xe`\c\ J`jkfe\' E\ @iflg\ D\le\ @iXeZ\ #JXi`j5 Bfefi1 =_Xdg`fe'
,422$ 0+)
-+>\dXihl\q' Cfc`m\k ,/)
-,>\dXihl\q' Cfc`m\k ,2)
,3
\kkjdioh ìo \n hpnd^ _dm`ôjm+ Ocjmogt \ao`m ocdn admno kmja`nndji\g \nnj^d\odji
r doc ocdn jmb\idu\odji) c` r\n \r\m_`_ \ bm\io ]t oc` :jjfZ`Xk`fe gfli c\
=`]]lj`fe [\ cX I\ej\\ ?iXe^X`j\( \ggjrdib cdh oj adi\ggt lpdo cdn bm\hh\m n^cjjg
o`\^cdib kjndodjircd^c c` c\_ h\dio\di`_ ndi^` .6/4) `s^`ko _pmdib cdn

hdgdo\mt n`mqd^`\i_ _`qjo` \gg cdn ì`mbd`n oj hpnd^+
=o oc` ì_ ja oc` r \m di .612) Fjgdqò mòpmi`_ oj cdn `\mgd`m ^ji^`kodji
ja hpnd^ \n h\bd^\g `skm`nndji) ]po ijr r doc \ i`r _ti\hd^ lp\gdot)
gdq`gdi`nn ja mctoch ) Kmdìo\g*njpi_dib h`gj_d`n \i_ \ h \opm` ^ji^`ko ja
jm^c`nom\odji+ // Ei ocdn i`r) ocdm_ ^m`\odq` k`mdj_oc` ntioc`ndn k`mdj_
Fjgdqò dn ^jind_`m`_ oj c\q` \^cd`q`_ \ fdi_ ja ]\g\i^` ]òr`ì cdn `\mgd`m
m`qjgpodji\mt notg` \i_ cdn hjm` om\_dodji\g notg` _pmdib oc` r\m t`\mn) \n
ocjpbc adi\ggt ]\g\i^dib oc` diagpì^` ja cdn orj o`\^c`mn) R\m#n` oc`
`sk`mdhìo`m \i_ H` Bg`h oc` ^g\nnd^dno+/0 Pc` `qj^\odq` odog`n ja cdn admno
k`mdj_ %`+b+) FXeX( <fjdf^fe`$ BeZXekXk`fe( ò^+& \m` hp^c g`nn di `qd_ì^` di
oc` rjmfn rmdooì \ao`m .612) m`kg\^`_ hjm` jaoì ]t ^g\nnd^\g ji`n+ =hjib
oc` hjm` oc\i 6- rjmfn rmdooì ]òr`ì .612 \i_ Fjgdqò$n _`\oc di .641) oc`m`
\m` `g`qì ^ji^`mojn) ocm`` nthkcjid`n) jq`m /2 rjmfn ja di^d_ìo\g hpnd^ ajm
oc` <fd\[`$?iXe^X`j$ \ h\nn) \ h\_mdb\g) \ ]\ggò) \ ^\io\o$ \i jm\ojmdj) \i
di^jhkgò` jk`m\) \i_ n`q`m\g nji\o\n) km`gp_`n) npdo`n) ò^+ =gg oc` njgj
omph kò rjmfn _\o` amjh \ao`m .612+
Ei oc` ajpmo`ì t`\mn oc\o c` r\n hpnd^\g _dm`ôjm ja oc` <fd\[`\)

?iXe^X`j$ c` h\i\b`_ oj rmdo` jq`m 2- ^jhkjndodjin di nkdo` ja \ c`\qt
n^c`_pg` ja \ôdqdod`n \o oc` oc`\o`m+ Pcdn n^c`_pg` di^gp_`_ oc` _dm`ôdji ja 0-
--E\dc\i ,-.)
-. ;e[i/ Dfc`m\k' G\n @ifm\ =`Zk`feXip f ] F lj`Z Xe[ Flj`Z`Xej( ,43+ \[)
,4
k`majmh\i^`n `\^c hjioc) oc` m`qdndji \i_ m`*jm^c`nom\odji ja joc`m ^jhkjn`mn$

rjmfn ajm kmj_pôdjin \o oc` oc`\o`m) \i_ om\q`gdib r doc oc` bmjpk ji `soìndq`
ojpmn oj ajm`dbi ^jpiomd`n) ijo jigt di Apmjk` ]po di =amd^\ \i_ oc` B\m A\no \n
r`gg+ Pc`n` om\q`gn ^jiadmh`_ cdn `\mgd`m hpnd^\g diopdodjin rcd^c c\_ dinkdm`_
hp^c ja cdn km`qdjpn hpnd^) k\mod^pg\mgt amjh oc` admno k`mdj_+/1
=ao`m g`\qdib cdn kjndodji \o oc` <fd\[`$?iXe^X`j\ di .626) Fjgdqò n`mq`_
\n o`^cid^\g ^jinpgo\io oj oc` =ì\Zk`fe @\e\iXk\ [\j :ikj \k E\kki\j %.626*3/&)
ajpi_`_ oc` <\eki\ ?iXe^X`j\ [$AldXe`jd\ Flj`ZXc \o =ds*ì*Lmjqì^` %.626&)
r\n km`nd_ìo ja oc` <feZ\ikj EXdfli\lo %.630*35&) \i_ r\n \kkjdio`_ di .632
oj oc` a\^pgot ja oc` L\mdn ?jin`mq\ojmt \n kmja`nnjm ja ^jhkjndodji %.632*
.64-&+ Pcdn g\no r\n \i pipnp\g \^^jhkgdnchìo ^jind_`mdib oc\o Fjgdqò c\_
m`^`dq`_ cdn hpnd^\g om\didib ocmjpbc kmdq\o` nop_t m\oc`m oc\i ]t ajmh\g
n^cjjgdib+ >t ^jiom\no) I`nnd\ì) rcj \gnj r\n jaad^d\ggt \kkjdio`_ kmja`nnjm
ja ^jhkjndodji di .632) c\_) i`q`moc`g`nn) ]`ì o`\^cdib \o oc` L\mdn
?jin`mq\ojmt ndi^` .61/ \n \ kmja`nnjm ja c\mhjit+
Fjgdqò r\n \ g`\_dib adbpm` di iph`mjpn i\odji\g \i_ dio`mi\odji\g
jmb\idu\odjin) di^gp_dib oc` <fd`k\ GXk`feXc [\ cX Flj`Zal$ oc` <feî\j
Bek\ieXk`feXc [\ cX Flj`hl\ [$N*K*L*L*( oc` <fd`k\j [\ cX Flj`hl\ [\ cX KX[`f)
M\c\m`j`fe ?iXe^X`j$ oc` Cli`\j [l ?\jk`mXc Bek\ieXk`feXc [\ cX =Xej\( oc` Clip [l
<feZflij [\ Kfd\( \i_ h\it joc`mn+ D` r\n \r\m_`_ oc` @iXe[ Iiò Flj`ZXc
[\ cX O`cc\ [\ IXi`j di .62.) oc` @iXe[ Iiò Bek\ieXk`feXc [\ cX Flj`hl\ di .621) oc`
@iXe[ Iiò [l Ii\j`[\ek [\ cX K\glYc`hl\ di .625 \i_ \b\di di .64/) \n r`gg \n
joc`m kmdu`n di hpnd^+ Ddn h\it m`^jm_dibn ja cdn jri ^jhkjndodjin rji cdh
oc` @iXe[ Iiò [l =`jhl\ oì odh`n) di .621)22)24)25)3/)31)33)34)36) \i_ 42+
-/>\dXihl\q' afc`m\k -+)
-+
Ddn rjmfn c\q` ]`ì k`majmh`_ \gg jq`m oc` rjmg_ ]t h\it ja oc` r jmg_$n
hjno _dnodibpdnc`_ k`majmh`mn) di^gp_dib F`\i*Ld`mm` N\hk\g) I`nodng\q
Njnojkjqdo^c) I\pmd^` =i_m_) D`diu Djggdib`m) ?c\mg`n Ipi^c) I\pmd^`
=gg\m_) Lcdggdk` Aiom`hjio) Hdgt H\nfdi`) \i_ ?jgòo` D`mujb+ Uò) di nkdo` ja
\gg cdn cjijmn) \r\m_n) \i_ \^^jhkgdnchìon) c` dn oj_\t ji` ja oc` g`\no
fijri \i_ hjno i`bg`ô`_ ja `no\]gdnc`_ orìodòc*^ìopmt ^jhkjn`mn+
Bpmoc`m `s\hdi\odji ja cdn hpnd^\g _`q`gjkhìo \i_ diagpì^`n rdgg c`gk pn
m`\^c \ ^g`\m`m pi_`mno\i_dib ja Fjgdqò$n hpnd^+
S` c\q` n`ì oc\o A_b\m_ R\m`n` r\n) ]t Fjgdqò$n jri \^^jpiodib) oc`
hjno dhkjmo\io ndibg` diagpì^` ji Fjgdqò \i_ oc\o L\pg H` Bg`h r\n \ijoc`m
ajmh\odq` diagpì^` rcj ì^jpm\b`_ Fjgdqò$n dio`m`no di O^cjì]`mb$n hpnd^
\i_ joc`m ^jio`hkjm\mt hpnd^\g omì_n+ >po \^^jm_dib oj =]m\c\h Ofpgnft)
do r\n ocmjpbc R\m`n` oc\o Fjgdqò ]`^\h` ^gjn`gt \^lp\dio`_ rdoc oc`
h\o`md\gn \i_ hòcj_n ja O^cjì]`mb) >\mo_f) \i_ >`mb) \i_ c` apmoc`m no\o`n
oc\o di Fjgdqò$n `\mgt rjmfn) c` \gm`\_t h\f`n pn` ja h`gj_d^ \i_ c\mhjid^
k\oo`min ^gjn`gt m`g\o`_ oj ocjn` ja oc` \oji\gdnon \i_ ocjn` ja >\mo_f+ /2 Pc`
gdhdo`_ diagpì^` ja oc` n`md\gdnon c\n \gm`\_t ]`ì _`n^md]`_ \i_ dn \i
dhkjmo\io ji` amjh oc` \`nocòd^ no\i_kjdio+ S` ^jpg_ \__ c`m`) cjr`q`m)
oc\o =i_m`r Pcjh\n n``n \ h\mf`_ q`di ja _dnepiô \oji\g gtmd^dnh _`mdq`_
amjh =g]\i >`mb di Fjgdqò$n `\mgt jm^c`nom\g rjmf) =Xej\ èZXekXkfì\ %.602*
03&+/3 Eo dn \gnj ndbidad^\io) k`mc\kn) oc\o ajggjrdib >`mb$n _`\oc) di .603)
Fjgdqò) I`nnd\ì) \i_ @\id`g*H`npm b\q` oc` admno >`mb a`nodq\g di Bm\i^` \o \
LgìXc\ nj^dòt ^ji^`mo+/4 >\mo_f r\n ^`mo\digt \ijoc`m dhkjmo\io diagpì^`)
-0;YiX_Xd Mblcjbp' ;e[i1 Dfc`m\k' Flj`ZXc :d\i`ZX 2-)3 #,40-$5 4)
-1N_fdjfe 3/)
-2HXeZp F\\ G\eb' ;e[i\ Dfc`m\k5 >g`k_XcXd\( [`jj)' O f] =èZèeXk`' ,430'3)
-,
]joc o`^cid^\ggt \i_ \`nocòd^\ggt) ji Fjgdqò$n hpnd^+ Fjgdqò `qì _`_d^\o`_

cdn admno kd\ij nji\o\rcd^c r\n ^jhkgò`_ \o oc` odh` ja oc` Dpib\md\i
^jhkjn`m$n _`\oc di .612oj >\mojf$n h`hjmt+/5 =mocpm Dj`m_` ^do`n >\mo_f
\n oc` ji` ^jhkjn`m oj rcjh Fjgdqò r\n k\mod^pg\mgt ^gjn`gt \aadgd\o`_ \i_
rcjn` hpnd^ dn ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t oc` n\h` am``_jh ja `skm`nndji) oc` n\h`
kpmnpdo ja q\mdòt rdocdi pidot) oc` n\h` _ti\hdnh \n oc` hpnd^ ja Fjgdqò+/6
>\mojf$n m`n`\m^c`n dioj ^ìom\g Apmjk`\i ajgf hpnd^ \m` r`gg fijri)
]po hp^c g`nn fijri dn oc` a\ô oc\o c` \gnj k`majmh`_ ad`g_ m`n`\m^c di
Kmdìo\g om\_dodji\g hpnd^+ G#mkzod ^do`n oc` _dm`ô diagpì^` ja q\mdjpn
Kmdìo\g hpnd^n di >\mojf$n _pjn ajm qdjgdi) oc` F`bifbfjdfj n`md`n ajm kd\ij)
oc` ]\ggò M_\ FìXZlcflj FXe[Xiè( oc` nomdib lp\moòn) \i_ `gn`rc`m`+ Pcdn
diagpì^` dn m`q`\g`_ ijo jigt di cdn \_\ko\odji ja ?cdi`n`* \i_ >\gdi`n`*otk`
kìo\ojid^ n^\g`n) ]po \gnj di cdn jm^c`nom\g ^jgjmdib \i_ njpi_ àa`ôn \n
ajpi_) ajm `s\hkg`) di cdn Flj`Z ]fi Lkiè^j( I\iZljj`fe( Xe[ <\c\jk\*/, G_mk_od
^m`_don >\mojf \n oc` admno ^jhkjn`m di oc` cdnojmt ja Apmjk`\i hpnd^]joc

d_`jgjbd^\ggt \i_ o`^cid^\ggtoj h\f` oc` q`mdo\]g` ntioc`ndn ja Apmjk`\i)
K^^d_ìo\g kmdi^dkg`n \i_ oc` nkdmdo ja oc` Kmdìo+ 0. D ` apmoc`m ijo`n oc\o) \n
rdoc Fjgdqò) >\mo_f \^^jhkgdnc`n ocdn ntioc`ndn ijo ]t dhdo\odib jm `skgjdodib
\ôp\g) ^ji^mò` `g`hìon ja Kmdìo\g hpnd^ ]po ]t \nndhdg\odib oc`n` `g`hìon+
D\gn`t Oo`qìn no\o`n oc\o rdoc >\mo_f oc`m` r`m` am`lpìogt \__dodjin oj cdn
^m`\odq` `lpdkhìo) ]po n`g_jh np]om\ôdjin8 $diagpì^`n$ r`m` lpd^fgt
-3B`c[X Dfc`m\k 04)
-4 ;e[i\ Dfc`m\k' G\n @ifm\ =`Zk`feXip f ] F lj`Z Xe[ Flj`Z`Xej( ,43+ \[)
.+Dtefj EXigXk`' Hfe(?lifg\Xe Ce]cl\eZ\j fe IZZ`[\ekXc Glj`Z5 ;e B`jkfi`ZXc

Mlim\p' Pfic[ f] F lj`Z --)- #,43+$5 .+)
.,EXigXk` .+)
--
\nndhdg\o`_) \i_ ij h \oo`m amjh rc\o njpm^`) oc`t ]`^\h` nj k`mnji\ggt \ k\mo
ja cdn notg` jm cdn o`^cidlp` oc\o oc`dm bm\qdo\odji gjno don kpgg \i_ c` ^jiodip`_
pi_`qd\odibgt di cdn jri jm]do+ 0/ Ki \ hjm` o`^cid^\g) nk`^dad^ g`q`g G3mkzod
d_ìodad`n oc` k\mod^pg\m h`gj_d^ nompôpm\g ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja \ hdijm n`^ji_
\go`mi\odib r doc `doc`m \ h\ejm n`^ji_) \ hdijm ocdm_) jm \ k`ma`ô ajpmoc \n \i
`s\hkg` ja Kmdìo\g diagpì^` di >\mo_f$n hpnd^+ Eio`mq\gd^ ^`ggn ja ocdn otk`
\gnj am`lpìogt kg\t \i dhkjmo\io nompôpm\g mjg` di Fjgdqò$n h`gj_d`n)
`nk`^d\ggt di cdn g\o`m ^jhkjndodjin) ja rcd^c oc` orj g\o` omph kò rjmfn \m`
dggpnom\odq` `s\hkg`n+ Pc` Kmdìo\g diagpì^` c\n ]`ì ijo`_ \n \ nomjib ji` di
Fjgdqò$n hpnd^) \i_ \oji\gdot \ôp\ggt n``hn oj a\^dgdo\o` \ apndji ]òr`ì
K^^d_ìo\g \i_ Kmdìo\g hpnd^n+ ?_^dg` @`g\c\t` o`ggn pn %di .625& oc\o
Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ r\n lpdo` kjkpg\m di F\k\i) \i_ oc` m`\nji ajm ocdn h\t ]`
hjm` oc\i epno oc` m`^jbidodji ja Kmdìo\g `g`hìon jm \`nocòd^n+00 =n Fjgdqò
cdhn`ga kjdio`_ jpo di \ .63. dio`mqd`r) \oji\gdot dn oc` jigt ntno`h oc\o
k`mh don oc` F\k\i`n` oj apn` S `no`mi o`^cidlp`n r doc oc`dm jri hpnd^\g
d_`\n+ 01 Pcdn pidji ja Kmdìo \i_ K^^d_ìo dn ja ^jpmn` jigt \ i\opm\g
_`q`gjkh ìo ja Fjgdqò$n jri k`mnji\gdot \i_ \ nkjio\i`jpn jpobmjroc ja
oc` hpnd^\g _`q`gjkhìon ja WcdnY odh`+ 02
Opm`gt oc` `qìo rcd^c c\_ oc` bm`\o`no ndibg` dhk\ô ji hpnd^\g
_`q`gjkhìon ja oc` odh`\n r`gg \n ji kjgdod^\g) `^jijhd^) hdgdo\mt) nj^d\g)
\i_ n^dìodad^ _`q`gjkhìonr\n) \o g`\no ajm Fjgdqò) Sjmg_ S\m EE+ Bm\i^`$n
.-Klfk\[ Yp >Xm`[ ?n\e' M_\ Pfic[ f ] Mn\ek`\k_)<\eklip F lj`Z #?e^c\nff[ =c`]]j5

Ji\ek`Z\(BXcc' ,413$ -2)
..=\Z`c\ >\cX_Xp\' N_\ G \jjX^\ [";e[iM Dfc`m\k', LZ_n\`q\i`jZ_\ F lj`bq\`kle^ 43

#,403$5 ,0)
./LX]X\c EXdd\i\i' =fekifm\ij`Xc @i\eZ_dXe' Flj`ZXc :d\i`ZX 3,), #,41,$5 ,,1)
.0MblCjbp ./)
-.
_à`\o ja ^jpmn` didod\o`_ cdn n`^ji_ k`mdj_) ]po oc` adi\g jpo^jh` ja oc` r\m)
\i_ oc` m`npgodib rjmg_ oc\o `h`mb`_) nc\k`_ cdn hpnd^\g ^jiqdôdjin ja cdn
ocdm_ ^m`\odq` k`mdj_+ Pc` t`\m .612) c` n\d_) h\mf`_ \ opmidib kjdio di oc`
gda` ja oc` rjmg_) \i_ di mòpmidib) di h\it r\tn) oj cdn `\mgd`m ^jhkjndodji\g
notg` c` r\n n``fdib \ i`r hpnd^\g g\ibp\b` oc\o rjpg_ nk`\f oj \gg k`jkg`n)
rcdo` jm ]g\^f+ Eo dn i`^`nn\mt ijr oj rmdo` di \ pidq`mn\g g\ibp\b` oc\o rdgg
]` ^jhkm`cìnd]g` oj \gg+ 03 Ddn n`^ji_ k`mdj_) n`ì di k`mnk`ôdq`)
m`km`nìon \ i\odji\gdnod^ k`mdj_ ]jmi ja rjmg_ ^dm^phno\i^`n \i_ jkkjn`_ oj
cdn admno \i_ ocdm_ pidq`mn\gdnod^ k`mdj_n+
Eo n``hn oc\o ocdn i`r hpnd^\g g\ibp\b` r\n \gnj diagpì^`_) \o g`\no
di oc` `\mgt k\mo ja Fjgdqò$n ocdm_ k`mdj_) ]t e\uu+ I\it ^jhkjn`mn ja oc`
orìodòc ^ìopmt) k\mod^pg\mgt di Bm\i^`) c\q` ]`ì diagpì^`_ di ji` r\t jm
\ijoc`m ]t e\uu) `nk`^d\ggt ]t don `\mgt ajmhn np^c \n m\bodh` \i_ _dsd`g\i_)
\i_ `nk`^d\ggt ]t oc` md^ci`nn \i_ `s^dodib kjr`m ja don mctochn \i_ don
api_\hìo\g lp\gdot ja dhkmjqdn\odji+ Pcdn diagpì^` `soì_n dioj oc` `\mgt
k\mo ja oc` ^ìopmt \i_ ^\i ]` om\^`_ di oc` hpnd^ ja @`]pnnt) N\q`g) Idgc\p_)
Oom\qdinft) Dji`bb`m) O\od`) =pmd^) Ljpgì^) \i_ >\mojf) oj i\h` \ a`r ja oc`
hjm` kmjh diìo ^jhkjn`mn+04 Fjgdqò cdhn`ga hìodjin ]joc cdn <feZ\ikèf
\i_ cdn L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf ajm omph kò \n rjmfn di rcd^c F\uu diagpì^`n kg\t \
_`^dndq` k\mo+ 05 Pc` e\uu `g`hìon di oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf c\q` ]`ì nop_d`_
\i_ _`n^md]`_ di njh` _ò\dg ]t Sdggd\h O^chd_ di cdn .66. nop_t ja e\uu
03G\hh`m`m ,,1+
.2EXdd\i\i ,1-6 EXigXk` .,6 MZ_d`[ 0)
.3EXdd\i\i ,1-)
-/
notgdnod^ `g`hìon di n`g`ô`_ ^jio`hkjm\mt Bmì^c omph kò hpnd^+06 O^chd_

ijo`n oc\o Fjgdqò$n pn` ja e\uu `g`hìon dn gdhdo`_ oj jigt \ am\ôdji ja cdn
jpokpo \i_ oc\o oc` hjno j]qdjpn e\uu*_`mdq`_ `g`hìo di h j_`mi Bmì^c
omph kò hpnd^ dn \ mctochd^ `g`hìo rcd^c jaoì ^jindnon ja N\bodh`*gdf`
nti^jk\odjin+1- Pcdn k\mod^pg\m mctochd^ `g`hìo dn `qd_ìo ijo jigt di oc`
h`gj_d^ gdi`n ja oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf ]po \gnj\i_ k\mod^pg\mgt njdi cdn
k`m^pnndji rmdodib di oc\o rjmf+ Ei oc` ocdm_ hjq`hìo) ajm `s\hkg`) oc`m` dn
\ ndso`ì*]\m k\nn\b` ajm oc` k`m^pnndji dinomphìon \gji`) rcd^c dn
m`hdidn^ìo ja oc` ^g\nnd^ _mph ]m`\f di e\uu k`majmh\i^` \i_ rcd^c _m\rn
ji e\uu o`^cidlp`n ajm don àa`ô+
=gg oc`n` q\mdjpn diagpì^`n) amjh R\m`n` oj e\uu) c\q` \ kg\^` di
Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ \i_ \gg c\q` ]`ì _dn^pnn`_) di \ ]djbm\kcd^\g ^jio`so \i_ oj \
bm`\o`m jm g`nn`m _`bm``) di oc` gdo`m\opm` oj _\o`+ Pc` aj^pn ja oc` km`nìo
nop_t cjr`q`m dn ji oc` nk`^dad^ notgdnod^ om\don ja oc` ^jhkjn`m \n m`q`\g`_ ]t
oc` hpnd^ don`ga) oj rcd^c \i \r\mì`nn ja oc` q\mdjpn cdnojmd^\g diagpì^`n
n`mq`n jigt \n \i \kkmjkmd\o` \i_ i`^`nn\mt ]\^fbmjpi_+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) oc`
lp`nodji ja ^jhkjndodji\g `qjgpodji dn ijo _dm`ôgt ^jind_`m`_ c`m` ndi^` \it
n`mdjpn ^ji^gpndjin di ocdn m`b\m_ rjpg_ m`lpdm` \ _ò\dg`_ \i_ gìboct nop_t
ja oc` ^jhkjn`m$n ìodm` jpokpo+ Eino`\_) di oc` k\b`n oc\o ajggjr) oc`
kmdi^dk\g a`\opm`n ja Fjgdqò$n hpnd^\g notg` \m` dggphdi\o`_ ocmjpbc \i
`s\hdi\odji ja orj ja cdn njgj omph kò rjmfn+
.4Q`cc`Xd ;cY\ik MZ_d`[' ?c\d\ekj f] DXqq Mkpc\ è =fek\dgfiXip @i\eZ_ Nildg\k

F`k\iXkli\' [`jj) O f] Hfik_ N\oXj' ,44,)
/+MZ_d`[ 3-)
- 0
PA?DJE?=H =J@ =AOPDAPE? LNEJ?ELHAO
Ei .613 Fjgdqò kp]gdnc`_ \i \mod^g` ìodog`_ K\gfej\ X le\ \ehl\k\

% N`kgt oj \i dilpdmt &) di rcd^c c` _`n^md]`_) di cdn otkd^\g hò\kcjmd^\g
h\ii`m) adq` kmdi^dkg`n rcd^c jpogdi`_ oc` hò\kctnd^\g ]\n`n oc\o
km`nph`\]gt bpd_`_ cdn \kkmj\^c oj c\mhjit) o`sopm`) h`gj_t) \i_ mctoch+
Fjgdqò ^g\dhn oc\o c` admno ajmhpg\o`_ oc`n` kmdi^dkg`n di .602 \i_ oc\o oc`dm
admno h\opm` dggpnom\odji \kk`\mn di FXeX %.602&+ Ojh` km`qdjpn rmdo`mn rcj
c\q` \oo`hko`_ oj `skg\di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ c\q` pi`lpdqj^\ggt \nnph`_ oc\o
oc`n` adq` kmdi^dkg`n \ôp\ggt _àdi` nk`^dad^ ^jhkjndodji\g o`^cidlp`n rcd^c)
o\fì ojbòc`m) ajmh Fjgdqò$n ntno`h ja ^jhkjndodji+ >po oc`dm àajmon ]joc
oj \_`lp\o`gt `skg\di ocdn ntno`h \i_ ocì oj dggpnom\o` don jk`m\odji ^g`\mgt
di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ c\q` ]`ì jigt h\mbdi\ggt np^^`nnapg+ Pc` admno kmj]g`h dn
oc\o Fjgdqò$n m\oc`m q\bp`) `qì kjòd^) no\o`hìon \m` ijo `\ndgt om\ing\o\]g`
dioj oc` ^g`\m) pi\h]dbpjpn o`mhdijgjbt m`lpdm`_ ja \ km`^dn` oc`jmòd^\g
ntno`h+ O`^ji_gt) oc` kmdi^dkg`n _j ijo n``h oj ]` pn`_ \n nk`^dad^ o`^cidlp`n
di \it ^jindnoìo jm ntno`h\od^ r\t+ =n H\i_mòc no\o`n) + + + `qì ocjpbc
Fjgdqò$n ntno`h h\t ]` \o rjmf) do dn _daad^pgo oj no\o` pi`lpdqj^\ggt epno cjr
oc` kmdi^dkg`n \m` apiôdjidib++ + 1. Bjm `s\hkg`) Fjgdqò bmjpkn oc` admno orj
kmdi^dkg`n ojbòc`m \n7
+ + + i`r kmj^`_pm`n ja hj_pg\odji) h\_` \h]dbpjpn ]t [flYc\j

YXjj\j( i\jfeXeZ\ è]\i`\li\* Pc` [flYc\ YXjj\ ^jindnon ja orj gjr
ijo`n _dnkjn`_ di np^c \ r\t \n oj bì`m\o` or j c\mhjid^ n`md`n
^jhkgdhìodib `\^c joc`m r docjpo c\mhdib ji` \ijoc`m)
k`mhdoodib oc` din^md]dib ji oc\o njijmjpn ]\^fbmjpi_ ^cjm_n ja
m`hjo` oji\gdod`n m`diajm^`_ \^^jm_dib oj oc`dm hj_` ]t ji` ja
/, FXe[i\k_ .3)
L \g if [ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f ] k_\ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g\id `jj`fe)
-1
oc` orj ijo`n ja oc` ]\nn+ N`^dkmj^\ggt) oc`n` ^cjm_n ^\pn` oc`
c\mhjid^ hj_` ja `\^c ja oc` ]\nn`n oj no\i_ jpo ji` ]t ji`+1/
Pcdn `skg\i\odji ja oc` admno kmdi^dkg` dn ajggjr`_ r doc \i `s\hkg`+ Ea r`
pi_`mno\i_) \n O`mb` Cpo o`ggn pn) oc\o Fjgdqò pn`n oc` o`mhn hj_` \i_
c\mhjid^ n`md`n dio`m^c\ib`\]gt) oc` _jp]g` ]\nn kmdi^dkg` n``hn oj ]`
^ji^`mi`_ r doc oc` ^c\ibdib ^jgjmn ja njpi_n di ^jh]di\odji) o\fdib dioj
\^^jpio oc` ^jh]di`_ jq`moji`n ja \ k\dm ja ]\nn ijo`n \n r`gg \n oc` nk`^dad^
kdo^c`n njpi_`_+ Djr`q`m) `qì rdoc oc` `s\hkg` oc\o Fjgdqò npkkgd`n) cjr
ocdn kmdi^dkg` dn \kkgd`_ di cdn hpnd^ dn ijo dhh`_d\o`gt j]qdjpn+ Pc` pnp\g
dio`mkmò\odjin m`lpdm` `doc`m oc` km`nì^` ja \ k\dm ja _dnodiô) npno\di`_) \i_
ndhpgo\i`jpngt njpi_dib ]\nn ijo`n) jm \ nò ja kdo^c`n di \ k\nn\b` rcd^c
ojbòc`m ^jhkmdn`n oc` ^jh]di`_ c\mhjid^n ja \i dhkgd`_ k\dm ja ]\nn ijo`n+
>po i`doc`m ja oc`n` ^ji_dodjin n``hn oj j^^pm di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ rdoc
ndbidad^\io am`lpì^t jm km`_dô\]dgdot oj dhkgt \i dhkjmo\io kmdi^dkg` jm
kmj^`_pm` di \it npkkjn`_ ^jhkjndodji\g ntno`h+
Pc` dia`mdjm m`nji\i^` kmdi^dkg` dn _`n^md]`_ \n oc` ^cjd^`\i_ oc`

ads\odjiamjh \hjib oc` kjnnd]g` dia`mdjm c\mhjid^n ja \ ^cjm_) ja oc`
m`npgodib ]\nn`n ja oc\o ^cjm_+ Ki^` njpi_`_ ocjn` oji`n m`\ô di oc`dm opmi
pkji oc` bì`m\odib ^cjm_+ 10 Fjgdqò dggpnom\o`n ocdn \h]dbpjpn kmdi^dkg`
r doc \i `s\hkg` o\fì amjh cdn <èh =Xej\j i`kl\cc\j %.606&) \i_ do ojj \kk`\mn
oj ]` ^ji^`mi`_ r doc ^jgjm ndi^`) di a\ô) di Fjgdqò$n `s\hkg` c` mà`mn
nk`^dad^\ggt oj \ ^c\ib` di c\mhjid^ ^jgjm+ 11 J`q`moc`g`nn) pkji `s\hdidib
Fjgdqò$n hpnd^) do dn _daad^pgo) da ijo dhkjnnd]g`) oj _ò`mhdi` \it ntno`h\od^
1/= i_m` Fjgdqò) N`kjin` #pi` ìlpò`) <feki\gfèkj . %.613&7 01+
10= i_ Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 01+
11= i_m` Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 02+
-2
\kkgd^\odji ja oc` kmdi^dkg` \n \ nk`^dad^ \i_ ^jindnoìogt \kkgd`_

^jhkjndodji\g o`^cidlp`+
=i dhkjmo\io ^ji^`ko rcd^c Fjgdqò _j`n ijo `skg\di dn cdn api_\hìo\g
ijodji ja m`nji\i^` \i_ don hpnd^\g dhkjmo\i^`+ Pc` c\mhjid^ n`md`n c` mà`mn
oj) \n C po c\n kjdio`_ jpo) di^gp_`n jigt oc` admno adao`ì h`h]`mn) \i_ c`
^cjjn`n oj ^\gg oc` ocdmo`ìoc c\mhjid^ \ b*nc\mk dino`\_ ja \i \) \n do dn

ijo\o`_ di hjno o`son %n`` `s\hkg` .&+ Pcdn di don`ga dn ijo \i pim`\nji\]g`
As\hkg` .7 Fjgdqò$n c\mhjid^ n`md`n+
^cjd^` ndi^` oc` i\opm\g ocdmo`ìoc c\mhjid^ %51- ^ìon& dn ^gjn`m oj \i `lp\g*
o`hk`m`_ b*nc\mk %5-- ^ìon& oc\i oj \i `lp\g*o`hk`m`_ \ %6-- ^ìon&+ Sc\o dn
pipnp\g c`m` dn oc` a\ô oc\o c` om`\on ocdn ìodm` n`md`n ojbòc`m \n \
^jinji\i^`) jm \o g`\no \n oc` `h]j_dhìo ja i\opm\g m`nji\i^`) rdocjpo
apmoc`m ^jhhìo+ Ei \ opidib ntno`h ]\n`_ ji oc` c\mhjid^ n`md`n) ocdn hdbco
]` ^jind_`m`_ pidq`mn\ggt omp`) ]po di `lp\g o`hk`m\hìo do hjno ^`mo\digt dn

ijo Pcdn dn ]`^\pn` hjno `lp\g o`hk`m`_ kdo^c`n \m` jpo ja opi` rdoc i\opm\g
dioji\odji+ =gnj) rct _j`n c` ^cjjn` jigt oc` admno adao`ì c\mhjid^n \i_ ijo
oc` admno orìot) jm oc` admno oì<
K]qdjpngt \gg cdn ^jhkjndodji\g ^cjd^`n h pno ]` bpd_`_\n \m` \it

^jhkjn`m$n]t cdn jri k`mnji\g o\no`n \i_ \`nocòd^ d_`\n+ Pc` orj
kmdi^dkg`n _`n^md]`_ \]jq`) ojbòc`m rdoc oc` m`h\didib ocm``) c\q` ]`ì
gdif`_ oj Fjgdqò$n \nnj^d\odji rdoc R\m`n`+ Pc`dm ajmhpg\odji di .602) ncjmogt
\ao`m oc` \kkmìod^`ncdk ì_`_) \i_ oc`dm fdincdk rdoc R\m`n`$n jri
-3
hò\kctnd^\ggt jmdìo`_ hpnd^\g d_`\n \m` nomjib di_d^\ojmn ja \ R\ma`nd\i

diagpì^`+
Pcdn diagpì^` dn k\mod^pg\mgt j]qdjpn di oc` n`^ji_ k\dm ja kmdi^dkg`n)

oc` `skg\i\odji ja rcd^c Fjgdqò kmà\^`n ]t no\odib cdn bj\g ja \]\i_jidib
oc` c\]dop\g kmdi^dkg`n ja c\mhjid^ rmdodib di ajpm k\mon) aj^pndib ji \
_ti\hd^ ja njijmjpni`nn ]t kiXejdlkXk`fej [\ cX dXjj\ jfefi\ \i_ `hkgjtdib c\
j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe* '1 D` ocì `skg\din oc` admno ja oc`n` kmdi^dkg`n di oc`
ajggjrdib r\t7
Pc` om\inhpo\odjin ja oc` njijmjpn h\oo`m \m` amjh \]mpko

hj_dad^\odjin ja qjgph` %cìn` ja dioìndot \i_ odh]m`& j]o\di`_
]t oc` \__dodji oj \ h`gj_d^ gdi` ja c\mhjid^ `g`hìon rcd^c \m`
\gm`\_t kjoìod\ggt `sdnoìo rdocdi do+ Ei \ r\t) \i $djidu\odji$ ja
c\mhjid^ agpd_ dn ^m`\o`_ amjh oc` h`gj_t) oc` km`hd`m` `g`hìo
ja hpnd^+13
F\iò H\i_mòc ag\ogt no\o`n oc\o ocdn `skg\i\odji ja oc` kmdi^dkg` dn lpdo`
^g`\m \i_ oc\o \]mpko ^c\ib`n di _ti\hd^n) m`bdno`m) \i_ o`sopm` \m` `\ndgt n`ì
di oc` `s\hkg` oc\o Fjgdqò npkkgd`n+ Eo dn omp` oc\o oc`n` \]mpko ^c\ib`n \m`
`\ndgt _ò`ô\]g` di Fjgdqò$n `s\hkg`) \n r`gg \n di hp^c ja cdn hpnd^ amjh oc`
admno jm ocdm_ ^m`\odq` k`mdj_n) ]po ocdn c\m_gt `skg\din oc` kmdi^dkg` di lp`nodji
jm don pn`+ Pc` `skg\i\odji dn ojj \h]dbpjpn \i_ g`\q`n ojj h\it lp`nodjin
pi\inr`m`_+ Bjm `s\hkg`) cjr \]mpko dn \]mpko) \i_ cjr \m` oc`n` ^c\ib`n
\it _daa`mìo di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ oc\i di oc\o ja h\it joc`m ^jhkjn`mn<
Pc` ajpmoc kmdi^dkg`) c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe( c\n) gdf` Fjgdqò$n joc`m
o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n ) ]`ì dio`mkmò`_ \n \ nk`^dad^ ^jhkjndodji\g o`^cidlp`
]t km`qdjpn rmdo`mn+ Fjgdqò rmdo`n7
12=i_m` Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 02+
13=i_ m` Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 02+
-/
Pc` nìn` ja kmje`ôdji ja njpi_ dn \ njijmjpn kcìjhìji ja

_djitnd\^ ^c\m\ô`m rcd^c \kk`\m`_ ajm oc` admno odh` h\ida`no`_
di oc` rjmf ja >`òcjqì+
D`m` dn oc` `skg\i\odji rcd^c ji` h\t bdq`7 da ji`
^jhk\m`n njpi_ oj oc` gdbco ]`\h`_ dioj oc` nfd`n ]t \ nomjib
kmje`ôjm) \i_ rcd^c ji` ^jind_`mn \n \ kcìjhìji kjnn`nndib
don jri \pm\ \i_ ^\k\]g` ja gdqdib di nk\^`) oc` nìn` ja
kmje`ôdji ja njpi_ dn ocì oc` _ti\hdnh bdqì jaa ]t oc`
`hdnndji ja oc` njijmjpn h\oo`m) _ti\hdnh np^c oc\o oc`
njijmjpn h\oo`m) _dnnìb\bdib don`ga m\kd_gt amjh \gg \oo\^chìo
r doc oc` `hhdoodib dinomphìo) kmje`ôn don`ga dioj oc` òc`m)
rc`m` do _`q`gjkn don jri `sdnoì^` rcd^c) gdf` oc` òc`m) dn ja
qd]m\ojmt `nnì^`+14
?`mo\digt ocdn _`n^mdkodji \kk`\mn oj ]` hjm` hò\kctnd^\g oc\i o`^cid^\g) ]po
oc` pnp\g o`^cid^\g dio`mkmò\odji dn oc\o do mà`mn oj \ h`gj_d^ gdi` rcd^c mdn`n
amjh \ gjr oj \ cdbc m`bdno`m) rc`m` do o\f`n ji don jri di_dqd_p\g ^c\m\ô`m
\i_ ]`^jh`n di_`kì_ìo amjh don c\mhjid^ ]\^fbmjpi_) jm \^^jhk\idhìo+
Pc`m` \m` ocm`` \kk\mìo `s\hkg`n ja ocdn kmdi^dkg` di jk`m\odji di :i`fjf
;XifZZf( \i_ oc`n` rdgg ]` `s\hdi`_ di oc` i`so ^c\ko`m+
Fjgdqò$n adaoc o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg` c\n oj _j rdoc oc` ^ji^`ko ja

mctoch+ D` rmdo`n7 Pcdn _ti\hd^ ^jhkgò`n oc` ijodji ja mctoch+ Pcdn dn
ijo epno) di m`\gdot) oc` m`kòdodji ja hòmd^ ajmhpg\n jm h`m`gt oc` \mod^pg\odji
ja gtmd^dnh) ]po do dn \gnj _ò`mhdi`_ ]t c\j g_Xj\j \k c\j èk\ej`k\j [l ]cl o

jfefi\* 1O Pcdn `skg\i\odji n``hn) ijo pigdf` cdn joc`mn) oj ]` `som`h`gt
q\bp` \i_ di^jhkgò`+ =o g`\no do dn ^g`\mgt ^ji^`mi`_ r doc njh` mctochd^

\nk`ô ja hpnd^) \i_ r` \m` \d_`_ ]t F\iò H\i_mòc$n .65- dio`mqd`rn ja
I\_\h` Ddg_\ Fjgdqò %oc` ^jhkjn`m$n rd_jr& \i_ ja I\_\h` Uqjii`
Hjmdj_*I`nnd\ì) Kgdqd`m I`nnd\ìn$n n`^ji_ rda` rcj r\n \gnj \ amdì_ ja
Fjgdqò \i_ am`lpìo k`majmh`m ja cdn kd\ij hpnd^+ I\_\h` Fjgdqò ^jhk\m`n
1%2=i_m` Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 02+
.,$
oc` njijmjpn agps oj \ mdq`m rc`m` tjp c\q` ^c\ib`n di qjgph` ja r\o`m
k`m pido odh`+ 16 Pcdn dn km\ôd^\ggt \ _àdidodji ja oc` n^dìodad^ pn` ja oc`
r jm_ agps \i_ h`m`gt ^jiadmhn oc\o =i_m` Fjgdqò dn nk`\fdib c`m` \]jpo oc`
kc\n`n \i_ dioìndod`n ja oc` agjr ja njpi_ c\qdib njhòcdib oj _j rdoc
mctoch+ Pc` kc\n` jm dioìndot ja \ agjr ja njpi_ r jpg_ i\opm\ggt _`kì_ ji
oc` g`q`g ja) \i_ ^c\ib` di) mctochd^ \ôdqdot jm _ìndot+ Pc\o ocdn dn rc\o
Fjgdqò dioì_`_ dn \oo`no`_ oj ]t I \_\h` Uqjii` Hjmdj_*I`nnd\ì7 Scì
Fjgdqò nk`\fn ja oc` kc\n`n \i_ dioìndod`n ja oc` njijmjpn agps) c` dn \ôp\ggt
mà`mmdib oj ^c\ibdib g`q`gn ja mctochd^ \i_ o`sopm\g _ìndot+ 2-
Pc` lp`nodji ja cjr ocdn kmdi^dkg` apiôdjin di cdn ^jhkjndodjin dn gào
ìodm`gt pi`skgjm`_ ]t Fjgdqò+ H\i_mòc) di c`m nop_t ja oc` kd\ij rjmfn)
kmjkjn`n h`\npmdib oc` kmdi^dkg` ]t \q`m\bdib oc` iph ]`m ja \mod^pg\odjin) jm
njpi_ nodhpgd) k`m ]`\o) jq`m \ h`\npm`) \ kcm\n`) jm \ n`ôdji ja oc` hpnd^+
>t bm\kcdib oc` m`npgon r` ncjpg_ hjm` `\ndgt n`` oc` k\oo`min ja njijmjpn
agps ocmjpbcjpo \ rjmf+ Bdbpm` . ncjrn np^c \ bm\kc ajm :i`fjf ;eifZZf ja
mctochd^ _ìndot h`\npm`hìon) \q`m\b`_ jq`m `\^c h`\npm`+
=gg oc`n` kmdi^dkg`n n``h oj ]` ja gdoog` c`gk di _àdidib Fjgdqò$n notg`)

ndi^` oc`t _j ijo n``h oj ]` pn`_ ^jindnoìogt jm ntno`h\od^\ggt+ Pj _ò`mhdi`
oc`dm dhkjmo\i^` r` i``_ admno oj `s\hdi` oc` ^jio`so di rcd^c oc`t \m` kg\^`_
]t Fjgdqò cdhn`ga di oc` .613 \mod^g`+
Ddn \mod^g` ]`bdin7 Pc` ^\iji ja ht \`nocòd^ E ajmh`_ \gm`\_t di .602)
\aadmhdib ht àajmo oj m`nojm` oj hpnd^ don jmdbdi\g) \i^dìo nìn` rcì do r\n
oc` h\bd^\g \i_ di^\io\ojmt `skm`nndji ja oc` m`gdbdjndot ja cph\i bmjpkn+ 2.
16H\i_mòc 13+
2-H\i_mòc 13+
2.= i_m` Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 00+
#)120(5')( 6-4, 1)2.-33-0/ 0* 4,) '0172-+,4 06/)2 !524,)2 2)120(5'4-0/ 120,-&-4)( 6-4,054 1)2.-33-0/
C)f
4+3
+H*+d+
FF 04 L9 kj
I`\npm` iph]`mn
Bdbpm` .7 Cm\kc ja mctochd^ _ìndot di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( h`\npm`_ di \mod^pg\odjin k`m

]`\o) \q`m\b`_ jq`m `\^c h`\npm`+
ID
. -
Pcdn no\o`hìo h\f`n q`mt ^g`\m Fjgdqò$n d_`\ ja oc` kpmkjn` jm apiôdji ja
hpnd^ di nj^dòtdo dn oj ]` di njh` r\t \ h\bd^\g \i_ di^\io\ojmt
`skm`nndji ja m`gdbdjndot ]po cjr ocdn kpmkjn` dn \^^jhkgdnc`_ m`h\din oj
]` n`ì+ Fjgdqò ^jiodip`n7
=n oj oc` kjdio ja qd`r ja o`^cidlp`) E h\_` \i àajmo) di

oc`n` rjmfn Wja oc` admno k`mdj_Y) oj gd]`m\o` htn`ga amjh oc` oji\g
ntno`h+ Pcdn ijo \o \gg ]t \_jkodib oc` or`gq`*oji` oc`jmt)
\modad^d\g di ht hdi_ ]`^\pn` do i`bg`ôn oc` i\opm\g kcìjhìji
ja m`nji\i^`+ >po ji oc` ^jiom\mt ]t pndib oc`n` Wor`gq` oji`nY
rdoc \gg oc`dm c\mhjid^n \i_ \]jq` \gg oc` hjno m`hjo` ji`n+
WPc` ajggjrdib \m`Y oc` ^jin`lpì^`n ja ocdn podgdu\odji+2/
Fjgdqò ocì kmj^``_n rdoc oc` _`n^mdkodjin \i_ `s\hkg`n ja cdn adq`
o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n+ Pc` ^\m`g`nn m`\_`m hdbco `\ndgt dio`mkmò Fjgdqò \n
n\tdib oc\o oc`n` adq` kmdi^dkg`n _àdi` cdn \oji\g ntno`h ja ^jhkjndodji jm
oc\o oc`t) oc`hn`gq`n) ajmh oc` ^\iji ja cdn hpnd^\g \`nocòd^) ]po Fjgdqò
h\f`n \ _dnodiô kjdio ja n`k\m\odib \`nocòd^ ^jind_`m\odjin amjh o`^cid^\g
ji`n+ Ddn \`nocòd^ dn gdif`_ oj m`nojmdib oj hpnd^ don \i^dìo nìn`) \i_ oc`
kjdio ja qd`r ja o`^cidlp`) \__m`nn`_ di oc` n`^ji_ k\m\bm\kc ja cdn \mod^g`)

dn ^g`\mgt \ n`k\m\o` h\oo`m+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) oc` adq` o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n \m` oc`
^jin`lpì^` ja Fjgdqò$n pndib \gg or`gq` oji`n rdoc \gg oc`dm c\mhjid^n \i_
\]jq` \gg oc` hjno m`hjo` ji`n) di cdn àajmo oj gd]`m\o` cdhn`ga amjh oc` oji\g
ntno`h+ Pc`t \m` ijo km`nìo`_ \n _àdidib \ ^jhkgò` jm `s^gpndq`

^jhkjndodji\g ntno`h+ Pcdn a\ô dn ^jiadmh`_ ijo jigt ]t \i `s\hdi\odji ja
cdn hpnd^ ]po \gnj ]t oc` m`no ja cdn \mod^g`+ E c\q` o\fì oc` omjp]g` oj nj
]`g\]jm ocdn kjdio ]`^\pn` km`qdjpn rmdo`mn c\q` ojj jaoì hdno\fìgt
km`nìo`_ oc`n` adq` kmdi^dkg`n \n oc` ajpi_\odji ja Fjgdqò$n ìodm`
^jhkjndodji\g ntno`h) hp^c gdf` O^cjì]`mb$n kp]gdnc`_ mpg`n ja or`gq`*oji`
2/=i_mz Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 00+
L \g if [ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f] k_\ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g \id `jj`fe )
00
^jhkjndodji jm I`nnd\ì$n M\Z_e`hl\ [\ dfe EXe^X^\ dlj`ZXc( kp]gdnc`_ g`nn

oc\i orj t`\mn ]àjm` Fjgdqò$n \mod^g`+ >po ocdn r\n ijo Fjgdqò$n dioìo+ =ao`m
cdn `skg\i\odjin ja oc` adq` kmdi^dkg`n) c` ^jiodip`n7
=gg oc`n` m`n`\m^c`ndi jm_`m oj kmj_p^` q\gd_ m`npgon\m`

j]gdb`_ oj npkkjmo cph\i a``gdib+ Pjj `\ndgt oc`t Woc`
m`n`\m^c`nY oì_ ojr\m_ qdmopjndot) jm \o g`\no ojr \m_ \
^jhkg`sdot oc\o m`hjq`n hpnd^ amjh don api_\hìo\g kmdi^dkg`7
oc` njib ja h\i+20
D`m` Fjgdqò m`^jii`ôn cdn adq` kmdi^dkg`n oj cdn \`nocòd^ ]t kg\^dib oc`h di
k`mnk`ôdq`+ Pc\o dn) oc`t _j ijo ^jhkgò`gt _àdi` cdn hpnd^\g ntno`h ]po
m\oc`m h pno n`mq` oc` cdbc`m \`nocòd^ d_`\n rcd^c oc`hn`gq`n bjq`mi cdn
hpnd^\g ^m`\odqdot+ =gnj) c` _j`n ijo mà`m oj oc`n` kmdi^dkg`n \n o`^cidlp`n
c`m` ]po \n m`n`\m^c`n) \b\di \ggp_dib oj oc`dm oc`jmòd^\g \i_ %di cdn ^\n`&
hò\kctnd^\g ]\ndn+ Pcpn oj om`\o oc`h) di nkdo` ja oc` nk`^dad^ `s\hkg`n ja
oc`dm jk`m\odji rcd^c c` bdq`n) ndhkgt \n nk`^dad^ bjq`midib ^jhkjndodji\g
o`^cidlp`n dn oj dbijm` oc`dm _``k`m jmdbdin \i_ apgg`m h`\idib \i_ h pno ]`
m`b\m_`_ r doc njh` npnkd^dji+ Pj ^g\mdat) Fjgdqò apmoc`m no\o`n7 Pc`n`
o`^cid^\g \^lpdndodjin m`\gdu`_) do m`h\din oj kp o oc`h oj oc` n`mqd^` ja h`gj_d^
`skm`nndji) oc` admno _`kjndojmt ja `hjodji\g ^jioìo W\i_Y oc` `g`hìo ja
\pocìod^dot ja \ rjmf ja \mo+ 21 Pc` ^ìom\g dhkjmo\i^` oc\o Fjgdqò bdq`n oj
h`gj_t dn m`q`\g`_ c`m` \i_ \b\di adao`ì t`\mn g\o`m _pmdib \i dio`mqd`r di
rcd^c c` r\n \nf`_ rc\o c` ]`gd`q`_ _dnodibpdnc`n oc` omp` hpnd^\g ^m`\ojm+
Ddn m`kgt r\n pidot di _dq`mndot) \i_ gtmd^dnhja ^jpmn`+ 22 >joc oc`n`
20=i_m3 Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 02*03+
22?\_d`p 1+
./
lp\gdod`n \m` kmjhdiìogt _dnkg\t`_) di^d_ìo\ggt) di :i`fjf ;XifZZf* Pc` \mod^g`

^jiodip`n7
Pcì \mdn`n oc` lp`nodji ja oc` gjib \gocjpbc \oji\g h`gj_t %jm
h j_\g m`\gdu`_ \^^jm_dib oj oc` kmdi^dkg`n ja \oji\gdot&8 \i_) di \
hjm` bì`m\g r\t) \ao`m _dn\nnj^d\odji amjh dhkm`nndjidnh \i_
amjh n`md\g hpnd^) oc` lp`nodji dn oj mòmd`q` oc` nìn` ja
^jiodipdot) njgd_gt no\t`_ ]t ^g`\m njijmjpn npkkjmon \i_
h j_pg\odib kdqjon) kg\digt ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ \i_ \aadmh`_+23
I \it ja Fjgdqò$n h`gj_d^ gdi`n) \n r` rdgg n`` di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( \m` di_``_
lpdo` gjib \i_) \o oc` n\h` odh`) \oji\g+ S cì c` mà`mn oj hj_`n c` dn
mà`mmdib oj \it n`md`n jm ^jgg`ôdji ja ijo`npnp\ggt ]òr`ì `dbco \i_
or`gq` _daa`mìo kdo^c`ndi oc` n\h` r\t oc\o cdn ^jgg`\bp` I`nnd\ì pn`n
oc` rjm_ hj_` di cdn hj_`n ja gdhdo`_ om\inkjndodji+ Oj \ hj_\g
h`gj_t m`\gdu`_ \^^jm_dib oj oc` kmdi^dkg`n ja \oji\gdot n``hn oj dhkgt oc`
h`gj_d^ pn` ja \ gdhdo`_ iph]`m ja kdo^c`n rcdg` \qjd_dib om\_dodji\g oji\g
kdo^c m`g\odjincdkndi joc`m rjm_n) \i \oji\g h`gj_t rcd^c dn ijo i`^`nn\mdgt
or`gq`*oji`+ Pcdn otk` ja rmdodib dn k\mod^pg\mgt `qd_ìo di oc` L\Zfe[
<feZ\ikf* Pj \qjd_ \it kjnnd]g` ^jiapndji) Fjgdqò ocì m`hdi_n pn oc\o cdn
hpnd^ dn ijo \nnj^d\o`_ r doc `doc`m dhkm`nndjidnh jm n`md\gdnh) ]joc ja rcd^c
h\f` pn` ja `sjod^ n^\g`n jm hj_`n di lpdo` _daa`mìo r\tn) \i_ di gdbco ja ocdn
_dn\nnj^d\odji amjh \gg ocm`` ntno`hnom\_dodji\g oji\gdot) dhkm`nndjidnh)
\i_ n`md\gdnhc` a``gn oc\o h`gj_t h pno mò\di don nìn` ja ^jiodipdot) rcd^c
dn oj n\t don d_ìodot \n h`gj_t) ]t njh` joc`m h`\in) i\h`gt ^g`\m njijmjpn
npkkjmon \i_ hj_pg\odib kdqjon+ Pc`n` n``h oj mà`m oj Fjgdqò$n _jp]g`
]\nn kmdi^dkg`+ Ea nj) ocdn ocì dn \ q`mt ]mj\_gt no\o`_ `s\hkg` ja cjr oc`
_jp]g` ]\nn kmdi^dkg` dn \kkgd`_ oj cdn hpnd^do npkkjmon \i_ n`mq`n oc`
h`gj_t) \gocjpbc \b\di c` _j`n ijo n\t km`^dn`gt cjr ocdn dn \^^jhkgdnc`_+
23=i_m3 Fjgdqò) N`kjin` 03*04+
.0
Pc` adi\g k\m\bm\kc ja Fjgdqò$n i\gfej\ dn ji` q`mt gjib) ^jhkg`s

nìoì^`7
Op]n^md]dib oj oc` `nnìod\g kmdi^dkg` ja cph \i njib ^jinom\din

ji` oj ^cjjn`) oj ndhkgdat) oj kpmdat7 oj \kkgt oc` o`^cidlp`
nphh\mdu`_ \]jq` oj \ hj_\g g\ibp\b`) mì`rdib oc`
hdggìid\g Bmì^c om\_dodji \i_ oc` ajmhn ja don jmdbdi\g qj^\g \mo
\i_) r docjpo i`bg`ôdib oc` nth]jgd^ \i_ `njo`md^ `g`hìon
`nnìod\g oj \gg rjmfn ja \mo) ij gjib`m omtdib oj `so`mi\gdu` oc`h)
]po Wm\oc`mY h\fdib Woc`h k\mo jaY oc` cd__ì nompôpm` ja oc`
r jmfn rcd^c) ij gjib`m n``hdib oj r \io oj ]` npk`mcph\i) o\f`
\ hjm` _dm`ô \kkmj\^c W\i_Y rcd^c) rdocjpo gjndib oc`dm
kmjajpi_ ndbidad^\i^`) b\di di àad^\^t+24
Op]n^md]dib oj oc` `nnìod\g kmdi^dkg` ja cph \i njib dn j]qdjpngt oc`
hpnd^\g ì_ ojr\m_ rcd^c \gg ja Fjgdqò$n àajmon \i_ m`n`\m^c`n \m` ]ìo) \i_
rcd^c ajmhn oc` ^jmi`mnoji` ja cdn hpnd^\g `nocòd^+ Pj n`mq` ocdn ì_ Fjgdqò
a``gn ji` hpno ndhkgdat) h\f` _àdido` ^jhkjndodji\g ^cjd^`n) \i_ kpmdat+
?`mo\digt hpnd^ oc\o dn jq`mgt ^jhkg`s) m\i_jh) jm _ìn` di o`sopm` oì_n oj
^ji^`\g h`gj_t) ]po r` ^\iijo ]` npm` km`^dn`gt r c\o oc` \pocjm c\_ di hdi_
r cì rmdodib oc`n` rjm_n+ S` \m` \nnpm`_ cjr`q`m oc\o \kkgtdib oc`
o`^cidlp` _`n^md]`_ ]t cdn adq` kmdi^dkg`n oj \ hj_\g %d+`+ \oji\g ]po iji*
n`md\g& g\ibp\b` rdgg n\odnat Fjgdqò$n m`lpdm`hìon+ Bpmoc`m) do n``hn oc\o oc`
\kkgd^\odji ja oc`n` kmdi^dkg`n dn h`\io oj njh`cjr mì`r oc` \b`*jg_ Bmì^c
hpnd^\g om\_dodji \i_ oc` jg_ qj^\g ajmhn+ Aqì ocjpbc Fjgdqò) gdf` I`nnd\ì)
r\n dio`m`no`_ di `soì_dib cdn o`^cid^\g h`\in ]`tji_ oc` oji\g g\ibp\b` ja
cdn ajm`]`\mn) c` _d_ ijo mè`ô oc` hpnd^ ja oc` k\no+ Ddn t`\mn ja nop_t rdoc
H` Bg`h) k\mod^pg\mgt H` Bg`h$n diagpì^` di oc` \m`\ ja ndso`ìoc*^ìopmt qj^\g
hpnd^) b\q` cdh \ njgd_ bmjpi_dib di ^g\nnd^\g om\_dodji+ Ei a\ô \gg oc`
h`h]`mn ja C\le\ ?iXeZ\ c`g_ oc` gjib Bmì^c hpnd^\g om\_dodji di bm`\o
.1
`no``h+ L\mo ja oc`dm h\ida`noj) kmdio`_ di oc`dm admno ^ji^`mo kmjbm\h ja Fpi`
0).603) no\o`_ oc`dm rdnc oj ^jiodip` di ocdn ^ìopmt oc` om\_dodji ja bm`\o
^jhkjn`mn ja oc` k\no rcj c\q` h\_` Bmì^c hpnd^ ji` ja oc` kpm`no b`hn ja
^dqdgdu\odji+ 25 Pc` i\h` C\le\ ?iXeZ\ don`ga r\n ]jmmjr`_ amjh \
idiò`ìoc*^ìopmt bmjpk ja rmdo`mn) kjòn) \i_ ^jhkjn`mn) di^gp_dib >`mgdju)
^\gg`_ E\j ]\le\j ?iXeZ\j( rcd^c r\n pido`_ ]t \ _dno\di ajm \^\_`hd^dnh di
hpnd^+26 Oj pndib cdn i`r kmdi^dkg`n oj ijo jigt n`mq` h`gj_t) ]p o \gnj oj
mì`r oc` om\_dodji ja Bmì^c hpnd^) dn \kk\mìogt ja njh` dhkjmo\i^` oj
Fjgdqò) ]po c`m` \b\di r` \m` gào rdocjpo nk`^dad^ _ò\dgn+
Eo dn ijo dhh`_d\o`gt ^g`\m rc\o Fjgdqò h`\in ]t oc` nth]jgd^ \i_
`njo`md^ `g`hìon `nnìod\g oj \gg rjmfn ja \mo) ]po c` dn j]qdjpngt mà`mmdib oj
njh` pidq`mn\g) api_\hìo\g \nk`ôn rcd^c c` ^jind_`mn oj ]` q`mt dhkjmo\io+
Lm`nph\]gt oc`n` \m` njh` dii`m) nkdmdop\g lp\gdod`n ja hpnd^ rcd^c h\f` do
dio`ggdbd]g` jm h`\idibapg oj oc` gdnoì`m \i_ rcd^c bdq` np^c ]g\o\io
`skm`nndq` kjr`m oj hp^c ja oc` hpnd^ ja oc` g\o` idiò`ìoc ^ìopmt) rc`m`
oc`n` `g`hìon \m` `skgjdo`_ \i_ `so`mi\gdu`_+ Fjgdqò no\i_n \b\dino ocdn
npk`mcph \i `s^`nndqì`nn \n c` _j`n \b\dino oc` jkkjndo` `som`h` ajpi_ di
oc` i`j^g\nnd^\g hjq`hìo+ Eino`\_) c` n\tn) oc` nth]jgd^ \i_ `njo`md^

\nk`ôn ja hpnd^ ncjpg_ ]` mòpmi`_ oj oc`dm kmjk`m kg\^`) `h]`__`_ jm
dio`bm\o`_ dioj oc` q`mt nompôpm` ja oc` rjmfn) \i_ hpnd^ nj rmdooì rdgg ocì
nk`\f hjm` _dm`ôgt oj don \p_dì^` \i_ ]` `qì hjm` àa`ôdq` di
^jhhpid^\odib oc` kmjajpi_ d_`\gn ja rcd^c do dn ^\k\]g`+ Ei joc`m rjm_n) c`
dn _`n^md]dib \ hpnd^\g d_`\g rcd^c dn `skm`nndq` rdocjpo ]`dib nìodhìo\g)
25OEjidhnft 3/6+
26Iìf 5+
.2
kjr`mapg rdocjpo ]`dib jq`mkjr`mdib) \i_ ^g`\m di nompôpm` r docjpo g\^fdib

_`koc+ Eo dn hpnd^ d_`\ggt npdo`_ oj Fjgdqò$n ^ji^`kodji ja hpnd^ \n oc`
]\g\i^dib kjdio ]òr`ì h\i \i_ oc` ^jnhjn+
=gg oc`n` `skg\i\odjin \i_ _`n^mdkodjin h\t njpi_ q`mt ]`\podapg) ]po
oc`t \m` gdoog` c`gk di _àdidib \ nk`^dad^ hpnd^\g notg`+ Pj nphh\mdu` rc\o
Fjgdqò _j`n o`gg pn) h`gj_t dn oc` hjno dhkjmo\io \nk`ô ja hpnd^ rcd^c \gg
joc`m \nk`ôn h pno n`mq`8 cdn hpnd^\g g\ibp\b` dn \oji\g ]po iji*n`md\g \i_ di
njh` r\t `hkc\ndu`n oc` hjno m`hjo` c\mhjid^n ja oji`n8 di \i àajmo oj am``
cdhn`ga amjh oji\gdot rdocjpo m`njmodib oj oc` \modad^d\g ntno`h ja n`md\gdnh) c`
ajmhpg\o`_ adq` o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n m`g\odib q\mdjpn `g`hìon ja hpnd^
c\mhjit) o`sopm`) h`gj_t) \i_ mctochoj r c\o c` ^jind_`mn i\opm\g \i_
\^jpnod^\g g\rn8 oc` \i^dìo Bmì^c qj^\g ajmhn n`mq` \n \i dinkdm\odji \i_
k`mc\kn \n \ hj_`g ajm cdn hpnd^8 \i_ adi\ggt) oc` ji` bpd_dib kmdi^dkg` ja cdn
hpnd^) ojr\m_ rcd^c \gg oc`n` h`\in \m` _dm`ô`_) dn oc\o hpnd^ hpno n`mq` di
njh` r\t \n \ gdif ]òr`ì h\i \i_ oc` ^jnhjn) jm) hjm` nk`^dad^\ggt) \n di
\i^dìo odh`n) \n \ h\bd^\g \i_ di^\io\ojmt `skm`nndji ja m`gdbdjndot di oc`
]mj\_`no) hjno api_\hìo\g nìn`+
O`ì di oc` gdbco ja ocdn hjm` ^jhkm`cìndq` qd`r) \i_ rdoc oc`
`qd_ì^` amjh oc` hpnd^ don`ga oj ]` km`nìo`_ di oc` i`so ^c\ko`m) oc` adq` nj*
^\gg`_ o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n hdbco epno \n \kogt ]` _`n^md]`_ \n \`nocòd^ ji`n+
D\mhjit ajm Fjgdqò dn m`_p^`_ oj cdn bì`m\g d_`\ ja m`nji\i^` ]\n`_ ji oc`
jq`moji` n`md`n \n _`n^md]`_ ]t cdn kmdi^dkg`n ja cX [flYc\ YXjj\ \i_ i\jfeXeZ\
è]\i`\li\* Ddn kmdi^dkg` ja c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe kjdion ojr\m_ oc` bm`\o
dhkjmo\i^` di cdn hpnd^ ja h`gj_t rcd^c ^\i \i_ _j`n _`q`gjk \ gda` ja don
jri+ Pc` kmdi^dkg` ja c\j kiXejdlkXk`fej [\ cX dXjj\ jfefi\ _`n^md]`n oc` kg\^`
.3
ja _m\h\ di cdn hpnd^\g `skm`nndji \n \i dh kjmo\io ji`) \i_ c\j g_Xj\j \k c\j
èk\ej`k\j [l ]cl o jfefi\ kmjqd_`n ajm \ ]mj\_ am``_jh ja mctochd^ ^m`\odqdot+
Pc` kmdi^dkg`n r`m` ijo dioì_`_ oj nò gdhdon) \n di \ ntno`h) ] p o m\oc`m oj

_`nomjt gdhdon \i_ jkì i`r kjnnd]dgdod`n ajm ^m`\odq` `skm`nndji+
06
=J=HUOEO7 :KBHLH ;:KH<<H
Fjgdqò$n Bdq` P`^cid^\g Lmdi^dkg`n
Ei :i`fjf ;XifZZf ji` adi_n a`r ^g`\m `s\hkg`n ja \it ja Fjgdqò$n adq`
o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n jk`m\odib \n nk`^dad^ `g`hìon ja h`gj_t) c\mhjit)
mctoch) \i_ o`sopm`+ Ei oc` ^\n` ja oc` [flYc\ YXjj\ kmdi^dkg`) oc`m` \m`
j^^\ndji\g dino\i^`n rc`m` orj jm hjm` ]\nn ijo`n \m` njpi_`_
ndhpgo\i`jpngt jq`m \ m`g\odq`gt `soì_`_ k`mdj_ ja odh`) ]p o hjno ja oc`h \m`

k\dmn rcd^c bì`m\o` \gg or`gq` ijo`n \n c\mhjid^n \i_ rcd^c ^jin`lpìogt
^\i n`mq` jigt oj `no\]gdnc njh` fdi_ ja or`gq`*oji` m`nji\io ]\^fbmjpi_+
Djr`q`m di ]\m .1) ^ \i_ b*nc\mk \m` diomj_p^`_ ji oc` adaoc ]`\o \n orj i`r
]\nn`n) rcd^c ojbòc`m bì`m\o` jigt idi` _daa`mìo c\mhjid^n %n`` `s\hkg` /&+
As\hkg` /7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n ./*.2+

Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
N`km`nìo\odq` * Pc`j_jm` Lm`nn`m ?jhk\it+
++++++++++++++++++ i g)$+ F [?K u ] `) ki i *
MDHAIAMMk
HK@N>
=i^cj \jej
OI
OII
^ \i_ b*nc\mk n`md`n %0 hdnndib oji`n&7 a \i_ ]*ag\o n`md`n %ij hdnndib oji`n&7
Pc` ^ \i_ b*nc\mk m`kg\^` oc` km`qdjpngt njpi_dib a \i_ ]*ag\o) rcd^c
bì`m\o`_ \gg or`gq` ijo`n ]òr`ì oc`dm orj c\mhjid^ n`md`n+ Pcdn ^c\ib` ja
/+
]\nn k\dmn rjpg_ n``h oj ^jinodopo` \ kjnnd]g` Fjgdqò h j_pg\odji,$ \

kjnnd]dgdot h\_` hjm` kg\pnd]g` ]t \ ^c\ib` rcd^c j^^pmn di oc` h`gj_t c`m`+
Ei oc` km`qdjpn h`\npm`n oc` omph kò ord^` kg\tn \ kcm\n` rcd^c jpogdi`n oc`
ijo`n b*nc\mk) b) _*nc\mk) a*nc\mk+ Pc` n`^ji_ j^^pmmì^` dn q\md`_ ]po ajggjrn
oc` n\h` jpogdi`+ Pc` ocdm_ j^^pmmì^` ^jdi^d_`n r doc oc` ^c\ib` ja ]\nn`n
\i_ _j`n ijo bj oj oc` a*nc\mk ]po) m\oc`m) dn `soì_`_ di \ i`r n`md`n ja ijo`n
di^gp_dib \i \*ag\o rc`m` b*nc\mk rjpg_ c\q` n`mq`_ epno \n r`gg da di_``_ ijo
]òo`m) amjh oc` kjdio ja qd`r ja qjd^` g`\_dib+ Bdi\ggt) di ]\m .3) \o oc`
^ji^gpndji ja ocdn kcm\n`) oc` jmb\i didod\o`n \ n`qì*\i_*\*c\ga*h`\npm` njgj
k\nn\b`) rcd^c di^gp_`n i`r h\o`md\g \i_ n``hn oj ^jinodopo` \ om\indodji oj \
i`r no\o`hìo ]t oc` omph kò \o m`c`\mn\g iph]`m 2+ >joc oc`n` `qìon rjpg_
\kk`\m oj npkkjmo oc` d_`\ ja \ hj_pg\odji ja njh` fdi_ \o ocdn kjdio+
Pc` i`so \kk\mìo j^^pmmì^` ja ocdn kcìjhìji ]`bdin \o oc` ì_ ja
]\m 13 rdoc oc` njpi_dib) ji^` \b\di) ja \ gjr ^ \i_ b*nc\mk+ D`m` cjr`q`m
oc` \ôp\g hj_pg\odji j^^pmn orj ]\mn g\o`m di ]\m 15) rc`m` oc` b*nc\mk di
oc` ]\nn ^c\ib`n oj \*nc\mk) \i_ \i \*ag\o dn diomj_p^`_ di oc` omph kò adbpm`
rc`m` b*nc\mk r\n pn`_ di oc` km`qdjpn h`\npm` di oc` n\h` hjodq`jigt
ijr) \ao`m oc` diomj_pôdji ja \*ag\o \i_ oc` ^c\ib` di ]\nn ijo`n) oc` hjodq` dn
\go`m`_ \i_ `soì_`_ %n`` `s\hkg` 0&+ =n di oc` admno hj_pg\odji) ocdn kcm\n`
dn ajggjr`_ ]t \i jmb\i dio`mgp_` rcd^c diomj_p^`n i`r h\o`md\g \i_ g`\_n oj
\ i`r \i_ _daa`mìo no\o`hìo ]t oc` omphkò) ]`bdiidib di ]\m 2.+
Pc`n` \m` oc` jigt \kk\mìo `s\hkg`n ja oc` nk`^dad^ nompôpm\g pn` ja
Fjgdqò$n [flYc\ YXjj\ kmdi^dkg` di ocdn rjmf) \i_ \n r` c\q` n`ì oc`t _j
di_``_ n``h oj di_d^\o` \ fdi_ ja hj_pg\odji di oc` hpnd^) di oc\o oc`t j^^pm
\o nompôpm\ggt dhkjmo\io kjdion ja ^c\ib`) ndbi\gdib \ om\indodji oj \ i`r
L \g if [ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f] k_ \ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g \id `jj`fe )
/,
As\hkg` 07 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 12*2-+

N`km`nìo\odq` * Pc`j_jm` Lm`nn`m ?jhk\it
dfike[f
kcm\n` jm n`ôdji+ Djr`q`m) oc` kmdi^dkg` _j`n ijo n``h oj apiôdji

^jiodipjpngt di \it r\t) ndi^` oc`m` \m` ij apmoc`m dino\i^`n ja don nk`^dad^
pn`+
?g`\m pn` ja Fjgdqò$n q`mndji ja oc` c\mhjid^ n`md`n \gnj dn _daad^pgo oj

adi_ di ]joc oc` h`gj_d^ \i_ c\mhjid^ nompôpm`n+ Pc`m` dn jigt ji` dino\i^`)
di ]\mn 0-*0.) rc`m` nds ja oc` n`qì ijo`n ja oc` \*ag\o n`md`n \m` lpdògt
\mk`bbd\o`_ di oc` jmb\i jq`m orj ]`\on) rcdg` oc` omph kò kg\tn \ h`gj_d^
kcm\n` rcjn` `dbco ijo`n \m` hjnogt ajm`dbi oj oc` \*ag\o n`md`n %n`` `s\hkg`
1&+ Pc`m` \m` orj joc`m ndhdg\m j^^pmmì^`n ja ocdn dnjg\o`_ \mk`bbd\odji adbpm`
di oc` rjmf) ]po `\^c c\n \ _daa`mìo dio`mq\g ^jioìo \i_ i`doc`m ^jinodopo`n)
/-
As\hkg` 17 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 0-*0.+

N`^do 5;/;
III
\*ag\o n`md`n7
jm `qì m`n`h]g`n) Fjgdqò$n c\mhjid^ n`md`n+ Pc` admno ja oc`n` orj \__dodji\g
j^^pmmì^`n dn di ]\m /0) rc`m` oc` jmb\i kg\tn \gji`) \i_ oc` n`^ji_ dn di ]\m
1/ \b\dino \ npno\di`_ ijo` di oc` omphkò+ Eo c\m_gt n``hn gdf`gt oc\o Fjgdqò
rjpg_ dioìodji\ggt diomj_p^`) ajm np^c \ ncjmo _pm\odji) oc` \*ag\o n`md`n di ]\m
0- \b\dino \ ajm`dbi ijo` di oc` omph kò di jm_`m oj \^cd`q` jm _`hjinom\o`

i\jfeXeZ\ è]\i`\li\ \n \ o`^cid^\g kmj^`_pm`+ Koc`mrdn` rct rjpg_ c` ijo
m`k`\o oc` _`hjinom\odji di oc` joc`m orj j^^pmmì^` ja ocdn hjodq`<

Bpmoc`mhjm`) da ocdn m`\ggt r`m` \i `s\hkg` ja i\jfeXeZ\ è]\i`\li$ ji` rjpg_
`sk`ô oc` gjr`no njpi_dib ijo` oj ]` \*ag\oijo a*nc\mk\i_ oc` a*nc\mk oj
]` nk`gg`_ \n b*ag\o+ Oj do n``hn oc\o i`doc`m ja Fjgdqò$n admno orj o`^cid^\g
kmdi^dkg`n c\q` \it ndbidad^\io notgdnod^ dhkjmo\i^` c`m`+
Ojh` hjm` jm g`nn \]mpko ^c\ib`n di o`sopm`) _ti\hd^n) jm m`bdno`m)
rcd^c h dbco dggpnom\o` oc` kiXejdlkXk`fej kmdi^dkg`) j^^pm rdoc ndbidad^\io
^g\mdot di n`q`m\g kg\^`n+ H`\_dib pk oj ]\m .3) oc` omph kò h`gj_t dn
\^^jhk\id`_ admno ]t \ npno\di`_ ^cjm_ %]\mn ./*.0&) ocì ]t \ ndibg` ijo`)
rcd^c dn hjhìo\mdgt dio`mmpko`_ ]t \i `h]`ggdnchìo adbpm` %]\mn .0*.1&)
\i_ adi\ggt ]t \ijoc`m npno\di`_ ^cjm_ %]\mn .1*.2& rcjn` [flYc\ YXjj\ijo`_
\]jq`bì`m\o`n \gg ijo`n `s^`ko $ ^*nc\mk) \i_ a) oc` admno orj ja rcd^c \m`
\ôp\ggt ^cjm_ h`h]`mn) \kk\mìogt bdqdib ocdn ^cjm_ dia`mdjm m`nji\i^`
%n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` /&+ ?jpg_ oc`n` np__ì ^c\ib`n di o`sopm` \gji` ]`
`s\hkg`n ja c\j kiXejdlkXk`fej < Ea nj) cjr \m` oc`n` ocm`` _daa`mìo c\mhjid^
`g`hìon \gm`\_t kjoìod\ggt `sdnoìo di oc` h`gj_t) \i_ rc\o _j`n Fjgdqò
h`\i ]t \__dib oc`n` `g`hìon oj oc` h`gj_d^ gdi`< N`h`h]`m oc\o orj ja
oc` ^cjm_ h`h]`mn \m` `qì jpond_` Fjgdqò$n jri ^ji^`ko ja m`nji\i^`+ En
ocdn _daa`mìo amjh ndhkg` ^jpio`m h`gj_t \i_ \^^jhk\idhìo<
=ao`m ocdn g\no ^cjm_ di ]\m .2) oc` omph kò h`gj_t ^jiodip`n \gji` ajm
ocm`` ]`\on \o rcd^c kjdio oc` jmb\i ìo`mn di ]\m .3 np__ìgt d]y ]po rdoc
oc` k`_\gn g rc`m` oc` km`qdjpn k\nn\b` c\_ ]`ì gg \i_ ggg %n`` `s\hkg` 5)
]`gjr&+ Pcdn dn oc` admno \]mpko ^c\ib` ja _ti\hd^n di oc` rjmf \i_ h\t
di_d^\o` oc` admno ^g`\m `s\hkg` ja c\j kiXejdlkXk`fej( `nk`^d\ggt ndi^` oc`
ìnpdib k\nn\b` dn ji` ja jpm `s\hkg`n ja c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe %n``
`s\hkg` 5& rcd^c Fjgdqò bmjpkn ojbòc`m rdoc c\j kiXejdlkXk`fej* J`q`moc`g`nn
oc` n\h` lp`nodjin m`h\di+ Sc\o dn ]`dib \__`_ oj oc` h`gj_d^ gdi` \i_
cjr dn do \gm`\_t kjoìod\ggt `sdnoìo di oc` h`gj_t< Pc` c\mhjid`n Fjgdqò
pn`n c`m` \m` ijo ^jindnoìogt rdocdi `doc`m oc` c\mhjid^ n`md`n bì`m\o`_ ]t
oc` ndibg` ]\nn ijo`n di oc` k`_\gn jm `qì oc` hjm` ^jhkm`cìndq` ^jgg`ôdjin
bì`m\o`_ ]t oc` orj gjr`no ]\nn ijo`n ^jind_`m`_ ojbòc`m \n _jp]g`
]\nn`n+ Oj do n``hn pigdf`gt oc\o r c\o dn \gm`\_t `sdnoìo di oc` h`gj_t
mà`mn oj njhòcdib \n nk`^dad^ \n c\mhjid`n _`mdq`_ amjh oc` ^jhkjn`m$n
11
no\o`_ d_`\ ja m`nji\i^òc` c\mhjid^ n`md`n+ H\nogt) oj r c\o h`gj_t \m`

oc`n` `gpndq` c\mhjid^ `g`hìon ]`dib \__`_oj oc` jmb\i h`gj_t) rcd^c
]`^jh`n jpm `s\hkg` ja c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe( jm oj oc` omph kò h`gj_t
rcd^c dn epno ]`dib ^jhkgò`_<
Ei ]\m /5 \i_ /6 oc`m` dn \ np__ì ^c\ib` di o`sopm` \i_ dioìndot

]mjpbco \]jpo ]t \ np__ì di^m`\n` di mctochd^ ^jhkg`sdot \i_ h`gj_d^
\ibpg\mdot %n`` `s\hkg` 2&+ = mòpmi oj oc` km`qdjpn hjj_ di ]\m 0- ]mdibn
As\hkg` 27 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n /5*/6+

j\eqX e ^ m iZ
Bji_n I dsopm`n
=i^c`n N `^do
OVIOO$
\]jpo \ijoc`m np__ì ^c\ib` di o`sopm` \i_ dioìndot) \n r`gg \n _ti\hd^n

%n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 1&+ = ^jmm`nkji_dib ^c\ib` j^^pmn \o ]\m 1/ di \i
\i\gjbjpn k\nn\b` oj ]` _dn^pnn`_ ]`gjr+ >\m 2- dn \ ndgìo ]\m \ao`m rcd^c oc`
jmb\i diomj_p^`n \ i`r d_`\\^^ìo`_ ]gj^f ^cjm_nrcd^c h\t \gnj lp\gdat
/0
\n \i \]mpko ^c\ib` ja oc` kiXejdlkXk`fej otk` %n`` `s\hkg` /1) ]`gjr&+ Ei ]\m
22 oc` jmb\i \]mpkogt ^c\ib`n amjh npno\didib ^cjm_n oj kg\tdib di jô\q`n
r doc oc` omph kò) pndib oc` jmb\i$n ^jmiò \i_ omph kò nojkn %n`` `s\hkg` 6&+
Pcdn ^m`\o`n \i dio`m`nodib odh]m\g ^c\ib` \i_ ^`mo\digt hdbco ]` ^jind_`m`_ \
kiXejdlkXk`fe* Pc` g`\k ja \ h\ejm idioc oj \ cdbc ^*nc\mk gcXp\[ ]fik\ di oc`
omph kò di ]\m 3- dn \ijoc`m kjnnd]g` `s\hkg` ja ocdn kmdi^dkg` %n`` `s\hkg`
/2) ]`gjr&+ Op^c \i ìom\i^` kg\t`_ ji \ omphkò) rcd^c di ocdn ^\n` r\n
km`qdjpngt h\mf`_ gg( dn npm` oj bm\] \it gdnoì`m$n \ooìodji+ Pc` jmb\i dn
np__ìgt g di ]\m 31) \gocjpbc ocdn ^c\ibàmjh ]fik\ c\n ]`ì njh`rc\o
km`k\m`_ di oc` km`qdjpn ]\m ]t \ ocdiidib ja oc` o`sopmòc` di_mj_pôdji ja
m`non\i_ ]t oc` _`n^ìo ja oc` omph kò dioj don gjr m`bdno`m) bdqdib \o g`\no
oc` \^jpnod^\g dggpndji ja \ bm\_p\g _`^m`\n` di qjgph` %n`` `s\hkg` 3&+ >\m 33
As\hkg` 37 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 30*31+

g
Bpi_n 5
dn \ hjm` ^jiqdi^dib `s\hkg` oc\i hjno+ D`m` oc` o`hkj dn ngjr`_ ngdbcogt)
oc` _ti\hd^n ^c\ib` \]mpkogt amjh g oj ,\ ao` m jigt \i `dbcoc*m`no) \i_ oc`
omph kò \b\di _`h\i_n oc` gdnoì`m$n \ooìodji m\oc`m \]mpkogt rdoc \ ]fik\
ìom\i^` ji cdbc ^ %n`` `s\hkg` 4&+
(P poodN 9^do Ljn+C+K+
d
.3$
=gg oc`n` ^jpg_ ]` `s\hkg`n ja c\j kiXejdlkXk`fej da r` \^^`ko oc`

dio`mkmò\odji ja ocdn kmdi^dkg` \n \ nk`^dad^ ^jhkjndodji\g o`^cidlp`) ]po njh`
`s\hkg`n \m` hjm` ^jiqdi^dib oc\i joc`mn+ Pc` lp`nodji ja rc`m` oj _m\r oc`
gdi` dn \ k`mndnoìo \i_ oì\^djpn ji` ]`^\pn` Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ dn apgg ja

^jiom\non) `som`h`n) \i_ hjm` jm g`nn \]mpko ^c\ib`n di ji` `g`hìo ja oc`
hpnd^ jm \ijoc`m+ = m`*`s\hdi\odji ja ocdn \i_ oc` joc`m kmdi^dkg`n da oc`t \m`
oj c\q` \it ndbidad^\i^` rjpg_ \kk`\m oj ]` di jm_`m+
O`q`m\g kjnnd]g` `s\hkg`n ja c\ j\ej [Z gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe ^\i ]` ajpi_ di
:i`fjf ;XifZZf* Pc` admno dino\i^` \kk`\mn) \n ijo`_ \]jq`) di oc` k\nn\b`
]`bdiidib di ]\m .3+ =o admno do \kk`\mn oj ]` ndhkgt \i jmi\hìo`_

cjhjkcjid^ k\nn\b`) ]po ji` ]`\o ]àjm` m`c`\mn\g iph]`m 1 oc` h`gj_t
np__ìgt o\f`n ji don jri mctoch) mdndib jq`m oc` i`so ajpm ]`\on oj \ cdbc ^
%n`` `s\hkg` 5&+ Bmjh ocdn kjdio ji) oc` h`gj_t c\n don jri mctochd^
^c\m\ô`m lpdo` \k\mo amjh don pidad`_ \^^jhk\idhìo+ Ea) r` gjjn`gt dio`mkmò
c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe nj \n oj \ggjr oc` di_`kì_ìo h`gj_t oj mòpmi oj \
gjr`m m`bdno`m) \n ocdn ji` _j`n) ocì ocdn k\nn\b` dn oc` ^g`\m`no `s\hkg` ja c\
/2
As\hkg` 57 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n .3*//+

q p jm_+
JfZf XZZ\c)
mji_N E
5
Ua +
j\eqX i`^fij
++++++++ . .
+? ' $ BmidD\N;
: U8aE *** m Z***** W / *. *t d
'e++ d o p \ F
.. xel ) * \e*
.$ $. d $d * Da +++++++++ C { * * E o [[[ L P+ 77d:d
0/.3
j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe di oc` ìodm` rjmf+ >t o\fdib ndhdg\m gd]`mod`n r doc
Fjgdqò$n _àdidodji ja oc` kmdi^dkg`) orj joc`m gdf`gt `s\hkg`n ^\i ]` ajpi_+
Pc` omph kò ]`bdin \ h`gj_d^ gdi` di ]\m /1 rcd^c bm\_p\ggt ni\f`n don
r\t pk oj \ cdbc ]*ag\o di ]\m /5 %n`` `s\hkg` ./) ]`gjr&+ = k\mo amjh mdndib di
o`nndopm\ \i_ _dn\kk`\mdib di \ _dhdipì_j % dioj nk\^`< &) do _j`n ijo n``h
/3
oj _`q`gjk don jri di_`kì_ì^`+ Pc\o dn) do n``hn epno \n di_`kì_ìo amjh
don \^^jhk\idhìo \o don ]`bdiidib \n do dn \o don ì_+ Djr`q`m) da r` ^jind_`m
oc` gjr npno\di`_ a di oc` jmb\i) rdoc rcd^c oc` km`qdjpn di_`kì_ìo
h`gj_t epno ì_`_) \n bì`m\odib oc` c\mhjid^ ]\^fbmjpi_ ajm oc` k\nn\b`
oc` a c\mhjid^ n`md`nocì oc` h`gj_t hdbco ]` n`ì oj kmje`ô don`ga
bm\_p\ggt \r\t amjh ocdn ]\^fbmjpi_+ Eo _j`n ocdn ]t ]`^jhdib di^m`\ndibgt
_dnnji\io r doc m`nk`ô oj oc` a c\mhjid^ n`md`n+ Ea r` _dnm`b\m_ oc` m\kd_

ijo`n \i_ ^jind_`m oc` h\di jpogdi` ja oc` h`gj_t) r` n`` oc\o di oc` admno orj
]\mn jigt oc` _ di oc` hd__g` ja oc` n`^ji_ ]\m) \i_ k`mc\kn oc` `dbcoc ijo` _
di oc` hd__g` ja oc` admno ]\m) gd`n jpond_` oc` a n`md`n \i_ ^jpg_ ocpn ]`
^jind_`m`_ _dnnji\io jm ja dia`mdjm m`nji\i^`+ >po ]`bdiidib di oc` ocdm_
h`\npm` %]\m /3& ji oc` ocdm_ ]`\o) `q`mt ijo` gjib`m oc\i \i `dbcoc ijo` \i_
`q`mt ijo` oc\o a\ggn ji \ ]`\o dn \ _dnnji\io ji`) ì_dib adi\ggt r doc oc`
dia`mdjm m`nji\i^` ja oc` ]*ag\o di ]\m /5+ Pc` b*lp\mo`m*oji`*nc\mk dn
`nk`^d\ggt _dnnji\io gtdib \n do _j`n hd_*r\t ]òr`ì oc` b*i\opm\g \i_ oc`
b*nc\mk rcd^c \m` njpi_`_ di oc` \^^jhk\idhìo+ Hjjf`_ \o di ocdn r\t)
ocì) ocdn k\nn\b` ojj hdbco ]` ^jinomp`_ \n \i \kkgd^\odji ja oc` kmdi^dkg` di

lp`nodji+
Pc` jigt joc`m k\nn\b` rcd^c \kk`\mn oj kjnnd]gt _`hjinom\o` ocdn
kmdi^dkg` ]`bdin di ]\m 21) rc`m` oc` omph kò gdi` ]`bdin gjr \i_ mdn`n oj \
cdbc \ di ]\m 25+ Pc` jmb\i \^^jhk\idhìo ]`bdin r doc \ ndibg` npno\di`_
^cjm_ rcd^c ì^gjn`n) \n do r`m`) oc` ijo`n ja oc` omphkò+ Pcì \ao`m \
hjhìo$n m`no oc` jmb\i ejdin oc` omphkò) rcdg` nodgg ì^gjndib do r doc \i
jô\q` \]jq` \i_ \i jô\q` ]`gjr %n`` `s\hkg` 6&+ Eo n``hn ndbidad^\io oc\o
Fjgdqò ^cjjn`n oc` ^jmiò \i_ omph kò nojkn ja oc` jmb\i ajm ocdn _jp]gdib
/4

?jmiò
( P p ood N`^do
k\nn\b`+ Bdi\ggt oc` omph kò ]m`\fn am`` ja don jmb\i ì^gjnpm` di ]\mn 24*25+
Ei_`kì_ìo h`gj_d`n gdf` oc`n` ^\i ]` ajpi_ di h\it) da ijo \gg) ja
Fjgdqò$n rjmfn`s^`ko k`mc\kn ocjn` ja cdn n`^ji_ ^m`\odq` k`mdj_) di rcd^c
c` \]\i_ji`_ h\it ja cdn \oji\g \`nocòd^ d_`\n+ Uò jpm `s\hdi\odji ja ocdn
rjmf npbb`non oc\o) ]t oc`dm \kk\mìogt m\i_jh \i_ diam`lpìo \kk`\m\i^`
\i_ oc`dm \h]dbpjpn i\opm`) oc`t c\m_gt _`n`mq` oc` \kk`gg\odji o`^cid^\g
kmdi^dkg`+ ?jhkjndodji\g _`qd^` hdbco ]` hjm` \^^pm\o`) ]po da r` m`gt ji
Fjgdqò$n jri g\]`g\ njijmjpn kcìjhìji h\ida`nodib \i \`nocòd^
kmdi^dkg`r` h\t ]` \]g` oj pi_`mno\i_ c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe hjm`

^g`\mgt+ Eo dn ocdn rmdo`m$n jkdidji oc\o c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe dn \i
`skm`nndji ja Fjgdqò$n nomjib ]`gdà di oc` npkm`h\^t ja h`gj_t di bì`m\g) oj
0+
oc` kjdio oc\o h`gj_t c\n) ajm Fjgdqò) \ gda` ja don jri \k\mo amjh don hpnd^\g
npmmjpi_dibn+ Pcdn `hkc\ndn ji h`gj_t ^\i ]` n`ì ijo epno di oc` nk`^dad^
`s\hkg`n ^do`_ c`m` ]po ocmjpbcjpo \gg ja cdn njgj rjmfn ajm \it dinomphìo+
E\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe( ocì) màg`ôn oc` dhkjmo\i^` ja Fjgdqò$n h`gj_t
\i_ _`n^md]`n don i\opm` r docjpo nk`^datdib oc` _ò\dgn ja don ^jinompôdji+ Pcdn
hjm` bì`m\g dio`mkmò\odji di \ r\t np]nph`n oc` hjm` k\mod^pg\m ji`
_dn^pnn`_ \]jq` \i_ dn n``hdibgt ^gjn`m oj oc` nkdmdo ja Fjgdqò$n jri
`skg\i\odji ja oc` kmdi^dkg`+ Eo \gnj `gdhdi\o`n oc` o`hko\odji oj gjjf ajm
njh` ntno`h\od^ \kkgd^\odji ja \ o`^cid^\g _`qd^` jm kmdi^dkg`) r cì r` fijr
oc\o Fjgdqò r\n jkkjn`_ oj ^jhkjndib ]t \it o`^cid^\g ntno`h+
=^^`kodib Fjgdqò$n no\o`_ dioìo oj km`nìo oc`n` kmdi^dkg`n h`m`gt \n

ojjgn oj a\^dgdo\o` ^m`\odq` `skm`nndjim\oc`m oc\i nomdô mpg`nk`mhdon pn oj
]òo`m pi_`mno\i_ \gg cdn `skg\i\odjin+ ?jpg_ ijo \]\i_jidib oc` c\]dop\g
kmdi^dkg`n ja c\mhjid^ rmdodib di ajpm k\mon) aj^pndib ji \ _ti\hd^ ja
njijmjpni`nn ]t om\inhpo\odjin ja oc` njpi_ h\nn \i_ `hkgjtdib oc` nìn`
ja kmje`ôdji ja njpi_ ]` Fjgdqò$n r \t ja n\tdib di km`qdjpn odh`n hpnd^
r\n ]\n`_ ji ajpm*k\mo rmdodib ajggjrdib ^`mo\di $mpg`n$ ja c\mhjit \i_ qjd^`
g`\_dib) ]po ht hpnd^ dn ]\n`_ ji q`mt _daa`mìo km`^`kon+ Ei ht hpnd^) oc`
h`gj_t m`dbin npkm`h` \i_ c\n \ gda` ja don jr i nj oc\o \itocdib oc\o hdbco ]`
kjnnd]g` ajm oc` h`gj_t) jm oc\o dn kjoìod\ggt r docdi oc` ^c\m\ô`m ja oc`
h`gj_tijo epno \^^jm_dib oj oc` jg_ $mpg`n$dn \ggjr`_ < E\j kiXejdlkXk`fej(
ocì) rjpg_ mà`m oj oc` bì`m\g kmdi^dkg` ja gòodib oc` h`gj_t) \i_ oc`
hpnd^d\incdk ja oc` ^jhkjn`m) ]` oc` njg` _ò`mhdi`m ja oc` i\opm` ja oc`

\^^jhk\idhìo \i_ oc` o`sopm`) r docjpo oc` npk`mdhkjndodji ja \it nomdô
mpg`n jm kmj^`_pm`n rc\onj`q`m+ Ei Fjgdqò$n ^\n`) c` n``hn oj ]` aji_ ja pndib
njh` \]mpko ^c\ib`n rcd^c rjpg_ ijo ]` \ggjr`_ di om\_dodji\g
^jhkjndodji\g notg`n+ Dì^`) c` ajmh\ggt _`n^md]`n oc`n` \]mpko ^c\ib`n di
cdn i`r \`nocòd^ \n \ njmo ja epnodad^\odji ajm) \n r`gg \n `skg\i\odji ja) cdn
jr i k`mnji\g ^jhkjndodji\g notg`+
H\i_mòc \i_ Iìf ]`gd`q` oc`t c\q` d_ìodad`_ ^jmm`g\odjin ]òr`ì
mctochd^ _ìndot \i_ ajmh di oc` LfeXkX Gf* / ajm kd\ij \i_ oc` or`gq`*k\mo
qj^\g rjmf) >g`k_XcXd\( m`nk`ôdq`gt+ Pcdn ^jmm`g\odji dn q\bp`gt `qd_ìo di

:i`fjf ;XifZZf \n r`gg \i_ rdgg ]` dggpnom\o`_ di oc` ajmoc^jhdib k\b`n+ Ea r`
r`m` oj dio`mkmò oc` adaoc kmdi^dkg` \n ji` ja ^jhkjndodji\g o`^cidlp`) r`

h dbco ocì ctkjoc`ndu` oc\o c\j g_Xj\j \k c\j èk\ej`k\j [l ]cl o jfefi\ dn \ ojjg
rcd^c Fjgdqò pn`n oj c`gk \mod^pg\o` oc` ajmh\g nompôpm` ja \ rjmf) ]po r` nodgg
^\iijo n\t `s\ôgt cjr ocdn dn \^^jhkgdnc`_ ndi^` oc` kmdi^dkg` ^\iijo ]`
om\ing\o`_ dioj nomdô kmj^`_pm`n+ Ki^` \b\di Fjgdqò$n `skg\i\odji diqdo`n m`*
`q\gp\odji r docjpo km`^ji^`dq`_ `sk`ô\odjin jm ]d\n+ Rd`r`_ \n \ kpm`gt
\`nocòd^ kmdi^dkg`) cdn no\o`hìo ^\i ]` n`ì \n \ gd^ìn` jm epnodad^\odji ajm
\ggjrdib oc` epso\kjndodji jm \mm\ib`hìo ja mctochn \i_ mctochd^
^jhkg`sdot \i_ am``_jh rcd^c) di \ om\_dodji\g hpnd^\g ntno`h) rjpg_ ]`
_dn\ggjr`_ jm mè`ô`_ \n \]npm_ jm ijinìnd^\g+ S` ^jpg_ c\m_gt dh\bdi` oc`

^c\ib` ja mctochd^ _ìndot rcd^c j^^pmn ]òr`ì ]\mn /4 \i_ /5*amjh .1
\mod^pg\odjin k`m h`\npm` oj 1.o\fdib kg\^` di \ >\^c nji\o\ jm \ Iju\mo

^ji^`moj) pig`nn do r`m` _ji` njg`gt ajm _m\h\od^ jm nk`^d\g àa`ô+ >po di
Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ ocdn agps ja mctochd^ _ìndot dn k\mo ja oc` a\]md^ ja cdn
^jhkjndodji\g notg`) rcd^c bmjrn ijo amjh \ ntno`h jm nò ja o`^cid^\g
^jhkjndodji\g mpg`n) \n dn oc` ^\n` r doc oji\g hpnd^ \i_ oc\o ja O^cjì]`mb
\i_ cdn ajggjr`mn+ Eino`\_ oc` ^gjoc ja Fjgdqò$n ^jhkjndodji\g notg` dn r`\q`_
0-
amjh cdn \`nocòd^ kmdi^dkg`n) rcd^c \oo`hko oj am`` hpnd^ amjh oc` m`nomdôdjin
dhkjn`_ ]t km`qdjpn ^jhkjndodji\g ntno`hn) \^^jm_dib oj cdn jri di_dqd_p\g
o\no`+
Bjmh \i_ Pc`h\od^ Lmj^`nn
Bjmh di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ dn ja ^jpmn` \mod^pg\o`_ njh`rc\o _daa`mìogt

oc\i di oji\g hpnd^+ Ei om\_dodji\g ^g\nnd^\g hpnd^) nompôpm` dn kmjqd_`_ ]t oc`
_`ndbi ja gjbd^\g f`t m`g\odjincdkn \i_ oc`h\od^ ^jc`mì^`) ]po oc` \oji\g
^jhkjn`m dn a\^`_ rdoc rc\o Np_jgkc Nòd ^\ggn ji` ja oc` h\di _dg`hh\n ja
^jio`hkjm\mt hpnd^\g ^jinompôdji oc` kmj]g`h ja kmjqd_dib nompôpm`
rdocjpo oji\gdot+3- Ei n`md\gdnh oc` ^jino\iogt m`^pmmdib mjr kmjqd_`n oc`
i`^`nn\mt nompôpm`) ]po do ^\i ]` \ mdbd_ fdi_ ja nompôpm` rcd^c ^\i `\ndgt
g`\_ ojr\m_ \ ^jinompôdji rdocjpo dii`m c\mhjid^ h`\idib+ 3. Ei am``
\oji\gdot) \n di Fjgdqò$n :i`fjf ;XifZZf( oc`m` dn oc` _\ib`m ja ^m`\odib \
k\oo`mig`nn \i_ \m]dom\mdgt ^ji^`dq`_ _`ndbi rdocjpo \ ^g`\m nompôpm\g ]\ndn
m`bpg\odib do+ 3/ J`q`moc`g`nn) \n di \gg hpnd^) oc` n\h` api_\hìo\g
kmdi^dkg`n ja no\]dgdot \i_ dino\]dgdot) oìndji \i_ m`g`\n`) m`no \i_ pim`no)
^g\mdot \i_ j]n^pmdot) \m` \o rjmf c`m`+ =n di oc` hpnd^ ja k\no h\no`mn)
n`q`m\g _daa`mìo `g`hìon ^jh]di` oj \mod^pg\o` oc` g\mb`*n^\g` nompôpm`+
Nctochd^ _ìndot) diomj_p^`_ \]jq` rdoc m`b\m_ oj c\j g_Xj\j \k c\j

èk\ej`k\j [l ]cl o jfefi\( dn ji` di_d^\ojm ja no\]dgdot jm dino\]dgdot+ ?jind_`m`_
\gji`) cjr`q`m) don àa`ô dn ojj gj^\gdu`_ oj h\f` do \ pnàpg ojjg ajm \i
3-Np_jgkc Nòd) MfeXc`kp( :kfeXc`kp( IXekfeXc`kp %S`nokjmo7 Cm`ìrjj_) .625& ../+
3.Nòd ../+
3/Nòd ../+
0.
\^^pm\o` _ò`mhdi\odji ja ajmh\g ]jpi_\md`n+ Hjjfdib \b\di \o oc` bm\kc ja

mctochd^ _ìndot ncjri di adbpm` .) r` adi_ orj cdbc) m\oc`m np__ì k`\fn ja
\ôdqdot i`\m oc` hd__g` ja oc` rjmf \i_ \ mctochd^ _ìndot rcd^c di bì`m\g
^c\ib`n \ghjno `q`mt h`\npm`) jaoì ndbidad^\iogt+ Eo dn dhkjnnd]g`) ]\n`_ ji
ocdn diajmh\odji \gji`) oj kdikjdio km`^dn` ajmh\g ]jpi_\md`n+ =gg ji` ^\i n\t
dn oc\o oc`m` \kk`\mn oj ]` \ ]`bdiidib) \ hd__g` %\mjpi_ oc` o\gg nkdf`n&) \i_
\i ì_kjnnd]gt) ocì) \ ocm``*k\mo nompôpm`+
Pcdn kjnnd]dgdot ja \ ocm``*k\mo nompôpm` dn npkkjmo`_ ]t \ijoc`m) m\oc`m
diij^pjpn `g`hìo ja oc` ^jhkjndodji+ Pc` omph kò dn h po`_ \o oc` ]`bdiidib
\i_ ì_ ja oc` rjmf) rcdg` oc` ìodm` hd__g` n`ôdji dn kg\t`_ rdocjpo oc`
hpo`+ Pc` admno h po`_ n`ôdji ì_n di ]\m .3) \gocjpbc oc` omph kò$n admno
jkì ìom\i^` ^jh`n jigt di ]\m /1 \i_ ^jiodip`n piodg ]\m 4-+ Pc` adi\g
hpo`_ n`ôdji ocì ]`bdin rdoc oc` i`so omph kò ìom\i^`) rcd^c j^^pmn di ]\m
41+ Pc`n` _ò\dgn \m` dggpnom\o`_ \i_ epso\kjn`_ ji oc` mctochd^ _ìndot bm\kc
di adbpm` /+
=ijoc`m kjnnd]g` a\ôjm di _ò`mhdidib ajmh dn P`hkj+ P`hkj

q\md\odjin ^\i ]` kgjoo`_ \i_ \__`_ oj oc` ^jhkjndo` bm\kc \n ncjri di adbpm`
0+ P`hkd^ nompôpm` n``hn ijo oj nomjibgt npkkjmo oc` joc`m hpnd^\g `g`hìon
ocpn a\m `s\hdi`_ di _`gdi`\odib ajmh+ Djr`q`m do h\t n`mq` \ _daa`mìo

kpmkjn`+ Fpno \n \ bjj_ o\dgjm fijrn cjr oj cd_` oc` n`\hn di \ b\mhìo) \
bjj_ ^jhkjn`m fijrn cjr oj ^ji^`\g jm h\nf oc` ]jpi_\md`n ]òr`ì
n`ôdjin ja \ ^jhkjndodji+ L`mc\kn oc` bì`m\ggt pkr \m_ ngjk` ja oc` o`hkj
piodg ]\m 33 dn ji` r\t Fjgdqò h\dio\din oc` ^jiodipdot jm pidot ja oc` hpnd^\g
a\]md^+ =o oc` n\h` odh` \ nc\k` ^jiom\mt oj oc` nc\k` ja oc` joc`m
nompôpm\g a\ôjmn _`kdô`_ ji oc` bm\kc h \t n`mq` oj cd_` oc` n`ôdji
#)120(5')( 6-4, 1)2.-33-0/ 0* 4,) '0172-+,4 06/)2 !524,)2 2)120(5'4-0/ 120,-&-4)( 6-4,054 1)2.-33-0/
Pmphkò h po`_ Pmphkò ^c\ibdib ]òr`ì hpo` \i_ jkì

T2
k] e ] ` e L/ * L M
I`\npm` iph]`mn
Bdbpm` /7 Ipodib ja oc` omph kò npk`mdhkjn`_ ji oc` bm\kc ja mctochd^ _ìndot di
:i`fjf ;XifZZf*
?i
#)120(5')( 6-4, 1)2.-33-0/ 0* 4,) '0172-+,4 06/)2 !524,)2 2)120(5'4-0/ 120,-&-4)( 6-4,054 1)2.-33-0/
P`hkj q\md\odji
j\eqX e^fi\ dfckf c\ekf

jkiè^* E
+ i`k\e*
B
.
Ij_pg\odji Ij_pg\odji
0 0
I`\npm` iph]`mn
Bdbpm` 07 ?jhkjndo` bm\kc ncjrdib mctochd^ _ìndot) omph kò h podib) hj_pg\odjin) \i_
o`hkj q\md\odji di :i`fjf ;XifZff*
?F..
Q
01
]jpi_\md`n ja oc` rjmf+ Ei \it ^\n`) o`hkj$n m`g\odjincdk oj ajmh c`m` dn

di^ji^gpndq`+ Hdf`rdn`) \i `s\hdi\odji ja oc` ^jhkg`sdod`n \i_ q\md\odjin di
_ti\hd^n di ocdn rjmf dn \gnj di^ji^gpndq` r doc m`nk`ô oj ajmh\g nompôpm`+
Pc` mjg` ja c\mhjit di ocdn m`nk`ô dn _ò`mhdi`_ ]t j]n`mqdib Fjgdqò$n
hj_pg\odjin) \n _dn^pnn`_ \]jq` rdoc m`b\m_ oj cX [flYc\ YXjj\* >`^\pn` ocdn
hpnd^ dn \oji\g) oc`m` \m` ij f`tn jm c\mhjid`n di oc` om\_dodji\g nìn`+ Uò
ndi^`) \n r` c\q` n`ì) Fjgdqò nk`\fn ja i`r kmj^`_pm`n ja h j_pg\odji di
cdn _dn^pnndji ja cX [flYc\ YXjj\( \i_ r` fijr ja oc` dhkjmo\i^` c` bdq`n oj
ajmh di cdn hpnd^) r` ^\i m`\nji\]gt `sk`ô cdn hj_pg\odjin oj j^^pm \o
nompôpm\ggt dhkjmo\io kjdion+ Pc` orj np^c hj_pg\odjin rcd^c j^^pm di
ocdn rjmf \m` ijo`_ rdoc \mmjrn ji oc` ^jhkjndo` bm\kc di adbpm` 0) ]po \b\di
oc` m`npgon \m` di^ji^gpndq`+
Pc` oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn ja \ ^jhkjn`m dn \i dio`bm\g k\mo ja cdn hpnd^\g
notg` \i_ kg\tn \i dhkjmo\io mjg` di _ò`mhdidib oc` ajmh\g nompôpm` ja cdn
rjmf+ >t oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn r` mà`m oj oc` r\tn oc\o oc` ^jhkjn`m pn`n) m`*
pn`n) hj_dad`n) jm _dnbpdn`n cdn oc`h\od^ h\o`md\gn) di^gp_dib h`gj_d`n)
hjodq`n) ^`ggn ) \i_ adbpm\odjin) oji\g jm joc`mrdn`+
Ei Fjgdqò$n hpnd^) \n di hjno orìodòc*^ìopmt hpnd^) oc` gdo`m\g
m`kòdodji ja `soì_`_ k\nn\b`n) rcd^c dn nj dio`bm\g \ k\mo ja hp^c km`*
orìodòc*^ìopmt hpnd^) dn m\m`+ Ei :i`fjf ;XifZZf oc`m` \m` ij g\mb`*n^\g`
m`kòdodjin \o \gg) ]po oc`h\od^ am\bhìon _j m`^pm) jaoì di i`r ^jio`son \i_
hj_dad`_ di njh` r\t) \i_ njh` ]mdà k\nn\b`n j^^\ndji\ggt mòpmi) pnp\ggt
om\inkjn`_ \i_ \go`m`_+
Pc` q`mt ]`bdiidib ja oc` rjmf dn oc` ]`no `s\hkg` ja epno np^c \
m`k`\o`_ k\nn\b`+ Pc` jmb\i k\mo di h`\npm`n 2*5 dn \ghjno \i `s\ô m`kòdodji
02
ja oc` admno ajpm ]\mn) r doc jigt \ ngdbco \go`m\odji oj oc` `h]`ggdnchìon di oc`
ojk qjd^` %n`` `s\hkg` .-&+ Pc`n` orj i`\mgt d_ìod^\g kcm\n`n di oc` jmb\i)
As\hkg` .-7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n .*5+
;[e^`f F : ^ +I
`ji gjm_+
HK@N> mi idQ ON
_ jp s5 H $ w %
Bji_ag _jps
0/ .3 5
rcd^c \m` `\^c nò jaa ]t ncjmo a`mh\o\n) \m` \inr`m`_ di opmi ]t orj kcm\n`n
di oc` omph kò rcd^c \m` lpdo` _daa`mìo amjh `\^c joc`m) mctochd^\ggt \i_
03
h`gj_d^\ggt+ Djr`q`m) `qì ocjpbc lpdo` _daa`mìo amjh `\^c joc`m) oc`t \m`
oc` n\h` gìboc\]jpo orj \i_ \ c\ga h`\npm`n\i_ ]joc \kk`\m \o `s\ôgt
oc` n\h` kjdio di oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` \^^jhk\itdib jmb\i kcm\n`+ =n r` nc\gg
n`` hjhìo\mdgt) oc`n` orj omph kò kcm\n`n) rcd^c r` rdgg ^\gg kcm\n` E \i_
kcm\n` EE di oc` jm_`m ja oc`dm \kk`\m\i^`) \m` \ md^c njpm^` ja h\o`md\g ajm
np]n`lpìo _`q`gjkhìo+ Ei ]\m 6) \ ocdm_ jmb\i kcm\n` \kk`\mn rcd^c)
`s^`ko ajm oc` admno ]\nn ijo` rcd^c dn _dnkg\^`_ _jr ir \m_ ]t \i jô\q`)
]`bdin \n \ijoc`m m`kòdodji ja oc` jkìdib kcm\n` r doc tò \ijoc`m q\md\odji
ja oc` h`gj_d^ `h]`ggdnchìo adbpm`+ >po ji oc` ajpmoc ]`\o) oc` kcm\n` dn
om\inkjn`_ pk \ n`hdoji` \i_ orj ]`\on g\o`m pk \i \__dodji\g rcjg` oji`)
r doc \ ^jpkg` hjm` jô\q` _dnkg\^`hìonpkr \m_ ocdn odh`di oc` gjr`m
orj qjd^`n+ Q kji m`\^cdib don n`^ji_ h`\npm`) oc` kcm\n` dn `soì_`_ ]t \
]\m \i_ `sk\i_`_ oj \ nds*ijo` ^cjm_ di h`\npm` .. rc`m` oc` omph kò ìo`mn
ji \ ajpm*odh`n*m`k`\o`_ b) kg\t`_ ggg %n`` `s\hkg` ..&+
As\hkg` ..7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 6*..+
%/ & ) L jjj mgo` i Z
OII
WWWWWWWW ) [
a +++
& . **1 * m d b
+++ m + : t a
=n di oc` admno orj kcm\n`n) ocdn omph kò hdid*kcm\n` dn ajggjr`_ ]t

ndgì^`) ]po ocdn odh` do dn \ lp\mo`m m`no dino`\_ ja \ a`mh\o\+ Pc` gdnoì`m
04
pi_jp]o`_gt `sk`ôn ocdn m`no oj h\mf oc` ì_ ja \ ocdm_ kcm\n`) `qì ocjpbc
oc` omph kò kg\t`_ jigt \ ndibg` m`k`\o`_ kdo^c) ]po oc` np]n`lpìo m`*ìomt
ja oc` jmb\i di ]\m F+/ dn h`m`gt \i \mk`bbd\odji ja `s\ôgt oc` n\h` ^cjm_ oc\o
r\n epno njpi_dib+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) oc` omph kò ìo`mn \ ]`\o g\o`m ji oc` n\h`
kdo^c oc\o do r\n epno kg\tdibb\i_ ocì kmj^``_n r doc ajpm hjm` h`\npm`n
ja \ i`r kcm\n` rcd^c dn m`\ggt epno \ ^jiodip\odji ja oc` ocdm_ kcm\n` oc\o
]`b\i r doc oc` jmb\i di h`\npm` 6+ >t ocdn fdi_ ja kcm\n` \h]dbpdot) Fjgdqò
^gjp_n oc` joc`mrdn` j]qdjpn n`ôdji\gdu\odji ja oc`n` admno ocm`` kcm\n`n+
Eo dn ojr\m_ oc` ì_ ja oc` ocdm_ kcm\n` oc\o jpm admno Fjgdqò hj_pg\odji
\kk`\mn+ Pc` omph kò ì_n oc` kcm\n` \gji` \i_ jq`mg\kn oc` i`so ìom\i^` ja
oc` jmb\i) rcd^c ]`bdin rdoc adq`*k\mo cjhjkcjid^ h\o`md\g _`mdq`_) di notg`)
amjh oc` jkìdib kcm\n`n %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg`n 5 \i_ .-&+ Pc` `s\hkg` ja c\
j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe ^do`_ `\mgd`m bmjrn amjh ocdn ajpmoc kcm\n`) rcd^c
bm\_p\ggt dn om\inajmh`_ piodg ]`^jhdib ndhkgt \ ndibg` gdi` \i_ adi\ggt \
ndibg` ijo`) jm _mjiàdi ]\m //+ =o ocdn kjdio oc`m` dn \i pihdno\f\]g`
^c\ib` di oc` \^^jhk\idhìo) k`mc\kn ndbi\gdib oc` no\mo ja \ i`r n`ôdji di

oc` ajmh\g nompôpm` ja oc` rjmf %n`` `s\hkg` ./&+
Pc` _mji` dn kpiôp\o`_ ]t n`q`m\g jaa*]`\o ]pmnon ja ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`mn
\i_ orj lpd^f \mk`bbd\o`_ adbpm`n) oc` n`^ji_ ja rcd^c dn _`mdq`_ _dm`ôgt
amjh ]\m .0+ =gg ja oc`n` \m` \ ajdg oj oc` omph kò$n h`gj_t8 oc\o dn) oc`t j^^pm
_pmdib oc` m`non \i_ npno\di`_ ijo`n di oc` omphkò+ = ndhdg\m k\nn\b` j^^pmn)
r doc q\md\odjin) ord^` hjm` _pmdib oc` np^^``_dib h`\npm`ndi ]\mn 0-*01
\i_ di ]\mn 1/*12+ A\^c ji` dn pidlp`) \i_ ocdn pidlpì`nn jm di_dqd_p\gdot ja
`q`mt k\nn\b`di a\ô) `q`mt h`\npm`dn \i dhkjmo\io \nk`ô ja Fjgdqò$n
notg` di ocdn rjmf) _dm`ôgt dggpnom\odib cdn \`nocòd^ ja pidot di _dq`mndot+ Pc`m`
1+
As\hkg` ./7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n //*/4+
%@ F:``
gg
%\ìn\ gjm_+&
0/ .3
(k} a(9 ( (
-0" &Ng)3 IP B `
' & " : $, x `c`l *
dn ij h`^c\id^\g \kkgd^\odji ja \it hpnd^\g `g`hìon c`m`) \i_ `qì rcì \
adbpm` jm kcm\n` dn m`k`\o`_ oc` m`kòdodji dn om\inkjn`_ jm om\inajmh`_ ]t

njh` joc`m h`\in) jm nò di \ i`r ^jio`so+
Ei oc` n`^ji_ \kk`\m\i^` ja ocdn k\mod^pg\m k\nn\b`) oc` _mji` dn \
n`hdoji` cdbc`m) oc` kpiôp\odib ^gpno`mn ^jhkmdn` _daa`mìo ijo`n \i_) di

hjno ^\n`n) ngdbcogt _daa`mìo dio`mq\gd^ ^jioìooc`t \m` ijo ndhkgt
om\inkjn`_\i_ oc` \mk`bbd\o`_ adbpm`n \m` \go`m`_ \n r`gg+ Pc` admno ja oc`n`
orj adbpm`n %]\m 0-& ^jhkmdn`n \ _daa`mìo nò ja ijo`n oc\i oc` ^jmm`nkji_dib
adbpm` di oc` admno k\nn\bòc` \*ag\o c\mhjid^ n`md`n) \n _dn^pnn`_ \]jq`
\i_ oc` n`^ji_ %]\m 00& dn om\inkjn`_ \ adaoc cdbc`m oc\i don ^jpio`mk\mo di oc`
didod\g k\nn\b`+ =gg oc`n` kpiôp\odjin \i_ adbpm\odjin j^^pm \o _daa`mìo odh`n
1,
di `\^c q\md\odji ja oc` k\nn\b` \i_ lpdo` i\opm\ggt nj) ndi^` oc`dm kg\^`hìo
n``hn oj ]` \ apiôdji ja oc` `q`m*^c\ibdib h`gj_t+ A\^c ja oc` ocm``
k\nn\b`n dn ncjmo`m oc\i oc` km`qdjpn ji`) rcdg` mò\didib oc` ^c\m\ô`m ja oc`
jmdbdi\g \i_ ^jio\didib \gg oc` n\h` oc`h\od^ `g`hìon+
Ei oc` ocdm_ \kk`\m\i^` oc` _mji` dn \ k\dm ja ijo`n \ hdijm n`^ji_
\k\mo %b*nc\mk \i_ \&) \i_ oc` kpiôp\odib ^gpno`mn \m` ijr kpm` ^cmjh\od^
^gpno`mn %n`` `s\hkg` .0&+ =gnj di ocdn q\md\odji ]joc \mk`bbd\o`_ adbpm`n \m`
As\hkg` .07 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 1/*12+
N`^do 8
?
]g g U Bji_n 5 $ jok`*
II
Bji_n)
11
.3'
\go`m`_ di kdo^c \i_ dio`mq\g ^jioìo amjh oc` adbpm`n di oc` orj km`qdjpn
k\nn\b`n+ Ei oc` nh\gg`m n`^ji_ adbpm`) oc` admno \i_ g\no dio`mq\gn \m` oc` n\h`
\n ]àjm`) \gocjpbc oc` kdo^c g`q`g c\n ]`ì om\inkjn`_ cdbc`m nodgg) rcdg` oc`
hd__g` dio`mq\g c\n ]`ì ncmpifì ]t jigt \ n`hdoji`) amjh \ hdijm ndsoc oj \
1-
_dhdidnc`_ ndsoc+ Eo dn epno oc`n` fdi_n ja np]og` \i_ ^\màpg \go`m\odjin oj oc`
oc`h\od^ h\o`md\gn oc\o bdq` :i`fjf ;XifZZf don k`^pgd\m ]\g\i^` ja pidot \i_
q\mdòt+
Eio`mkjn`_ ]òr`ì oc`n` ocm`` k\nn\b`n dn `kdnj_d^ h\o`md\g ja \
^jhkgò`gt ^jiom\nodib i\opm`+ Pc` admno `kdnj_` \kk`\mn di ]\mn /5 \i_ /6 \i_
dn am\iod^ di ^jhk\mdnji oj \itocdib km`qdjpn+ Ei a\ô) gjjfdib \o oc` mctochd^
_ìndot bm\kc) r` n`` oc\o h`\npm` /5 dn oc` hjno mctochd^\ggt \ôdq` ]\m di
oc` rjmf) \i_ oc`n` orj h`\npm`n ojbòc`m \m` \ôp\ggt oc` hjno _ìn`
^jin`^podq` k\dm ja h`\npm`n di oc` kd`^`) r doc \i \q`m\b` _ìndot ja 3+2
\mod^pg\odjin k`m ]`\o+ Pc` `kdnj_d^) jm dio`mmpkodib) i\opm` ja oc`n` h`\npm`n
dn ìc\i^`_ ]t oc` a\ô oc\o oc`t \m` ajm jmb\i jigt) r doc oc` omph kò
mòpmidib di ]\m 0-) \i_ ]t oc` ^m`n^ì_j di ]\m /6 amj h ,oj ] ] rcd^c dn di
nc\mk ^jiom\no oj oc` hjnogt g oj ggg _ti\hd^n ja oc` npmmjpi_dib hpnd^) ]joc
]àjm` \i_ \ao`m oc` `kdnj_` %n`` `s\hkg`n 1)./) \i_ /1&+
Pc` i`so `kdnj_` j^^pmn di ]\mn 02*1. \i_ ^\i ]` ^jind_`m`_
_`q`gjkhìo\g %n`` `s\hkg` .1&+ Pc` jmb\i k\mo di >\mn 02*04 dn \ q\md\odji ja
]\mn .*/) om\inkjn`_ pk \ ajpmoc %_jri \ adaoc di oc` ]\nn gdi`&) \i_ oc`
omph kò k\mo \]jq` do dn \ q\md\odji ja oc` ì_ ja oc` omph kò k\mo amjh oc`
n\h` kcm\n`) di ]\mn 0*1 %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` .-&+ Ei ]\mn 04*05 oc` omphkò
km`nìon i`r h\o`md\g rcd^c dn ocì k\m\kcm\n`_ ]òr`ì ]\mn 06 \i_ 1.+
Qi_`mi`\oc ocdn) di ]\mn 05 \i_ 06) oc` jmb\i ngdkn dioj \ om\inkjn`_ \i_
\pbhìo`_ m`kòdodji ja oc` ajpmoc \i_ adaoc ]`\o ja h`\npm` /5+ Djr`q`m)
jigt oc` mdbco c\i_ k\mo \kk`\mn) \i_ ocdn r doc \ q\md\odji \o oc` ì_+ Pc` gào
c\i_ dn bdqì \ i`r) hjm` \ibpg\m gdi` r cd^c i`q`moc`g`nn mò\din oc` n\h`
mctoch \n oc` gào c\i_ k\mo di ]\m /5+ Pcì) \^^jhk\itdib oc` omphkò$n
1.
As\hkg` .17 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 02*1.+
amge*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ } F: 4/
N`^do
OI
dg
' aji_n
~ Idsopm`n
n + =i^c`n
P iood
1@
;
k\m\kcm\n` ja don gdi` amjh ]\mn 04*05) oc` jmb\i k\mo kg\tn h\o`md\g di oc`
notg` ja h`\npm` /6 rcd^c ]`^jh`n) di ]\m 1.) \ q\md`_ \i_ om\inkjn`_ %pk \
h dijm ocdm_&]po ijo \pbhìo`_m`kòdodji ja ]\m /6 %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg`

2&+ Pc`m` \m` jigt orj \go`m\odjin di ocdn m`kòdodji ^*nc\mk dn \__`_ oj oc`
_jr i]`\o ja ]\m 1.) ^m`\odib \ q`mod^\g omdoji` rcd^c màg`ôn oc` gdi`\m omdoji`
1/
oc\o g`\_n oj oc` ^jmm`nkji_dib _jri]`\o di ]\m /6) \i_ oc` g\no ndso`ìoc ijo`
^gpno`m ja oc` ajpmoc ]`\o\ ,b *nc \mk ,] di ]\m /6) no\^f`_ \n \ h\ejm n`qìoc
\i_ \ h dijm ocdm_) ]`^jh`n \ ]*nc\mk,^*nc\mk,_ ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`m di ]\m 1.+
=b\di r` n`` oc` ^\m` ajm _ò\dg \i_ np]ogòt r doc rcd^c Fjgdqò om`\on cdn
hpnd^\g h\o`md\gn+ Pc` m`\nji ajm ocdn n`^ji_ \go`m\odji dn pi^g`\m) ]po Fjgdqò
\kk\mìogt a`go oc` i``_ ajm \ ^c\ib`k`mc\kn diopdodq`gt) oj \qjd_ \ q\md\odji
ojj ^gjn` oj \ ndhkg` om\inkjn`_ m`kòdodji ja h\o`md\g+

Ei oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` ocdm_ _mji` k\nn\b`) rcd^c no\mon di ]\m 1/) do dn
dio`m`nodib oj ijo` oc\o oc` omph kò dn nodgg di oc` hd__g` ja don kcm\n` dino`\_ ja
]`bdiidib \ i`r ji` rdoc oc` jmb\i) \n do _d_ di h`\npm` 0-) di oc` km`qdjpn
_mji` n`ôdji+ Odhdg\mgt) oc` adi\g `kdnj_` rcd^c ajggjrn ocdn g\no _mji`
k\nn\b` ]`bdin) di ]\m 12) di oc` hd__g` ja \ gjib omph kò kcm\n`+
Pc` adi\g `kdnj_` dn \gnj _`q`gjkhìo\g ]po _j`n ijo m`*pn` oc` h\o`md\g
ja ]\mn /5*/6+ Eino`\_) do dn \i `nnìod\ggt ajpm*k\mo cjhjkcjid^ k\nn\b`)
ndhdg\m di notg` oj oc` jkìdib kcm\n`n \i_ oj ]\mn .3*.4 \i_ 02*04 %n``
`s\hkg`n 0)5).-) \i_ .1&+ Ei a\ô oc` admno ^cjm_ dn \ omdoji` om\inkjndodji ja
oc` admno ^cjm_ ja oc` kd`^` rdoc \ i`r ]\nn ijo` \__`_) ]po \it _dm`ô
ndhdg\mdot nojkn oc`m`+ Pc` k\nn\b` dn c`\qdgt nti^jk\o`_) pigdf` oc` jkìdib
ocm`` kcm\n`n) \i_ ^jq`mn \ hp^c rd_`m m`bdno`m+ Pc` adi\g orj npno\di`_
^cjm_n \m` ajggjr`_ ]t ocm`` ]`\on ja m`no+ Pcdn ndgì^`) \i_ oc` i`r \i_
^jhkgò`gt ^jiom\nodib h\o`md\g rcd^c ajggjrn do) dhkgd`n \ g\mb` ajmh\g
n`ôdji ]jpi_\mt c`m`) di ]\m 2-+ Pcdn ^ji^gpndji dn apmoc`m npkkjmo`_ ]t oc`
^jhkjndo` bm\kc ja oc` joc`m a\ôjmn %n`` km`qdjpn adbpm` 0&+
>àjm` kmj^``_dib apmoc`m di oc` hpnd^) \ a`r \__dodji\g j]n`mq\odjin
\m` di jm_`m m`b\m_dib oc` omph kò k\mo pk oj ocdn kjdio+ =ao`m oc` ocm`` didod\g
10
no\o`hìon \i_ oc` njgj jmb\i k\nn\b` rcd^c ajggjrn oc`h \i_ g`\_n oj oc`
_mji` n`ôdji) oc` omph kò$n i`so ìom\i^` di ]\m /1 ]`bdin ^g`\mgt \n \
_`mdq\odji ja oc` admno kcm\n`+ Eo dn `h]`ggdnc`_) mctochd^\ggt \go`m`_) \i_
om\inkjn`_ pk \ h\ejm n`^ji_) ]po ]\m /1 dn \ ^g`\m q\md\odji ja ]\m / %n``
`s\hkg` .2&+ Oo\modib di ]\m /2 oc` omph kò n``hn oj _dq`mb` amjh oc` jmdbdi\g
As\hkg` .27 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n /1

\i_ /) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
} { : 33
Z ^ j i njm_+ I I
`
%n ` i u \ F ? N J
njm_+& i
kcm\n`) ]po oc` jmdbdi\g jpogdi` ^\i nodgg ]` om\^`_) nompôpm\ggt %n`` `s\hkg`
.3&+ Pc` b) \kkmj\^c`_ \i_ m`k`\o`_ ocm`` odh`n di ]\m /3) dn oc` i`so
As\hkg` .37 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n /2*/5
\i_ 0) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
tp\odIe
o`*
- 3
`sk`ô`_ kdo^c ja oc` h`gj_t+ Eo dn ^gpoo`m`_ ]t dioìn` h`gj_d^ ^cmjh\od^dnh)

\i_ oc` omph kò ^jiodip`n oj \ b*nc\mk rcd^c dn njpi_`_ ord^` ]àjm`
mòpmidib jigt ]mdàgt oj \ b ajggjr`_ ]t \ lp\mo`m*oji`*nc\mk b) \n ocjpbc oc`
h`gj_t r`m` nom\didib oj ]m`\f am`` ja don oc`h\od^ jmdbdi %n`` oc` \]jq`
_dn^pnndji ja c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe&* Jjr di ]\m /4) oc` i`so `sk`ô`_
kdo^c ja oc` opi`) \i a*nc\mk) \mmdq`n ji ]`\o ocm`` r doc m`g\odq`gt ndbidad^\io
11
_pm\odji+ =ao`m ajpm hjm` dio`mqìdib ijo`n oc` gdi` ì_n ji \ ]*ag\o
\kkmj\^c`_ ijo ]t g`\k) \n oc` ^jmm`nkji_dib \*ag\o dn di ]\m 0) ]po ]t
^cmjh\od^ no`k+ Scdg` Fjgdqò h\t kjnnd]gt c\q` dioì_`_ ocdn k\nn\b` oj ]`
am``gt ^ji^`dq`_ h\o`md\g) di_`kì_ìo ja oc` `\mgd`m kcm\n`) ocdn n``hn cdbcgt
pigdf`gt) bdqì oc` _dm`ô m`g\odji ]òr`ì ]\m /1 \i_ ]\m /) \i_ bdqì oc`
^jiodip\odji \i_ ^jhkgòdji ja oc` kcm\n` di oc` n\h` _dnbpdn`_ h\ii`m
\i_ \o oc` n\h` om\inkjndodji\o oc` i`so omph kò ìom\i^`+
=ao`m oc` jmb\i dio`mgp_` ja ]\mn /5*/6) oc` omph kò m`*ìo`mn ji oc`
n\h` ]*ag\o \i_ oc` i`so ocm`` `sk`ô`_ kdo^c`n) om\inkjn`_ amjh kcm\n` E %\) a)
\i_ `&) ajggjr r doc ndbidad^\io kmjhdiì^` %n`` `s\hkg` .4&+ Pc` mctochd^
As\hkg` .47 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 0-*
0.) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
|F : 3 6 [[[
0
)g *
agjr \i_ c\mhjid^ ]\^fbmjpi_ ja oc` i`r kcm\n` dn ja ^jpmn` di nc\mk

^jiom\no oj oc` jmdbdi\g no\o`hìo) c`gkdib oj ^m`\o` oc` q\mdòt rcd^c dn \ghjno
ja \i dhkmjqdn\ojmtjm di^\io\ojmti\opm`+ J`q`moc`g`nn oc` oc`h\od^
^jii`ôdji dn km`nìo) amjh \ nompôpm\g kjdio ja qd`r) \i_ ^jiodip`n di oc` m`no
ja oc` kcm\n`+ =ao`m oc` admno ijo` ja ]\m 0.) oc` omph kò \kk`\mn oj km`nìo
i`r jm di_`kì_ìo h\o`md\g) ]po oc` g\no ocm`` ijo`n ja ]\m 0/ \i_ oc` admno
orj ja ]\m 00 \m` \ mctochd^\ggt q\md`_ m`no\o`h ìo ja oc` admno adq` ijo`n ja ]\m
0) ijr om\inkjn`_ _jri \ hdijm ocdm_+ =o oc` n\h` odh`) oc` jmb\i dn
m`no\odib `s\ôgt \ adbpm` amjh ]\m /2) om\inkjn`_ pk \ k`ma`ô adaoc \i_ di \
_daa`mìo k\mo ja oc` h`\npm` %n`` `s\hkg`n .5 \i_ ./&+ Ea) di oc` omph kò) oc`
34
As\hkg` .57 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 0/*01+
III N`^do
bm\^` ijo` a \i_ oc` ` ji oc` ajpmoc ]`\o ja ]\m 00 \m` ^jind_`m`_ \ fdi_ ja
_jp]g` \kkjbd\opm\) ocì ]`\o ocm`` ja ]\m 00 ocmjpbc oc` n`^ji_ ]`\o ja ]\m
01 hdbco ]` _m\r i amjh ]`\o adq` ja ]\m / ocmjpbc oc` ` ji ]`\o 0 ja ]\m 0)
om\inkjn`_ \ h\ejm n`^ji_ cdbc`m+ Scòc`m oc`n` orj \kk\mìo m`g\odjin \m`
g`bdodh\o` `s\hkg`n ja dioìodji\g \i_ bìpdi` oc`h\od^ _`q`gjkhìo) jm
h`m`gt ^jdi^d_ìo\g) oc`m` ^\i ]` ij _jp]o oc\o oc` np^^``_dib h\o`md\g
km`nìo`_ di ]\mn 02*03 ]`\mn \ _dm`ô \i_ dioìodji\g m`g\odjincdk oj oc`
jkìdib kcm\n`+ S` c\q` \gm`\_t n`ì oc\o oc` jmb\i k\mo di ]\mn 02*04 dn
j]qdjpngt _`mdq`_ amjh ]\mn .*1) \i_ oc` omph kò k\mo dn epno \n j]qdjpngt
_`mdq`_ amjh oc` adaoc ]`\o ja ]\m ocm`` %di^gp_dib oc` bm\^` ijo`& ocmjpbc oc`
ì_ ja ]\m 1 %n`` `s\hkg` .6&+ Pcdn omph kò adbpm` di ]\mn 02*03 dn om\inkjn`_
As\hkg` .67 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 02*03
\i_ 0*1) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Be
II $`])
13
\ h\ejm n`^ji_ cdbc`m oc\i oc` jmdbdi\g) adi\ggt ^jhkgòdib oc` m`no\o`hìo ja
oc` ìodm` admno kcm\n` \o ocdn om\inkjndodji) ]òr`ì h`\npm`n /1 \i_ 03+
>t ^jiom\no) oc` omph kò gdi` amjh ]\m 04 oj 2- h\f`n gdoog` pn` ja oc`
jkìdib h\o`md\g) ]po do _j`n c\q` njh` dio`m`nodib nompôpm\g a`\opm`n \i_
^jiodip`n oj ]` _`q`gjkhìo\g di i\opm`+ Pc` adbpm` di ]\m 04 mòpmin \o oc`
ì_ ja ]\m 06 r doc \ i`r mctoch) \i `sk\i_`_ jkìdib dio`mq\g) om\inkjn`_
pkr \m_) \i_ ja ^jpmn`) \n qdmop\ggt `q`mtrc`m` `gn`) oc` \^^jhk\idhìo dn
_daa`mìo %n`` `s\hkg` /-&+ >joc am\bhìon ^jiodip` di \i pkr\m_*hjqdib
As\hkg` /-7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 04*
1.) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
;
E+
d g*
gdi` nk\iidib \i jô\q` \i_ \ c\ga jm hjm`+ Pc` n`^ji_ ja oc`n` mdndib
h`gj_d^ gdi`n pn`n oc` ijo`n ja oc` jô\ojid^ n^\g`) rcd^c di e\uu pn\b` dn ^\gg`_
oc` rcjg`*c\ga _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`) _p` oj don \go`mi\odib rcjg` \i_ c\ga no`kn
\i_ don ^jin`lpìogt jpogdidib orj _daa`mìo _dhdidnc`_ n`qìoc ^cjm_ndi
ocdn ^\n` oc` ^*nc\mk \i_ _*nc\mk _dhdidnc`_ n`qìoc ^cjm_n+ >po ]`^\pn` oc`
\^^jhk\idhìo di ocdn h`\npm` dn ijo m`nomdô`_ oj oc` ijo`n ja ocdn n^\g` jm
`qì oj oc` ijo`n ja oc` _jhdi\io ^jhkg`s`n rcd^c hdbco ]` \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc
oc`h da ocdn r`m` oji\g hpnd^) oc`m` dn ij npbb`nodji ja \ e\uu jm oji\g apiôdji
ja \it fdi_ c`m`+ Eo dn dio`m`nodib cjr`q`m oj ijo` oc\o oc` np^^``_dib
_jri]`\o ja ]\m 1. ajmhn) rdoc oc` \ di oc` omph kò \i_ oc` ^*nc\mk di oc`
14
jmb\i) \ _jh di\io n`qìoc ^cjm_ ji \ di admno diq`mndji \i_ rdocjpo oc` adaoc
%n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` .1 \i_ ^jhk\m` oj ]\m /6 di `s\hkg` 2&+ Pcdn
_jh di\io n`qìoc ^cjm_ _j`n ijo ja ^jpmn` m`njgq` di \it r\t \i_ dn
k`ma`ôgt \ggjr\]g` di \i \oji\g hpnd^\g notg`+ >\mo_f$n ocjpbcon di ocdn m`b\m_
\m` k\mod^pg\mgt ndbidad^\io) ^jind_`mdib Fjgdqò$n np]no\iod\g m`nk`ô ajm oc`
jg_`m ^jhkjn`m7
=i dnjg\o`_ omd\_ ja oc` _d\ojid^ n^\g`) \ ocdm_) \ k`ma`ô adaoc jm

jô\q` \hd_no \oji\g ^cjm_n+ + + _j ijo bdq` \i dhkm`nndji ja
oji\gdot8 apmoc`mhjm`) oc`n` h`\in) \gm`\_t rdoc`m`_ ]t gjib pn`
\i_ hdnpn`) \^lpdm` amjh np^c \ ojo\ggt i`r npmmjpi_dib \
gdq`gt) lpdo` nk`^d\g àa`ô \mdndib epno amjh oc` ^jiom\no+ U`n)
`qì rcjg` n`lpì^`n ja np^c omd\_n \i_ dio`mq\gn) da oc`t _j ijo
c\q` \ oji\g àa`ô) hdbco ]` k`m^`dq`_ \n lpdo` di notg`+ =i
pi^ji_dodji\g `gdhdi\odji ja oc`n` jg_ njijmdod`n rjpg_ dhkgt
oc` _dn^g\dhdib ja \ijo `qì di^jind_`m\]g`k\mo ja oc`
h`\in ja jpm \mo8 cjr`q`m) oc` pgodh\o` j]e`ôdq` ja jpm
ì_`\qjmn dn oc` pigdhdo`_ \i_ ^jhkgò` pn` ja \gg `so\io)
kjnnd]g` oji\g h\o`md\g+30
Fjgdqò$n pn` ja oc` jô\ojid^ n^\g` dn ijo `s^`kodji\g \i_ ^\i ]` ajpi_ di joc`m
rjmfn ja cdn) \n r`gg \n rjmfn ]t h\it ja cdn Bmì^c ^jio`hkjm\md`n)
pi_jp]o`_gt no`hhdib amjh oc` Bmì^c a\n^di\odji r doc ^`mo\di `g`hìon ja
e\uu notg`+ Bjm `s\hkg`) do \nnph`n \ hp^c hjm` ndbidad^\io mjg` di Fjgdqò$n
L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( rcd^c `scd]don n`q`m\g e\uu notgdnod^ ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n \i_ rcd^c
dn _dn^pnn`_ di \ g\o`m kjmodji ja ocdn nop_t+ Eo$n pn` dn \gnj ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja cdn
j^^\ndji\g aji_i`nn ajm nthhòmd^\g nompôpm`n+ Ei ocdn ^\n`) cjr`q`m) oc`
nomjib`no hjodq\odjin ajm pndib \i jô\ojid^ h`gj_t di ]\m 1- \m` oc`h\od^+
Pc` m`k`\o`_ \i_ jq`mg\kkdib dio`mq\gd^ k\oo`mi ajpi_ c`m` ja pk \ h\ejm
ocdm_) _jr i \ hdijm n`^ji_) pk \ h\ejm ocdm_) jm oc` nodgg ndhkg`m \i_ `qì
hjm` api_\hìo\g k\oo`mi ja _jr i \ hdijm n`^ji_ \i_ pk \ h\ejm ocdm_) dn
1.<\cX <Xik]`b' N_\ JifYc\d f ] k_\ H \n Glj`Z' <\*[ ;Xik[b >jjXpj( \[) <\eaXdè
MlZ_f]] #FèZfce5 O f] H\YiXjbX J' ,421$ /03)
2+
oc` n\h` dio`mq\gd^ k\oo`mi ajpi_ di h`\npm` 0 jm 4) m`nk`ôdq`gt %n`` km`qdjpn

`s\hkg` .-&+ Pc` hjm` _dm`ô gdif n``hn oj ]` oj oc` adbpm` di ]\m 4+ D`m` di
]\m 1- do j^^pmn adq` odh`n) r doc \ _daa`mìo mctoch `\^c odh`) \i_ ji oc` adaoc
j^^pmmì^` do dn diq`mo`_) g`\_dib dioj oc` h`gj_d^ omdoji` \^mjnn oc` ]\m gdi` oj
oc` cdbc kjdio ja oc` omph kò kcm\n`+
S doc oc` mòpmi ja oc` c\piodib _mji` \^^jhk\idhìo di ]\m 1/) oc`
omph kò m`^\ggn oc` hjm_\io*gdf` adbpm` admno c`\m_ di oc` jmb\i \o oc`
]`bdiidib ja `\^c ja oc` admno ocm`` no\o`hìon ja oc` rjmf %n`` `s\hkg` /.&+
As\hkg` /.7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm` 1/*13)
omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
L\gi\j\ekXk`m\ ( N_\f[fi\ Ji\jj\i =fdgXep
b ; E+F'
PB g
Pcdn gdoog` ocdmot*n`^ji_ ijo` adbpm` dn \i dh kjmo\io h`gj_d^ a`\opm` ja oc`

rjmf) \n h dbco ]` `sk`ô`_ bdqì oc` odog`) \i_ do j^^pmn hjno am`lpìogt i`\m
oc` ]`bdiidib \i_ i`\m oc` ì_+ Pcdn hdbco g`\_ ji` oj gjjf ajm \ nompôpm\g \n
r`gg \n _`^jm\odq` apiôdji) `nk`^d\ggt ndi^` do pnp\ggt \kk`\mn r doc jm q`mt
i`\m \ am\bhìo jm q\md\odji ja ji` ja oc` admno orj jkìdib kcm\n`n+ >po c`m`)
di \i_ \mjpi_ h`\npm` 1/oc` adbpm` \gnj \kk`\mn di ]\m) 1. r mdooì \n \ôp\g
bm\^` ijo`noc`m` dn ij ndbi ja oc` jkìdib h\o`md\g+ Oj da Fjgdqò dioì_`_
oc` adbpm` oj c\q` \ nompôpm\g apiôdji ji \ g\mb` n^\g`) do h pno ]` ji` hjm`
\nk`ô ja \ oì_ì^t ojr\m_ \h]dbpdot+
2,
Pc` omdkgò adbpm` g`\_dib oj oc` c\ga ijo` di ]\m 1/ dn \ijoc`m q\md\odji
ja oc` jmb\i adbpm` di ]\mn .0) .1(//( \i_ 11+ Eo dn bdqì kmjhdiì^` c`m` ]t
\pbhìo\odji \i_ ]t don kjndodji di oc` omph kò k\mo+ Eo \gnj m`^pmn) r doc \
i`r mctoch ) di ]\m 12) \b\di di oc` omph kò \i_ ajggjrdib oc` ocdmot*n`^ji_
ijo` h jm_\io adbpm`+ Ei ocdn q\md\odji) oc` hdijm ndsoc dio`mq\g dn ^c\ib`_ oj \
h\ejm ndsoc) epno \n di ]\m 11di oc` jmb\ioc` hdijm ndsoc ]`^\h` \
_dhdidnc`_ ndsoc+ Pc`n` \go`m\odjin \m` ^jindnoìo r doc oc` pino\]g`)

^jino\iogt ncdaodib ^c\m\ô`m rcd^c _jhdi\o`n ocdn ìodm` n`ôdji ja oc` rjmf)
ndi^` \]jpo ]\m /1+ Pcdn adbpm` \ghjno \kk`\mn ji^` hjm` \o oc` ì_ ja ]\m
13) ]po r docjpo oc` h jm_\io adbpm` km`^``_dib do+ Pc` omdkgò adbpm` \kk`\mn di
oc` omph kò r doc oc` admno orj dio`mq\gn) oc` omdoji` \i_ hdijm ndsoc) ]po oc`
adi\g h\ejm n`qìoc dn jigt \ h\ejm ocdm_ c`m`) kjnnd]gt c`gkdib oj ndbi\g oc`
ì_ ja oc` k\nn\b`+
Ppmidib ijr oj ]\m 10) oc` i`so omdkgò adbpm` dn \gnj m`pn`_) di ]\m 11+
Pc` kdo^c`n \i_ dio`mq\gn \m` oc` n\h` `s^`ko ajm oc` admno ji`n) ]po oc` ]*nc\mk
rcd^c ]`bdin oc` adbpm` di ]\m 11 dn ij nom\ib`m oj oc` gdnoì`m$n `\m ndi^` do r\n
npno\di`_ ajm orj \i_ \ c\ga ]`\on di ]\m 1/) epno kmdjm oj ocdn omdkgò adbpm` admno
njpi_dib di ]\m 10+ >`\o adq` ja ]\m 10 oj ]`\o ji` ja ]\m 11 km`nìon \ijoc`m
q\md\odji ja oc` adaoc ]`\o ja ]\m /+ Pcdn h\f`n oc` ]*nc\mk \go`m\odji oj oc`
omdkgò `qì hjm` \^^`ko\]g` oj oc` `\m ]`^\pn` do rdgg \gnj ]` c`\m_ \n \ijoc`m
m`kòdodji jm q\md\odji ja ocdn ^cmjh\od^ adbpm` amjh kcm\n` E+ Pc` ìodm`
k\nn\b` dn \ ompgt dibìdjpn `s\hkg` ja Fjgdqò$n pidad`_ tò _dq`mn` pn` ja
h\o`md\gn rdocdi \i dhkmjqdn\ojmt*gdf` oc`h` \i_ no\od^ c\mhjit+
=n hìodji`_ \]jq`) oc` jmb\i k\mo mòpmin di ]\m 12 oj \ k\nn\b`

notgdnod^\ggt gdf` oc` jkìdib kcm\n`n) ]po hjnogt nti^jk\o`_ %mctochd^\ggt
2-
hjm` pino\]g`&+ =]jq` ocdn oc` omphkò njpi_n \i \ghjno ^jhkgò` rcjg`*
oji` n^\g` di \i \n^ì_dib omdkgò mpi ]òr`ì b*nc\mk \i_ a*nc\mkoc` pn` ja
_*nc\mk dino`\_ ja ` ìnpm`n oc` \qjd_\i^` ja oc` rcjg`*oji` ^gd^c_+ Pcì)
amjh oc` a*i\opm\g \o oc` ì_ ja ]\m 12 ocmjpbc oc` _*i\opm\g di oc` n`^ji_ ]`\o
ja ]\m 13 r ` adi_) ajm oc` admno odh`) \ am\bhìo amjh oc` ]`bdiidib ja kcm\n` EE+
Pc` k\nn\b` amjh oc` a oj oc` _ ajmhn \ q\md\odji ja oc` h`gj_t ajpi_ di ]\m 3
ocmjpbc oc` n`^ji_ ]`\o ja ]\m 4 %n`` `s\hkg` //&+ Pc` dio`mq\gn \m` oc` n\h`)
As\hkg` //7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 12*13
\i_ 3*4+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
oc` kdo^c`n \m` \ hdijm ocdm_ gjr`m) oc` \^^jhk\idhìo dn lpdo` _daa`mìo) oc`
mctochd^ m`g\odjincdkn ]òr`ì oc` ijo`n \m` ndhdg\m ]po _daa`mìo) \i_ oc`
hòmd^ kg\^`hìo ja oc` am\bhìo) \n r`gg \n oc` h`gj_d^ \i_ c\mhjid^
^jio`so) dn q\nogt _daa`mìo+ Uò) oc` nomdfdib di_dqd_p\gdot ja oc` orj oc`h\od^
2.
am\bhìon) ]t qdmop` ja oc`dm h`gj_d^ nc\k` \i_ dio`mq\gd^ ^jioìo) dn npaad^dìo

oj gdif oc`h hjodqd^\ggt+
Pc` adi\g ocm`` h`\npm`n ja oc` h`gj_t c`m` \m` hjm` _daad^pgo oj gdif
r doc joc`m h\o`md\g+ Bmjh oc` ^*nc\mk i`\m oc` ì_ ja ]\m 13 oj oc` \*ag\o di ]\m
15) oc` kdo^c`n \i_ oc`dm jm_`mdib \m` ajpi_ìc\mhjid^\ggt \o g`\nodi oc`
admno ajpm ijo`n ja ]\m 0 %n`` `s\hkg` /0&+ Pc` adi\g ijo` ja oc` kcm\n` di ]joc
As\hkg` /07 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 13*16
\i_ 0) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
F o* ++ m &
^F+
èfiZe[f
^\n`n dn \ _*i\opm\g) ]po \gg oc` h\o`md\g ]òr`ì oc` \*ag\o \i_ oc` adi\g _ di
oc` jmdbdi\g kcm\n` dn m`kg\^`_) di ]\m 15 ]t \ njgdo\mt ^+ D`m`) ojj) oc` orj
kcm\n` am\bhìon \m` lpdo` _daa`mìo mctochd^\ggt) oc`t \m` di _daa`mìo
jô\q`n) \i_ oc`t c\q` _daa`mìo h`gj_d^ ^jio`son+ Pc` \^^jhk\itdib
c\mhjid`n c`m` \i_ di kcm\n` E) rcdg` \kk\mìogt _daa`mìo) _j ncjr njh`

ndhdg\mdotoc`t ]joc `scd]do \ ^jhkjpi_ h\ejm n`qìoc ]òr`ì jpo`m qjd^`n
\i_ \ kmjhdiìo dio`mi\g dio`mq\g ja \ hdijm ndsoc %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg`n .-
\i_ 0&+ Ki^` hjm` Fjgdqò c\n np^^``_`_ di h\fdib cdn m`*rjmfdib ja oc`
h\o`md\g nj \h]dbpjpn oc\o r` \m` pi^`mo\di rcòc`m do dn m`\ggt h`\io oj ]`
oc` n\h` h\o`md\g jm ndhkgt \ ^jdi^d_ìo\g \i_ _dno\io m`n`h]g\i^`+ Pc`
m`npgo dn oc\o jpm ^jin^djpn \ooìodji dn _m\ri \r\t amjh oc` \ôp\g `^jijht
ja hpnd^\g h`\in oj \i \kk\mìogt am``gt agjrdib \i_ dhkmjqdn\ojmt h`gj_t)
2/
rcd^c n``hn oj ]` pic\h k`m`_ ]t ^g\nnd^\g ^jind_`m\odjin \i_ m`nomdôdjin ja

ajmh+
=ao`m ocm`` ]`\on ja ndgì^` di ]\m 2-) oc` jmb\i ìo`mn r doc \ i`r
o`sopm` ja \go`mi\odib nds*ijo` \i_ orj*ijo` ^cjm_n ajm ocm`` h`\npm`n
]àjm` oc` omph kò ìo`mn di ]\m 21 %n`` `s\hkg` /1&+ Pc` dio`mq\g nompôpm` ja
As\hkg` /17 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 2.*21+
( P p oog Ljn+
C+K+ <*
;
,1 3 $
oc`n` ^cjm_n dn \ijoc`m dggpnom\odji ja oc` ^\màpg \ooìodji oj _ò\dg dic`mìo di
Fjgdqò$n ^jhkjndodji\g kmj^`nn+ Ah]`__`_ di `\^c ja oc` nds*ijo` ^cjm_n \m`
orj h\ejm n`qìocn) `doc`m ji` jm orj omdoji`n) \i_ ji` hdijm idioc) \gjib
rdoc q\mtdib dio`mq\gn ja hjm` ^jinji\io otk`n+ Pc`n` _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn di
oc`hn`gq`n) ]`^\pn` ja oc`dm nomjib) _jhdi\odib i\opm`) oì_ oj bdq` `\^c

^cjm_ \i jq`m\gg njpi_) jm njijmdot) ndhdg\m oj oc\o ja oc` joc`mn) _`nkdo`
q\md\odjin di oc` joc`m dio`mq\gn km`nìo+ Bpmoc`m `s\hdi\odji m`q`\gn oc\o) di
oc` mdbco c\i_) oc` n`^ji_ ^cjm_ dn jigt oc` admno ji` om\inkjn`_ pk \ hdijm
ocdm_) \i_ oc` ocdm_ ^cjm_ dn oc` n\h` \n oc` admno \ h\ejm ocdm_ cdbc`m rdoc oc`
dio`mq\gn no\^f`_ di m`q`mn`\ hdijm ndsoc ji ojk ja \ hdijm ocdm_ dino`\_ ja \
hdijm ocdm_ %\pbhìo`_ n`^ji_& ji ojk ja \ hdijm ndsoc+ Pc` gào c\i_ ^cjm_n
20
\m` m`g\o`_ njh`rc\o _daa`mìogt+ Pc` ]\nn ja oc` n`^ji_ ^cjm_ dn) \n di oc`
mdbco c\i_) \ hdijm ocdm_ cdbc`m oc\i di oc` admno ^cjm_) ]po oc` dio`mq\gn \]jq`
do \m` \ hdijm ndsoc \i_ \ omdoji` dino`\_ ja \ omdoji` \i_ \ h\ejm ocdm_\ fdi_
ja c\mhjid^ diq`mndji+ Pc` ocdm_ ^cjm_ ja oc` gào c\i_ ^\i ]` m`g\o`_ oj oc`
admno di \ nodgg hjm` j]n^pm` r\t+ Pc` jpond_` dio`mq\g ja oc` admno gào c\i_
^cjm_\ hdijm n`qìocdn km`n`mq`_ \n \i \pbhìo`_ ndsoc \i_ om\inkjn`_
\ hdijm n`^ji_ cdbc`m di oc` ocdm_ ^cjm_) \i_ oc` hd__g` ijo` di oc` admno ]\m)
rcd^c dn \ h\ejm ocdm_ ]`gjr oc` ojk ijo`) dn ncdao`_ \ h\ejm ocdm_ \]jq` rc\o
r jpg_ c\q` ]`ì oc` ojk ijo`) ]po rcd^c ijr dn oc` hd__g` ijo`) di oc` ocdm_
]\m+
>òr`ì oc`n` ocm`` nom\ib`gt m`g\o`_ njijmdod`n \m` orj h\ejm n`qìoc
njijmdod`n kg\t`_ ]t oc` k`_\gn \i_ h\mf`_ r doc nomjib \^^ìon \i_
najmu\i_jn+ Pc` n`^ji_ k`_\g njijmdot dn) gdf` oc` ^cjm_ di oc` mdbco c\i_ \i_
oc` ]\nn ijo` ja oc` gào c\i_) \ hdijm ocdm_ cdbc`m oc\i oc` admno+ Ei oc` ocdm_
h`\npm` %]\m 20&) oc` ijo`n ja oc` km`qdjpn h\ejm n`qìoc `s^c\ib` kjndodjin
oj ajmh \ hdijm idioc rcd^c dn ocì npno\di`_ dioj oc` i`so ^cjm_ _pmdib
rcd^c oc` omph kò ìo`mn rdoc don n`mkìodi` h`gj_t _dn^pnn`_ \]jq` \n \
nk`^dad^ `s\hkg` ja c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe*
Pcdn gjib) pkr\m_*hjqdib omph kò gdi` dn npno\di`_ ]t \ hjodqd^ ^`gg

rcd^c j^^pmn ocm`` odh`n di np^^`nndji) `\^c odh` ngdbcogt hjm` \pbhìo`_
oc\i oc` km`qdjpn odh` %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 6&+ Pc` ^`gg admno \kk`\mn \o oc`
ì_ ja ]\m 22 \i_ ^jindnon ja \i \n^ì_dib rcjg` no`k ajggjr`_ ]t \
_`n^ì_dib c\ga no`k \i_ \i \n^ì_dib h\ejm ocdm_ %jm _dhdidnc`_ ajpmoc&+
A\^c ^`gg dn _jqò\dg`_ r doc oc` i`so ji`) \i_ oc` ocdm_ j^^pmmì^` dn \go`m`_ ]t
21
\i dio`mqìdib ijo` %oc` `*ag\o&) rcd^c jigt n`mq`n oj `soì_ oc` gdi`) kmjqd_`
q\mdòt) \i_ _dnbpdn` don hjodqd^\ggt `^jijhd^\g ^jinompôdji+
>\m 25 ]mdibn \ mòpmi ja oc` \go`mi\odib ]gj^f njijmdod`n ja oc` otk`
diomj_p^`_ di ]\mn 2.*20) ]po c`m` hòmd^ m`bpg\mdot dn \qjd_`_jm ]mjfì
]t bdqdib ]\m 25 ajpm \i_ \ c\ga ]`\on+ Nctochd^ dmm`bpg\mdot dn h\dio\di`_ di
oc` m`no ja ocdn k\nn\b` ojj) ocmjpbc ]\m 30) ]t oc`n` \go`mi\odib ^cjm_n
j^^pmmdib di _daa`mìo k\mon ja `\^c h`\npm`) di àa`ô km`qìodib oc`
`no\]gdnchìo ja \it no`\_t kpgn` %n`` `s\hkg` /2&+
As\hkg` /27 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 25*
30+ Qn`_ ]t k`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Z N`km`nìo\odq` * Pc`j_jm` Lm`nn`m ?jhk\it
G a ` a ^ $* $A P + R* * a ^ d *
******************************* m
03 K +K + ************************** + 2
,
; [ [[[[[[
********************* **********
0 * H ! H :
0 < \ \ : * : : d[ + : d z Q 0 H + +* * +
R
d ] j] L]
Pc` omph kò ìom\i^` di ]\m 3- c\n \gm`\_t ]`ì hìodji`_ \n kjnnd]gt
dggpnom\odib c\j kiXejdlkXk`fej [\ cX dXjj\ jfefi\* Pc` pkr \m_ g`\k ja \ h\ejm
idioc ajpi_ c`m` \gnj c\kkìn oj ]` oc` nk\i ja kcm\n` EE) ^dm^phn^md]`_ ]t
22
oc` admno \i_ g\no ijo`n ja ]\m 4 %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` .-&+ Scòc`m jm ijo
oc`m` dn \it m`\g m`g\odjincdk ]òr`ì ocdn ìom\i^` \i_ kcm\n` EE) oc`
^jiodip\odji ja oc` omph kò gdi` ocmjpbc oc` n`^ji_ ]`\o ja ]\m 3/ ]`\mn njh`
m`n`h]g\i^` oj oc` hd__g` ja ]\m 0 amjh kcm\n` E) om\inkjn`_ _jr i \ hdijm
n`^ji_+ =go`mi\odq`gt) do ]`\mn njh`rc\o g`nn ^jiqdi^dib m`n`h]g\i^` oj oc`
ì_ ja ]\m 4 ocmjpbc oc` ]`bdiidib ja ]\m 5 amjh kcm\n` EE) om\inkjn`_ _jri \
h\ejm ocdm_+ Ei `doc`m ^\n`) oc`h\od^ h\o`md\g dn ]`dib m`^t^g`_ ji \ hjodqd^
g`q`g+ Pc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja ]\m 3/ ocmjpbc \]jpo oc` admno c\ga ja ]\m 30 ]`\mn \
^gjn` m`n`h]g\i^` di mctoch \i_ bì`m\g ^jiojpm`qì ocjpbc njh` ja oc`
dio`mq\gn \m` \go`m`_oj \ am\bhìo ja kcm\n` E amjh oc` g\no ]`\o ja ]\m /
ocmjpbc oc` admno c\ga ja ]\m 0+ Pc` i`so _`mdq\odq` ^jh`n jigt \o oc` ì_ ja oc`
kcm\n` di ]\m 32+ D`m` oc` lp\mo`m ijo` omdkgò bjdib oj oc` c\ga ijo` b*nc\mk
n``hn oj ]` \ q\md\odji ja oc` `dbcoc ijo` omdkgò bjdib oj \ gjib ijo` di ]\m 1/
%n`` `s\hkg` /3&+ =b\di) oc` hd__g` \i_ g`\no _dnnji\io dio`mq\g dn oc` ji`
As\hkg` /37 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 32

\i_ 1/) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
L\gi\j\ekXk`m\ ( N_\f[fi\ Ji\jj\i =fdgXep
oc\o dn \go`m`_) amjh \ hdijm ndsoc oj \ h\ejm n`^ji_+ Pc` m`g\odq`gt ^jinji\io
dio`mq\gn \m` ja ^jpmn` oc` gjbd^\g ^cjd^` ajm \go`m\odji ndi^` oc`t \m` oc` g`\no
^jgjmapg \i_ oc`m`]t ^jiomd]po` oc` g`\no oj oc` _dnodiô jq`m\gg njpi_ jm
^c\m\ô`m ja \it bdqì am\bhìo) hjodq`) jm njijmdot+
Ei ]\mn 31 \i_ 32 oc` \^^jhk\idhìo ^c\ib`n oj ajpm*k\mo cjhjkcjit

rcd^c ^\i ]` om\^`_ oj ]\mn 12*13+ Pc` g\o`m k\nn\b` dn bdqì \ ndhkg`m) g`nn
23
nti^jk\o`_ mctoch) \i_ do dn om\inkjn`_ pk \ hdijm n`^ji_+ Pc` orj dii`m

qjd^`n \m` ^c\ib`_ di oc` ocdm_ ^cjm_) \i_ oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja ]\m 32 ajggjrn \i
di_`kì_ìo ^jpmn`+ Pc` m`g\odjincdk ]òr`ì oc` orj k\nn\b`n dn \gnj
npkkjmo`_ ]t d_ìod^\g jmb\i m`bdnom\odji %n`` `s\hkg` /4&+
As\hkg` /47 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 31*32
\i_ 12*13) jmb\i k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji K a Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
,1
m g
Bjm_n)
E.+'+
,1 '
=ao`m \i `dbcoc m`no ji oc` _jri]`\o ja ]\m 33) oc` jmb\i mòpmin oj
npno\di`_ ]gj^f ^cjm_n ndhdg\m oj ocjn` ja ]\mn 2.*20 \i_ 25*30) ] p o ijr oc`
ocdmot*n`^ji_ ijo` `h]`ggdnchìo adbpm` amjh oc` jkìdib kcm\n`n dn \__`_)

\i_ oc` ^cjm_n ji oc` h\ip\gn \m` npno\di`_ jq`m oc` k`_\g _d\_n dino`\_ ja
\go`mi\odib r doc oc`h %n`` `s\hkg` /5&+ Pc` ^jinompôdji ja oc`n` ^cjm_n dn
njh`rc\o _daa`mìo ]po ^jiodip`n oj a`\opm` \ cdbc g`q`g ja _dnnji\i^`
ocmjpbc oc` km`nì^` ja omdoji`n) n`hdoji`n) \i_ jô\q` ^jhkjpi_n ja oc`n`
dio`mq\gn+ Pc` m`bdnom\odji ja oc` jmb\i dn oc` m`q`mn` ja oc` km`qdjpn orj
]gj^f ^cjm_ k\nn\b`n) kmjbm`nndib amjh oc` apgg m`bdnom\odji Xk]fik\ kf oc`
46
As\hkg` /57 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 33*
4.) jmb\i k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
(Ppood Nda^do Ljn+C+K+

] Yf] R '
.3 $
N`^do
Ijgoj gìoj
ggg Bgpo`n ò C\h]on 5
gdbco`no m`bdnom\odji %K\Z`k&( \i_ _tdib \r\t oj ggg dioj ]\m 4.+ Pcdn m`q`mn\g
ja m`bdnom\odji \i_ _ti\hd^n) \gjib r doc oc` ndgì^` ja oc` k`_\gn \ao`m oc`dm
n`^ji_ njijmdot \i_ oc` a`mh\o\ di ]\m 4.) c`gkn oj ndbi\g oc` mòpmi ja oc`
lpdò jkìdib h\o`md\g di ]\m 4.+ Pc` omph kò k\mo _pmdib ocdn k\nn\b`) amjh
]\m 33*4-) dn \ôp\ggt _`mdq`_ amjh kcm\n` EE di don ìodmòt+ Eo ]`bdin
om\inkjn`_ \ h\ejm ocdm_ cdbc`m oc\i di ]\m 3 \i_ ncdaon ^jpmn` i`\m oc` ì_ ja
]\m 34 ]t g`\kdib _jr i \ hdijm idioc) dino`\_ ja \ hdijm ocdm_) \i_ ocì pk \
hdijm ocdm_) dino`\_ ja \ h\ejm ocdm_ %n`` `s\hkg` /6&+ Jjr om\inkjn`_ _jri
5-
As\hkg` /67 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 33*4-
Ijij :C0*^`
dfiZe[f
\ k`ma`ô adaoc) oc` oc`h` kmj^``_n) rdoc oc` p]dlpdojpn mctochd^ ^c\ib`n)
ojr\m_ oc` ì_ ja oc` kcm\n` `qì apmoc`m m`hjq`_ amjh oc` jmdbdi\gocdn dn
\n ^gjn` \n Fjgdqò ^jh`n oj m`k`\odib) `qì \n \ q\md\odji) \ ^jhkgò` oc`h\od^
no\o`hìo di ocdn rjmf+ Ei ]\m 5) oc` jmdbdi\g kcm\n` a\ggn amjh oc` cdbc ]
ocmjpbc ]*ag\o oj ` ]t r\t ja \ bm\^` ijo` a) \ n`hdoji` \]jq` oc` `+ Ei ]\m 35)
Fjgdqò pn`n \ bm\^` ijo` \ n`hdoji` ]`gjr) dino`\_ ja \]jq`+ Pcì c` nfdkn
orj ijo`n amjh oc` jmdbdi\g n`lpì^` \i_ bj`n _dm`ôgt amjh a pk oj ^*nc\mk)
\i dio`mq\g ja \ hdijm ndsoc) rc`m`\n) di oc` jmdbdi\g) ^ g`\k`_ p k \ h\ejm
ndsococmjpbc `*ag\o \i_ boj \+ Pc\o ^*nc\mk dn di a\ô oc` adi\g ijo` ja oc`
kcm\n` dn ^jiadmh`_) \ao`m \ ]mdà `soìndji k\nn\b` di ]\m 36) ]t oc` a`mh\o\ di
]\m 4-+ Ei oc` jmb\i k\mo ja ocdn h`\npm`) Fjgdqò ]mdibn ]\^f ajm oc` g\no odh`
kmj]\]gt oc` hjno m`pn`_ hjodq` di oc` rcjg` rjmf+ Pcdn gdoog` ajpm*ijo`
adbpm` dn c`\m_) di ji` ajmh jm \ijoc`m) \o g`\no `dbco odh`n) \n r` n\r di ]\mn
.0)/2)00)1/)11)12)32) \i_ adi\ggt c`m` di ]\m 4- %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` /5&+ Eo
\kk`\mn i`doc`m _pmdib oc` admno orj oc`h\od^ no\o`hìon ja oc` rjmf ijm
_pmdib oc` adi\g n`ôdji) ]`bdiidib rdoc ]\m 4.+ Oj don nompôpm\g apiôdji) da
oc`m` dn ji`) h\t ]` oj c`gk h\mf jaa oc` jpo`m n`ôdjinoc` `skjndodji \i_
m`^\kdopg\odji) jm ^j_\+ ?jind_`mdib \gg oc` joc`m `g`hìon rcd^c nc\k` oc`
3,
ajmh ja oc` kd`^` ocdn npbb`nodji n``hn kg\pnd]g`) ]po oc` `qd_ì^` dn nodgg
di^ji^gpndq` _p` oj oc` kpmkjnàpggt \h]dbpjpn i\opm` ja Fjgdqò$n
^jhkjndodji\g notg`+
Ei \it `qìo) ]\m 4. dn \ ^g`\m mòpmi oj oc` jkìdib h\o`md\g+ Eo dn
\ghjno \i `s\ô m`kòdodji ja oc` admno ]\m) oc` _daa`mì^` ]`dib \ _daa`mìo
m`bdnom\odji) \i `qì lpdò`m _ti\hd^ h\mfdib) \ _daa`mìo ocjpbc q`mt ndhdg\m

o`hkj di_d^\odji) \i_ oc` jô\q` _dnkg\^`hìo ja oc` g\no orj k`_\g ijo`n+
Pc` _jri]`\o ja ]\m 4/ ^\i ]` ^jind_`m`_ _`mdq`_ `doc`m amjh oc` _jri]`\o
ja ]\m /) om\inkjn`_ pk \ h\ejm n`^ji_) jm amjh oc` _jri]`\o ja oc` q\md\io di
]\m .- rdoc oc` ]\nn \i jô\q` gjr`m \i_ oc` rcjg` kcm\n` amjh oc` ajpmoc
]`\o ja oc` km`qdjpn ]\m %]\m 4.& om\inkjn`_ \ n`hdoji` gjr`m %n`` `s\hkg`
0-&+ N`\gdnod^\ggt do dn ]joc \i_ i`doc`m) ]`dib _`mdq`_ amjh oc` jmdbdi\g
As\hkg` 0-7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 4/)/)
\i_ .-) jmb\i k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
, BP m
.-9
****.*****.*** z******* oj
aE
a``+ %F k*'
2Z:*' F'
hpnd^\g d_`\g) dh\bdi`_ di oc` hdi_ ja oc` ^jhkjn`m) rcd^c nk\r i`_ \gg ocm``
`s\hkg`n \i_ oc` joc`m q\md\odjin ja oc`h \n r`gg+ Ki` ja ocjn` joc`m
q\md\odjin o\f`n pn amjh oc` ajpmoc ]`\o ja ]\m 4/ ocmjpbc ]\m 41 %n`` `s\hkg`
0.&+ =b\di oc` q\md\odji dn np]og` \i_ pintno`h\od^+ Eo dn gdf` ]\m 4.
om\inkjn`_ admno \ omdoji`) ocì \ k`ma`ô adaoc) \i_ adi\ggt ji oc` g\no ijo` ja ]\m
40 \ h\ejm ndsoc cdbc`m) ]po rdoc _daa`mìo `h]`ggdnchìon) \ghjno ^jhkgò`gt
5/
As\hkg` 0.7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 4/*
41) jmb\i k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
N goì+
m% i ci8s
*] z i ci s i z
Q )]ZF Dv D D 9
i`r ijo`n di oc` k`_\gn) \i_ \ _daa`mìo m`njgpodji oc\i \it ja oc` km`qdjpn
q\md\ioni\h`gt) \i `h]`ggdnc`_ ocm``*jô\q` a*nc\mk ji oc` _jri]`\o ja ]\m
41+ Fpno \n di oc` ]`bdiidib) \ao`m oc` jmb\i m`\^c`n don g\no ijo` ja oc` kcm\n`)
oc` omph kò ìo`mn ji oc` ocdm_ ]`\o ja oc` h`\npm`+ Pc` h`gj_t do kg\tn)
cjr`q`m) \n r`gg \n \gg oc` omph kò$n h\o`md\g amjh c`m` oj oc` ì_) c\n gdoog` da
\it _dm`ô ^jii`ôdji oj oc` jkìdib kcm\n`n+ Eo c\n hjm` di ^jhhji r doc oc`
\i\^cmjidnod^ n`mkìodi` h\o`md\g amjh ]\mn 22*24 \i_ ]\m 1- %n`` `s\hkg`n 0/
\i_ /-&+
As\hkg` 0/7 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 41*44
P Pd do
gg
Ok`^dad^\ggt) oc` omph kò kcm\n` ]`bdiidib di ]\m 41 `scd]don di don admno
adq` ijo`n oc` n\h` hjodqd^ ^`gg oc\o _jhdi\o`n ]\mn 22*25+ Pc` m`no ja oc`
kcm\n` ngdoc`mn bm\_p\ggt _jr i oj \ npno\di`_ a*nc\mk) `h]`ggdnc`_ ]t oc`
3.
h dmmjm dh\b` ja oc` ocdmot*n`^ji_ ijo` h jm_\io adbpm` ji a*nc\mk kg\t`_ ]t

oc` jmb\i di ]\m 41+ Pc` ìodm` ocm``*\i_*\*c\ga*h`\npm` omph kò kcm\n`
nk\in jigt \ omdoji`) di nc\mk ^jiom\no oj oc` km`^`_dib h\o`md\g) \i_ do
di^gp_`n `q`mt n`hdoji` rdocdi oc\o nk\i di r c\o hdbco ]` o`mh`_ \ ^gpno`m
h`gj_t) jm ^gpno`m kcm\n`+ = lpd^f gjjf \o km`qdjpn omph kò h\o`md\g m`q`\gn
np^c ^gpno`m kcm\n`n) jm \o g`\no ^gpno`m am\bhìon) di ]\mn 02*03)/2*/5) \i_ oc`
n`^ji_ c\ga ja kcm\n` E %di ]\mn 0*1&) \n r`gg \n joc`m kg\^`n+
Kq`mg\kkdib oc` ì_ ja oc` omph kò kcm\n` di ]\m 44 dn \ ndhkg` orj*
qjd^` adbpm` di oc` jmb\i rcd^c ]mdibn oj kmjhdiì^` oc` ocdmot*n`^ji_ ijo`
adbpm` \i_ oc` dio`mq\g ja \ omdoji` %n`` `s\hkg` 00&+ Pc` omph kò ocì
As\hkg` 007 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm` 44*5-+
.
.3 5
m`ìo`mn rdoc \ijoc`m ^gpno`m am\bhìo amjh b*nc\mk ocmjpbc `*ag\o ]àjm`
]`dib dio`mmpko`_ ]t \i \) \ omdoji` cdbc`m+ =ao`m ocdn cdbcgdbco`_ h`gj_d^
omdoji`) oc` gdi` ndifn ]\^f _jr i oj oc` \ ]`gjr+ =ijoc`m ^pmo) jq`mg\kkdib
jmb\i dio`mgp_`) a`\opmdib ]joc oc` ocdmot*n`^ji_ ijo` adbpm` \i_ oc` omdoji`)
]mdibn pn oj oc` ocdm_ \i_ adi\g omph kò kcm\n`+ Pcdn odh` oc` gdi` ^jindnon ja \
n`lpì^` ja \ c\ga no`k) \ omdoji`) \ _`n^ì_dib \pbhìo`_ omd\_) \ijoc`m
omdoji`) orj jq`mg\kkdib \n^ì_dib _dhdidnc`_ omd\_najmhdib \ k\mod\g
3/
jô\ojid^ n^\g` di \ r\t m`hdidn^ìo ja ]\m 1-\i_ adi\ggt oc` ocdmot*n`^ji_

ijo` adbpm` ji^` hjm`) ji \i a*nc\mk %n`` `s\hkg` 01&+ Pcdn ìodm` g\no n`ôdji
As\hkg` 017 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n 5.*52)
omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
amjh ]\m 4. oj oc` ì_ kmj_p^`n \ q`mt h`_do\odq`) m`noapg àa`ô ocmjpbc don
lpdò _ti\hd^n) don gjr mctochd^ _ìndot) don npno\di`_) _mji`*gdf`
\^^jhk\idhìo) \i_ don hjnogt ^jiepiô h`gj_d^ gdi`n+
Ei oc` g\no ocm`` h`\npm`n) rcdg` oc` omphkò npno\din don adi\g a*nc\mk)
oc` jmb\i lpdògt njpi_n orj adi\g ^cjm_n) oc` n`^ji_ ja rcd^c dn ojkk`_ ]t
rc\o rjpg_ \kk`\m oj ]` \ ngjr hjodji q\md\odji ja oc` ocdmot*n`^ji_ ijo`
`h]`ggdnchìo adbpm`) \kk`\mdib c`m` di `dbcoc ijo`n ajggjr`_ ]t \ _joo`_
c\ga) m\oc`m oc\i ocdmot*n`^ji_n ajggjr`_ ]t \ _joo`_ `dbcoc %n`` `s\hkg` 02&+
,<J dZi\e[f
10/$
dfid`]f
Ea r` r`m` oj omt oj \i\gtu` oc`n` ^cjm_n ]t om\_dodji\g h`\in) oc` adi\g ^cjm_
hdbco ]` g\]`g`_ \i a*nc\mk 3,6 %!..,!6& ^cjm_) rcd^c dn \ghjno \ g`bdodh\o`
30
e\uu njijmdot \i_ h dbco \o g`\no ]` ^\gg`_ e\uut+ Djr`q`m) oc` diq\gd_dot ja
\kkgtdib om\_dodji\g \i\gtndn o`^cidlp`n oj Fjgdqò$n h \opm` rjmfn c\n \gm`\_t
]`ì kjdio`_ jpo) \i_ oc` kìpgodh\o` ^cjm_) rcd^c di \ om\_dodji\g \i\gtndn
r` r jpg_ `sk`ô oj ]` njh` njmo ja _jhdi\io) dn ijocdib ja oc` fdi_+ Ei a\ô do
dn \ q`mt ndhdg\m njijmdot oj oc` adi\g ^cjm_ \i_ h dbco `qì ]` g\]`g`_ \i a*
nc\mk 3,6 %!2,!6&) `s^`ko oc\o oc` 3)6) \i_ !2 \m` qjd^`_ gjr`m oc\i r jpg_ ]`
^jind_`m`_ ^jmm`ô) \i_ oc` 2) !2) \i_ 3 \m` km`nìo`_ di \ ^gpno`m\i
pijmocj_js kmj^`_pm` ]t oji\g no\i_\m_n oj n\t oc` g`\no+ Koc`m \oo`hkon oj
\i\gtu` jm epnodat oc`n` ^cjm_n om\_dodji\ggt kmjq` `lp\ggt ampdog`nn+ >po di
gdbco ja Fjgdqò$n oì_ì^t ojr\m_ oc` hjno _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn \i_ cdn
k\mod^pg\m \oji\g \`nocòd^) oc`n` njijmdod`n n``h epno \n m`\nji\]g` \n \it
joc`mn) da ijo hjm` nj+ Bpmoc`mhjm` njh` ajmh ja 3,6 njijmdot) rdoc jm
rdocjpo \go`m`_ `soìndjin jm \__`_ ijo`n) dn ajpi_ oj ]` oc` adi\g ^cjm_ di
n`q`m\g ja cdn joc`m) `\mgd`m rjmfn+ S` adi_ do) ajm `s\hkg`) di <èh èk\icl[\j
ajm jmb\i %.610&7 a 3,6) :ì [\ ;iXmfli\ ajm omph kò \i_ kd\ij %.62/&7 ^*hdijm
3,6) ?XekXj`\)<Xgi`Z\ ajm agpo` \i_ kd\ij %.620&7 _ 3 ,6 %!2&) >g`k_XcXd\ ajm ./
qj^\g njgjdnon %.620&7 ^*nc\mk 3,6) \i_ oc` <feZ\ikf ajm ]\nnjji %.621&7 _ 3,6+
Lpoodib ojbòc`m \gg ja oc` km`^`_dib _dn^pnndji ja oc` h\it `g`hìon
rcd^c c`gk oj _ò`mhdi` oc` nc\k` jm ajmh ja oc` rjmf) r` ^\i ijr _`n^md]`
:i`fjf ;XifZZf \n c\qdib \ ajpm*k\mo nompôpm`7 =>?=+ Qgodh\o`gt ajmh di
:i`fjf ;XifZZf n``hn oj ]` g\mb`gt _ò`mhdi`_ ]t oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn r doc njh`
^dm^phno\iod\g ]po dhkjmo\io npkkjmo amjh hpodib \i_ o`sopm`) ]po oc` mjg` ja
c\mhjit) rcd^c dn nj dhkjmo\io di ^g\nnd^\g nompôpm`) \kk`\mn oj ]` i`bgdbd]g`)
\n ji` h dbco `sk`ô di \oji\g hpnd^+
31
=oji\gdot
J j _dn^pnndji ja Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ rjpg_ ]` ^jhkgò` r docjpo

^jind_`mdib ]joc cjr Fjgdqò$n k`mnji\g ^ji^`kodji ja \oji\gdot dn h\ida`no`_
di cdn rjmf) \i_ cjr oc` diagpì^` ja kmdhdodq` \i_ `sjod^ hpnd^ dn màg`ô`_ di
cdn om`\ohìo ja h`gj_t \i_ mctoch+ Fjgdqò$n no\o`hìon \]jpo oc` oji\gdot
jm \oji\gdotja cdn hpnd^ di_d^\o` oc\o c` r\n nthk\ocòd^ oj oc` \`nocòd^ ja
n`md\gdnh ]po \_\h\iogt jkkjn`_ oj oc` o`^cidlp` ja n`md\gdnh+ Pc` `nnìod\g
\`nocòd^ bj\g ja oc` or`gq`*oji` ^jhkjn`mn r\n oj am`` hpnd^ ja oc`
gdhdo\odjin ja oc` kdo^c cd`m\m^ct rcd^c bjq`mi`_ \i_ _àdi`_ oji\gdot+ Ei
joc`m rjm_n) n`md\gdnh \i_ Fjgdqò ]joc npkkjmo`_ \ iji*_dn^mdhdi\odji
kjgd^t ojr \m_ kdo^c) \_qj^\odib) \n do r`m`) \ njmo ja `lp\g mdbcon hjq`hìo
\kkgd`_ oj kdo^c+ Pcdn dn di_``_ oc` bj\g ja \it \oji\g ntno`h+ =n `skg\di`_
]t >\mojf di .6/-7
Pc` _`^dndq` opmi ojr \m_ \oji\gdot ]`b\i jigt r c ` i + + + oc` i``_
r\n a`go ajm oc` `lp\gdot ja mdbcon ja oc` di_dqd_p\g or`gq` oji`n
ja jpm _j_`^\kcjid^ hj_`7 r cì oc` \oo`h ko r\n h \_` oj
\qjd_ \mm\ib`h ìo ja oc` or`gq` oji`n \^^jm_dib oj ^`mo\di
n^\g\m ntno`hn jm oj \oomd]po` oj oc` di_dqd_p\g oji`n bm`\o`m jm
g`nn q\gp` di ^jiajmhdib rdoc ocdn \mm\ib`hìo) nj oc\o pn`
^jpg_ ]` h\_` ja oc` di_dqd_p\g oji`n di \it jkodji\g
^jh]di\odji) cjmdujio\ggt \n r`gg \n q`mod^\ggt) dmmòm\^`\]g` oj
\it n^\g\m ntno`h+ Eo dn omp` oc\o ^`mo\di oji`n di ^jh]di\odji
\gnj b\di ]t ocdn kmj^`_pm` \ m`g\odq` km`_jhdi\i^`8 ocdn
_daa`mì^` ja dhkjmo\i^`) cjr`q`m) dn ijo ]\n`_ ji \ ^`mo\di n^\g`
k\oo`mi ]po dn oc` jpo^jh` ja oc` j^^\ndji\g ^jh]di\odji8 epno \n
oc` di_dqd_p\g h`h]`mn di oc` ^jh]di`_ bmjpkn c\q` \ _daa`mìo
q\gp` \i_ dioìndot di m`g\odji oj `\^c joc`m+ Pc` kjnnd]dgdod`n ja
`skm`nndji \m` di^m`\n`_ di bm`\o h`\npm`) di^\g^pg\]g` \n tò) ]t
oc` am`` \i_ `lp\g om`\oh ìo ja oc` or`gq` oji`n+31
Eo dn epno ocdn di^m`\n` di oc` `skm`nndq` kjr`m ja hpnd^ oc\o r\n njpbco ]t
Fjgdqò di \_jkodib \oji\gdot+ Ei a\ô Fjgdqò ajpi_`_ oc` Bmì^c ?ìo`m ajm
1/<Xikfb /00(01)
32
Ipnd^\g Dph\idnh di .626 ajm oc` `skm`nn kpmkjn` ja `skgjmdib oc`

`skm`nndq` kjr`mn ja iji*n`md\g \oji\g hpnd^+ Pr`gq`*oji` hpnd^ m`kg\^`_) jm
npkkg\io`_) oc` kdo^c*cd`m\m^cd^\g ntno`h ja oji\gdot r doc \ _daa`mìo nompôpm\g
ntno`h ja kdo^c jm_`mdib % kdo^c c`m` dn pn`_ ntijithjpngt r doc kdo^c
^g\nn &) rcd^c _àdi`_ oc` o`^cidlp` ja n`md\g ^jhkjndodji+ >po ndi^`) \n r`
fijr) Fjgdqò j]e`ô`_ oj \it o`^cid^\g ntno`h ja ^jhkjndodji) `nk`^d\ggt ji`
rcd^c gdhdo`_ ^m`\odqdot \n oc` ajm^`_ `lp\gdot ja n`md\gdnh _d_) c` ^jpg_ ij
hjm` \_jko oc` i`r*a\ibg`_ n`md\g o`^cidlp` oc\i oc` jg_*a\ncdji`_ oji\gdot+
Ka ^jpmn` cdn hpnd^) `s^`ko oc\o ja cdn i\odji\gdnod^ n`^ji_ k`mdj_)
^jpg_ `hkgjt jigt \ fdi_ ja am`` \oji\gdot) rc`m` kdo^c ^cjd^`n]joc
h`gj_d^\ggt \i_ c\mhjid^\ggtr`m` bjq`mi`_ njg`gt ]t \`nocòd^ kmdi^dkg`n)
d+`+ cdn jri k`mnji\g o\no`+ Ddn o\no` r\n di^gdi`_ ojr \m_ epno \]jpo \itocdib
rcd^c r\n ^jiom\mt oj oc` mpg`n ja oji\gdot) di^gp_dib _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn
%k\mod^pg\mgt oc` hjno _dnnji\io ji`n) oc` omdoji` \i_ oc` c\ga no`k) \i_ \gg
jô\q` ^jhkjpi_n ja oc`h&) \i_ oc` \qjd_\i^` ja \it oji\ggt apiôdji\g
m`g\odjincdkn di cdn c\mhjid^ \i_ h`gj_d^ kmjbm`nndjin+ Ddn adq` no\o`_
o`^cid^\g m`n`\m^c`n jm kmdi^dkg`n) _`\gdib hò\kctnd^\ggt \i_ \h]dbpjpngt
rdoc m`nji\i^`) hj_pg\odji) njpi_ kmje`ôdji \i_ om\inhpo\odji) \i_
mctoch) n``h oj c\q` n`mq`_ h`m`gt \n mà`mì^` kjdion \mjpi_ rcd^c cdn
hpnd^\g dh\bdi\odji kg\t`_ am``gt+
S` c\q` n`ì di oc` ajm`bjdib k\b`n oc\o oc`n` kmdi^dkg`n) rcì
^jind_`m`_ \n nk`^dad^ ^jhkjndodji\g o`^cidlp`n) \m` `qd_ìo jigt \o dnjg\o`_
kjdion rdocdi :i`fjf ;XifZZf( \i_ _j ijo \kk`\m oj ]` di \it r\t kmdh \mt
_ò`mhdi`mn ja notg` di oc` rjmf+ Ei a\ô) oc` gdnoì`m$n hjno dhh`_d\o`
dhkm`nndji) pkji c`\mdib oc` rjmf) dn gdf`gt oj ]` ji` ja nomdfdib \i_ qdmop\ggt
33
^jiodipjpn _dnnji\i^`) ]joc c\mhjid^\ggt \i_ h`gj_d^\ggt) \i_ ja am``gt

`skm`nndq` ]po \oji\g h`gj_t _jhdi\odib oc` o`sopm`+
Pc`n` dhkm`nndjin ja oc` \oji\g ^c\m\ô`m ja oc` hpnd^ \m` _p` g\mb`gt
oj oc` dio`mq\gd^ nompôpm` ja oc` q`mod^\g \i_ cjmdujio\g kdo^c ^jh]di\odjin+
Rdmop\ggt `q`mt q`mod^\g njijmdot di oc` rjmf ^jio\din \i dio`mq\g ja \ omdoji`)
h\ejm n`qìoc) hdijm idioc) jm njh` ^jh]di\odji ja oc`n` ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn
jm oc`dm jô\q` ^jhkjpi_n+ Pcdn dggpnom\o`n Fjgdqò$n no\o`hìo) h\_` epno orj
t`\mn ]àjm` c` rmjo` :i`fjf ;XifZZf( oc\o di cdn c\mhjid`n) ji` _j`n ijo adi_
k`ma`ô ^cjm_n) W]poY m\oc`m \ epso\kjndodji ja oji`n + + + ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t
dio`mq\gn m`hjq`_ \n a\m \n kjnnd]g` amjh oc` _d\ojid^+ 32 Pc` omdoji`) hdijm
idioc) \i_ h\ejm n`qìoc \m` di_``_ \n a\m amjh _d\ojid^ dio`mq\gn \n ji` ^\i
dh\bdi`+ Odhdg\mgt) ji` ^\i c\m_gt adi_ \ ndibg` h`gj_d^ kcm\n` rcd^c _j`n
ijo `skgjdo \o g`\no ji` ja oc`n` dio`mq\gn ]joc gdi`\mgt \i_ di c\mhjid^
m`g\odji oj oc` \^^jhk\idhìo+ Pc` admno kcm\n` ja oc` kd`^` dn \ ^\n` di kjdio+
Ei oc` jmb\i k\mo) oc` admno) adaoc) \i_ ndsoc ^cjm_noc` ndsoc ]`dib npno\di`_
ajm orj h`\npm`n\gg c\q` `doc`m \ ndhkg` jm ^jhkjpi_ h\ejm n`qìoc
]òr`ì oc` jpo`m qjd^`n) \i_ \gg oc` joc`m ^cjm_n c\q` \ ndhkg` jm ^jhkjpi_
hdijm idioc ]òr`ì oc` jpond_` qjd^`n %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` .-&+ Pc` admno
^cjm_ \gnj di^gp_`n \ omdoji` ]òr`ì oc` ojk orj qjd^`n \i_ oc` ajpmoc rjpg_
ajmh \ n`hdoji` ^gpno`m `s^`ko ajm oc` jô\q` _dnkg\^`hìo ja oc` a+ Eo dn \gnj
ndbidad^\io oc\o \gg or`gq` ijo`n \m` pn`_ di oc` admno nds ]`\on) \gocjpbc ijo
n`md\ggt) \i_ oc` qjd^`n \gg hjq` ]t \ omdoji` amjh oc` n`^ji_ oj oc` ocdm_ ]`\on+
Pc` dio`mq\g ja \ omdoji` c`g_ \ nk`^d\g a\n^di\odji ajm Fjgdqò) ijo jigt ]`^\pn`
ja don kjoìod\g _dn\nnj^d\odji amjh oji\gdot ]po \gnj ]`^\pn` ja don kpmkjmo`_
10;e[i\ Dfc`m\k' hlfk\[ Yp AX`c >\c\ek\' M\c\Zk\[ Glj`Z è @iXeZ\ MèZ\ ,4/0' [`jj)'
QXj_è^kfe O' ,411',..)
34
h\bd^\g lp\gdod`n+ Pc` omdoji`) $_d\]jgpn h pnd^\, + + + dn di a\ô \ _djitnd\i

h`gdnh\ $k\m `s^`ggì^`+$ Ei h`gj_d^ hjq`hìo) do dn dhkòpn8 di c\mhjit) do
dn oìndji+ =^^jm_dib oj oc` pn` oj rcd^c do dn kpo) do dn kjnnd]g` ajm do oj
_dnkìn` `doc`m rcdo` h\bd^ jm ]g\^f h\bd^+ 33
Pc` omph kò h`gj_t rcd^c njpi_n jq`m oc` npno\di`_ adi\g ^cjm_ ja oc`
jmb\i$n admno kcm\n` \gnj `scd]don oc`n` hjno _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn) kmdh\mdgt
ocmjpbc don m`g\odjincdk oj oc` \^^jhk\itdib ^cjm_+ Hdi`\mgt) oc` omdoji`
opmin pk ]òr`ì oc` \*ag\o di ]\m 0 \i_ oc` _ di oc` i`so ]`\o \i_) hjm`
nomjibgt) ]òr`ì oc` b ji oc` ajpmoc ]`\o \i_ oc` _*ag\o ji oc` adaoc ]`\o+ Pcdn
n`^ji_ omdoji` dn oc` hjm` ndbidad^\io ji` ]`^\pn` ja don kg\^`hìo _dm`ôgt ji
orj np^^`nndq` ]`\on) `qì ocjpbc ocm`` ijo`n dio`mqì` ]òr`ì oc` b \i_ _*
ag\o+ Lmj]\]gt hjm` dhkjmo\io oc\i `doc`m ja oc`n` m`g\odq`gt r`\f h`gj_d^
omdoji`n \m` oc` c\mhjid^ m`g\odjincdk c`m` ]òr`ì oc` omph kò \i_ jmb\i)
\i_ oc` ^gpnopm\g i\opm` ja oc` h`gj_t don`ga+
Ka oc` ndso`ì ijo`n di oc` omph kò rcd^c njpi_ _pmdib oc` npno\di`_
^cjm_ di oc` jmb\i) oì ja oc`h ajmh njh` ^jhkjpi_ ja `doc`m \ h\ejm
n`qìoc) hdijm idioc) jm omdoji` rdoc ji` ja oc` ocm`` jmb\i ijo`n ]`dib
npno\di`_ pi_`mi`\oc+ Ka oc` m`h\didib nds ijo`n) ajpm \m` _*ag\o) rcd^c dn
\gnj njpi_dib di oc` jmb\i ^cjm_ \n ^*nc\mk) \i_ orj \m` a %n`` ]`gjr&+ Pc`
jigt orj kdo^c`n rcd^c \m` \]nìo amjh oc` omph kò kcm\n` \m` ]*ag\o) rcd^c
njpi_n \n oc` ]\nn ja oc` jmb\i ^cjm_) \i_ a*nc\mk) rcd^cj__gt\kk`\mn
jigt ji^` di oc` admno ajpm ]\mn) ji oc` ocdm_ ]`\o ja ]\m ji` di oc` hd__g` qjd^`
ja oc` jmb\i+ As^`ko ajm oc` \]nì^` ja ocdn a*nc\mk) oc` ìodm` omph kò h`gj_t
ja ]\mn 0*1 ^jpg_ ]` n`ì \n \ ndibg` gdi`\m ^gpno`m) jm \n orj gdi`\m ^gpno`mn
11;e[i\ Dfc`m\k' ; Jifgfj [l gi\d`\i ZfeZ\ikf gfli fe[\j \k fiZ_\jki\ [";e[i\

Dfc`m\k' K\ml\ èk\dXk`feXc\ [\ dlj`hl\ ,+ #,40,$5 .4/)
4+
r doc oc` admno hdnndib \i a*nc\mk \i_ oc` n`^ji_amjh oc` ajpmoc ]`\o ja ]\m 0
ocmjpbc ]\m 1hdnndib don ^ìom\g kdqjo ijo`) \i `*ag\o+
Lcm\n` EE `scd]don oc` n\h` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n+ Pc` jmb\i k\mo) \n ijo`_
km`qdjpngt) dn \ghjno \i `s\ô m`kòdodji ja oc` admno kcm\n`) \i_ rcdg` oc`
omph kò h`gj_t dn lpdo` _daa`mìo r` nodgg adi_ oc` n\h` kmjhdiì^` ja
_dnnji\io dio`mq\gn \i_ h`gj_d^ ^gpno`mn+ Ka oc` `g`qì ijo`n njpi_dib _pmdib
oc` n\h` npno\di`_ jmb\i ^cjm_) `dbco ajmh ji` ja oc` ocm`` ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn
r doc ji` ja oc` jmb\i ijo`n+ Prj ja oc` m`h\didib ocm`` \m` a*nc\mk \i_ ji` dn
a*i\opm\g+ Pc` jigt kdo^c ijo \kk`\mdib di oc` omph kò kcm\n` c`m` dn ^*nc\mk
rcd^c) ja ^jpmn`) dn njpi_dib di oc` jmb\i ^cjm_+ Ka oc` n`qì ijo`n di ]\m
`dbco rcd^c ^jhkgò` oc` omph kò gdi` \ao`m oc` jmb\i ^cjm_ ^`\n`n) \gg ]po ji`
ajmh \ ^mp^d\g dio`mq\g r doc ji` ja oc` ijo`n ja oc` km`qdjpngt njpi_dib jmb\i
^cjm_) rcd^c dn km`nph\]gt nodgg njpi_dib di oc` gdnoì`m$n dh\bdi\odji+ Pc`
ji` ^jinji\io ijo` dn oc` bm\^` ijo` a rcd^c) `qì r cì do r\n njpi_`_ \n \
m`g\odq`gt gjib ijo` di ]\m 4) dn ijo m`\ggt q`mt ^jinji\io ndi^` do ajmhn \i
\pbhìo`_ omd\_ r doc oc` ^*nc\mk \i_ \ ja oc` jmb\i ^cjm_+ I`gj_d^\ggt) oc`
admno ijo` ja oc` kcm\n` ajmhn \ omdoji` r doc oc` g\no ijo` ja oc` km`qdjpn kcm\n`
\i_ \ h\ejm n`qìoc r doc oc` \ di ]\m 4 %oc` ajpmoc ijo` ja oc` kcm\n`&+ =
omdoji` dn c`\m_ kg\digt di ]\m 4 ]òr`ì oc` _ \i_ b*nc\mk ji oc` ocdm_ \i_
ajpmoc ]`\on) m`nk`ôdq`gt) rdoc oc` orj dio`mqìdib ijo`n h`m`gt g`\_dib
nhjjocgt oj oc` b*nc\mk+ Ei ]\m 5) rc`m` oc` omph kò kg\tn \gji`) oc` km`nì^`
ja ocm`` ^mp^d\g h`gj_d^ dio`mq\gn dinpm`n ^jindnoì^t di Fjgdqò$n oji\g %jm
\oji\g& a\]md^+ = h\ejm n`qìoc dn ajmh`_ ]t oc` admno \i_ g\no ijo`n ja oc` admno
]`\o) \i_ oc`n` ijo`n \m` \gnj oc` cdbc`no \i_ gjr`no kdo^c`n ja oc` n`^ji_ c\ga
ja oc` kcm\n`+ Pcdn h\ejm n`qìoc ì^gjn`n \ omdoji` ]òr`ì oc` n`^ji_ \i_
4,
ocdm_ ndso`ìoc ijo`ndbijmdib oc` bm\^` ijo`\i_ \ijoc`m omdoji` a\ggn

]òr`ì oc` `*ag\o \i_ \) amjh oc` n`^ji_ oj oc` ocdm_ ]`\o ja oc` ]\m+
=i dio`m`nodib lp`nodji oj \nf dn rct _d_ Fjgdqò rmdo` \ b ]òr`ì
oc`n` orj ijo`n dino`\_ ja \ b*nc\mk) ndi^` r jpg_i$o \ b*nc\mk g`\_ hjm`
nhjjocgt oj oc` \ \i_ `qì hjm` ^g`\mgt cdbcgdbco oc` omdoji`< Bpmoc`mhjm` \
b*nc\mk c`m` rjpg_ m`g\o` ocdn adbpm` oj oc` admno ]`\o ja ]\m 6 \n \ om\inkjn`_
\i_ \pbhìo`_ diq`mndji ja oc` ]*ag\o oj oc` `) ]t r \t ja oc` bm\^` ijo` a) \i_
do r jpg_ m`g\o` hjm` nomjibgt oj oc` h`gj_d^ omdoji` adbpm` di ]\m 4 hìodji`_
\]jq`+ Pc` a\ô oc\o Fjgdqò ^cjjn`n b*i\opm\g c`m` m\oc`m oc\i oc` hjm`
j]qdjpn \i_ hjm` km`_dô\]g` b*nc\mk h\t dggpnom\o` cdn \iodk\oct ojr\m_
hpnd^\g km`_dô\]dgdot) \i_ do dn \o g`\no \i \nk`ô ja q\mdòt di cdn h`gj_d^ gdi`+
I`gj_d^ ^gpno`mn) \ijoc`m ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja Fjgdqò$n notg` di ocdn rjmf)
\m` hjm` \kk\mìo) di ocdn n`^ji_ kcm\n`) di oc` h`gj_d^ ^cmjh\od^dnh oc\i di
oc` \ôp\g hjodqd^ adbpm\odji+ Pc` admno adq` ijo`n ^jpg_ ]` ^jind_`m`_ \
h`gj_d^ ^gpno`m r doc oc` \ _dnkg\^`_ \i jô\q` gjr`m) \i_ ji` hdbco _`n^md]`
oc` g\no ocm`` ]`\on ja ]\m 4 \n \ ^gpno`m am\h`_ ]t h\ejm ocdm_n+ Ei \it ^\n`)
`s\hdi\odji ja oc` admno orj kcm\n`n ja :i`fjf ;XifZZf m`q`\gn \ nomjib
km`q\gì^` ja _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn) ^cmjh\od^dnh) \i_ h`gj_d^ q\mdòt \i_
pikm`_dô\]dgdot+ Pc`n` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n \m` \kk\mìo di `q`mt k\mo ja ocdn rjmf
\i_ \ a`r hjm` `s\hkg`n rdgg npaad^` oj apmoc`m dggpnom\o` oc`dm dhkjmo\i^` \i_
pn` di Fjgdqò$n k\mod^pg\m notg` ja \oji\gdot+

Pc` k\nn\b` amjh oc` ocdm_ ]`\o ja ]\m .3 oj ]\m /0 dn ]t a\m oc` gjib`no
nomò^c ja hpnd^ di :i`fjf ;XifZZf di rcd^c oc` jmb\i kg\tn \gji`) \i_ r` n\r
\]jq` oc\o do n``h`_ oj \aajm_ oc` admno \i_ ^g`\m`no `s\hkg` ja c\ j\ej [\
gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe di don i\mmjr _àdidodji %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 5&+ D`m` oc`
L \g if [ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f] k_\ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g \id `jj`fe)
4 -
rmdodib dn di adq` k\mon jm hjm` di hjno ja oc` k\nn\b`) \i_ \gg oc` q`mod^\g
njijmdod`n ^jio\di \o g`\no ji` \i_ pnp\ggt hjm` oc\i ji` ^mp^d\g _dnnji\i^`+
Bjm `s\hkg`) oc` q`mt admno ^cjm_ ajmhn \ omdoji` ]òr`ì oc` njkm\ij \i_
]\nn) \i_ \ h\ejm n`qìoc) \ijoc`m omdoji`) \i_ \ hdijm idioc ]òr`ì q\mdjpn
h`h]`mn ja oc` ^cjm_+ Ei \__dodji) oc` ojk qjd^` ja oc` jmb\i ajmhn \ h\ejm
n`qìoc rdoc oc` omph kò ijo` oc\o jq`mg\kn do+ Ei oc` n`^ji_ ^cjm_ ja ocdn
h`\npm` oc`m` \m` orj c\mhjid^ omdoji`n \i_ orj hdijm idiocn) \i_ ocdn
k\oo`mi ja _dnnji\i^` ^jiodip`n ocmjpbc oc` m`no ja oc` k\nn\b` \gg oc` r\t oj
oc` g\no q`mod^\g njijmdot ja oc` k\nn\b`) kmjk`m\ omdoji`ji oc` ajpmoc ]`\o
ja ]\m /.+ Koc`m oc\i oc` n`hdoji` \i_ oc` hdijm ndsoc %jm \pbhìo`_ adaoc&
rcd^c j^^pmn nds odh`n) oc` omdoji` dn oc` hjno ^jhhji dio`mq\g ajpi_
]òr`ì np^^`nndq` ijo`n ja oc` h`gj_t di oc` k\nn\b`) j^^pmmdib \gnj nds
odh`n) ji^` ]òr`ì ]\mn .3*.4) ord^` di ]\m .6) ord^` di ]\m /-) \i_ ji^` di
]\m /.+ = h`gj_d^ omdoji` dn \gnj kg\digt \p_d]g` ]òr`ì oc` ` \i_ ]*ag\o di
]\m /-) r doc jigt \ ]mdà k\nndib \*ag\o ]òr`ì oc`h) \i_) di oc` n\h` ]\m) \
h\ejm n`qìoc ]òr`ì oc` ]*ag\o \i_ \ ji oc` ajpmoc \i_ adaoc ]`\on)
m`nk`ôdq`gt) dn epno \n kg\digt c`\m_ rdoc jigt oc` b*ag\o ]òr`ì oc`h+ Pc`m`
\m` ij ^mp^d\g _dnnji\i^`n gdi`\mgt \kk\mìo di oc` ]\nn gdi` bdqì oj oc` jmb\i
k`_\gn c`m`) ]po oc`n` \m` njh`rc\o g`nn ^jhhji di Fjgdqò$n ]\nn gdi`n oc\i
di cdn h`gj_d^ gdi`n ocmjpbcjpo oc` rjmf+ Bjm `s\hkg`) di oc` jkìdib kcm\n`
oc`m` dn jigt ji` gdi`\m omdoji` di oc` k`_\g k\mo) \i_ di oc` ocdm_ kcm\n` %]\mn
6*..&) oc`m` \m` orj gdi`\m omdoji`n di oc` k`_\gn+ Ei oc` ^jmm`nkji_dib h`gj_d^
gdi`n oc`m` dn jigt ji` omdoji` di oc` admno kcm\n` ]po orj di oc` n`^ji_di
rcd^c oc` ]\nn gdi` dn \i `s\ô m`kòdodji ja oc` admno kcm\n`\i_ ocm`` di oc`
ocdm_+ As\hdi\odji ja joc`m np^c k\nn\b`n td`g_n ndhdg\m m`npgon+
4.
I`gj_d^ ^gpno`mdib dn \gnj ^g`\mgt `qd_ìo di ]\mn .3*/0 %n`` km`qdjpn

`s\hkg`n 5 \i_ ./&+ As^`ko ajm oc` _*nc\mk k\nndib oji` \o oc` ì_ ja ]\m .3)
oc` h`gj_t amjh oc` ]`bdiidib oj oc` a*nc\mk di ]\m .4 ajmhn \ h`gj_d^ ^gpno`m
]òr`ì a*nc\mk \i_ ]*ag\o) di^gpndq`) \i_ oc` adq` ijo`n ja oc` i`so orj ]`\on
\gnj ajmh \ ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`m+ = ocdm_ ^gpno`m ]`bdin ji oc` ocdm_ `dbcoc ijo`
ja oc` omdkgò ji ]`\o ji` di ]\m /- \i_ ì_n ji ]`\o ocm`` ja oc` n\h` ]\m+
Hdf` oc` admno ^gpno`m do c\n ji` ajm`dbi h`h]`moc` _*ag\o\i_) ojbòc`m
r doc oc` ` oc\o km`^`_`n oc` ^gpno`m) do dn oc`h\od^\ggt epno \ h`gj_d^
`h]`ggdnchìo ja oc` g\no orj ]`\on ja oc` km`^`_dib ]\m) jn^dgg\odib \mjpi_ b+
Bmjh ]\m .3 oj //) oc` k\nn\b` ^jindnon ja 16 h`gj_t ijo`n rdocdi nds
\i_ \ c\ga h`\npm`n) \i_ `\^c ja oc` or`gq` kdo^c`n dn m`km`nìo`_ ]òr`ì
orj \i_ nds odh`n) dggpnom\odib Fjgdqò$n am`` %d+`+) iji*ntno`h\od^& \i_ iji*
_dn^mdhdi\ojmt pn` ja oc` ^jhkgò` ^cmjh\od^ k\g\o`+ Jj ndibg` kdo^c dn
jhdoo`_ \i_ ij ndibg` kdo^c) ]t qdmop` ja `doc`m m`kòdodji jm ^jio`so) dn bdqì
nk`^d\g kmjhdiì^`) ]po ijm dn \i \modad^d\g jm ajm^`_ `lp\gdot ja kdo^c dhkjn`_
ji oc` hpnd^+
Pc` >*n`ôdji ja oc` rjmf dn ^jhkmdn`_ ja `nnìod\ggt ocm`` _daa`mìo
nompôpm\g `g`hìon) \n km`qdjpngt _dn^pnn`_) rcd^c \m` `\^c lpdo` _daa`mìo
amjh `\^c joc`m di o`sopm` \i_ ajmh) tò api_\hìo\ggt hp^c oc` n\h` di
oji\g nompôpm`) podgdudib oj \ cdbc _`bm`` oc` ocm`` ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn) `scd]dodib
^gpno`mn) \i_ \qjd_dib km`_dô\]g` k\oo`min ja \it fdi_ di ]joc mctoch \i_
kdo^c+ Bjm `s\hkg`) ]\mn /5*/6 ajmh oc` admno ]*k\mo ja oc` %g\mb`& >*n`ôdji) oc`
admno h`\npm` ja rcd^c dn g\mb`gt \ orj*k\mo gdi`\m ^jinompôdji %n`` km`qdjpn
`s\hkg` 2&+ Idijm idiocn) h\ejm n`qìocn) \i_ omdoji`n \m` c\mhjid^\ggt \i_
h`gj_d^\ggt p]dlpdojpn ocmjpbcjpo oc` h`\npm`) k`mc\kn `qì hjm` nj oc\i di
4/
oc` km`qdjpn k\nn\b`n+ Idijm n`qìocn \i_ h\ejm idiocn \m` \gnj m`g\odq`gt
iph`mjpn di oc` ag`òdib q`mod^\g nompôpm`n) ^jiomd]podib oj oc` cdbc g`q`g ja
_dnnji\i^` di ocdn k\mod^pg\m ]\m) \i_) rcdg` qdmop\ggt \gg dio`mq\gn \m`
m`km`nìo`_ h`gj_d^\ggtoc` h\ejm ocdm_ dn oc` jigt c\mhjid^ dio`mq\g \]nìo
amjh ]\m /5 \i_ oc` h\ejm n`^ji_ oc` jigt h`gj_d^ ji` \]nìooc` nomìboc)
am`lpì^t) \i_ m`bpg\m _dnomd]podji) ocmjpbcjpo oc` ]\m \i_ di ]joc c\i_n) ja
oc` ocm`` ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn bdq`n oc` k\nn\b` don k`^pgd\m lp\gdot ja _dnnji\i^`+
I`gj_d^ ^gpno`mn \m` ijo km`nìo c`m`) g\i j\( ndi^` oc` h`gj_d^ ^jiojpm dn lpdo`
\ibpg\m) ]po ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`mn ja kdo^c ^g\nn`n \m` \o g`\no ^ji^`kop\ggt
km`nìo di ijo` \bbm`b\o`n+ Pc` o`mh \bbm`b\o` dn pn`_ c`m` di don pnp\g
nìnòc\o dn) \n \ ]pi^c jm bmjpk ijo \n pn`_ di ntno`hn ja \oji\g

oc`jmt np^c \n oc\o \mod^pg\o`_) ajm `s\hkg`) di Fjci N\ci$n ;Xj`Z :kfeXc M_\fip
%J`r Ujmf7 Hjibh\i) .65-&) rc`m` do mà`mn oj oc` ^jhkgò` _j_`^\kcjid^
nò+ Bjm `s\hkg`) di oc` admno ]`\o) ^*nc\mk) _) _*nc\mk) \i_ ` \m` \gg njpi_`_
rdocdi c\ga \ ]`\o ja `\^c joc`m+ Odhdg\m ^cmjh\od^ ]pi^c`n ja kdo^c ^g\nn`n
^\i ]` ajpi_ ocmjpbcjpo oc` h`\npm` \i_) rcdg` ^`mo\digt oc`n` \bbm`b\o`
^gpno`mn \m` ijo \ôp\ggt \p_d]g` \n omp` ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`mn _p` oj oc` jô\q`
_dnkg\^`hìon \i_ oc` m\kd_dot ja oc` adbpm\odji) oc`t _j ^jiomd]po` oj oc`
_dnnji\io ^c\m\ô`m ja oc` k\nn\b` \i_ oc`t c`gk oj apmoc`m dggpnom\o` Fjgdqò$n
\oji\g notg` ja ^cmjh\od^dnh ajpi_ c`m`+
Ei ]\m /6 oc` o`sopm` ^c\ib`n amjh or j \ibpg\m \i_ dio`mordidib gdi`n
oj ji` \ibpg\m gdi`) r doc orj*ijo` \i_ ocm``*ijo` c\mhjid^ ^gpno`mn ji oc`
ocdm_ \i_ ajpmoc ]`\on \i_ \ijoc`m gdi`\m ^gpno`m ajmh`_ ]t oc` ocm`` \^^ìo`_
ijo`n di oc` g\no ]`\o ja oc` ]\m+ Ei ]\mn /5 \i_ /6 ojbòc`m) `\^c ijo` ja oc`
^cmjh\od^ n^\g` j^^pmn ]òr`ì `dbco \i_ oì odh`n) `s^`ko a) \) \i_ ]*ag\o+ >*
40
ag\o \kk`\mn jigt nds odh`n) ]po don km`nì^` dn lpdo` ndbidad^\io) _p` oj oc`
omph kò npno\didib do ajm ocm`` apgg ]`\on \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja ]\m /5+ = i \
j^^pmn adq` odh`n \i_ a jigt ajpm odh`n) ]po ji` \kk`\m\i^` ja oc` a dn \
pidnjioc`m` \m` jigt ocm`` np^c hjhìo\mt dino\i^`n di oc` 1. \mod^pg\odjin
ja ]\m /5\i_ do dn h\mf`_ r doc \i \^^ìo+ Pcpn oc` a \i_ ]*ag\o \m` bdqì
nk`^d\g kmjhdiì^` rcd^c) rcòc`m kpmkjnàpg jm ijo) n``hn oj h\f` pk ajm
oc`dm m`g\odq`gt kjjm am`lpì^t di ocdn k\nn\b`+ Kigt oc` \ dn gào r doc \ r`\f
m`km`nìo\odji+ Djr`q`m) `lp\g mdbcon ajm \gg or`gq` oji`n _j`n ijo
i`^`nn\mdgt h`\i ]\g\i^`_ m`km`nìo\odji jm `lp\g am`lpì^t ja j^^pmmì^` di
`\^c kcm\n`+ Op^c \ mpg` rjpg_ dhkgt \i \modad^d\g \i_ m`nomdôdq` o`^cid^\g
ntno`h q`mt h p^c gdf` n`md\gdnh) rcd^c dn ^jiom\mt oj Fjgdqò$n ^ji^`kodji ja
am`` \oji\gdot+
Pc` \*k\mo ja oc` >*n`ôdji h\f`n don n`^ji_ \kk`\m\i^` di ]\mn 0-*01)
rc`m` oc` np__ì ^c\ib` ja o`sopm` \i_ _ti\hd^n r\n _`n^md]`_ \]jq` \n \i
`s\hkg` ja Fjgdqò$n kmdi^dkg` ja c\j kiXejdlkXk`fej [\ cX dXjj\ jfefi\* S` adi_
oc` n\h` oji\g ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n \n `gn`rc`m`) ] p o c`m` omp` ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`mn
\m` ajpi_ ijo jigt h`gj_d^\ggt) di oc` omph kò k\moajm `s\hkg` di ]\mn 00
\i_ 01]po \gnj di kpm` c\mhjid^ ajmh di oc` jmb\i k\mo %n`` km`qdjpn
`s\hkg`n 1 \i_ .5&+ >joc c`m` \i_ di oc` ocdm_ \kk`\m\i^` ja oc` \*k\mo ja ocdn
n`ôdji %]\mn 1/*12&) oc`n` c\mhjid^ ^gpno`mn \m` kpm` ajpm*ijo` ^cmjh\od^
^gpno`mn rcdg` di oc` admno \*k\mo %]\mn //*/4& h\it ja oc`h \m` dh kpm`
^gpno`mn c\qdib \i jô\q` _dnkg\^`hìo jm \ hdnndib jm hdnkg\^`_ ijo`+
Pc` ^gpno`mn \m` ijo jigt _dnnji\io di oc`hn`gq`n ]po `\^c \gnj pnp\ggt ajmhn
\ ^mp^d\g dio`mq\g ]òr`ì ji` ja don h`h]`mn \i_ ]joc oc` \^^jhk\itdib
h`gj_t ijo`n di oc` omph kò \i_ oc` _mji` di oc` jmb\i+ Ki` kjnnd]g`
41
`skg\i\odji ajm oc` dhkpm` ^gpno`mn r doc jô\q` _dnkg\^`hìon di oc` admno \*
k\mo dn oc\o oc`t \m` nompôpm\ggt i`^`nn\mt oj h\dio\di \ ndbidad^\io \p_d]g`
km`nì^` ja oc` ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gndi k\mod^pg\m) h\ejm n`qìocn \i_ hdijm
idiocnndi^` oc`n` \m` ijo\]gt g\^fdib di oc` omph kò h`gj_t ja ocdn k\nn\b`
rcd^c dino`\_ `hkc\ndu`n h`gj_d^ ^gpno`mn+ Ei oc` joc`m orj \kk`\m\i^`n ja
oc` \*k\mo) oc` c\mhjid^ ^gpno`mn \m` \gg kpm`) ]po oc` omph kò gdi`
`hkc\ndu`n oc` ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn \i_ bdq`n njh`) \gocjpbc g`nn) `hkc\ndn oj
h`gj_d^ ^gpno`mdib+ Pc` ìodm` k\nn\b` di `\^c ja don ocm`` q`mndjin c\n oc`
àa`ô ja ]`dib dhkmjqdn`_ ]`^\pn` ja oc` am``_jh \i_ pikm`_dô\]dgdot ja oc`
omph kò h`gj_t \i_ oc` mctochd^ pikm`_dô\]dgdot ja oc` \^^jhk\itdib
^gpno`mn \i_ adbpm\odjin di oc` jmb\ioc`dm dn ij _dn^`mid]g` mctochd^ k\oo`mi
di oc`dm kg\^`hìo+ =gnj) \n _dn^pnn`_ \]jq`) oc` ncjmo m\kd_ adbpm\odjin di oc`
jmb\i _pmdib oc`n` k\nn\b`n nomjibgt `scd]do oc` ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn \n r`gg+
Pc` ^*k\mo ja oc` >*n`ôdji dn _`mdq`_ amjh oc` jkìdib orj kcm\n`n \i_
nj i``_ ijo ]` _dn^pnn`_ di _ò\dg+ Eo `scd]don di ]joc don \kk`\m\i^`n \gg oc`
`sk`ô`_ oji\g ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n di oc` n\h` h\ii`m \n oc` jkìdib kcm\n`n+
Ei oc` ?*n`ôdji ja oc` rjmf) Fjgdqò \b\di km`nìon \ i`r d_`\ di oc`
ajmh ja \ o`sopm` oc\o r\n \qjd_`_ di km`qdjpn h\o`md\g]gj^f ^cjm_n+ Pc`
^jhkg`s m`g\odjincdk \hjib oc`n` ]gj^f ^cjm_n r\n `skgjm`_ di oc` km`qdjpn
_dn^pnndji ja ajmh \i_ oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn) \i_ ocdn m`g\odjincdk dn ja ^jpmn` \i
dhkjmo\io dibm`_dìo ja Fjgdqò$n notg` di ocdn kd`^`+ Pc` ^cdà dhkm`nndji ji
oc` gdnoì`m dn ji` ja _dnnji\io ^cjm_n c\qdib ij \kk\mìo m`g\odjincdk oj `\^c
joc`md+`+) c\qdib ij oji\ggt apiôdji\g m`g\odjincdk oj `\^c joc`m+ S` c\q`
n`ì oc\o oc`t _j di_``_ c\q` \ m`g\odjincdk oj ji` \ijoc`m) ]po do dn ji`
42
rcd^c hdbco ]` o`mh`_ \oji\g) \mdndib amjh dio`mq\ggd^ om\inkjndodji \i_

diq`mndji+
Pc` ^cjm_n \m` \gnj m`g\o`_ ]t dio`mq\gd^ ^jhkjndodji) d+`+ di o`mhn ja

oc` no\odnod^\g km`nì^` ja ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn+ H`\qdib \gji` ajm \ hjhìo oc`
_d\_n di oc` k`_\gn) `\^c nds*ijo` ^cjm_ di oc` admno ocm`` ]\mn %]\mn 2.*20&
^jio\din \ hdijm idioc) orj h\ejm n`qìocn) \i_ \ omdoji` %n`` km`qdjpn
`s\hkg` /1&+ Ei \__dodji) oc` admno ^cjm_ ^jio\din \ n`^ji_ omdoji`+ Pcdn
ndhdg\mdot dn ij npmkmdn` bdqì oc` dio`mq\gd^ m`g\odjincdk ]òr`ì oc` ^cjm_n
\i_ oc` a\ô oc\o oc` jpond_` dio`mq\g ja `\^c c\ga ja `\^c ^cjm_ m`h\din oc`
n\h` di \ghjno `q`mt ^\n`+ Ei oc` mdbco c\i_ do dn \ h\ejm n`qìoc \i_ di oc`
gào \ h\ejm idioc) `s^`ko di oc` admno ^cjm_+ Kigt oc` hd__g` ijo` di `\^c c\i_
dn hjq`_ dio`mq\gd^\ggt oj \^cd`q` ^jgjmdnod^ q\mdòt+ Pcdn ìodm` ?*n`ôdji dn \i
dio`m`nodib ]\g\i^` ja q\mdòt \i_ pidot ]`^\pn`) `qì ocjpbc \gg ocdmo`ì ja
oc` ]gj^f ^cjm_n rcd^c \kk`\m ]òr`ì ]\mn 2. \i_ 4. nc\m` \ ndhdg\mdi
njh` ^\n`n oc` n\h`^mp^d\g dio`mq\g ^jioìo) ijo ji` dn \i `s\ô
om\inkjndodji ja \ijoc`m+ Pc` ^gjn`no Fjgdqò ^jh`n oj np^c \ h`^c\id^\g
kmj^`_pm` dn di ]\m 3. %km`qdjpn `s\hkg` /2&) rc`m` oc` ^cjm_ nomp^f dn oc`
n\h` \n oc\o ajpi_ di ]\m 2/ `s^`ko oc\o oc` mdbco c\i_ dn om\inkjn`_ _jri \
h\ejm n`^ji_ rcdg` oc` gào dn gjr`m`_ \ h\ejm ocdm_) oc`m`]t h\fdib do \ lpdo`
_daa`mìo njijmdot+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) di ]\m 3. oc`m` dn \ omph kò h`gj_t nomjibgt

njpi_`_ \]jq` oc` ]gj^f ^cjm_) rc`m`\n oc`m` r\n ij omph kò di ]\m 2/) \i_
oc` _d\_ di oc` k`_\gn rcd^c _jqò\dgn r doc ocdn ^cjm_ dn _daa`mìo oc\i oc`
^jmm`nkji_dib ji` di ]\m 2/+
Pc` _daa`mìo kg\^`hìo \ i _ ,j m ^jiadbpm\odji ja ndhdg\m ^mp^d\g

dio`mq\gn dn \i dhkjmo\io r\t di rcd^c Fjgdqò \^cd`q`n ]joc pidot \i_ q\mdòt
43
ndhpgo\i`jpngt+ Pc` `q`m*^c\ibdib omph kò gdi` kmjqd_`n apmoc`m q\mdòt \n

_j`n) di \ r\t) cdn otkd^\g mctochd^ pikm`_dô\]dgdot) ]joc di oc` omph kò \i_
oc` jmb\i+ Qidot ja notg` \i_ nompôpm` dn npkkjmo`_ c`m` ]t cdn m`g\odq`
^jindnoì^t ja c\mhjid^ dio`mq\g ^cjd^`n) nk`^dad^\ggt di oc` k`_\g _d\_n \i_ di
oc` jpo`m dio`mq\gn ja oc` mdbco \i_ gào c\i_ ^cjm_n ja oc` jmb\i+ Bjpm ja oc`
oì k`_\g _d\_n di oc` ?*n`ôdji \m` h\ejm n`qìocn \i_ ajpm h jm` \m` hdijm
idiocn+ Pc` m`h\didib orj %]\mn 3.*3/&) \n km`qdjpngt ijo`_) \m` m`g\o`_ oj
`\^c joc`m ]t om\inkjndodji \i_ diq`mndji+ =n dhkgd`_ ]t oc` dio`mq\ggd^
^jindnoì^d`n ja oc` admno ocm`` ^cjm_n) oc` h\ejm n`qìoc dn oc` hjno ^jhhji
jpo`m dio`mq\g di oc` mdbco c\i_ _pmdib ocdn k\nn\b`) j^^pmmdib `dbco odh`n) \i_
oc` h\ejm idioc dn h jno ^jhhji di oc` gào c\i_) j^^pmmdib n`qì odh`n di oc`
ocdmo`ì ]gj^f ^cjm_n ja ocdn n`ôdji+ Pcdn _dqdndji ja oc`n` ^cjm_n dioj orj
c\gq`n) \^^jm_dib oj oc` gào \i_ mdbco c\i_ ijo\odji) h\t n``h oj oc` ^\np\g
j]n`mq`m oj ]` \i \modad^d\g ji`) `hkgjt`_ jigt ajm j]n^pm` oc`jmòd^\g
kpmkjn`n+ Djr`q`m) oc` ^jindnoì^t ja oc` m`npgon j]o\di`_ n``hn oj nc`_
ndbidad^\io gdbco ji \ k\mo ja Fjgdqò$n ^jhkjndodji\g kmj^`nn \i_) di opmi) ji cdn
hpnd^\g notg`) rcd^c dn km`^dn`gt oc` bj\g ja ocdn nop_t+
Pc`m` \m` ij c\mhjid^ ^gpno`mn di oc` ?*n`ôdji) ]po \oji\g
^cmjh\od^dnh) di^gp_dib h`gj_d^ ^gpno`mdib) dn nodgg `qd_ìo di oc` h`gj_t)
kmdh \mdgt di oc` omph kò %n`` `s\hkg`n 6)/2) \i_ /6&+ Pc` nthòmd^\g h`gj_d^
nompôpm` di ]\mn 22*25 r\n _dn^pnn`_ \]jq` \n \i `g`hìo ja Fjgdqò$n oc`h\od^
kmj^`nn %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 0/&+ Eo dn \ ]mdà dng\i_ ja kdo^c no\]dgdot di \ n`\
ja pi^`mo\diot) hp^c gdf` oc` jô\ojid^ nompôpm` di ]\m 1-) ]p o c`m` oc`m` dn ij
_òm\ôdib \^^jhk\idhìo) jigt hjijkcjit+ Pc` ^cmjh\od^dnh dic`mìo di
oc` gdi`) oc` omdoji` cd__ì rdocdi don nompôpm`) \i_ oc` n`lpìod\g dio`mq\g ja
44
\i \n^ì_dib k`ma`ô ajpmoc bjq`mi don g`q`g ja _dnnji\i^` \i_ kmjqd_` oji\g
\h]dbpdot+
=ao`m ocdn admno kcm\n` ja oc` ?*n`ôdji) oc` pnp\g omdoji`n) h\ejm
n`qìocn) \i_ ji` dhkjmo\io hdijm idioc \m` ajpi_ ^jgjmdib oc` omph kò
h`gj_t %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` /2&+ Pc` jmb\i c\n ij h`gj_d^ h\o`md\g di ocdn
n`ôdji \k\mo amjh oc` hjijkcjid^ k\nn\b` epno _dn^pnn`_+ Hdi`\m \i_
c\mhjid^ omdoji`n \gnj kg\t \ _jhdi\odib mjg` di ^c\m\ô`mdudib oc` jmb\i
\^^jhk\idhìo di ]\mn 31*32 %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` /4&+ R`mod^\g omdoji`n
j^^pm di `q`mt ndhpgo\i`dot di oc` k\nn\b`) \n _j joc`m ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn) \i_
ocm`` nomjib h`gj_d^ omdoji`n \m` \gnj km`nìo+
Pc` adi\g) ^gjndib n`ôdji ja oc` rjmf ]mdibn \ mòpmi ja n`mìdot
di_p^`_ ]t \ lpdò) npno\di`_ njijmdot di oc` jmb\i+ Qigdf` oc` ]`bdiidib)
cjr`q`m) oc` npno\di`_ njijmdot dn ijo \ omd\_ ]p o \ k\dm ja njgdo\mt a*nc\mkn)
n`k\m\o`_ ]t orj jô\q`n+ =n _dn^pnn`_ \]jq` r doc m`b\m_ oj oc`h\od^
kmj^`nn) ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`mn \m` \i dh kjmo\io `g`hìo ja oc` h`gj_t di oc`n`
h`\npm`n) k\mod^pg\mgt di oc` admno orj ja oc` ocm`` omph kò kcm\n`n+ Pc` ocdm_
kcm\n` kg\^`n hjm` `hkc\ndn ji oc` h`gj_d^ omdoji`) \i \pbhìo`_ omd\_) \i_
\i jô\ojid^ am\bhìo m`g\odib oj ]\m 1- %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg`n 01 \i_ /-&+
=gocjpbc oc` omdoji` dn oc` hjno km`q\gìo ja oc` ocm`` ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn
di ocdn n`ôdji) oc` h\ejm n`qìoc \i_ hdijm idioc \m` \gnj km`nìo) q`mod^\ggt
\o g`\no+ A\^c odh` oc` omph kò njpi_n oc` kdo^c b \b\dino oc` jmb\i$n
npno\di`_ a*nc\mkni\h`gt di ]\mn 41)50) \i_ 51\ h\ejm n`qìoc dn ajmh`_
r doc \i a*nc\mk di oc` jmb\i h\ip\gn) \i_ \ hdijm idioc dn ajmh`_ r doc oc`
jmb\i k`_\g+ =ijoc`m h\ejm n`qìoc j^^pmn di ]\m 5. ]òr`ì oc` ]*ag\o di oc`
k`_\g gdi` \i_ oc` npno\di`_ \ di oc` omphkò) rcdg` \ omdoji` %kgpn \i jô\q`&
,++
gd`n ]òr`ì oc` k`_\g \i_ oc` ` di oc` h\ip\gn ja oc` jmb\i k\mo %n`` `s\hkg`
03&+ Ei oc` ^jmm`nkji_dib h`\npm` \o oc` ì_ ja oc` admno omph kò kcm\n` ja
As\hkg` 037 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dg\p_jo) h`\npm` 5.+
? jmimo njgj
ocdn adi\g n`ôdji %]\m 44&) oc`m` dn ij h\ejm n`qìoc+ Eino`\_) \ omdoji` %kgpn \i
jô\q`& gd`n ]òr`ì oc` k`_\g ijo` \i_ oc` omph kò ijo`) \i_ h`gj_d^ omdoji`n
\m` ajpi_ di ]joc jmb\i gdi`n dino`\_ ja jigt oc` om`]g` gdi` %n`` km`qdjpn
`s\hkg` 00&+
=ao`m oc` bjnn\h`m o`sopm` ja ]\mn 41*52) oc` ocd^f ^cjm_n ja oc` adi\g
ocm`` ]\mn) ojbòc`m rdoc oc` a`mh\o\ jq`m \ rcjg` ijo` \i_ oc` di_d^\odji ja
dfi\e[f( bdq` \ q`mt ^g`\m ndbi\g oj oc` gdnoì`m oc\o oc` ì_ ja oc` rjmf c\n
\mmdq`_+ Pc` admno ^cjm_ ^jio\din) \hjib don `g`qì ijo`n) orj omdoji`n) orj
h\ejm n`qìocn) ocm`` hdijm idiocn) orj hjm` omdoji`n _p` oj jô\q`
_jp]gdibn) \i_ ocm`` c\ga no`kn) iji` ja rcd^c diqjgq` oc` a*nc\mkn) \i_ \
hjhìo\mt \__dodji\g h\ejm n`qìoc amjh oc` b*nc\mk `dbcoc ijo` di ]\m 54
%n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 02&+ Pc` m`npgodib _dnnji\i^` g`q`g) _ò`mhdi`_ ]t oc`
iph]`m ja ^mp^d\g dio`mq\gn ^jio\di`_ di oc` ^cjm_n) dn ngdbcogt g`nn di oc` adi\g
^cjm_ oc\i di oc` kìpgodh\o` ji`+ Pcdn) ^jpkg`_ rdoc oc` ocmd^` _jp]g`_ a*
nc\mk) rcd^c ajmhn \ ^jiqdi^dib mjjo ja oc` g\no ^cjm_) bdq`n \ m`g\odq` nìn`
,+,
ja m`njgpodji \i_ adi\gdot) rcd^c dn apmoc`m npkkjmo`_ ]t oc` ^cjm_$n gjib

_pm\odji) ^jiom\no rdoc oc` km`qdjpn h\o`md\g) \i_ oc` a\_dib _ti\hd^n+
Ei^\io\odji
=n no\o`_ i`\m oc` jponò ja ocdn nop_t) Fjgdqò ]`gd`q`_ oc\o hpnd^ c\n \
cph\i` \i_ m`gdbdjpn hdnndji di oc` nìn` oc\o do r\n di \i^dìo odh`n) \i_ di
cdn hdi_ m`h\din) api_\hìo\ggt \i di^\io\ojmt `skm`nndji ja cph\i
m`gdbdjndot) gdifdib h \i oj oc` ^jnhjn) jm npk`mi\opm\g+ =^^jm_dib oj Njh\di
Cjg_mji) di \gg oc` bm`\o ^dqdgdu\odjin ja oc` k\no) hpnd^ j^^pkd`n np^c \
^ìom\g kjndodji oc\o don cdnojmt dn m`\ggt \gnj \ ^cmjid^g` ja oc` m`g\odjincdk
]òr`ì h\i \i_ oc` pidq`mn`+ Odhdg\mgt oc` omp` apiôdji ja oc` n^\g` c\n
\gr\tn ]`ì oc\o ja \ g\__`m m`\^cdib amjh `\moc oj c`\qì ocmjpbc oc` jô\q`
ja oc` pidq`mn`+ 34 Pc`n` no\o`hìon ^g`\mgt ]`\m nomdfdib m`n`h]g\i^` oj rc\o
r` fijr ja Fjgdqò$n ^ji^`kodji ja oc` i\opm` ja hpnd^+ En do epno \ ^jdi^d_ì^`
oc\o di Apde\ X B $Ne`m\ij( rmdooì ajm njgj jmb\i di .63.) oc` adi\g ocdmo`ì*ijo`
^cjm_ di^gp_`n `q`mt ijo` ja oc` ^cmjh\od^ n^\g` no\^f`_ amjh \ gjr _*ag\o oj
cdbc b \i_ dn c ` g _ Z a j m ajpm ]`\on \o \ hj_`m\o` o`hkj+ ?jpg_ ocdn ]`

nth]jgd^\ggt epno np^c \ g\__`m \n Cjg_mji hìodjin< Pc` \inr`mn oj oc`n`
\i_ ndhdg\m lp`nodjin) rcdg` q`mt dio`m`nodib \i_ kjoìod\ggt q\gp\]g`)
piajmopi\o`gt gd` r`gg jpond_` oc` dioìo \i_ n^jk` ja oc` km`nìo nop_t+
Djr`q`m) \ a`r \__dodji\g j]n`mq\odjin ^ji^`midib \i^dìo \i_ `sjod^ hpnd^n
rdgg ^jhkg`hìo \i_ apmoc`m jpm pi_`mno\i_dib ja Fjgdqò$n hpnd^) ndi^` nj
hp^c ja cdn hpnd^\g kcdgjnjkct dn dio`mordi`_ r doc \i_ diagpì^`_ ]t cdn
jri nop_d`n di ocdn \m`\+
12LfdXè Afc[ife' :eZ`\ek Xe[ Hi`\ekXc F lj`Z #H)g)5 B) M) MklkkdXe' ,413$ 01)
, + -
Ipnd^ di \gg oc` \i^dìo ^dqdgdu\odjin ja oc` rjmg_) \i_ nodgg oj_\t di
kmdhdodq` nj^dòd`n c\qdib \i^dìo jmdbdin) dn \ ^ìom\g k\mo ja m`gdbdjpn
mdop\gn \i_ ^`m`hjid`n+ Eo r\n ]`gd`q`_ oj kjnn`nn kjr`mn ja c`\gdib \i_ r\n
pn`_ \n \ h`\in ja di_p^dib \ no\o` ja om\i^`) `^no\nt) hpnd^\g _`gdmdph)
nkdmdop\g dinkdm\odji) \i_ _dqdi` kjnn`nndji+ 35 Ei ocdn nìn` do r\n ]`gd`q`_
h\bd^\g \i_ kmjqd_`_ h \i \ _dm`ô gdif oj npk`mi\opm\g jm ^jnhd^ m`\gdot+ Ei
a\ô S \go`m Sdjm\ m`hdi_n pn oc\o `qì \ao`m Woc` t`\mY .3-- oc`m` r`m`
omì_n di hpnd^ oc\o njpbco oj \^^jhkgdnc knt^cd^ àa`ôn ndhdg\m oj ocjn`
h\_` a\hjpn ]t oc` htocn ja =iodlpdot+ 36 Ki` ja oc` hjno mìjri`_
hpnd^d\in ja jpm jr i ^ìopmt rmjo` oc\o \gg ^m`\odq` \i_ dio`mkmò\odq`
\ôdqdod`n ja h\i kjdio oj \i jmdbdi ja hpnd^ di oc` nkc`m`n ja oc` ^jpmndib
no\mn+ K pm \mo ja hpnd^) k`mq\_`_ \n don o`hkjm\g h\ida`no\odjin \m` ]t don
`nnìod\g odh`g`nn ^c\m\ô`m) _j`n ijo jigt `s`mo \ _`^dndq` diagpì^` ji jpm
^pgopm` ]po dn \gnj \ h`nn\b` amjh cdbc`m m`bdjin rcd^c `scjmon pn oj ]`
\r\m` ja jpm jri cdbc`m jmdbdi+ 4- Pc` d_`\ ja hpnd^ kjnn`nndib kjr`mn
om\in^ì_dib kctnd^\g m`\gdot dn ^g`\mgt ijo i`r jm pidlp`) ]p o di \oji\g hpnd^
do dn pi`sk`ô`_+
=ijoc`m ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ijo pnp\ggt \nnj^d\o`_ r doc \oji\g hpnd^ dn

h`gj_t+ Pc` dhkjmo\i^` ja h`gj_d^ `skm`nndji) \n oc` ajm`hjno `g`hìo ja
hpnd^) dn ^`mo\digt `qd_ìo di Fjgdqò$n hpnd^) \i_ do di k\mo `skg\din oc`
m`g\odq`gt g\mb` iph]`m ja ^ji^`mojn %`g`qì& \i_ joc`m njgj rjmfn+ Pc`
km``hdiì^` ja h`gj_t dn \gnj \ ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja oc` hpnd^ ja Ei_d\) rcd^c
13Afc[ife -4)
14QXCk\i Q`fiX' M_\ ?fli :^\j f ] F lj`Z( kiXej) G) >) B\ik\i Hfikfe #H \n Rfib5
Hfikfe' ,410$ /,)
2+<ilef QXck\i' H ] F lj`Z Xe[ Flj`Z)FXbè^( kiXej) JXlc BXdYli^\i #H \n Rfib5

Hfikfe' ,41,$ ,0)
,+.
Fjgdqò \i_ h\it ja cdn ^jio`hkjm\md`n nop_d`_) \gjib r doc joc`m `sjod^ \i_
kmdhdodq` hpnd^n+ >jiid` S\_` no\o`n oc\o h`gj_t \i_ mctoch \m` oc` orj
]\nd^ `g`hìon di Ei_d\i hpnd^) \i_ oc\o c\mh jit c\n i`q`m \kk`\g`_ oj
Ei_d\i `\mn+ ?cjm_n kmj_p^` ojj hp^c njpi_ \o ji^`) h\fdib do _daad^pgo ajm
oc` gdnoì`m oj ^ji^ìom\o` ji r c\o dn) di Ei_d\i hpnd^) hjno dh kjmo\io
h`gj_t \i_ mctoch+ >po ocdn ]t ij h`\in dhkgd`n oc\o Ei_d\i hpnd^ dn g`nn
_`q`gjk`_ oc\i S`no`mi hpnd^+ Scdg` c\mhjit \i_ kjgtkcjit c\q` ]`ì
gào \gji`) h`gj_t \i_ mctoch c\q` ]`ì _`q`gjk`_ a\m ]`tji_ S`no`mi
om\_dodjin7
Ei Ei_d\i ^g\nnd^\g hpnd^) h`gj_t o\f`n kmdjmdot+ =i_ jigt ji`

h`gj_t dn _`q`gjk`_ \o \ odh`+ >`^\pn` Ei_d\i hpnd^ h\f`mn
c\q` i`q`m od`_ h`gj_t \i_ mctoch oj oc` m`nomdôdq` ]\n` oc\o
c\mhjit dn %di h\it m`nk`ôn&) \i_ ]`^\pn` oc`t c\q` \qjd_`_
hpgodkg` ndhpgo\i`jpn h`gj_d`n %\n di S`no`mi kjgtkcjit&) oc`t
c\q` ]`ì am`` oj ^ji^ìom\o` ji np]ogòd`n ja h`gj_t \i_
diomd^\^d`n ja mctoch oc\o ^\i ]jbbg` oc` S`no`mi hpnd^\g
dh\bdi\odji+4.
Fjgdqò$n \aadidot ajm) \i_ nop_t ja) oc` hpnd^ \i_ hpnd^\g om\_dodjin ja
\i^dìo \i_ `sjod^ ^pgopm`n) di^gp_dib Ei_d\) c\n ]`ì hìodji`_ \]jq` \i_
_dn^pnn`_ oj njh` `soìo di km`qdjpn nop_d`n+ Pc` odog`n ja n`q`m\g ja cdn rjmfn
màg`ô cdn dio`m`no di kmdhdodq` hpnd^n \i_ d_`\n \i_ oc`dm h\bd^\g \i_
di^\io\odji\g lp\gdod`n+ Bjm `s\hkg`) Afg` LeXb\ =XeZ\ %.615&) ajm or j kd\ijn)
mà`mn oj oc` k\`\i oj oc` bj_n ]t oc` Djkd omd]` ja =h`md^\i Ei_d\in
k`majmhdib oc` _\i^` ja oc` n`mkìo di oc\ifn ajm m\di \i_ \ ]jpiodapg c\mq`no+
Pc` rjmf r\n dinkdm`_ ]t \ kjno^\m_ m`^`dq`_ amjh R\m_n` r cj r\n qdndodib
O\io\ B`) J`r I`sd^j \o oc` odh`+ Koc`mn ja cdn rjmfn rdoc odog`n `qjfdib
kmdhdodq` jm `sjod^ dh\b`n di^gp_` FXeX %_dn^pnn`_ \]jq`&) =Xej\ èZXekXkfì\
2,<fee`\ QX[\' Flj`Z è Be[`X6 M_\ <cXjj`ZXc MiX[`k`fej #?e^c\nff[ =c`]]j5 Ji\ek`Z\(
BXcc' ,424$-/)
,+/
%.603&) <fjdf^fe`\ %.605&) <èh [Xej\j i`kl\cc\j %.606&) Ll`k\ [\cg_`hl\ %.610&)
IjpZ_\ %.613&) Apde\ [ B$Ne`m\ij %.63.&) \i_ Rè^)RXe^ %.640&+
Scdg` Fjgdqò r\n a\n^di\o`_ \i_ diagpì^`_ ]t oc` hpnd^ \i_ hpnd^\g
om\_dodjin ja kmdhdodq` \i_ `sjod^ ^pgopm`n) c` i`q`m lpjo`_ jm ]jmmjr`_
hpnd^\g h\o`md\gn _dm`ôgt amjh joc`m njpm^`n+ Eino`\_ c` ]jmmjr`_ \i_
\]njm]`_ oc`dm notgdnod^ `g`hìon) hjm` di oc` h\ii`m ja >\mo_f) ]po oc`
hpnd^\g g\ibp\b` r\n \gr\tn pidlp`gt cdn jri) \i_ do dn ocdn hpnd^\g
g\ibp\b` rcd^c diajmhn cdn notg` \i_ dn oc` aj^pn ja ocdn nop_t+ Ddn hpnd^
_j`n kjnn`nn ^`mo\di h`gj_d^ \i_ mctochd^ `g`hìon ^jhhji oj hjno \i^dìo
\i_ kmdhdodq` hpnd^n) \i_ hjno ja oc`n` `g`hìon \m` _`hjinom\o`_ di :i`fjf
;XifZZf*
F\iò H\i_mòc c\n d_ìodad`_ orj otk`n ja oc`h`n _jhdi\odib Fjgdqò$n

kd\ij jpokpo rcd^c \kk`\m oj ]` m`g\o`_ oj jm _`mdq`_ amjh kmdhdodq` \i_
`sjod^ h`gj_t otk`n+ Pc` admno otk`) jn^dgg\odib oc`h`n) dn ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t \
i\mmjr ^jhk\nn \i_ no\od^ mjo\odji \mjpi_ \ ndibg` ijo`) jm nò ja ijo`n)
\ i _ ,j m mctochn+ I\it ja oc` ^gpno`m h`gj_d`n d_ìodad`_ di oc` \]jq`
\i\gtndn ^`mo\digt a\gg dioj ocdn ^\o`bjmt+ Bjm `s\hkg`) oc` admno omph kò kcm\n`)
di ]\mn /*1) n``hn oj mjo\o` \mjpi_ _*ag\o) \i_ oc`m` dn \ npbb`nodji ja \i
jn^dgg\odib*otk` oc`h` di oc` h`gj_t ja ]\mn /1*/5) rcd^c c\n ]`ì _`n^md]`_
\]jq` \n \ _`mdq\odji jm q\md\odji ja kcm\n` E %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg`n .- \i_
./&+ Pc`m` dn \gnj oc` npbb`nodji ja h`gj_d^ jn^dgg\odji di oc` orj omphkò
kcm\n`n ]òr`ì ]\mn 41 \i_ 5.) ]po bì`m\ggt oc` h`gj_d^ notg` di :i`fjf
;XifZZf n``hn oj ]` ja oc` n`^ji_ otk`) oc\o ja dhkmjqdn\ojmt oc`h`n) rcd^c
\^^jm_dib oj H\i_mòckmjbm`nndq`gt _`q`gjk amjh ndhkg` ]`bdiidibn dioj
.-2
`g\]jm\o` jmi\hìo\odjin+ 4/ S` c\q` n`ì cjr hjodq`n \i_ adbpm\odjin

amjh `\mgt kcm\n`n \kk`\m di ^jino\iogt q\md`_ ajmh di g\o`m kcm\n`n \i_ cjr
gdoog` `s\ô m`kòdodji oc`m` dn di oc` rjmf \n \ rcjg`+ Pc`n` a\ôjmn oì_ oj
kmj_p^` \i dhkmjqdn\ojmt àa`ô+ Pc` omph kò kcm\n`n oc`hn`gq`n n``h oj
bmjr di gìboc \i_ ^jhkg`sdot amjh oc` admno orj*\i_*\*c\ga*]\m kcm\n`)
ocmjpbc \ ajpm*]\m kcm\n`) ocì \ ajpm*\i_*\*c\ga*]\m kcm\n`) oj \ orìot*]\m
^jibgjh`m\odji di ]\mn 0-*2- rcd^c n``hn \ghjno gdf` ji` gjib) ^jino\iogt
q\md`_ kcm\n`) _p` oj n`q`m\g a\ôjmn+ Bdmno) oc`m` \m` ij m`non gjib`m oc\i orj
\i_ \ c\ga ]`\on di ocdn gjib omph kò k\nn\b`) di h\mf`_ ^jiom\no oj m`non ja
amjh ji` \i_ \ c\ga oj n`qì \i_ \ c\ga h`\npm`n ]òr`ì kcm\n`n di \gg oc`
m`no ja oc` rjmf+ O`^ji_) \ao`m \ghjno `q`mt m`no jm ]m`\oc h\mf rdocdi oc`n`
orìot ]\mn) oc` ajggjrdib ìom\i^` dn `doc`m ji oc` n\h` ijo` jm i`\mgt oc`
n\h` ijo`+ Pcdm_) oc` h`gj_t c\n ij k`mdj_d^ nompôpm`) np^c \n r` n`` di
hpnd^ ja oc` ?g\nnd^\g \i_ Njh\iod^ k`mdj_n) oj _`gdi`\o` kcm\n` ì_dibn \i_
]`bdiidibn+ Ei ocdn m`nk`ô) ocdn hpnd^ m`g\o`n hjm` oj oc\o ja oc` >\mjlp`
k`mdj_) cì^` oc` odog` ja oc` rjmf+ Bjpmoc) rcì oc`m` dn \ ndbidad^\io m`no di
oc` omph kò ja hjm` oc\i \ ]`\o %\n di ]\mn 04)06)10) \i_ 11& oc` jmb\i dn di
oc` hd__g` ja \ kcm\n`) jm \o g`\no bdq`n ij ndbi\g ja \ kcm\n` nkgdo %n``
km`qdjpn `s\hkg` .1) ajm dino\i^`&+ Ei \it ^\n`) h\it ja oc` omphkò kcm\n`n
\m` q`mt gjib) m`lpdmdib ^\màpg ^jiomjg \i_ kg\iidib ja oc` ]m`\oc) \i_ oc`
ì_g`nn hjodqd^ \i_ mctochd^ q\mdòtFjgdqò podgdu`n jq`m orìot _daa`mìo
mctochn) jaoì epso\kjn`_ \b\dino `\^c joc`m) rcd^c i\opm\ggt m`lpdm`n bjj_
mctochd^ _dn^mdhdi\odji amjh oc` k`majmh`m^jh]di`_ r doc oc` j^^\ndji\g
oc`h\od^ q\md\odji _dn^pnn`_ \]jq`) ^m`\o`n \i dhkmjqdn\ojmt àa`ô di oc`
2-FXe[i\k_ 30)
L \g if [ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f] k_\ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g \id `jj`fe)
, +1
h`gj_t+ Ei_``_) oc` ìodm` h`gj_t) amjh ]`bdiidib oj ì_) h dbco `qì ]`
lpdo` kg\pnd]gt ^jind_`m`_ \ ndibg`) `soì_`_ dhkmjqdn\odji+
=ijoc`m r \t oc\o :i`fjf ;XifZZf màg`ôn oc` di^\io\ojmt \nk`ôn ja
kmdhdodq` \i_ `sjod^ hpnd^n gd`n di oc` kmjapndji ja `h]`ggdnchìon+ Cdqì oc`
odog` ja oc` rjmf) ji` h dbco ocdif oc\o Fjgdqò$n hjodq\odji]`nd_`n oc`
nompôpm` ja oc` kcm\ndibh\t c\q` ]`ì >\mjlp` jmi\hìo\odji) ]po oc`
àa`ô ja cdn `h]`ggdnchìon dn ^gjn`m oj oc\o ja Kmdìo\g om\_dodji\g hpnd^)
rc`m` oc` jmi\hìon \m` \i dio`bm\g \i_ di_dnkìn\]g` `g`hìo ja oc`
h`gj_d^ ^ji^`kodji) m\oc`m oc\i \ h`m` _`^jm\odji \__`_ oj \ h`gj_t \gm`\_t
^jhkgò` di don`ga+ Eino`\_ do n``hn hjm` gdf`gt oc\o oc` o`mh >\mj^^j di oc`
odog` mà`mn jigt oj oc` dio`mordidib notg` ja kcm\ndib \i_ oj oc` ordno`_
i\opm` ja oc` h`gj_d^ gdi`n oc`hn`gq`n) rcd^c) \n r` c\q` n`ì) di^jmkjm\o`
n`mkìodi` ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`mn \i_ _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn di njhòdh`n lpdo`
\ibpg\m rmdodib+
N`b\m_g`nn ja oc` dinkdm\odji ]`cdi_ oc` odog`) oc` diagpì^` ja Kmdìo\g

\i_ joc`m om\_dodji\g hpnd^n dn \gnj màg`ô`_ di Fjgdqò$n pn` ja oc` ngd_`) jm
kjmo\hìoj) \i_ di cdn di^jmkjm\odji ja lp\mo`m*oji`n+ Prd^` di :i`fjf ;XifZZf
bgdnn\i_jn \m` h\mf`_ di oc` omph kò k\mo ]òr`ì \ n`md`n ja kdo^c`n hjqdib
]t n`hdoji` %n`` `s\hkg` 04&+ Pc`n` bgd_`n ^\i ]` \^^jhkgdnc`_ ji oc`
As\hkg` 047 :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ^jktmdbco .64- A_dodjin >dgg\p_jo) h`\npm`n /2)
01) \i_ /4) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
,+2
omph kò `doc`m ]t pn` ja oc` hjq\]g` ocdm_ q\gq` ngd_`) jmr doc \ g`nn
n\odna\ôjmt m`npgodib oji` lp\gdot]t pndib oc` c\ga*q\gq` o`^cidlp`) jm ]t
gdkkdib ijo`n) jm ]t njh` ^jh]di\odji ja oc`n` ocm`` o`^cidlp`n+ Cgd_`n
np^c \n oc`n` \m` \ ijmh\g \i_ dhkjmo\io k \mo ja h`gj_d^ `skm`nndji di
om\_dodji\g Ei_d\i hpnd^+
= ndibg` lp\mo`m*oji` %\ lp\mo`m*oji`*nc\mk b& \kk`\mn \gnj ord^`) admno

di ]\m /4 \i_ \b\di di ]\m 01) \o oc` ì_ ja oc` n`^ji_ n`md`n ja n`hdoji`
bgdnn\i_jn %n`` \]jq` `s\hkg`&+ Eo c\n gjib ]`ì fijri oc\o h \it \i^dìo
^pgopm`n) di^gp_dib oc` \i^dìo Ddi_pn) L`mnd\in) \i_ Cm``fn) pn`_ dio`mq\gn
nh\gg`m oc\i \ n`hdoji`+40 ?pmo O\^cn apmoc`m ijo`n oc\o rcdg` oc` \i^dìo
Cm``fn pn`_ lp\mo`m*oji`n di rc\o r` ^\gg oc` ìc\mhjid^ bìpn) jm n^\g`) oc`
pn` ja kjmo\hìoj jm ngd_dib di oc\o ^pgopm` r\n nomdôgt \qjd_`_+41
Pc` bgdnn\i_jn \i_ lp\mo`m*oji`n bdq` Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ \ lp\gdot rcd^c dn
_daad^pgo ajm S`no`mi `\mn oj \^^`ko+ =n F+ Gp^f`mou m`h\mfn) bgd_`n ]òr`ì
pijmi\hìo`_ oji`n jm dino`\_ ja oc`h) \i_ nh\gg ^c\ib`n ja kdo^c \m` hjm`
m`kpgndq` oc\i \oom\ôdq` ajm \ S`no`mi gdnoì`m rcj ^jh`n \^mjnn Ei_d\i hpnd^
ajm oc` admno odh`+ 42 Ei om\_dodji\g S`no`mi hpnd^ oc`t \m` `qì hjm`
di^jibmpjpn+ =n Gp^f`mou apmoc`m ijo`n) di S `no`mi h p nd^+ + + do dn
dhkjnnd]g` oj nc\mk jm ag\o \ kdo^c g`nn oc\i c\ga \ oji`) jm oj diomj_p^` bgd_`n
dioj \modnod^ h`gj_d`n) ajm oc` ndhkg` m`\nji oc\o di np^c ^\n`n oc` c\mhjid`n
2.=Xic ?e^\c' M_\ F lj`Z f] k_\ Ffjk :eZ`\ek GXk`fej #,4+46 H \n Rfib5 <ffbj ]fi
F`YiXi`\j J' ,42+$ ,1/)
2/=lik MXZ_j' M_\ K`j\ f] F lj`Z è k_\ :eZ`\ek Pfic[ #H \n Rfib5 Hfikfe' ,4/.$ -+2)
20D) ElZb\ikq' L\Z\gk`fe f] =cXjj`ZXc Ce[`Xe Glj`Z è Q \jk\ie =fleki`\j >liè^ k_\
-+k_ =\ekl`p' >jjXpj è Flj`Zfcf^p( \[) L) =) G\_kX #<Xif[X5 Ce[`Xe Glj`Zfcf^`ZXc MfZ`\kp'
,43.$ -+1)
,+3
r jpg_ bj jpo ja opi`+ 43 >po Fjgdqò c\n mè`ô`_ om\_dodji\g S`no`mi

c\mhjit) h\fdib np^c h`gj_d^ ip\i^`n kjnnd]g` di cdn hpnd^+ S` ncjpg_
\gnj j]n`mq` oc\o di oc` admno dino\i^` ja ]joc oc` bgdnn\i_j \i_ oc` lp\mo`m*
oji` oc` jigt \^^jhk\idhìo _pmdib oc`n` àa`ôn dn \ _mji` \i_ \ hjhìo\mt
k`m^pnndq` c\mhjid^ ^gpno`m) \i_ di oc` n`^ji_ dino\i^` oc` omph kò kg\tn
\gji`) h\fdib oc`n` àa`ôn pilp`nodji\]gt kmjhdiìo+
Eo dn dio`m`nodib oc\o oc`n` orj h`gj_d^ àa`ôn j^^pm di :i`fjf ;XifZZf
jigt _pmdib oc`n` _mji` n`ôdjin ja oc` rjmf) rc`m` oc` ocm`` ]\nd^ `g`hìon
^jindno ja \ h`gj_t \^^jhk\id`_ ]t \ _mji` \i_ _mph*gdf` kpiôp\odib
^gpno`mn+ Ei^d_ìo\ggt) r` rdgg j]n`mq` ocdn n\h` fdi_ ja ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`m

pn`_ oj m`km`nìo k`m^pnndji dinomphìon di oc` kd\ij m`_pôdji ja oc`
\^^jhk\idhìo oj oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf* Ei Ei_d\ \ njgj h`gj_t dinomphìo dn
otkd^\ggt \^^jhk\id`_ ]t \ _mji` dinomphìo \i_ \ _mph +44 =n >jiid` S\_`
o`ggn pn di c`m ]jjf) Flj`Z è Be[`X6 M_\ <cXjj`ZXc MiX[`k`fej( oc` k\mod^dk\odji ja
oc` _mji` dn \ m`g\odq`gt m`^ìo _`q`gjkhìo di Ei_d\i hpnd^) jmdbdi\odib
kjnnd]gt amjh \n g\o` \n oc` n`qìo`ìoc ^ìopmt+45 Oodgg) da Fjgdqò c\n
]jmmjr`_ oc` hpnd^\g d_`\ ja \ _mji` amjh hj_`h Ei_d\ \i_ ijo \i^dìo
Ei_d\) ocdn dn k`ma`ôgt ^jindnoìo r doc cdn hpnd^\g di^\io\ojmt \`nocòd^) rcd^c
cjg_n hpnd^$n hdnndji oj ]` \ cph\i` \i_ m`gdbdjpn ji`) ]`^\pn` ocdn \`nocòd^
^jiajmhn oj oc` \`nocòd^ ja hj_`mi Ei_d\i hpnd^ \gnj7
Ei_d\i ^g\nnd^\g hpnd^ dn g\mb`gt pn`_ ajm m`gdbdjpn kpmkjn`n \i_

do c\n ]`ì `skg\di`_ di oc` gdbco ja D di_p kcdgjnjkct+
=^^jm_dib oj ocdn dio`mkmò\odji) oc` Ei_d\i \modno omd`n oj m`q`\g
cdn `sk`mdì^` ja oc` Qidq`mn\g >`dib jm oc` @dqdi` O`ga di cdn
21ElZb\ikq -+1)
22QX[\ ,/,)
23QX[\ /4)
,+4
\modnod^ ^m`\odji+ + + Oj Ei_d\i hpnd^ ^\i adi\ggt ]` k`m^`dq`_ \n \

kjr`m rcd^c ajmhn \ ]md_b` amjh oc` cph \i rjmg_ oj oc`
diadido`) \i_ do dn oc`màjm` km\dn`_ \n \ c`\qìgt jm _dqdi`
\mo+46
Fjgdqò$n om`\ohìo ja mctoch dn oc` adi\g h\o`md\g k\m\gg`g ]òr`ì cdn

hpnd^ \i_ oc\o ja kmdhdodq` \i_ `sjod^ nj^dòd`n+ Ei :i`fjf ;XifZZf \i `sjod^
mctochd^ diagpì^` dn n`ì di oc` ^gpno`m kpiôp\odjin hìodji`_ \]jq`) rcd^c
apiôdji k`m^pnndq`gt \gocjpbc ijo \ôp\ggt gdf` \i Ei_d\i _mphh`m r jpg_ di
Ei_d\i hpnd^) \i_ di oc` bì`m\g \]nì^` ja \ ^g`\m hòmd^ kpgn`+ Pc` jigt
k\nn\b` rc`m` oc`m` dn `qì \ cdio ja hòmd^ m`bpg\mdot dn \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja
oc` ?*n`ôdji) rc`m` ]\m 2/ dn `s\ôgt oc` n\h` mctochd^\ggt \n ]\m 2.) ]po ]\m
20 dn _daa`mìo \b\di+ Pc` admno ]`\on ja h`\npm`n bì`m\ggt n``h oj c\q` gdoog`
jm ij hòmd^ ndbidad^\i^`) \i_ oc` ^jhkg`sdot \i_ q\mdòt ja mctochd^
^jiadbpm\odjin pn`_) ojbòc`m rdoc oc` cdbc _`bm`` ja nompôpm\g di_`kì_ì^`
\o oc` kcm\n` g`q`g ]òr`ì omph kò \i_ jmb\i) ^m`\o` \ bì`m\ggt iji*hòmd^
\ohjnkc`m`+ Pcdn dn ijo oj n\t oc\o \i pinompôpm`_ jm ^c\jod^ ìqdmjihìo
`sdnon ]po m\oc`m oc\o Fjgdqò$n d_`\ ja nompôpm` c`m` dn ijo \ om\_dodji\g oji\g
ji`) a\hdgd\m oj oc` \q`m\b` S `no`mi gdnoì`m) \i_ oc` ]\m gdi`n n``h jaoì oj
]` hjm` \ h\oo`m ja ijo\odji\g ^jiqìodji oc\i ja apiôdji\g dhkjmo\i^`+
Ophh\mt
= ^jgg\b` ja ^jhkjndodji\g `g`hìon) di^gp_dib Fjgdqò$n adq` n`ga*

_àdi`_ o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n) \oji\g kmj^`_pm`n) oc` dhkjmo\i^` ja h`gj_t)
oc` diagpì^` ja kmdhdodq` hpnd^\g d_`\n \i_ `sjod^ kmj^`_pm`n) \i_ oc`
^jhkjn`m$n jri bpd_dib ^ji^`kodji ja oc` n\^m`_ jm h\bd^\g i\opm` ja hpnd^
24ElZb\ikq -+2)
,,+
^\i k\dio \ ^jhkg`s \i_ ^jiapndib kdôpm` ja Fjgdqò$n hpnd^\g notg`+ >po di
:i`fjf ;XifZZf \ ^g`\m \i_ ^jindnoìo notg` `h`mb`n r cd^c ^\i n`mq` \n \ hj_`g
ajm ^jiom\no \i_ ^jhk\mdnji r doc joc`m rjmfn ja Fjgdqò di jm_`m oj ^jh`
^gjn`m oj \ ^g`\m) ^jhkgò`) \i_ \mod^pg\o` pi_`mno\i_dib \i_ \kkm`^d\odji ja
oc` rjmf ja \ ^m`\odq` \i_ kmjgdad^ ^jhkjn`m) rcjn` hpnd^ c\n ]`ì ojj jaoì
jq`mgjjf`_ di ocdn ^ìopmt+
S` c\q` ncjri oc\o oc` pn` \i_ dhkjmo\i^` ja Fjgdqò$n adq` kmdi^dkg`n)
dio`mkmò`_ \n _`n^md]dib nk`^dad^ ^jhkjndodji\g o`^cidlp`n) dn hdidh\g di
:i`fjf ;XifZZf \i_ oc\o np^c \ i\mmjr dio`mkmò\odji h\t di a\ô ]` `mmji`jpn+
Pc` `qd_ì^` npbb`non oc\o Fjgdqò$n hò\kcjmd^\g \i_ \h]dbpjpn

`skg\i\odjin ja oc`n` kmdi^dkg`n r`m` ^ji^`dq`_ \n ij hjm` oc\i r c\o oc`t
\kk`\m oj ]`^jiq`mn\odji\g _`n^mdkodjin ja cdn kcdgjnjkcd^\g \i_ \`nocòd^
pi_`mno\i_dib ja ^`mo\di \nk`ôn ja hpnd^\g nompôpm` \i_ njh` nk`^dad^
`s\hkg`n ja cjr oc\o pi_`mno\i_dib ^\i ]` h\ida`no`_ di \ôp\g hpnd^+ =o
oc` api_\hìo\g g`q`g) oc`n` \`nocòd^ d_`\n ^\i ]` nphh\mdu`_ \n ajggjrn7 .&
J\opm\g m`nji\i^` dn \ q\gd_ hpnd^\g ^ji^`ko \i_ \i dhkjmo\io ^jhkjndodji\g

^jind_`m\odji+ /& @ti\hdnh) jm _m\h\) dn \gnj \ q\gd_ hpnd^\g ^ji^`ko \i_ \i
dhkjmo\io ^jhkjndodji\g ^jind_`m\odji+ 0& I`gj_t dn oc` hjno dhkjmo\io

\nk`ô ja hpnd^) ]t rcd^c don r jmoc dn h`\npm`_+ 1& Nctoch dn \ ^jhkg`s
`g`hìo ja hpnd^ rcd^c bj`n ]`tji_ hò`m \i_ k\oo`mi m`kòdodji oj `h]m\^`)
\o \ hjm` api_\hìo\g g`q`g) \ôdqdot \i_ hjq`hìo) \i_ do h pno ]` am``_
amjh hòmd^ \i_ k\oo`mi`_ m`nomdôdjin oj _j ocdn+ Pc`n` kmdi^dkg`n nò \nd_`
oc` mpg`n ja om\_dodji\g oji\g hpnd^ \i_ `s^gp_` oc` ajmhpg\odji ja \it
np]nodopo` mpg`n+ Pc`t `hkc\ndu` oc` kmdh\^t ja ^`mo\di api_\hìo\g
^c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja hpnd^ \i_ \ggjr oc` ^m`\odqdot ja oc` ^jhkjn`m oj _ò`mhdi`
C cc
oc` nc\k` ja oc` m`npgodib ^jhkjndodji) am`` ja \modad^d\g) jm \o \it m\o`)

ntiocòd^ m`nomdôdjin+
S` c\q` n`ì oc\o Fjgdqò$n \oji\gdot dn h\ida`no`_ di \ iph ]`m ja q`mt

_àdido` \i_ ^jindnoìo kmj^`_pm`n \i_ kmdi^dkg`n h \_` `qd_ìo di :i`fjf
;XifZZf* Pc` k`mndnoìo \i_ qdmop\ggt ^jiodipjpn pn`) di cdn q`mod^\g nompôpm`n)
ja oc` h jno _dnnji\io dio`mq\gni\h`gt) oc` omdoji`) hdijm idioc) \i_ h\ejm
n`qìoc) r doc oc`dm ^jhkjpi_ndn \i dhkjmo\io notgdnod^ om\do di ocdn rjmf \i_
\ ^jmi`mnoji` ja cdn ^ji^`kodji ja \oji\gdot+ Pc` _jhdi\odji ja oc`n` n\h`
dio`mq\gn di cdn h`gj_d^ nompôpm`n dn \gnj \kk\mìo+ Koc`m m`n`\m^c`mn c\q`

ijo`_ oc` kmjapndji ja oc`n` _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn di oc` h`gj_d^ \i_
c\mhjid^ nompôpm`n ja np^c `\mgt k`mdj_ rjmfn \n <èh èZXekXk`fej ajm agpo`)
FXeX ajm kd\ij) \i_ joc`m kd\ij rjmfn+ Pc`t \m` `qd_ìo ojj di <èh [Xej\j
i`kl\cc\j %.606&) Ii\cl[\ XgfZXcpgk`hl\ %.602&) \i_ BeZXekXk`fe %.604&) \i_ oc`t \m`
kmjhdiìo h`gj_d^ \ i _ ,j m c\mhjid^ `g`hìon di h\it ja cdn g\o` rjmfn

rcd^c c\q` ijo tò ]`ì nop_d`_) np^c \n Apde\ X B$Ne`m\ij %.63.&) <feki\m\ij`X
%.635&) Ll`k\ i_Xgjf[`hl\ %.632&) Ll`k\ \e ZfeZ\ik %.632&) <feZ\ikf Jj+ /]f i <\ccf
%.633&) \i_ I`g\XlY\Z %.64.&+
Fjgdqò$n h`gj_d^ nompôpm`n \m` apmoc`m ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t oc` ndbidad^\io
pn` ja ^gpno`mn \i_ am`` pn` ja \gg or`gq` oji`n+ ?gpno`mn \gnj \kk`\m rdoc
ndbidad^\io am`lpì^t di cdn c\mhjid`n) \i_ c` \kk`\mn oj np^^`nnapggt
h\dio\di \i \pocìod^ am`` \oji\gdot]t iji*_dn^mdhdi\ojmt pn` ja \gg
or`gq` oji`n c\mhjid^\ggt \n r`gg \n h`gj_d^\ggtpiodg oc` q`mt ì_ ja oc`
rjmf) rc`m` \ fdi_ ja ojid^ dn dhkgd`_) h\digt ocmjpbc npno\di`_ _pm\odji
\i_ hpgodkg` _jp]gdib rdocdi oc` adi\g njijmdot+ Pcdn oì_ì^t oj hjq` di oc`
_dm`ôdji ja \ am`` oji\gdot \o oc` ì_ ja \i joc`mrdn` am``gt \oji\g rjmf dn
,,-
km`nìo di h\it ja Fjgdqò$n ^jhkjndodjin \i_ ocpn n``hn oj ]` \i dhkjmo\io

\nk`ô ja cdn notg`+
= am`` \i_ pikm`_dô\]g` \kkmj\^c oj mctoch \i_ hò`m dn \ijoc`m
h\ida`no\odji ja cdn \oji\gdot) di\nhp^c \n mctoch \i_ hò`m \m` dio`mordi`_
rdoc \i_ gdhdo`_ ]t c\mhjit \i_ h`gj_t di om\_dodji\g S`no`mi hpnd^+ S`
c\q` n`ì oc\o c` pn`n \ q`mt rd_` q\mdòt ja mctochn di \i ì_g`nn q\mdòt ja
^jh]di\odjin \i_ epso\kjndodjin \i_ oc\o oc` àa`ôdq` hòmd^ jmb\idu\odji \i_
^jjm_di\odji ja cdn kcm\ndib ]òr`ì oc` orj dinomphìon ajggjrn \i
pikm`_dô\]g` k\oc+
Bmjh oc` ^\np\g ]po hpnd^\ggt om\di`_ gdnoì`m$n qd`rkjdio) oc` ji`
notgdnod^ `g`hìo oc\o k`mc\kn hjno nòn Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ \k\mo amjh oc\o ja
h\it ja cdn ^jio`hkjm\md`n dn oc` dhkjmo\i^` bdqì oj h`gj_d^ `skm`nndji+
Fjgdqò$n ocjpbcon ji oc` np]e`ô \m` h\_` lpdo` ^g`\m di cdn rmdodibn) \i_
:i`fjf ;XifZZf bì`mjpngt _`hjinom\o`n \ r`\goc ja h`gj_d^ diqìodji \i_
`skm`nndqì`nn+ Oomdô oc`h\od^ m`kòdodji dn ijo oj ]` ajpi_) ]po hjodqd^

q\md\odji) \i_ kcm\n` `soìndji \i_ _`q`gjkhìo \m` pn`_ di np^c \ ^\màpggt
^jiomjgg`_ r\t) ^jh]di`_ rdoc \i_ dio`bm\o`_ dioj am``gt ^ji^`dq`_ h\o`md\g)
oc\o \i dhkmjqdn\ojmt àa`ô dn \^cd`q`_+
Ehkmjqdn\odji dn \i dhkjmo\io `g`hìo di h\itda ijo \ggkmdhdodq`

\i_ `sjod^ hpnd^n) di^gp_dib S`no`mi hpnd^ ja oc` >\mjlp` k`mdj_) da r` ^\i
^\gg oc` >\mjlp` notg` `sjod^+ >po `qì di >\mjlp` hpnd^ dhkmjqdn\odji dn
pnp\ggt bpd_`_ \i_ m`nomdô`_ ]t ^jin^djpn jm pi^jin^djpn nj^dò\g om\_dodjin
\i_ o\no`n+ Ei Fjgdqò$n hpnd^ cdn jri k`mnji\g o\no` n``hn oj ]` cdn jigt
bpd_` ajm) jm m`nomdôdji ji) cdn hpnd^\g ^m`\odqdot+ Ka ^jpmn` cdn k`mnji\g o\no`
dn k\mogt _ò`mhdi`_ ]t oc` diagpì^` ja oc` Bmì^c hpnd^\g om\_dodji di
..0
bì`m\g \i_ ja oc` hpnd^ \i_ d_`\n ja joc`m ^jhkjn`mn \i_ \modnon di
k\mod^pg\m) oc` hjno dhkjmo\io ja oc`n` ]`dib R\m_n`+ J`q`moc`g`nn) Fjgdqò$n
hpnd^ dn cdbcgt di_dqd_p\g) di ij r\t \ ^jkt jm dhdo\odji ja oc` notg` ja R\m#n`
jm \itji` `gn`+
Koc`m `g`hìon ja Fjgdqò$n notg`) rcd^c apmoc`m màg`ô cdn dio`m`no di oc`
hpnd^\g di^\io\ojmt `skm`nndji ja kmdhdodq` \i_ `sjod^ ^pgopm`n) di^gp_` oc`
am`lpìo pn` ja h`gj_d^ `h]`ggdnchìon) oc` km`nì^` ja jn^dgg\odib*otk`
oc`h`n) \i_ oc` pn` ja _mji`n) bgd_`n) \i_ dio`mq\gn nh\gg`m oc\i \ n`hdoji`+
Fjgdqò pn`n oc`n` kmdhdodq` jm iji*S`no`mi `g`hìon di cdn jri _dnodiôdq`
r\t) d+`+ iji*dhdo\odq`gt) nj oc\o oc` a\ô oc\o oc`t \mdn` amjh cdn dio`m`no di
kmdhdodq` \i_ `sjod^ hpnd^n dn hp^c g`nn dh kjmo\io oj \i pi_`mno\i_dib ja cdn
notg` oc\i ndhkgt j]n`mqdib oc\o c` _j`n pn` oc`h \i_ oc\o c` pn`n oc`h \n
am``gt \i_ dh\bdi\odq`gt \n c` pn`n \gg oc` joc`m `g`hìon oc\o r` c\q`
_dn^pnn`_+ Odhdg\mgt) Fjgdqò$n ]`gdà di oc` n\^m`_ jm h\bd^\g kpmkjn` ja hpnd^
dn \i dio`m`nodib a\^ò ja cdn ^m`\odq` dhkpgn`) ]po do dn c\m_gt k`modiìo oj \
^g`\m \mod^pg\odji \i_ pi_`mno\i_dib ja cdn hpnd^\g notg`) o`^cid^\ggt nk`\fdib)
\gocjpbc do nc`_n hp^c gdbco ji cdn hjodq\odjin \i_ ji \ ^jmm`ô \kkmj\^c oj
oc` k`majmh\i^` ja cdn hpnd^) \n r`gg \n oj \ hjm` ^jhkgò` pi_`mno\i_dib ja

cdn hpnd^ di bì`m\g+
,,/
IQOE?=H =J=HUOEO7 L><HG= <HG<>KMH
Pc` orj ^ji^`mojn \m` r mdooì di \ hjm` \^^`nnd]g` notg`) n``hdibgt

^gjn`m oj Fjgdqò$n n`^ji_ k`mdj_ oc\i oj oc` g\o`m notg` dggpnom\o`_ di :i`fjf
;XifZZf* Pc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf r\n rmdooì ajm Njb`m @`ghjoo` \i_ m`^jm_`_ ]t
cdh ]àjm` oc` .623 ^ji^`mo km`hd`m` ja oc` rjmf+ F\uu notg` dn \i dh kjmo\io
diagpì^` di ]joc ^ji^`mojn) ]po ajm oc` kpmkjn`n ja oc` km`nìo nop_t do dn
ìjpbc oj \^fijrg`_b` \ e\uu diagpì^` \i_ ]mdàgt nphh\mdu` oc` e\uu
`g`hìon ndi^`) \n r` c\q` n`ì) e\uu r\n \i dhkjmo\io k\mo ja oc` hpnd^\g gda`
ja q`mt h\it Bmì^c ^jhkjn`mn+ Pc` kmdh\mt aj^pn c`m` dn ji oc` km`nì^` jm
\]nì^` ja g\o`*notg` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja \oji\gdot \i_ di^\io\odji di \i `\mgd`m

rjmf+
Ddg_\ Fjgdqò no\o`n oc\o nc` kmà`mn oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf oj oc` <feZ\ikèf(
\i_ tò do m`^`dq`n a`r`m k`majmh\i^`n+ Oc` \oomd]po`n ocdn oj oc` _daad^pgot \i_
`skìn` ja \nn`h]gdib \i_ m`c`\mndib oc` pipnp\g .0*kd`^` jm^c`nom\) rcd^c
nc` gdfìn oj ^`mo\di e\uu ajmh\odjin) \i_ nc` _`n^md]`n oc` kd`^` \n \
kmjajpi_gt _m\h\od^ rjmf) r cd^c ^jiq`tn \ no\o` ja hdi_ ^jhk\m\]g` oj oc\o
rcd^c dinkdm`n oc` J`bmj nkdmdop\gn ++ V$5- I\_\h` Fjgdqò ocì m`g\o`n oc\o \o
\]jpo oc` odh` oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf r\n rmdooì) c`m nji) rcj c\_ ]`ì
nop_tdib ajm \ t`\m di oc` Qido`_ Oo\o`n) mòpmi`_ cjh` rdoc \i dhkm`nndq`
^jgg`ôdji ja e\uu m`^jm_n ja cdbc lp\gdot \i_ oc\o oc`n` m`^jm_dibn c\_ \
h \mf`_ àa`ô ji =i_mz+
Sdggd\h O^chd_ d_ìodad`n n`q`m\g `g`hìon di oc` ^ji^`moj \n ]`dib ja

e\uu jmdbdi) di^gp_dib oc` pn` ja orj n\sjkcji`n) `soìndq` pn` ja k`m^pnndji
3+B`C[X Dfc`m\k --/)
,,0
dinomphìon di \ r\t m`hdidn^ìo ja \ e\uu _mph nò) oc` cdbc o`nndopm\ ja oc`
omph kò k\mo) oc` pn` ja oc` r\*r\ hpo` \i_ joc`m hpo`n) r\gfdib ]\nn
gdi`n) m\bodh` nti^jk\odjin) rd_` pn` ja oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`) \i_
bgdnn\i_jn+5. Ojh` ja oc`n` `g`hìon \m` pi_ìd\]gt ja e\uu jmdbdi+ Pc`
r\gfdib ]\nn gdi`n \i_ m\bodh`*gdf` nti^jk\odjin \m` ^`mo\digt \ kmj_pô ja oc`
Bmì^c a\n^di\odji rdoc e\uu \i_ m\bodh` di bì`m\g \i_ r doc Fjgdqò$n dio`m`no
di oc`n` notg`n di k\mod^pg\m+ Djr`q`m) njh` ja oc`n` `g`hìon) np^c \n oc` pn`
ja n\sjkcji`n \i_ omph kò hpo`n) \gnj màg`ô Fjgdqò$n otkd^\ggt Bmì^c
dio`m`no di oji` ^jgjm) \i_ joc`mn) np^c \n oc` dhkjmo\io k`m^pnndji k\mon)
bgdnn\i_jn) \i_ _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`n) h\t hjm` _dm`ôgt màg`ô Fjgdqò$n k`mnji\g
dio`m`no di `sjod^ mctochn \i_ àa`ôn hjm` oc\i ocjn` ja e\uu) nk`^dad^\ggt+
Pcdn dn k\mod^pg\mgt gdf`gt ^jind_`mdib oc` oì_ì^t ja oc` Bmì^c`nk`^d\ggt
di L\mdnoj `lp\o`) ^jiapn`) jm \nnj^d\o` =h`md^\i e\uu hpnd^ r doc kmdhdodq`
=amd^\i \mo+
=n di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( do dn dhkjnnd]g` di oc` ^ji^`moj oj ^ji^gpndq`gt \i_

h`\idibapggt d_ìodat hjm` oc\i \ a`r nk`^dad^ `s\hkg`n ja Fjgdqò$n adq`
o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n di oc`dm i\mmjr nìn` \n ^jhkjndodji\g o`^cidlp`n+
Djr`q`m) oc` kmdi^dkg`n _j jk`m\o` hjm` ^g`\mgt di oc`dm ]mj\_`m) hjm`
^jhkgò` nìn`+ Bjm `s\hkg`) oc`m` dn ij pn` ja oc` _jp]g` ]\nn kmdi^dkg`
_dm`ôgt) ]po m`nji\i^`) di ji` r\t jm \ijoc`m) _àdido`gt kg\tn njh` mjg` di
oc` hpnd^+ Pcdn dn `qd_ìo ]t oc` m\oc`m `soìndq` om`\ohìo ja oc`h`n \i_
]\nn gdi`n di jô\q`n \i_ di oc` h`gj_d^ \i_ c\mhjid^ pn` ja nk`^dad^ hj_`n
ja g`nn oc\i or`gq` ijo`n) rcd^c \ô \n \ fdi_ ja c\mhjid^ ad`g_+ Bjm
`s\hkg`) di oc` k\nn\b` ]òr`ì m`c`\mn\g iph]`mn / \i_ 1 di oc` admno
5.O^chd_ 21*24+
,,1
hjq`hìo) oc`m` \m` ajpm _dnodiô `g`hìon ja hpnd^\ ]\nn gdi`) \ h`gj_d^
gdi`) \ mctochd^ gdi`) \i_ oc` nomphhdib ja oc` c\mk %n`` `s\hkg` 05&+
A\^cja oc` `g`hìon pi_`mbj`n np]og` ^c\ib`n _pmdib oc` k\nn\b`) ]po
i`q`moc`g`nn \ cdbc _`bm`` ja m`kòdodji di oc` ^jinompôdji ja oc` kcm\n`n
gì_n c\mhjid^ no\]dgdot \i_ \ ^`mo\di m`nji\i^` oj oc` k\nn\b`+ Pì
_daa`mìo kdo^c`n \m` pn`_ di oc` k\nn\b`) \gocjpbc jigt idi` \kk`\m di oc`
n`^ji_ ajpm ]\mn) \i_ oc`t \m` ijo j]o\di\]g` \n c\mhjid^ jq`moji`n ja \it
_jp]g` ]\nn ^jh]di\odji+ =n \ijoc`m `s\hkg`) di oc` k\nn\b` amjh iph]`m ..
oj iph ]`m .0 di oc` n\h` hjq`hìo) oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` kmjqd_`n oc` ìodm`
kdo^c h\o`md\g `s^`ko ajm ocm`` ajm`dbi ijo`n_) a) \i_ \*ag\orcd^c \kk`\m
jigt ord^`) di oc` admno ]\m ja oc` kcm\n` \i_ di don q\md`_ m`kòdodji) \o
iph]`mn .. \i_ ./) m`nk`ôdq`gt+ Aqì di \i \oji\g nòodib) np^c `s^gpndq` pn`
ja \ gdhdo`_ nò ja ijo`n ajm np^c \i `soì_`_ k\nn\b` ^\iijo c`gk ]po bdq` \i
dhkm`nndji ja c\mhjid^ pidot \i_ no\]dgdotdi \ nìn`) m`nji\i^àjm oc`
_pm\odji ja oc` k\nn\b`+ Qn` ja ntiocòd^ n^\g`n jm kdo^c nòn di ocdn h\ii`m
c\n ]`ì ijo`_ ]t H\i_mòc di Fjgdqò$n kd\ij hpnd^ \i_ ]t Iìf di cdn
or`gq`*k\mo qj^\g rjmf) >g`k_XcZ`d\( rmdooì di .620) epno ]àjm` oc` L\Zfe[
<feZ\ikf*
Ei :i`fjf ;XifZZf( _jp]gdib`doc`m \o oc` pidnji jm jô\q`r\n m\m`)
]po c`m` do dn \ am`lpìo km\ôd^`+ Pcdn ijo jigt _`hjinom\o`n \ njh`rc\o

_daa`mìo \kkmj\^c ojr\m_ m`nji\i^` ]po \gnj m`npgon jaoì di \ ocdii`m
c\mhjid^ o`sopm`) rcd^c ijo jigt k`mhdon h`gj_d^ gdi`n oj ^po ocmjpbc oc`
am`lpìogt _ìn` \^jpnod^\g o`sopm`\ r di_ ìn`h]g` ja ocdn ndu` \i_
^jhkjndodji kmj_p^`n \ lpdo` ndbidad^\io qjgph` \i_ _ìndot ja njpi_]po

\gnj k`mhdon oc` m`g\odq`gt `\nt diomj_pôdji ja om\_dodji\g ^jiom\kpio\g
..4
As\hkg` 057 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

h`\npm`n .2*//+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
j : } ? j i ^ do\ gj
Ee mg Z[
']* rrq; fi
[[[[[ r; q
Pa W
dP '
BF .3
'& es) .4 .3
{C+?+
^+\+
P+I+{i'{ d] R ;
F
8 m .s+777+ ad ?.*.F e;d****
dPj+Pj+ 5 '+
X %/&?ji+^dd<gj F'51
LJ *, P''
/ 2|
Oh*+P+
>@Q Ojm_+jm_+
?ji O oi g+oi g
E P+I
gdao
L \g if[ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f] k_ \ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g\id `jj`fe)
..5
o`^cidlp`n) rcd^c _j di a\ô \kk`\m jaoì di ocdn r jmf \i_ \m` \i dhkjmo\io
k\mo ja don oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn+
Pc` _m\h\od^ \nk`ô ja hpnd^ _`n^md]`_ ]t Fjgdqò$n kiXejdlkXk`fej
kmdi^dkg` dn nomdfdibgt `qd_ìo di ocdn rjmf di oc` am`lpìo np__ì ^c\ib`n ja
_ti\hd^n) o`sopm`) jm^c`nom\odji) \i_ m`bdno`m) k\mod^pg\mgt di oc` orj jpo`m
hjq`hìon+ Ei oc` admno hjq`hìo) oc` omph kò gdi` ]òr`ì iph]`mn 1 \i_ 2
dggpnom\o`n ocdn fdi_ ja _m\h\od^ om`\ohìo ja _ti\hd^n \i_ m`bdno`m r doc \
m\kd_ ^m`n^ì_j amjh g oj,ajggjr `_ ]t \ jlY`kf g \i_ dhh`_d\o`gt \ijoc`m
m\kd_ ^m`n^ì_j oj,+ Pc` h`gj_d^ gdi` nk\in \i jô\q` \i_ \ c\ga) m`\^cdib \
cdbc _*ag\o) \i_ ^jio\din \ _daad^pgo nfdk ja \i jô\q` \o oc` ì_ ja \ n`md`n ja
m\kd_gt m`k`\o`_ ijo`n di oc` admno ]\m %n`` `s\hkg` 06&+ As\hkg` 1- ncjrn

h`\npm`n /0*/3) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
\ijoc`m dino\i^` ja ocdn notgdnod^ \nk`ô+ D`m` Fjgdqò rmdo`n ^m`n^ì_jn amjh g
oj ,j q ` m jigt \i `dbcoc ijo` k\mo ja \ ]`\o \o \ lpd^f o`hkj) np__ì ^c\ib`n
amj h ,oj g \n di oc` ocdm_ ]\m \ao`m 6) \i_ rd_` ncdaon \i_ ^jiom\non ja m`bdno`m
di oc` kd\ij k\mo _pmdib ocdn rcjg` k\nn\b`+ Pc` k\nn\b` ]òr`ì m`c`\mn\g
iph]`mn /- \i_ /. kmjqd_`n \ bjj_ `s\hkg` ja np__ì ^c\ib`n di _ti\hd^n)

o`sopm`) \i_ jm^c`nom\odji %n`` `s\hkg` 1.&+
Fjgdqò$n kmdi^dkg` ja c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe \kk`\mn hjno ^g`\mgt di
don i\mmjrgt nk`^dad^ nìn` jigt ji^` di `\^c ja oc` jpo`m hjq`hìondi oc`
,,4
As\hkg` 1-7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

h`\npm`n 2-*21+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
ij','
O E I +=+
F E D +=
O dp+P '
Ii|
dbD[
{^})))) ' } 8 *N}i8i
I+^G+{
k(pJ(F} (((
N ' @(e( (((( %) %#)
B')
EE
8"*
admno hjq`hìo ]òr`ì iph]`mn /. \i_ /2 %n`` `s\hkg` 34) ]`gjr&) \i_ di
oc` ocdm_ hjq`hìo ]òr`ì iph]`mn /- \i_ /0 %n`` `s\hkg` 55) ]`gjr&+ >po
oc` h`gj_d^ gdi`n \m` di bì`m\g kmjhdiìogt km`nìo`_ \i_ \ q`mt \p_d]g`
`g`hìo ja oc` hpnd^) _p` g\mb`gt oj _jp]gdib \i_ jm^c`nom\odji+ Pc` i\opm`
jm ^c\m\ô`m jm oc` h`gj_d^ gdi`n rdgg ]` _dn^pnn`_ di _ò\dg ]`gjr) \n \i \nk`ô
ja di^\io\odji+
Eo dn _daad^pgo oj n``jm c`\mcjr c\j g_Xj\j \k c\j èk\ej`k\j [l ]cl o

jfefi\ c\n \it dhkjmo\io nk`^dad^ \i_ o`^cid^\g apiôdji c`m`+ Pc` kmj]g`h dn
^jhkjpi_`_ ]t oc` rd_` q\md\odji di o`hkj+ Bjm `s\hkg`) \i \q`m\b`

mctochd^ _ìndot ja /+- \mod^pg\odjin k`m ]`\o c\n \ ndbidad^\iogt _daa`mìo
\]njgpo` h`\idib \o h+h+:51) \n \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` admno hjq`hìo) oc\i
./-
As\hkg` 1.7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

h`\npm`n ./3*.00+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
{ x ; N4
+ mo M]iELa[[ d
L$ ,
]( B PahFdHaaem mdq m a
'$%{( Ci$7i) '
6
'k` C +++++++++++*
F^+ p+ .
P+
Z ******************* 4
E +++++++++
o d * * ' +++ E +++ d
EV 4 X/ ao ./. ;*
. P+I+
Ipg\ooj + **********aZ ***** 0 ********* . ] 1 **********a.
1 * a ^'*****
.
I
`M
:
odi %j`********************
U . ..
' *****************) + + + +
2d'+P+
./.
do _j`n \o h+h+:.0/, \n \o oc` ì_ ja oc` n\h` hjq`hìo+ Ei \it ^\n` oc`
m\ib` ja mctochd^ _ìndot di oc` ^ji^`moj dn g`nn `som`h` oc\i di :i`fjf
;XifZZf( \i_ oc` mctochd^ _ìndot amjh ]\m oj ]\m dn hjm` ^jindnoìo) _p` oj \
hp^c cdbc`m g`q`g ja oc`h\od^ m`kòdodji c`m`+ Ei `s\hkg` 1.) \]jq`) r` n`` \
k\nn\b` rc`m` oc` mctochd^ _ìndot ^c\ib`n \]mpkogt amjh \]jpo `dbco
\mod^pg\odjin k`m ]`\o oj ajpmdbijmdib oc` bgdnn\i_j di oc` c\mk \i_ oc`
om`hjgjn di oc` agpo`n]po ocdn dn ji` ja oc` hjm` \]mpko ^c\ib`n rdocdi oc`
rjmf) \i_ oc` _ìndot cjg_n no`\_t \o `dbco \i_ ajpm) m`nk`ôdq`gt) ajm oc` ajpm
]\mn ]àjm` oc` ^c\ib` \i_ oc` ocm`` ]\mn \ao`m do+ Jjocdib gdf` oc` ocm``* \i_
ajpm*ajg_ ^c\ib`n ja mctochd^ _ìndot \i_ oc` ^jino\iogt ^c\ibdib _ìndot
g`q`gn ajpi_ di :i`fjf ;XifZZf \m` di `qd_ì^` c`m`+
Bdmno Ijq`hìo
Pc` ajmh ja oc` admno hjq`hìo dn \ ]di\mt ji`) a`\opmdib oc`

^jiodipjpn piajg_dib ja orj oc`h`n) ji` \o \ odh` %n`` `s\hkg` 1/&+ J`doc`m
As\hkg` 1/7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E) ]\mn
.2*.3 \i_ 66*.-/) \goj n\s k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Pc`h` E
Pc`h` EE
.//
ja oc`n` oc`h`n dn `q`m om\inkjn`_ di don ìodmòt) ]p o am\bhìon jm hjodq`n

amjh oc`h \m` j^^\ndji\ggt om\inkjn`_ \i_ jaoì q\md`_ jm _`q`gjk`_ di \
ndhdg\m a\ncdji oj oc\o ajpi_ di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ]t h\fdib np]og` ^c\ib`n di
dio`mq\gn \ i _ ,j m mctochn+ S c\o dn nomdfdibgt _daa`mìo c`m` dn oc` \hjpio ja
kpm` m`kòdodji) ijo jigt ja oc`n` orj oc`h`n) ja ^jpmn`) ]p o \gnj ja q\mdjpn
\^^jhk\itdib adbpm`n) ^cjm_n \i_ hjodq`n+ Pc` kmdi^dk\g a`\opm`n ja oc`
hjq`hìo) di d_ìodatdib Fjgdqò$n notg`) \m` cdn k\mod^pg\m \i_ `^g`ôd^ pn` ja
hj_\gdot) jnodi\ojn) jn^dgg\odib oc`h`n) dhkmjqdn\ojmt oc`h`n) \i_ joc`m
di^\io\ojmt `g`hìon+
Pc` rjmf jkìn rdoc k`m^pnndji \gji` ajm orj ]\mn di \ c\piodib)
htno`mdjpn*njpi_dib k\nn\b` `hkgjtdib \ ]\nn _mph kg\t`_ r doc rdm`
]mpnc`nm\oc`m pijmocj_js rmdodib) kmj_p^dib \i pipnp\g njpi_\i_ \
?cdi`n` ^th]\g %jm g\mb` ^th]\g& \i_ o\h*o\h) nomp^f rdoc odhk\id h\ggòn+
Pc` admno h`\npm` ]`^jh`n \ fdi_ ja mctochd^ jnodi\oj) \^^jhk\itdib oc`
ìodm` admno n`ôdji) rcd^c n`mq`n \n \ ngjr diomj_pôdji oj oc` hjq`hìo %n``
`s\hkg` 10&+ Pc` hjijojit ja oc` jnodi\oj dn m`gd`q`_ ]t ajpm ngdbco
q\md\odjin) jm _`qd\odjin+ Ei ]\m ocm`` oc` ?cdi`n` ^th]\g \i_ o\h*o\h
nomjf`n \m` m`kg\^`_ ]t oc` ìom\i^` ja oc` ^jiom\]\nn+ Pcì di ]\m n`qì oc`n`
n\h` orj nomjf`n \m` _`g\t`_ piodg \ao`m oc` omph kò adbpm` di ]\m `dbco+ Pc`
k`m^pnndji dinomphìon m`no di ]\m .-) m`nphdib oc`dm jnodi\oj \b\di di ]\m ..)
\i_ di oc` adi\g ]\m ja oc` n`ôdji oc` adbpm` dn \go`m`_ \i_ ^po ncjmo rdoc oc`
]\m don`ga ]`dib ^po ncjmo \n r`gg) c\qdib jigt ocm`` ]`\on dino`\_ ja ajpm+
Pc` omph kò dn hpo`_ r doc \ r\*r\ h po` ocmjpbcjpo oc` diomj_pôdji
\i_ diomj_p^`n r c\o O`mb` Cpo ^\ggn ^`gg o \o don q`mt admno ìom\i^`+ Pcdn
hjodq`\*ag\o oj badbpm`n kmjhdiìogt di oc` ìodm` admno c\ga \i_ hp^c ja
,-.

h`\npm`n .*.1+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndjiKa Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
I`ndj F)3/ N`Lm`nìo\odq` * Pc`j_jm` Lm`nn`m ?jhk\it
PN-ILAPPA Ojgj
EdiQP. a_kNNd+NAkgkc d )
.? ? +
@=PPANEA)
> ?a*^G+ q $ y g
I ` n gj C#0
?KJPNAN=OOA
&Fm8U
., n$
'
VM)ii *****dy *ce ZP e_ ******* .
HeBX
ye\t)++ ++ami w .
?g D\ m*e *
Ea
G89
Dd!+ ;m
*t *T m m F \ H g m ^ $* eZ . &
ao+ mZ mR *
X - .R ./+ W7********** k * .* * . . 7 .
oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` hjq`hìo di `doc`m don jmdbdi\g ajmh jm) g`nn am`lpìogt)
m`q`mn`_ jm om\inkjn`_+ C po ^\ggn oc` n`^ji_ ijo`b oc` q`mdo\]g` njid^
kjg` ja oc` rcjg` hjq`hìo+ 5/ =gocjpbc ocdn dn \i jq`mndhkgdad^\odji) do
_j`n màg`ô oc` oì_ì^t ojr\m_ kdo^c ^ìomd^dot di ocdn rjmf) rcd^c dn
k`mc\kn ]òo`m _`n^md]`_ di Fjgdqò$n jr i r jm_n m`b\m_dib cdn c\mhjid`n amjh

ocdn k`mdj_7 \ njmo ja ojid^ dn \gr\tn npbb`no`_) \i_ `q`mt ^cjm_ dn \
_jhdi\io _`h\i_dib m`njgpodji+ Ei`qdo\]gt) oc` m`nji\i^`n kmj_p^` \
ojid^+ 50 >po g`no r` bò oc` rmjib d_`\) c` \gnj _`n^md]`n cdn c\mhjid^
kmjbm`nndjin \n \ np^^`nndji ja ^cjm_n rcd^c k`mhdo \qjd_dib oji\gdot+ 51
3-Alk 1+)
3.FXe[i\k_ 01)
3/> \c\ek\ ,02)
,-/
Pc`n` orj no\o`hìon m`\aadmh oc` dhkjmo\i^` ja m`nji\i^` oj oc` ^jhkjn`m

\i_) \o oc` n\h` odh`) cdn ^jhhdohìo oj \oji\gdot+
Pc` kcm\n`n ja ]joc oc` omph kò \i_ oc` ]\nn k\moadmno ^jiom\]\nn)
ocì ^jiom\]\nnjjif``k mòpmidib oj b) bdqdib ocdn diomj_pôdji \ nomjib
h`gj_d^ jmdìo\odji ojr\m_ b+ Uò \ f`t dn ijo dhkgd`_ ]t oc` kdo^c k\oo`min+
N\oc`m) oc` \bbm`b\o` ja oc` kdo^c`n pn`_ ajmhn \ Fjgdqò*otk` hj_`) rcd^c
n``hn oj ^jhkmdn` oì ijo`n\gg `s^`ko _*nc\mk \i_ ^*nc\mk+ Ij_`n gdf` ocdn
ji` n`mq` ocmjpbcjpo oc` ^ji^`moj) oj pidat oc` kcm\ndib c\mhjid^\ggt+ Eo dn
dio`m`nodib oj ijo` oc\o di oc` kd\ij m`_pôdji ja oc` jm^c`nom\g
\^^jhk\idhìo) ^*nc\mk dn km`nìo di oc` kd\ij m`\gdu\odji ja oc` k`m^pnndji
k\mo) m`km`nìo`_ ]t ^cmjh\od^ ^gpno`mn gjr di oc` gào c\i_+
?`gg o \kk`\mn ijo jigt \o oc` admno ìom\i^` ja oc` omph kò ]po
ocmjpbcjpo oc` omph kò gdi` di oc` diomj_pôdji+ Ei_``_) oc` n`^ji_ adbpm`) di
]\mn 1*2) dn \i `h]`ggdnc`_ om\inkjndodji ja ^`gg o* Bpmoc`mhjm`) oc` omphkò di
oc` admno `dbco ]\mn %pk oj iph]`m .& \ôp\ggt jpogdi`n oc`h` E) rdoc \__`_
`h]`ggdnchìon \i_ r\*r\ hpo` àa`ôn+ Eh h `_ d\^t \ao`m ocdn _dnbpdn`_
ajm`^\nodib ja oc` oc`h` di oc` omphkò) r` c`\m \ ]mdà adbpm` di oc` ]\nn
rcd^c di^gp_`n \i di^\io\ojmt bgdnn\i_j) nk\iidib \ hdijm ocdm_) \i_ orj
kdo^c`n` \i_ arcd^c \kk`\m c`m` ajm oc` admno \i_ jigt odh` di ocdn n`ôdji+
Pc` omph kò kcm\n` no\modib \o oc` ì_ ja ocdn ]\nn adbpm` ord^` a`\opm`n \i
`h]`ggdnc`_ ^`gg o( admno om\inkjn`_ pk \ c\ga no`k \i_ ocì \o oc` jmdbdi\g kdo^c
g`q`g) \i_ do \gnj diomj_p^`n \ ijo`_ajm don admno \i_ jigt \kk`\m\i^`
_pmdib oc` diomj_pôdji+ Pc`n` ocm`` kdo^c`n) da m`hjq`_ amjh oc` hj_` ja
ocdn ngjr diomj_pôdji) g`\q` jigt \ ^cmjh\od^ nò ja n`qì ijo`n amjh a*nc\mk
pk ocmjpbc ^+ Pcpn da oc`t \m` ^jind_`m`_ \n ]`dib jpond_` oc` \ôp\g
, - 0
pi_`mgtdib hj_` ja ocdn n`ôdji %ja dia`mdjm m`nji\i^` &) ocì r` \m` gào rdoc
\ hj_` nk\iidib \ omdojiòc\o dio`mq\g rcd^c ^\mmd`n h\bd^\g ndbidad^\i^`
ajm Fjgdqò \i_ rcd^c c\n \ ndbidad^\io km`nì^` ocmjpbcjpo ocdn rjmf)
h`gj_d^\ggt \i_ c\mhjid^\ggt+ Ei a\ô oc` _ epno hìodji`_ di oc` omph kò
k\mo ja ]\m .- dn oc` admno \kk`\m\i^` ja np^c \ h`gj_d^ omdoji`) ^jhdib \ao`m \
b*nc\mk+
Pc` ijo`n ja ]\m .-) di rcd^c jigt oc` omph kò kg\tn) ^jhkmdn` adq` ja
oc` `dbco ijo`n ja \ _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`+ Ea r` ocì \__ ]\m 6 \i_ oc` n`^ji_ c\ga
ja 5\ao`m oc` ^jhkgòdji ja oc` oc`h` E no\o`hìoocì orj hjm` ijo`n ja
oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` %` \i_ a& \m` \__`_ amjh oc` ]\nn k\mo+ Pc`m` dn \gnj \i \
di oc` omph kò di ]\m 6 rcd^c gd`n jpond_` oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`) ]po do no\mon g
\i_ g`\_n nomjibgt oj \ ]g ji b*nc\mk ocmjpbc \ ^m`n^ì_j \i_ \ bm\^` ijo`*gdf`
adbpm` rcd^c) gdf` di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( dn \ ndbidad^\io h`gj_d^ `g`hìo ja ocdn
^ji^`moj+ Pcpn oc` \ hdbco ]` ^jind_`m`_ \ fdi_ ja \kkjbd\opm\\ iji*
c\mhjid^ oji`+
Pc` ^\n` ajm ^jind_`mdib oc`n` orj \i_ \ c\ga h`\npm`n \n \ fdi_ ja
dio`mmpkodji jm dio`mgp_` ji \ nh\gg) kcm\n`*g`q`g n^\g` dn nomìbocì`_ ]t orj
dhkjmo\io a\ôjmn) ]`nd_`n oc` j]qdjpn pn` ja \ _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` \i_ oc`
\kk`\m\i^` ja ocm`` kdo^c`n ajm oc` admno \i_ jigt odh` di ocdn n`ôdji+ Bdmno) oc`
no\o`hìo ja oc`h` E di oc` omphkò) rcd^c ì_n di ]\m 5 epno ]àjm` ocdn
dio`mmpkodji) dn ajggjr`_ di ]\m ..) epno \ao`m oc` dio`mmpkodji) ]t \ n`^ji_)
ndhdg\mgt _dnbpdn`_ no\o`hìo ja oc` oc`h` di oc` ^jiom\]\nnjji) rcd^c
m`kg\^`n oc` ^jiom\]\nn \n oc` ]\nn qjd^` \o ocdn kjdio) rcdg` oc` omph kò
ndhkgt m`do`m\o`n \i `h]`ggdnc`_ ^`gg o* Pcpn oc`n` orj \i_ \ c\ga h`\npm`n
ajmh \ ]md_b` ]òr`ì orj oc`h\od^ no\o`hìon+ O`^ji_gt) ocdn fdi_ ja
./3
kmj^`_pm`) rc`m` \ ]mdà k\nn\b` ]\n`_ ji oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`) jm hj_`)

n`mq`n \n \i dio`mmpkodji jm ]md_b` ]òr`ì orj oc`h\od^\ggt m`g\o`_ k\nn\b`n)
j^^pmn \b\di di ocdn hjq`hìo di ]\mn 00*01)12)22) \i_ ./3*./6 %n`` `s\hkg`
11&+

h`\npm`n 00*01)12)./3*./6) \i_ 22) omph kò \i_ kd\ij m`_pôdji+
00
*E*
=gnj) di ]\m 22 _dhdidnc`_ jm c\ga*_dhdidnc`_ njijmdod`n \m` pn`_ di \ ndhdg\m
^jii`ôdib k\nn\b`) ]po _p` oj oc` ^cmjh\od^dnh ja oc` k\nn\b` \gg or`gq`
kdo^c`n \kk`\m %n`` \]jq` `s\hkg`&+
Ki` adi\g \nk`ô ja oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn `qd_ìo di oc` diomj_pôdji
diqjgq`n oc` k`m^pnndji dinomphìon+ Pc` ]\nd^ mctochd^ jpogdi` ja oc` oc`h`
, - 2
dn no\o`_ adq` odh`n di oc` k`m^pnndji rdoc oc` g\no ]`dib oc` hjno ^jhkgò`
no\o`hìo) di^gp_dib \n do _j`n oc` g\no orj \inr`mdib ijo`n ja oc` oc`h`
%n`` `s\hkg` 12&+ Fjgdqò$n rmdodib ajm oc` k`m^pnndji) ]joc c`m` \i_

h`\npm`n .*.1) k`m^pnndji+ Qn`_ ]t k`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
`bokZk]d\Nc_]kk`
k (i) i $ Py'
FE iswi
*{] y?
G\jkf
`] *H 8 Z m 1* )
?*+
mi em m *P ********* y a ******* +m+ +1 +
%P&
de+'* ] ;+ d ) ; ;m F
,+ = V ] } ( i @
g85} #, 2 , 0 5 ] 2
#C >
EC ? m: . C
P $a
`gn`rc`m`) dn ijo gdhdo`_ oj mctochd^ _àdidodji+ Pc` dggpndji ja h`gj_t dn
jaoì ^m`\o`_ ]t cdn pn` ja ag\h nomjf`n jm bm\^` ijo`n) ]t q\mdjpn
^jh]di\odjin ja _daa`mìo k`m^pnndji dinomphìon kmj_p^dib _daa`mìo fdi_n ja
odh]m`n rcd^c hdhd^ oc` h`gj_d^ jpogdi` ja \ oc`h` jm hjodq` %gdf` oc`
_mph ,^th ]\g,o\h *o\h ^jh]di\odji ajpi_ c`m`&) \i_ ]t rmdodib gdf` oc\o \o
m`c`\mn\g iph ]`m /) rc`m` oc` _daa`mìo kdo^c`n ja ndhdg\m dinomphìon \m`
`skgjdo`_ oj ^jhkg`hìo h`gj_d^ h\o`md\g di joc`m dinomphìon %n`` km`qdjpn
`s\hkg` 05&+
=ao`m oc` diomj_pôdji ^jh`n \ i`r n`ôdji h\mf`_ ]t \ i`r o`hkj

%<feZ`kXkf( c\ga ijo`:51&) ord^` \n a\no \n oc` jkìdib) \i_ ]t oc` admno
,-3
\kk`\m\i^` ja oc`h` E kmjk`m) no\o`_ ]t oc` \goj n\sjkcji`+ Bmjh ocdn kjdio
oj m`c`\mn\g iph]`m .1) oc` hpnd^\g h\o`md\g dn nc\k`_ ]t oc` _jhdi\odji ja
ocm`` oc`h\od^ `g`hìonoc`h` E) ^`gg o( \i_ \ orj*]\m ]\nn gdi`) rcd^c r`
rdgg ^\gg hjodq` d,) diomj_p^`_ c`m` \o iph]`m / %n`` `s\hkg` 13&+ Pc` ocdm_

h`\npm`n .2*.3) ]\nn k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
? j i ^ do\ oj 0#('
\i_ ajpmoc ]\mn ja iph]`m / \m` \i `s\ô m`kòdodji ja oc` admno orj) `s^`ko oc\o
oc`h` .dn ncdao`_ amjh oc` \goj n\sjkcji` \gji` oj oc` oìjm n\sjkcji` \i_
Aibgdnc cjmi di jô\q`n %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 05&+ Pcdn k\oo`mi ja q\md`_
m`kòdodji dn ^jiodip`_ di oc` i`so ajpm ]\mn \n oc`h` E \kk`\mn admno di oc`
kd^^jgj agpo`n) c\mhjidu`_ di k\m\gg`g hdijm ocdm_n) \i_ ocì di oc` kd\ij di
jô\q`n) rdoc omdkgòn ]`dib diomj_p^`_) k`mc\kn oj ajm`^\no oc` mctoch ja oc`
omph kò ìom\i^` di ]\m /0+ Pc` ]\nn hjodq`) c\mk \^^jhk\idhìo %hlXj`
^l`kXiiX&( \i_ k`m^pnndji \m` ngdbcogt \go`m`_ di oc` n`^ji_ ajpm ]\mn %.6*//& ]po
\m` \b\di bmjpk`_ di orj orj*]\m pidon) ja rcd^c oc` n`^ji_ dn \i `s\ô
m`kòdodji ja oc` admno) `s^`ko ajm \ nh\gg ^c\ib` di oc` g\no ]\m ja oc`
k`m^pnndji k\mo+
Pcdn g`\_n oj \ ajpm*]\m k\nn\b` rcd^c ord^` a`\opm`n \i a c\mhjid^

h dijm n^\g` %]po no\modib ji \ ijo` joc`m oc\i a& di mdndib omdkgòn di oc`
^jiom\]\nn) \^^jhk\itdib oc` _m\h\od^ ìom\i^` ja oc` omph kò) \gnj kg\tdib
omdkgòn+ D`m` oc` omph kò dn h po`_ rdoc oc` jm_di\mt nom\dbco hpo` \i_
m`h\din nj piodg oc` mòpmi ja oc` ngjr diomj_pôjmt h\o`md\g \ao`m iph]`m .1+
,-4
Pc`n` ajpm ]\mn \gnj \m` _dqd_`_ dioj orj m`g\o`_ orj*]\m pidon+ Pc` mctoch
\i_ oc` k`m^pnndji k\mon \m` oc` n\h` di `\^c pido) `s^`ko ajm \ ngdbco mctochd^
hj_dad^\odji ja oc` omph kò$n n`^ji_ ]\m) \i_ oc` pi_`mgtdib hj_` dn
`nnìod\ggt oc` n\h` ocmjpbcjpo oc` ajpm ]\mn+ Ei oc` admno orj ]\mn \ dn \__`_
oj oc` a hdijm hj_` ji oc` g\no orj ]`\on ja oc` n`^ji_ ]\m) rcdg` di oc`
n`^ji_ k\dm ^*ag\o\kk`\mdib ajm oc` admno odh` di oc` rjmfdn oc` \__`_
k\nndib oji` di oc` n\h` kjndodji di oc` kcm\n`+ Pc` a hdijm hj_` dn \ôp\ggt
oc` ]\nd^ hj_` ja oc` rcjg` n`ôdji amjh iph]`m / oj iph]`m 2) ]po \ \i_ `*
ag\o \m` \__`_ ]òr`ì iph]`mn / \i_ 0) \ jigt dn \__`_ amjh 0 piodg orj ]\mn
]àjm` 2) \i_ ^*ag\o jigt dn \__`_ %\n epno hìodji`_& ji` ]\m ]àjm` 2+ Aqì
ocjpbc i`doc`m oc`h` E ijm ]\nn hjodq` p \m` km`nìo di oc` ajpm ]\mn ]òr`ì
iph]`mn 1 \i_ 2) ^`gg o ^\i ]` _dn^`mi`_) `h]`__`_ di oc` njgj k\mo \i_ di oc`
omdkgòn ja oc` n\sjkcji`) ^g\mdiò) \i_ kd\ij k\mon+ =gnj) oc` dhkjmo\io mjg`
oc\o _dhdidnc`_ nompôpm`n kg\t di ocdn hjq`hìo dn màg`ô`_ di oc` b c\ga*
_dhdidnc`_ n`qìoc njijmdot npno\di`_ ocmjpbc ]\m /2) \^^jhk\itdib \i `
apggt _dhdidnc`_ n`qìoc ^cjm_ jpogdi`_ ]t oc` omph kò gdi` %n`` km`qdjpn
`s\hkg` 06&+
Pcì) \o m`c`\mn\g iph]`m 2) oc` kduud^\oj ]\nn hjodq` p mòpmin)
]`bdiidib \ ajpmoc gjr`m oc\i \o iph]`m / ]po pi_`mbjdib ^c\ib`n di `\^c
]\m dino`\_ ja orj*]\m m`kòdodjin \n ]àjm` %n`` `s\hkg` 14&+ >òr`ì

iph]`mn 2 \i_ 5 oc` omphkò njgjdno kg\tn \ gjib) ^jino\iogt ^c\ibdib)
jn^dgg\odib*otk` h`gj_t ^ìo`mdib \mjpi_ ` piodg \]jpo ]\m 03) rc`m` \*ag\o
\i_ ]*ag\o _jhdi\o` oc` h`gj_d^ gdi` piodg ]\m 10 %n`` `s\hkg` 15&+ Pc` ijo`n
ja ocdn mctochd^ \i_ jaoì nti^jk\o`_ omph kò opi` ^jhkmdn` \ idi`*ijo`
hj_` `s^gp_dib jigt oc` kdo^c`n ja ^) ]) \i_ a*nc\mk) \i_ di oc` g\no n`qì ]\mn
,.+

h`\npm`n /4*0/) ]\nn k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m

h`\npm`n /4*12) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Zi\jZ\e[f
iiV @ ]9 X ] X N CJ i V
ja oc` opi` don`ga jigt adq` kdo^c`n \m` pn`_) ^jhkmdndib oc` ijo`n ja oc` `
apggt _dhdidnc`_ n`qìoc ^cjm_ kgpn \*ag\o+ Pc` \^^jhk\idhìo ocmjpbc ocdn
n`ôdji pn`n \gg or`gq` oji`n ]òr`ì iph]`mn 2 \i_ 3) ocì jigt oc` ijo`n ja
\ _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` kgpn a %ji oc` g\no ]`\o& di oc` admno orj ]\mn ja iph]`m 3)
\i_ adi\ggt oc` jmdbdi\g hj_` amjh oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` <feZ`kXkf( rc`m` oc`
,.,
]\nn hjodq` p admno \kk`\m`_oc\o dn) oc` ijo`n ja oc` a c\mhjid^ hdijm n^\g`
kgpn \ %oc`m` dn ij `*ag\o c`m`&+
As^`ko ajm ocjn` admno orj ]\mn ja iph ]`m 3) hjodq` p mpin ocmjpbc ocdn
rcjg` k\nn\b` amjh iph]`m 2 piodg oc` hjodq` ]`bdin oj _dq`mb` \ao`m iph]`m
4 dioj \ c`hdjg\ adbpm`) rcd^c g`\_n oj \ g\mb`gt ^cmjh\od^ omdkgò k\nn\b` di
]\m 10*11+ Pcpn oc` n`ôdji dn pidad`_ ]t \i pidio`mmpko`_ \i_ ^jino\iogt
`qjgqdib omph kò h`gj_t \i_ \ mctochd^\ggt m`kòdodq` ]\nn gdi` rcd^c dn
dio`mmpko`_ jigt ji^`) ajm orj ]\mn) \n hìodji`_ \]jq`+ =k\mo amjh oc`n`
orj pidatdib `g`hìon) \i dhkjmo\io k`m^pnndji k\monjh`rc\o
di_`kì_ìo) m\oc`m m`kòdodq`) ]po \gnj pi_`mbjdib np]og` ^c\ib`n \i_
\go`mi\odib ]òr`ì orj _daa`mìo k\oo`minìc\i^`n oc` dindnoìo \i_
hjojmd^ àa`ô ja ocdn k\nn\b` %n`` `s\hkg` 16&+ Pc` q\mtdib pn` ja hj_`n di
As\hkg` 167 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf) ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

h`\npm`n /4*1/) k`m^pnndji k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
P+I ' P \ i ' +; d m N V '-

C+? + c m ; m ] w
>7m
: ' ` z Z :
Z)X) a o $<:
P+I
. C+? K80 < - G E P +I +
C +? +
1 *
>do >$a+
e e ` i i $ EH CE ************************* : < m * a * d
EE P j,P j+ P i+P j)
1! #EC
Z )X )
E P+I
C+?
*
>do+
;
EE P o+P + aku e a *. . *Fk )im ;
)`

d[F***
Z I +Qq'* $ F
mma Z Pm .mym q `'
F F.
< <c ` %
m h+
%{ m ((((((((((( )0} Ny a ' * } g ] ` (i(((((( }
>+a+
o g }}
km .s
M
{$ R+*Pj cUD) De %( e } .
C0a)`(((((( i ((((( (((((((((((((
2<J
i ~ s (|} i k ( | (((((((
,.-
ocdn k\nn\b` dn m`q`\gdib ja Fjgdqò$n notg` ja \oji\g hj_\gdot \o ocdn odh`+ =n

r` c\q` n`ì) oc` omph kò hjq`n amjh \ hj_` ja idi` ijo`n oj ji` ja jigt
adq`) rcdg` oc` \^^jhk\idhìo no\mon rdoc \ hj_` ja or`gq`) ocì idi`) \i_
ocì `dbco ijo`n) di_`kì_ìo ja oc` omph kò hj_`n+ Pcdn di_`kì_ì^` ja
oc` njgj k\mo amjh oc` jm^c`nom\) ijo jigt c\mhjid^\ggt ]po mctochd^\ggt)
_ti\hd^\ggt) \i_ oc`h\od^\ggt \n r`gg) m`hdi_n pn ja Fjgdqò$n kmdi^dkg` ja c\
jd j [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe( rcd^c h\t ]` jk`m\odib c`m` di \ bì`m\g nìn`+
Scdg` oc`h` E don`ga _j`n ijo \kk`\m di ocdn k\nn\b`) ^`gg o ^\i ]` ajpi_
am`lpìogt di oc` omph kò k\mo \n j^^pmmì^`n ja \*ag\o oj b) njhòdh`n
n`k\m\o`_ ]t \i dio`mqìdib ijo`+ S` \gnj h\t j]n`mq` c`m` oc` ndbidad^\io
pn` ja oc` h`gj_d^ omdoji` di oc` njgj k\mo %n``) di km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 15) ]\mn /5)
0-*0/)02)04*1.&+ D`m` \i_ ocmjpbcjpo oc` rjmf) cjr`q`m) oc` am`lpìo
j^^pmmì^` ja oc` h`gj_d^ \i_ c\mhjid^ omdoji` n``hn oj ]` jigt \ m`npgo ja
Fjgdqò$n kmà`mì^` ajm oc` _dhdidnc`_ hj_`) \gjib rdoc _dhdidnc`_ \i_ c\ga*
_dhdidnc`_ njijmdod`n) \gocjpbc oc`n` jaoì \kk`\m r doc \__`_ ijo`n+ =n
r` c\q` n`ì) oc`m` dn gdoog` pn` ja h\ejm n`qìocn \i_ hdijm idiocn) \i_ iji`
ja oc`n` ocm`` _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn n``h oj ]` `skgjdo`_ \n nompôpm\ggt jm
api_\hìo\ggt dhkjmo\io a`\opm`n ja oc` ^jhkjndodji i`\mgt oj oc` _`bm`` oc\o
oc`t \m` di :i`fjf ;XifZZf*
?gpno`mdib) \ijoc`m dhkjmo\io c\mhjid^ \i_ h`gj_d^ a`\opm` ja oc`
omph kò \i_ jmb\i rjmf) dn gdf`rdn` jigt m\m`gt ì^jpio`m`_ di oc` ^ji^`moj+
S` n\r cjr k`m^pnndq` ^gpno`mn di oc` kd\ij m`_pôdji r`m` pn`_ oj
np]nodopo` ajm k`m^pnndji dinomphìon di oc` jkìdib ja oc` rjmf) ]po ocdn r\n
ijo k\mo ja oc` jmdbdi\g hpnd^\g ^ji^`kodji \i_ cì^` ncjpg_ ijo ]`
^jind_`m`_ \ g`bdodh\o` `s\hkg` ja q`mod^\g ^gpno`mn di oc` hpnd^+ Pc`m` \m`
,..
\gnj `s\hkg`n ja q`mod^\g njijmdod`nk\mod^pg\mgt di njh` ja oc` kd\ij

adbpm\odjidi rcd^c orj ijo`n \m` jigt \ c\ga no`k \k\mo) ]po) gdf` oc`
\kk`\m\i^` ja j^^\ndji\g h\ejm n`qìocn \i_ hdijm idiocn) oc`t \m` pnp\ggt
oc` m`npgo ja c\mhjid`n ]`dib _`mdq`_ amjh oc` hj_` pn`_ \i_ c\m_gt
^jinodopo` ^gpno`mn) g\i j\ %n`` `s\hkg` 2-&+ Ei ]\m 2- r` adi_ r c\o \kk`\mn oj

h`\npm`n 13*14) kd\ij k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
]` \ h`gj_d^ ^gpno`m di oc` omphkò) ]po) rcdg` do dn omp` oc\o \ h`gj_d^ ^gpno`m
dn ajmh`_ ]t oc` kdo^c`n km`nìo`_) oc` adbpm` don`ga dn \ôp\ggt \ q\md\odji ja

oc` admno ]\m ja oc`h` E %n`` `s\hkg` 2.&+

h`\npm`n 2-*2.) omphkò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Hjjfdib ]\^f oj oc` ]\m ]àjm` m`c`\mn\g iph]`m 5 %]\m 12&) ajggjrdib
oc` k\nn\b` _dn^pnn`_ \]jq`) r` adi_ \ h`\npm` di omdkg` hò`m) ^jgjm`_ ]t
^cjm_n ]\n`_ ji oc` ^*nc\mk rcjg`*c\ga _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` \i_ `scd]dodib ^`gg o
di m`q`mn` \i_ di ]jg_ m`gdà di oc` omph kò %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 11&+ Pc`h`
E mòpmin \o iph ]`m 5 di oc` \goj n\sjkcji`) epno \n di don admno \kk`\m\i^` \o
iph]`m /) `s^`ko oc\o c`m` do dn _jp]g`_ ]t omjh]ji`+ Djr`q`m) ocdn dn ijo
\it h`m` m`kòdodji ja km`qdjpn h\o`md\g+ Pc` ]\nn hjodq` p dn m`kg\^`_ rdoc \
,./
i`r) m\oc`m \^md_ orj*]\m kcm\n` rcd^c) gdf` hjodq` p( dn m`k`\o`_) ocdn odh`
ord^` r docjpo ^c\ib` %n`` `s\hkg` 2/&+ Pc` k`m^pnndji k\mo ojj dn lpdo`
As\hkg` 2/7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

h`\npm`n 13*2.+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Dd` Lp]gdnc`m
9@
cc(((((( t (% W
V * 0 ( *
ru'8(:
}
i li ((((((((((((((
++ (X]\) P (}
Akkè
{ v
CCJ((((((((} Vi]i]N_?@B(}
( ))))))))))))))))))))))))}
9 "
eis
P)B}
} }
* 9 5:6p`5]Z)6r5"i (
3@$3C
9
(((((((((
BP
Od
_daa`mìo oc\i \o iph]`m /) ^jhkg`hìodib oc` i`r ]\nn gdi` m\oc`m oc\i
ajggjrdib oc` h`gj_t+ Pc` jmdbdi\g ^cjm_\g \^^jhk\idhìo di oc` c\mk dn
m`kg\^`_ ]t \ i`r \^^jhk\idhìo di oc` kd\ij \i_ \__dodji\g mctochd^ \i_
h`gj_d^ npkkjmodib h\o`md\g di oc` ^g\mdiò \i_ oìjm n\sjkcji`+
J`q`moc`g`nn oc` hj_` oc\o Fjgdqò pn`n c`m` \n cdn oji\g %jm \oji\g& mà`mì^`
dn oc` n\h` \n \o iph]`m /oc` a c\mhjid^ hdijm hj_` kgpn \ \i_ `*ag\o+ Pc`
ocdm_ \i_ ajpmoc ]\m ja iph ]`m 5 \m` \ghjno \i `s\ô m`kòdodjir doc \ m`*
jm^c`nom\odji ja oc` h`gj_tja oc` admno orj ]\mn) epno \n r\n oc` ^\n` \o
,.0
iph ]`m /+ Pcì ^jh`n oc` h`gj_d^ ^gpno`m di oc` omph kò ìom\i^` \o
iph ]`m 6) rcd^c didod\o`n \ q\md\odji ja oc`h` E %n`` `s\hkg` 20&+
As\hkg` 207 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf) ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

h`\npm`n 2-*21+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
X*
OI!)=
55
7
KdaL'
v +++Ea^pa)
,Bw
e_m*emc*Pa
.2 d
Pj+Pj+
Li`
?c+
Bmjh 6 oj .- \gg or`gq` oji`n \m` pn`_) \i_ oc` nds ]\mn c`m` \m`
^jhkjn`_ ja ocm`` bmjpkn ja orj ]\mn `\^c+ Pc` admno k\dm ja h`\npm`n no\o`n
oc` q\md\odji ja oc`h` E di oc` omphkò) r doc oc` \inr`moc` orj g\no lp\mo`m
ijo`n^jhdib amjh oc` rjj_rdi_n+ Pc` n`^ji_ k\dm dn \ q\md\odji ja ocdn
q\md\odji) ijo jigt di oc` omph kò ]po di oc` \^^jhk\idhìo \n r`gg) `s^`ko
oc\o oc` k`m^pnndji k\mo dn `s\ôgt m`k`\o`_+ Pc` ocdm_ k\dm ]`bdin \n \ apmoc`m
q\md\odji) di^gp_dib oc` k`m^pnndji) ]po di oc` n`^ji_ ]\m do ]`^jh`n \
om\indodji ^jhk`ggdib oc` hpnd^ ajmr\m_ oj oc` i`so kcm\n` ocmjpbc oc` i`\mgt
,.1
^cmjh\od^ omdkgòn) c\mhjidu`_ \n k\m\gg`g c\ga*_dhdidnc`_ n`qìoc ^cjm_n) \n

r\n ijo`_ \]jq` %di `s\hkg` 11&+
=o iph ]`m .-) \gg or`gq` oji`n \m` ij gjib`m pn`_+ Eino`\_) oc` a
c\mhjid^ hdijm n^\g` mòpmin di \n^ì_dib omdkgòn di oc` ^jiom\]\nn k\mo \i_
n`mq`n \n oc` ]\ndn ajm oc` hj_` ja oc` i`so orj ]\mn) r doc ^*ag\o \i_ \ \__`_
%n`` `s\hkg` 21&+ Pc`n` ajpm ]\mn ]òr`ì iph]`mn .- \i_ .. \m` \gnj

h`\npm`n 23*26+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Oddao+P+
Cpgdi KDNG)
P'+PF
bmjpk`_ di k\dmn) oc` n`^ji_ k\dm m`n`h]gdib) ]po _daa`mdib amjh) oc` admno+ Pc`
h\o`md\g di oc`n` ]\mn ]`\mn q`mt gdoog` m`n`h]g\i^` ijr oj oc`h` E) ]po ^`gg o dn
nodgg `h]`__`_ rdocdi oc` ^gpno`mdib h`gj_d^ adbpm`n+ Ei oc` ocdm_ ]\m ja
iph ]`m .-) oc` \n^ì_dib omdkgòn di oc` ]\nn ajmh \ _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` hdnndib
ji` ijo` %`*ag\o&) dino`\_ ja oc` a hdijm n^\g` ja oc` admno ]\m) \i_ oc` joc`m kdo^c
,.2
h\o`md\g di oc` h`\npm` dn _`mdq`_ amjh ocdn i`r hj_`+ Ei oc` ajpmoc ]\m)
cjr`q`m) oc` hj_` ^c\ib`n ji^` \b\di oj di^gp_` \gg kdo^c`n `s^`ko a*nc\mk
\i_ b+
=o m`c`\mn\g iph]`m .. ]\nn hjodq` p mòpmin di oc` oìjm n\sjkcji` \o)

ji^` \b\di) \ _daa`mìo kdo^c g`q`g oc\i ]àjm` \i_ q\md`_ %n`` `s\hkg` 22&+
=ao`m oc` _m\h\od^ ]pdg_*pk ja oc` km`qdjpn oì ]\mn) ocdn k\nn\b` dn np__ìgt
h\mf`_ g \i_ gg( `s^`ko ajm oc` c\mk rcd^c dn d]( \i_ c\^^`\if dn di_d^\o`_ di
oc` m\oc`m ]pnt kd\ij k\mo+ Eo rjpg_ ^`mo\digt ]` _`n^md]`_ \n \i \]mpko
^c\ib` \i_ oc`màjm` hdbco dggpnom\o` Fjgdqò$n kiXejdlkXk`fej kmdi^dkg`+ Ei \it
^\n` oc` omph kò h`gj_t c`m`\b\di \ i`r opi`) rcd^c n``hn ^jhkgò`gt
pim`g\o`_ oj oc`h` E) `s^`ko ajm don nomjibgt nti^jk\o`_ ^c\m\ô`mdn
^jinompô`_ ìodm`gt amjh oc` ijo`n ja oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`) r doc ` \i_ b ]`dib
oc` h jno am`lpìogt j^^pmmdib kdo^c`n) epno \n di oc` k\nn\b` ]òr`ì iph]`mn
2 \i_ 5+ Ei oc` \^^jhk\idhìo) oc` k`m^pnndji ajggjrn don ijr m\oc`m
`no\]gdnc`_ k\oo`mi ja ]`bdiidib r doc \ orj*]\m kcm\n`) rcd^c ajggjrn oc`
]\nn gdi` oj njh` `soìo \i_ dn m`k`\o`_ ord^` ]àjm` pi_`mbjdib njh`
q\md\odji+ Pc` oìjm n\sjkcji`) rcd^c ^\mmd`n oc` ]\nn gdi` piodg iph]`m ./)
kmjqd_`n ^jino\io kdo^c q\md\odjin oj \ mctoch rcd^c m`h\din ^jindnoìo ajm
adq` ]\mn) \o rcd^c kjdio oc` mctoch ^c\ib`n \i_ oc` gdi` ]`bdin oj mdn`
bm\_p\ggt di o`nndopm\) ejdidib oc` h`gj_d^ o`sopm` \i_ m`g`\ndib don ]\nn gdi`
mjg`+ Pc` c\mk \i_ kd\ij `\^c c\q` q`mt \ibpg\m) mctochd^ adbpm\odjin rcd^c
^c\ib` np]og`gt rdoc `\^c ]\m rcdg` m`h\didib ^jindnoìo di notg` jm otk`+ Pc`
kd\ij n``hn oj ]` k\dm`_ r doc oc` omph kò c`m` di oc\o do m`non pnp\ggt rcì
oc` omph kò _j`n+ Pc` kdo^c h\o`md\g ja oc` \^^jhk\idhìo dn ^jinompô`_
.05

h`\npm`n 3-*36+ Qn`_ ]t k`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
e
L B [[[[[ /V
9ao +++++++++
6E k t )
i o m<
O..-+=
OF + K+P+
m mm R m
my Hm
y g i ;F m *{ PPPP******** * k a Q y ]***
Eo)+ B m _ . H. .B Z C C a a********
gj+Pn
ooOn$
t -)
m y
++++* mO a` : : a\ dgm*: d
a; ' *********
daa .
a UH+Ea a mw ): y +a< U *
. *********************** z ********** . [ **
a { a9[[[ *
+. d, adh+=
_************** O dod+P
I ga^ maaj
+ y .
?h =i
.
*************** D em +o< * *.
9*************** . a^mD Id t t *od*
a o m i ] m d .D aa* o
w0 ? B] H [ l
r ZC CC m Pi+Pd'
z +$ G%R
{I B '#* * o j { *
g + d HB H & m B E B H E m B E B B B
$ dad * < n i *
{ ) ) c J
N 34
,.4
ìodm`gt amjh oc` n\h` _dhdidnc`_ hj_` \n oc` omph kò gdi`) `s^`ko ajm oc`
njgdo\mt \kk`\m\i^` ja _) a) \i_ \*ag\o di oc` ]\nn gdi` ja oc` admno ]\m+
=o iph]`m ./ ocdn i`r oc`h` dn m`k `\o`_ ,] t oc` apgg jm^c`nom\) rdoc
\ q\md`_ ì_dib \i_ ^jiodip\odji) rcdg` oc` omph kò m`non+ Eo dn c\mhjidu`_
ajm oc` admno ajpm ]\mn ]t k\m\gg`g jô\q`n) h\ejm n`qìocn) \i_ omdoji`n) \i_ do dn
\^^jhk\id`_ ]t oc` ]\nn gdi` \i_ oc` k`m^pnndji) \n \o ..) `s^`ko oc\o oc` c\mk
\i_ kd\ij \m` bdqì _daa`mìo h\o`md\g oc\i ]àjm` %n`` `s\hkg`n 23 \i_ 22&+

h`\npm`n 4-*5/) c\mk \i_ kd\ij k\mon+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
d Z $ ^$mU$ m e g o o d d m $ Z
Pc` kd\ij _jp]g`n oc` h`gj_t rcdg` oc` c\mk kg\tn bgdnn\i_jn ]\n`_ ji
_dhdidnc`_ njijmdod`n \^mjnn `q`mt n`^ji_ ]\m gdi` piodg ocm`` ]\mn \ao`m
iph]`m .0) rc`m` do m`nph`n \ibpg\m) mctochd^ kg\tdib oj oc` ì_ ja oc`
n`ôdji) ^jhkgòdib oc` admno c\ga ja oc` hjq`hìo+ Ei oc` adaoc ]\m \ao`m
iph ]`m ./) oc` c\mhjidu\odji ja oc` h`gj_t \o \ h\ejm n`qìoc di oc` Aibgdnc
,/+
cjmi ]`^jh`n \i jô\q` _jp]gdib) oc` ]\nn gdi` ]`bdin oj \n^ì_ \i_ _dq`mb`
amjh don ]\nn apiôdji\gocjpbc di \ _daa`mìo r\t oc\i do _d_ di oc` km`qdjpn
k\nn\b`\i_ oc` k`m^pnndji ]\oo`mt no\mon q\mtdib don k\oo`mi `\mgd`m oc\i di
oc` km`qdjpn dino\i^`+ Pc` hj_` `hkgjt`_ ocmjpbc iph]`m .0 dn nodgg oc`
n\h` _dhdidnc`_ hj_`) `s^`ko ajm oc` admno ajpm ]\mn ja oc` Aibgdnc cjmi)
rcd^c dio`m`nodibgt ìjpbc dn jhdoo`_ amjh oc` kd\ij m`_pôdji) \i_ `s^`ko
ajm oc` ijo`n ja oc` _ _dhdidnc`_ omd\_ di oc` ]\nn gdi` ja oc` admno ]\m) \n
]àjm`+ >òr`ì iph]`mn .0 \i_ .1 oc` hj_` ^c\ib`n rdoc oc` m`diomj_pôdji
ja oc` c\mk adbpm\odji di oc` ocdm_ ]\m \ao`m .0+ Pc` i`r hj_` dn ^jhkmdn`_ ja
jigt n`qì kdo^c`n %a) b) \) ]*ag\o) ^*ag\o) ^) \i_ _*ag\o& \i_ dn m`kg\^`_ orj \i_ \
c\ga ]\mn g\o`m ]t \ijoc`m i`r hj_` ja `dbco kdo^c`n) ^jhkmdndib oc` \*ag\o
c\mhjid^ hdijm n^\g` kgpn a*nc\mk) rcd^c \kk`\mn di oc` g\no ajpm ]`\on ja oc`
k\nn\b`+
=o ocdn kjdio) \ao`m \ ]mdà ndgì^`) Fjgdqò mòpmin oj oc` h\o`md\g ja oc`
jkìdib diomj_pôdji) ]`bdiidib ocdn odh` r doc oc` ]\nn k\mo) ocì \__dib oc`
k`m^pnndji \i_ adi\ggt oc` omphkò) ji^` \b\di r doc oc` r\*r\ hpo` %n``
`s\hkg` 24&+ Scdg` oc` ]\nd^ h\o`md\g \i_ hjj_ c`m` \m` oc` n\h` \n \o oc`
]`bdiidib) oc` \ôp\g ^jinompôdji ja oc` hpnd^ dn _daa`mìo) nj oc\o ocdn dn ijo
\o \gg \ m`kòdodji ]po m\oc`m \ q\md\odji) jm `qì h`m`gt \i `qj^\odji) ja oc`
jkìdib) lpdo` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja Fjgdqò$n g\o`m q\md\odji notg`) j]n`mq`_ di
:i`fjf ;XifZZf* Pc` k`m^pnndji k\mo dn ndbidad^\iogt \]]m`qd\o`_ \i_ \go`m`_)
kg\tdib ajm jigt adq` \i_ \ c\ga ]\mn ja oc` oì*h`\npm` k\nn\b`) \n jkkjn`_ oj
kg\tdib \ghjno oc` ìodm` ajpmo`ì ]\mn ja oc` jkìdib+ Pc` ]\nn ]`bdin rdoc
oc` n\h` nti^jk\o`_) ^cmjh\od^ adbpm` \n di ]\mn 0 \i_ 1 ]po \gnj dn
\]]m`qd\o`_ \i_ \go`m`_ \ao`m don ìo`mdib kcm\n`+ =o iph]`m .2 oc` ]\nn nojkn
,/,

h`\npm`n 50*6/+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
<*:*
S r
E C+?+
EE ?q+^c
P+P+
?c
nfikeXi
kg\tdib \i_ dn m`kg\^`_ jigt ]t oc` Aibgdnc cjmi \i_ \goj n\sjkcji`)
njpi_dib \i `h]`ggdnc`_ \i_ npno\di`_ ^`gg o* Pc` omph kò ojj ]`bdin rdoc
oc` n\h` ^`gg o \n di oc` jkìdib) ]po kg\t`_ dg dino`\_ ja g \i_ `h]`ggdnc`_
_daa`mìogt+ Eo \b\di no\o`n oc`h` E di q\md`_ \pbhìo\odji jq`m oc` i`so ajpm
]\mn ]po di \ _daa`mìo r\t oc\i di ]\mn 0*5 %^jhk\m` oj `s\hkg` 10&+ Pc`
m`h\didib ajpm ]\mn) ]àjm` oc` i`so n`ôdji ]`bdin) n`mq` \n \ fdi_ ja ^\_ìu\
ajm oc` njgjdno) jm) k`mc\kn hjm` nk`^dad^\ggt di Fjgdqò$n o`mhn) \n \i `s\hkg`
, / -
ja cdn kmdi^dkg` ja c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe* Pc` k\nn\b` ]`bdin r doc ^`gg o
om\inkjn`_ _jr i \ no`k) \i_ ocì oc` h`gj_d^ gdi` mdn`n di o`nndopm\) m`\^cdib \
cdbc kjdio ji \*nc\mk) h\mf`_ g jlY`kf \ao`m oc` km`qdjpn ^m`n^ì_j oj ,+ Pc`
h`gj_d^ gdi` \ao`m oc` didod\g ^`gg o dn \kk\mìogt ijo _`mdq`_ amjh \it joc`m
h\o`md\g di oc` rjmf ]po dn ^jinompô`_ ja orj _daa`mìo _dhdidnc`_ hj_`n+
Pc` admno ja oc`n` ]`bdin rdoc oc` admno ijo`n di ]\m 56 \i_ ^jiodip`n oj oc` `*
ag\o jm k`mc\kn oc` g\no ] di ]\m 6-+ Pc` n`^ji_ ]`bdin c`m` ji oc` ] \i_
^jiodip`n oj oc` ì_ ja oc` kcm\n`) r doc oc` \ di ]\m 6/ ]`dib oc` jigt iji*
_d\ojid^ oji` di oc` k\nn\b`+ =gg or`gq` oji`n \m` pn`_ di oc` ìodm` kcm\n`)
\n r`gg \n di oc` ìodm` oì*]\m k\nn\b`) ]po oc` omdoji` \kk`\mn m`g\odq`gt
diam`lpìogt) ^jind_`mdib oc` pn` ja oc` _dhdidnc`_ hj_` di ocdn kcm\n`) \i_ do
i`q`m j^^pmn ]òr`ì orj np^^`nndq` kdo^c`n c`m`+
=o .3) _pkg` hò`m mòpmin rdoc oc` di_d^\odji <feZ`kXkf* >po ocdn odh`
oc` o`hkj dn h\mf`_ a\no`m oc\i ]àjm` \o h+h+ %c\ga ijo`&:.-5+ Ei nkdo` ja ocdn
ijhdi\ggt a\no`m o`hkj) oc` hpnd^ no\mon ngjrgt \i_ dn c\mhjid^\ggt no\od^)
\go`mi\odib di oc` admno 1 ]\mn ]òr`ì \i `,]*ag\o _d\_ \i_ \ om`hjgj ]*ag\o %n``
`s\hkg` 25&+ Pc` jigt h`gj_d^ dio`m`no c`m` dn di oc` n\s`n) rcd^c om\_`
no\o`hìon ja \ opi` rcjn` ajpm ijo`na) _) `) \i_ ]*ag\odi^gp_` \gg oc`
kdo^c h\o`md\g ja oc`n` nds ]\mn) `s^gp_dib oc` jq`mg\kkdib b*nc\mk amjh oc`
km`qdjpn omph kò kcm\n`+ Pcdn htno`mdjpn n`ôdji n`mq`n \n km`gp_` oj oc`
diomj_pôdji ja oc`h` EE \o iph]`m .4) \b\di \kk`\mdib di oc` \goj n\sjkcji`)
\n r\n oc` ^\n` ajm oc`h` E %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 05&+
Pc` oc`h` dn \ ajpm*]\m kcm\n` m`k`\o`_) r doc `\^c kcm\n` apmoc`m
_dqd_`_ dioj orj*]\m np]*kcm\n`n) `\^c rdoc oc` n\h` admno ]\m+ Hdf` oc`h` E do
dn ja q`mt i\mmjr ^jhk\nn) nk\iidib jigt \ omdoji`) \ c\ga no`k hjm` oc\i
,/.

o+j ed^ dgj gj F : . - 5

Ea+k *
C)*$************************* *
$ yy ********
= d4 '
+ + Oamm+d+amdF+) + ?'mNI
{dq+
. , pW6 : u:
E C+?
:
o p +^ + w[ a i P +P
Idm+ ]cO
D P+P+ C) k`] )Z
? j i ^ dg\ gj -0
E$k
Ds
PP ++
9z'{* {\o + +E +++
L+K+
oc`h` E+ >joc don ]m`qdot \i_ don i\mmjr ^jhk\nn \m` om\don do nc\m`n rdoc njh`
otk`n ja kmdhdodq` di^\io\odji) ]po cjr do dn pn`_ dn \i `qì hjm` ^jiqdi^dib
gdif oj di^\io\odji+ =o iph]`m .4 do dn no\o`_ kg\digt) r docjpo \it
\^^jhk\idhìo `s^`ko ajm \ mctochd^ _mphh dib di no`\_t `dbcoc ijo`n \i_
nti^jk\o`_ \^^ìon kg\t`_ di oc` ]\^fbmjpi_ %n`` `s\hkg` 26&+ Pc` m`kòdodji
di oc` n`^ji_ ajpm ]\mn ncdaon oc` oc`h` oj oc` oìjm n\sjkcji` di oc` n\h`
jô\q`) _jp]g`_ ]t oc` kd^^jgj agpo` njpi_dib ocm`` jô\q`n cdbc`m) rdoc oc`
n\h` mctochd^ \^^jhk\idhìo+ Bmjh c`m` oj oc` ì_ ja oc` hjq`hìo) ocdn
oc`h` \kk`\mn di \ghjno `q`mt ]\m \gr\tn \o oc` n\h` kdo^c g`q`g) jaoì
_jp]g`_ di ocdm_n jm njh` joc`m dio`mq\g) gdf` \ kmdhdodq` ^c\io di njh`
h\bd^\g jm m`gdbdjpn mdop\g+
.11

h`\npm`n 66*.-3+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
)CSM s d+ .
a \ * e+ V deFdd { F'odm+
Od+a?+?E S****************** *.
o EP+I d*d7 kP m d d
g Z
_ + h y m + ) *PPP. M ******
n$ i m*F*a* 7 N .[F***** .
*******************.
dd P +m
.33 .'.
?IK+
EP
C +? )
>dm+
EE PPj+
?c
Pc` omph kò ìo`mn rdoc oc`h` EE \o iph]`m .5) pndib \i jm_di\mt
nom\dbco hpo` %n`` `s\hkg` 3-&+ Eon admno kcm\n` dn _jp]g`_ \o oc` jô\q` ]`gjr
]t \goj n\sjkcji` ajm ajpm ]\mn \i_ ocì \^^jhk\id`_ di oc` i`so ajpm ]\mn ]t
oc` ^g\mdiò) kg\tdib oc` oc`h` om\inkjn`_ \ hdijm ndsoc cdbc`m+ @pmdib oc`n`
g\no ajpm ]\mn oc` oc`h` di oc` omphkò pi_`mbj`n njh` ngdbco q\md\odjin+ Pc`
k`m^pnndji di ocdn kcm\n` ^jiodip`n oc` ajpm*]\m k\oo`mi ja oc` km`qdjpn kcm\n`
]po \__n \ i`r mctoch \i_ diomj_p^`n \ kdo^c q\md\odji ja oc` jg_ k\oo`mi
no\modib di oc` ajpmoc ]\m+ >po oc` hjno ndbidad^\io \__dodji oj oc` hpnd^\g
o`sopm` c`m` rdoc m`nk`ô oj ajmh dn oc` diomj_pôdji ja \ r`gg _dnbpdn`_
,/0

h`\npm`n .-4*..1+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
:B .36 @A : Ig
V ********** V
:FC
+. D
m P P Z Z B k *g
Z d * m m i m * a ) ) . L$PY
. ++++++ D d
W,?*
d$. D***** I F I +g G +. )
++ ..0+ + IS
d [[[[[[[[[[
t* * *e:Z
,
a d$a a :Z>PDFPP Z
) ^ +\ +
E P +I
C+?+
i % . a D*B*a
,+
8a+F F F + F h e e m d $ + k h o
i Bi)$]`)Q$
{ì
e m * i
q\md\odji ja oc`h` E di oc` ^jiom\]\nn) rcd^c dn ejdi`_ epno ]àjm` oc` adaoc ]\m
]t oc` oìjm n\sjkcji`) njpi_dib \i jô\q` cdbc`m di \i `s\ô m`kòdodji ja
oc` ]\nn gdi` ja oc` admno ajpm ]\mn ja oc` kcm\n`+
Pc` i`so kcm\n`) ]òr`ì iph]`mn .6 \i_ /-) dn ndhdg\mgt nompôpm`_
`s^`ko oc\o oc` njgj k\mo ]`^jh`n hjm` \i_ hjm` di_`kì_ìo amjh oc`
jm^c`nom\ \i_ amjh oc` oc`h` don`ga %n`` `s\hkg` 3.&+ Pcdn rjpg_ n``h oj ]`
\ijoc`m `s\hkg` ja Fjgdqò$n pn` ja c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe* Pc` np]og`
_daa`mì^`n ]òr`ì ocdn k\nn\b` \i_ oc` km`qdjpn ji` \o iph]`m .5 màg`ô di
\ mjpbc r\t oc` \^po` \ooìodji oj nompôpm\g _ò\dgn oc\o r\n j]n`mq`_ \o \
.13
As\hkg` 3.7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf) ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

h`\npm`n ..2*./2+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
fFP* Z ' d+ka m m + 4
t F Q ) P maa* a F
m
C* **** ; a ************************ ***** i
m g I *
F . '
d)
o
C * )) ********************* 1 0 Z *
H***********H H F [
de*r zk X ) {d
8 j '
4 b : > 0 maac a\ : :
a i Z P * dm om * 8 i s 9 h )
R ****** P * HemZ g m*Pdo:
otmm ^\+ [[[

ym p ); {
+} Q O Z ..3 Q4
$ks 3 i m m c m ****** FgG+ *D* ..7 $ 5 ;+ d i { ou j
C? a) U8` Z
$+ ,jg+ LE 1 ****** ttTsw) *+ ' m m q m o .
1 [ a ***********k gda a * - D
d P i a
c97 CH9C:A
u' m m i a m .m m i a mm P P L [P 4 4 y
Xn * [ ;*
$ F
IDc+?*duz:a, 8 Q * F +P 4 )F ep * F D
i ))))V } rN )))))))))) ,
}
aN) g d) * h \ ggj
m''+
6pl b a b :
^d+
V."((i888`C do
,]]5m - .` k y
=+
)k8
8ÎL,8_7 ((( (iV(c(((((((
P+ P ViP c`j`( {
,
WWW ((((
V , i , &
************* ?I +2IF++
H*) `(a(a`` `] Xo ,C,((.(((( E ************************
C< (} , /}pi]`]FWk}%}
8{
C+?+ (!}
)
N)G , d a Bc]
U}]}(C ((((((( FNNdkckc*
+
i] @`NB"}B} ]}
]k
(Ca(Zc[D
) t
,
=gg\db+
E FQf I g F-E+E .H,gc Fd] jj] p d
Qi************** ***** .
******* S++
,/2
hjm` dioìn` g`q`g ja _`q`gjkhìo di :i`fjf ;XifZZf* Pc` oc`h` don`ga dn no\o`_
cdbc di oc` agpo` \o iph]`m .6) di ocdm_n rdoc oc` ^g\mdiò) rcd^c dn h`m`gt
m`k`\odib don km`qdjpn ajpm ]\mn \i_ rcd^c dn ijr _jp]g`_ \i jô\q` gjr`m ]t
oc` \goj n\sjkcji`+ =o oc` adaoc ]\m ja iph]`m .6) oc` orj pkk`m qjd^`n ja ocdn
oc`h\od^ omdj ncdao pk \i jô\q` \i_ amjh agpo` \i_ ^g\mdiò oj kd^^jgj \i_
agpo`) m`nk`ôdq`gt) rcdg` oc` gjr`m qjd^` m`h\din \o oc` n\h` kdo^c g`q`g ]po
^c\ib`n amjh \goj n\s oj Aibgdnc cjmi+ Pc` k`m^pnndji di ocdn kcm\n` c\n \
hjm` no\]g` nompôpm`) rdoc oc` ojh*ojhn ]`\odib oc` n\h` adbpm` di `q`mt ]\m
\i_ oc` joc`m kg\t`m \go`mi\odib ]òr`ì oc` adbpm` epno diomj_p^`_ \o iph]`m
.5 \i_ orj mctochd^ q\md\odjin ja oc\o adbpm`+ Pc` ]\nn gdi` ^jiodip`n oj
m`k`\o don ajpm*]\m kcm\n` r docjpo q\md\odji) `s^`ko ajm oc` ^c\ib` di odh]m`
amjh Aibgdnc cjmi \i_ ^jiom\]\nnjji di oc` admno ajpm ]\mn ]\^f oj oìjm
n\sjkcji` \i_ ^jiom\]\nn di oc` i`so ajpm+ ?jpg_ ocdn ]` \i dggpnom\odji ja c\j
kiXejdlkXk`fe [\ cX dXjj\ jfefi\9 Eo n``hn cdbcgt gdf`gt+
Ei àa`ô ocì) ocdn admno oc`h` EE n`ôdji) rcd^c dn ^jhkmdn`_ ja ocm``

`dbco*]\m kcm\n`n `soì_`_ ]t \ ]mdà ^\_ìu\*gdf` k\nn\b` ajm oc` omph kò
\gji`) kmj^``_n amjh \ ndhkg` no\o`hìo ja oc` i`r oc`h`) \^^jhk\id`_ jigt
]t \ njgdo\mt _mphh `m) oj \ kmjbm`nndq`gt _ìn`m) `q`m*^c\ibdib) \i_ hjm`
^jhkg`s) tò `^jijhd^\g om`\ohìo ja \ m`g\odq`gt a`r ndhkg` hpnd^\g
`g`hìon+ Pc` oc`h` \i_ don q\md\odjin \m` \gg ^jinompô`_ amjh \ rcjg`*oji`
hj_` rdoc njh` ^cmjh\od^ k\nndib oji`n) rcdg` oc` ]\nn gdi`) ]`dib \
q\md\odji ja oc`h` E) diomj_p^`n b \i_ \) m`npgodib di \ ^jhkjndo` hj_`
^jinompô`_ ja ajpm ^jin`^podq` rcjg` no`kn \i_ ajpm ^jin`^podq` c\ga no`kn+
Djr`q`m) ]`^\pn` ja oc` nompôpm\g \i_ oc`h\od^ ^g\mdot \i_ ndhkgd^dot ja ocdn
n`ôdji) np^c \i jq`m\gg h j_` dn ja gdoog` jm ij dhkjmo\i^`+ Pc` rcjg`*oji`
,/3
^c\m\ô`m ja oc`h` EE) don om`\ohìo di ^jiom\kpio\g ^jh]di\odji rdoc oc`

oc`h` E q\md\io) \i_ oc` mctochd^ ^c\m\ô`m ja oc` k\nn\b` \m` hp^c hjm`
m`g`q\io c`m` di _àdidib oc` i\opm` ja oc` oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn+ Ki` hdbco n\t
oc` k\nn\b` dn kjgthj_\g) jm ]dhj_\g) rdoc orj hj_`n ]`dib pn`_ \n oji\g
mà`mì^`n ndhpgo\i`jpngt+
=o iph]`m /-) cjr`q`m) oc` ndibg` km`q\dgdib hj_` ]`^jh`n \i
dh kjmo\io a\ôjm di oc` hpnd^\g nompôpm` ]`^\pn` do n`mq`n _dm`ôgt \n oc`
kmdh \mt hpnd^\g h\o`md\g ja oc` k\nn\b` amjh iph]`m /- ocmjpbc oc` ajpmoc
]\m \ao`m /-) \i_ do ^jiodip`n oj ]` \i dhkjmo\io `g`hìo di oc` i`so ajpm ]\mn
pk oj m`c`\mn\g iph]`m /.+$ Pc` hj_` dn oc` rcjg`*c\ga _dhdidnc`_ hj_` ji ^

\i_ dn njpi_`_ \n \i \n^ì_dib n^\g` di lp\mo`m ijo`n ]t oc` omjh]ji` \o
iph ]`m /-) ocì o\fì pk ]t oc` Aibgdnc cjmi di oc` ocdm_ \i_ ajpmoc ]\m ja /-
%n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 1.&+ Pc` pkk`m rjj_rdi_n di oc`n` ajpm ]\mn pn` ocdn
_dhdidnc`_ n^\g` _dm`ôgt \n oc`dm h`gj_d^ h\o`md\g+ Ei a\ô oc` n`^ji_ k\dm ja
]\mn dn \ôp\ggt \ q\md`_ \i_ m`jm^c`nom\o`_ m`kòdodji ja oc` admno k\dm) ]t ijr
\ r`gg rjmi kmj^`_pm`+ =o oc` adaoc ]\m ja iph]`m /-) oc` omph kò ìo`mn \i_)
r doc oc` omjh]ji` \i_ oìjm n\sjkcji`) km`nìon \ i`r oc`h` ja ji` ijo`
k`m ]\m di k\m\gg`g hdijm ocdm_n) ocpn ajmhdib _dhdidnc`_ omd\_n ocmjpbcjpo
oc` ]mdà k\nn\b`+ Pcdn i`r h\o`md\g di^jmkjm\o`n ngd_dib bgdnn\i_jn nk\iidib
m`g\odq`gt rd_` dio`mq\gn rcd^c) ajm oc` omphkò) h`\in di^jmkjm\odib oc` c\ga*
q\gq` o`^cidlp`+ Pc` m\kd_ _ti\hd^ ^c\ib`n km`nìo`_ c`m` \m` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^
ja Fjgdqò$n kiXejdlkXk`fej kmdi^dkg`+ Pcdn dio`mgp_` oc`h` dn \^^jhk\id`_ ]t
\ n`hdoji` om`hjgj di oc` agpo` \i_ kd^^jgj %\ oj b*nc\mk&) rcd^c ^jpg_ ]`
qd`r`_ \n \ om\inkjn`_ _`mdq\odji ja ^`gg o( \i_ ]t \ i`r \^^jhk\idhìo ja
no`\_t `dbcoc*ijo` mctogdh di oc` kd\ijrcd^c c\n ]`ì ndgìo ndi^` ]\m 5/
,/4
ndhdg\m oj don k\mo \o iph]`m 5 %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 2-&+ D`m` cjr`q`m) oc`
hj_`) jm c\mhjit) n``hn oj ^c\ib` rdoc `\^c h`\npm` \i_ ocpn r doc `\^c
h`gj_t ijo`+ Pc` admno ]\m podgdu`n jigt adq` kdo^c`n) o\fì amjh oc`
_dhdidnc`_ hj_` ja oc` km`qdjpn ajpm ]\mn+ Pc` n`^ji_ ]\m di^jmkjm\o`n ocm``
ja oc`n` ijo`n kgpn ajpm joc`mn oj ajmh \ ntiocòd^ hj_` m`n`h]gdib \
c\mhjid^ hdijm n^\g` ji \) ]po r doc \ h\ejm ocdm_ _`bm``+ Pc` ocdm_ ]\m pn`n \
q`mt ndhdg\m ^jgg`ôdji ja kdo^c`n) rcd^c hdbco ]` _`n^md]`_ \n oc` rcjg`*c\ga
_dhdidnc`_ hj_` ji _) rdocjpo b \i_ rdoc \ \__`_) \i_ oc` kdo^c`n ja oc`
ajpmoc ]\m ajmh \ hj_` gdf` oc\o ajmh`_ ]t oc` ijo`n pn`_ ]òr`ì iph]`mn
.4 \i_ /-oc\o dn) \ hj_` c\qdib ajpm ^jin`^podq` rcjg` no`kn \i_ ajpm
^jin`^podq` c\ga no`kn+ Eio`m`nodibgt) oc` admno njijmdot \o iph]`m .4 gjjfn

m\oc`m gdf` \i ` _jhdi\io n`qìoc ^cjm_ \i_ nj _j`n oc` admno njijmdot ja oc`
]\m c`m`) \g]`do di \ _daa`mìo qjd^dib) diq`mndji) \i_ jm^c`nom\odji+ S c\o dn
hjm` dhkjmo\io di ocdn ]\m dn oc` `\mgt mòpmi ja oc`h` EE di oc` omjh]ji`)
rcd^c dio`mmpkon oc` ajpm*]\m kcm\ndib ja oc` km`qdjpn ]\mn \i_ km`k\m`n rc\o
\kk`\mn oj ]` oc` m`\g ìom\i^` ja oc`h` EE di oc` omph kò ji` ]\m g\o`m) \o
iph]`m /. %n`` `s\hkg` 3/&+ S` c`\m ocdn \n oc` m`\g oc`h` ]`^\pn` do dn
kg\t`_ c`m` di ocdm_n r doc oc` Aibgdnc cjmi \i_ ]`^\pn` oc` k`m^pnndji adbpm`n
rcd^c \^^jhk\id`_ oc` admno oc`h` EE n`ôdji mòpmi) rdoc njh` q\md\odji+ Pc`
kd\ij) cjr`q`m) ^jiodip`n oj \^^jhk\it di \ no`\_t `dbcoc*ijo` adbpm` di
\ijoc`m i`r k\oo`mi) rcd^c podgdu`n njh` m`kòdodji ]òr`ì iph]`mn /. \i_
// ]po iji` ]òr`ì // \i_ /0 %n`` `s\hkg` 30&+
Bmjh iph]`m /. oj i`\mgt oc` ì_ ja oc` hjq`hìo oc` hpnd^ ]`^jh`n
di^m`\ndibgt dioìn`) \n do _d_ di oc` admno oc`h` EE n`ôdji amjh iph]`m .4 oj
iph]`m /-+ =o /. ]`bdin \ ^\iji ja oc`h` EE ]òr`ì oc` omjh]ji` \i_ oc`
.2-
As\hkg` 3/7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

h`\npm`n .00*.02+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
I v`
[[[[ n Z j |
************* (
Pm*
[ 9 9
PR
`
^+\ vW o_eq+odhfdood
k.a ( B }
E P+I+
C?+
H <
i k} .s}((((((
x
\yF ' Q jd? \oad

h`\npm`n .00*.16) kd\ij k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
,0,
omph kò \i_ Aibgdnc cjmi) rcd^c \m` k\dm`_ ojbòc`m kg\tdib oc` oc`h` di
k\m\gg`g ocdm_n+ Pcdn ^\iji ^jiodip`n \gg oc` r\t oj ocm`` ]\mn ]àjm` iph]`m
/2) rdoc k`mdj_d^ ^c\ib`n di jm^c`nom\odji \gjib oc` r\t+ Bjm `s\hkg`) oc`
didod\g no\o`hìo ja oc` ajpm*]\m oc`h` di oc` omjh]ji` j^^pmn ocm`` odh`n
]àjm` ]`dib k\nn`_ oj oc` agpo` \i_ kd^^jgj) rcd^c kg\t ji^` di pidnji \i_
ocì \ n`^ji_ odh` di jô\q`n) \^^jhk\id`_ admno ]t oc` oìjm n\sjkcji`) \
^jhkjpi_ h\ejm ocdm_ gjr`m) \i_ ocì ]t \ q\md\odji di oc` omph kò %n``
`s\hkg` 31&+ =o oc\o kjdio) oc` oc`h` mòpmin oj oc` omjh]ji` ajm or j hjm`
no\o`hìon) \^^jhk\id`_ admno ]t \ h\ejm n`^ji_ \]jq` di oc` oìjm n\sjkcji`
\i_ ocì ]t \ h\ejm ocdm_ \]jq` di oc` \goj n\sjkcji`) ^jhkjpi_`_ ]t \i
\__dodji\g jô\q` `q`mt n`^ji_ h`\npm` %n`` `s\hkg` 32&+
Pc` omph kò) rcd^c ]`bdin \o iph]`m /. \n oc` n`^ji_ qjd^` ja oc`
^\iji) ]`bdin oj _dq`mb` \ao`m don admno no\o`hìo) o\fdib ji \ gda` ja don jri
\n do _d_ di oc` admno oc`h` EE n`ôdji) dggpnom\odib \b\di) di oc` bì`m\g nìn`) c\
j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe %n`` `s\hkg` 33&+ Pc` n`^ji_ ajpm ]\mn ja oc` omph kò
nodgg ]`\m \ m`n`h]g\i^` oj oc` oc`h` di don admno \i_ ajpmoc ]\mn) ]po amjh
iph]`m // ji do dn g\mb`gt di_`kì_ìo ja \itocdib `gn` di oc` ìn`h]g`)
h`gj_d^\ggt \i_ mctochd^\ggt+ =i `s^`kodji j^^pmn di ]\m .16) rc`m` oc`
omph kò ejdin oc` agpo`n ajm ajpm ]\mn %`s\hkg` 31&+ Pc` agpo`n \m` oc` admno
qjd^` ja oc` ^\iji c`m`) \i_ oc` omph kò kg\tn \ q\md\odji ja oc` oc`h`
om\inkjn`_ _jr i \ h\ejm ocdm_) rdoc oc` jmdbdi\g mctochn \ghjno dio\ô+ Ki
`doc`m nd_` ja oc`n` ]\mn dn pim`g\o`_ h\o`md\g di oc` omphkò+ Pc` omph kò di
ocdn rcjg` k\nn\b` podgdu`n \gg or`gq` oji`n) rcdg` oc` oc`h` don`ga \i_ oc`
kd\ij k\mo \m` g\mb`gt rcjg`*oji` ]\n`_) r doc njh` \__dodjin \i_ `s^`kodjin)
\i_ oc` ^jiom\]\nn k\mo rcd^c ]`bdin \o iph ]`m // ^jindnon ja oc` n\h`
.2/

h`\npm`n .12*.2/+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
g+oh gi
ao'' >ko` z m]+à^b7

d '
+ .
d+ 0 n: a: : Z2O : : :
=+ ;2:Z $ F[[+*[*::
:& [[[[[[Z )d
B
a Z U m Ms
n
?ha^
[[[ '
r x
{( u n+
P+I
m d m * ; * P * k P ka**
<: Z 0 H H H a 8 g # d w i)
.$ . V
.20

h`\npm`n .20*.3-+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Pa aa P '.m a S B *d
OoLEo dn k
[ {;{ w
' o
?gGgo'+
Pk+
* ' ma? 4 .
eOA A ? P a* w .E B S E S y p Fy B m
$ ;+ ;
E P+I
O' i d* - - ) ] . 7 a : o a * )8Fdm E. Ea ag+F k d +
EEPR+Pm
E EE & ${`y]`)i) , m * m e d .. { %D d d a e
++++++ dQ H EH m
+o i $L2*
+.+ {
'$BmPE $d ; . .*+ nd
omd*d+ m F m S b
]k 4<p1'
;*
! òaoi c go`* EbB* f ` 6. LXd!* z d
q'i
R mmm m
od
* + ) [ :' ;
' . *q FC m
?omoaQ
oaB:b**q ******
;+ k
g z k
;'
S P P < a * a m * d ei ` m U P+I +
p U a w L ) *a I
* m m h * a * n * m d d *F E P Z .
O[=
R ***** _ m o d d m * .
a ,24 0& ,2*\ +2,(
: 0 / Z > a ` t k 2 > :*F ; :''Z'::. `k $ -

pk
,0/

h`\npm`n .01*.31) omph kò \i_ kd\ij m`_pôdji+
B L 9 d
8_
22<
Fa^K ,aÊ E o' N.
,00
q\md\odji ja oc`h` E oc\o n`mq`_ \n oc` ]\nn gdi` di oc` admno oc`h` EE n`ôdji %n``
`s\hkg` 34&+ Ei nkdo` ja oc` omph kò h`gj_t$n ^cmjh\od^ ^jhkgòì`nn) hp^c
ja oc` gdi` c\n \ rcjg`*oji` jpogdi`) k\mod^pg\mgt oc` g\no ajpm ]\mn+

h`\npm`n .1/*.16) ]\nn k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
' % ) )W . 3 60 d )k
I F m )i $Q d E) F $ e d d $ )i d
Q i_`mi`\oc ocdn r dg_ \i_ dhkmjqdn\ojmt di^\io\odji di oc` omph kò gd`n
oc` no`\_t \i_ m`kòdodq` mctoch ja oc` _mphn+ Pc` ojh*ojh kg\t`m pn`n jigt
orj _daa`mìo mctochd^ adbpm`n ]òr`ì iph]`mn /. \i_ /2) \i_ oc` joc`m
_mph h `m pn`n ocm``) ja rcd^c oc` ocdm_ dn h`m`gt \ q\md\odji ja oc` admno+ Pc`
]\nn gdi` dn \gnj lpdo` m`kòdodq` amjh iph]`m // ocmjpbc oc` admno ocm`` ]\mn ja
/0+ Pc` ajpm*]\m ]\nn gdi` kcm\n` \o // dn kg\t`_ ocm`` odh`n) oc` admno orj ]t
oc` ^jiom\]\nnjji \i_ ]\nn \i_ oc` ocdm_ ]t ]\nn \i_ ^g\mdiò+ Pc` kd\ij k\mo
ojj dn nompôpm`_ di ajpm*]\m kcm\n`n di ocdn n`ôdji) \i_ piodg iph]`m /0 do

_`qd\o`n amjh \i `nnìod\ggt rcjg`*oji` ^jinompôdji jigt ji^`) di ]\m .1.)
rc`m` \i `dbcoc*ijo` ntiocòd^ n^\g` dn kg\t`_ di \n^ì_dib k\m\gg`g oìocn oj
g`\_ dioj oc` i`so kcm\n` \o iph]`m // %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 30&+ Ki` ]`\o
]àjm` iph ]`m /0) oc` gào c\i_ ja oc` kd\ij ejdin oc` ]\nn gdi` rcdg` oc` mdbco
diomj_p^`n \i \n^ì_dib k\oo`mi ajm orj ]\mn) _`mdqdib don kdo^c ^jioìo amjh
oc` ^jh]di`_ h \ejm,c\mh jid^ hdijm hj_` km`qdjpngt ajpi_ di oc` ocdm_ ]\m
]àjm` iph]`m /.) `s^`ko oc\o oc`m` do r\n ]\n`_ ji \i \ n^\g` \i_ c`m` do dn
]\n`_ ji \ _ n^\g` %n`` `s\hkg` 35&+ Pc` ocdm_ ]\m ja iph]`m /0 mòpmin oj \
,01

h`\npm`n .16*.20) kd\ij k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
%/0&
Lij :# )
[ (]i(Yg() aai
(/(
Z 4 "N i d
rcjg`*oji` ^jinompôdji) \i_ di oc` ajpmoc ]\m oc` mdbco c\i_ ejdin oc` gào di
jô\q`n piodg iph]`m /2+
Pc` g\no ocm`` ]\mn ]àjm` iph]`m /2 ^jinodopo`) di àa`ô) \ ^m`n^ì_j ja

dioìndot ocmjpbc nc``m hjodqd^ m`kòdodji ja oc` g\no ]\m ja oc`h` EE \i_ \
^gpno`m ]\nn hjodq`) rcd^c dn o\fì amjh oc` oc`h` E ]\nn gdi` \i_ rcd^c
admno \kk`\m`_ \n \ m`k`\o`_ hjodq` \ a`r ]\mn `\mgd`m %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg`
33&+ Pcdn dioìndad^\odji g`\_n oj oc` mòpmi) \o iph]`m /2) ja oc` hjnogt
_dhdidnc`_*hj_` k\nn\b` ajpi_ ]òr`ì iph]`mn /- \i_ /.) ]po c`m`
\]]m`qd\o`_ \i_ q\md`_ %n`` `s\hkg` 36&+ Pc` lp\mo`m*ijo` n^\g` k\nn\b` dn
jigt orj ]\mn dino`\_ ja ajpm) oc` ndibg` c\mk bgdnn\i_j dn ijr orj k\m\gg`g
bgdnn\i_jn \ omdoji` \k\mo \i_ gdf`rdn` ncjmoì`_ oj orj ]\mn) oc` omph kò omdgg
\i_ ^g\mdiò om`hjgj \m` \]nìo) oc` ^jiom\]\nnjji \i_ oìjm n\sjkcji` rcjg`
ijo`n \m` hdnndib) oc` ndso`ìoc*ijo` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`n \m` kg\t`_ ]t oc` agpo`)
^g\mdiò \i_ \goj n\sjkcji` ndhpgo\i`jpngt) dino`\_ ja ]`dib om\_`_ ]òr`ì
oc`n` dinomphìon di_dqd_p\ggt ajm orj ]\mn \i_ ocì \kk`\mdib di oc` agpo`
\i_ kd^^jgj di pidnji ajm orj ]\mn) \i_ \ i`r _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` adbpm\odji dn
diomj_p^`_ _pmdib oc`n` n\h` orj h`\npm`n di oc` Aibgdnc cjmi+
.24
As\hkg` 367 L\Zfe[ ZfeZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E)

E F : .0/
Iii_` c(` @iXeNi ? c`k\
X*
?+=+
?+dm^g$i
E P +I +
Ek + Ei
X T q +^ c + %X e k Bk l`]ce*c]]&
Dm
Jfg
Pc` ocm``*]\m bgdnn\i_j n`ôdji rcd^c ajggjrn dn jigt ji` ]\m ncjmo`m
oc\i oc` km`qdjpn k\nn\b` \o ]\m .04+ Pc` agpo` om`hjgj dn m`kg\^`_ ]t \
ojh*ojh mjgg) oc` Aibgdnc cjmi \__n \ ijo` oj oc` k\m\gg`g npno\di`_ ^cjm_n)
h\fdib oc`h _dhdidnc`_ n`qìocn) oc` \goj n\sjkcji` dn \gnj \__`_)
^jiomd]podib \ adaoc ijo`) \i_ oc` kd\ij k\mo dn \go`m`_ amjh no`\_t `dbcoc*ijo`
mctoch oj n`sopkgò `dbcoc ijo`n %n`` `s\hkg` 4-&+ A\^c ]\m ja oc`n`
n`sopkgòn pn`n oc` n\h` adq` kdo^c`n ]`dib njpi_`_ di oc` r di_ dinomphìon)
rcd^c r` hdbco n\t \ôp\ggt ^jinodopo` _jhdi\io n`qìoc njijmdod`n di n`^ji_
.25

\+
\+
?+=)
E R+S+
ao'+
EE ^+n'
?)+9f
Bi)
diq`mndji) ]po rdoc oc` ag\o idioc \__`_ di oc` ]\nn % &+ J`q`moc`g`nn) oc` kd\ij
adbpm\odji `hkc\ndu`n _dhdidnc`_ omd\_n di oc` admno orj ]\mn \i_ \ kpm`gt
kìo\ojid^ m`k`\o`_ k\oo`mi\ _daa`mìo kìo\ojid^ nò oc\i oc` om\_dodji\g
ji`di oc` ocdm_ ]\m+ Pc` _jhdi\io n`qìoc njijmdot r doc \ ag\o idioc a\ggn
rdocdi oc` _dhdidnc`_ hj_` \i_ rjpg_ n``h oj ]` jk`m\odib c`m` \n \i
\nk`ô ja oc\o hj_` m\oc`m oc\i \n \ apiôdji\g _jhdi\io+ Djr`q`m) Fjgdqò
h\t \gnj ]` pndib oc`n` km`k\m\ojmt*otk` njijmdod`n kpmkjnàpggt c`m` oj c`gk
km`k\m` oc` gdnoì`m ajm oc` ì_ ja oc` hjq`hìo+ Pc` np__ì ^c\ib` di
o`sopm` \o iph]`m /3) rc`m` jigt ] \i_ _ \m` njpi_`_ \i_ npno\di`_ ocmjpbc
oc` rcjg` ]\m) n``hn oj ]` \ijoc`m ndbi\g ja oc` \kkmj\^cdib ì_ %n`` `s\hkg`
4.&+
.26

aa
1 Z : 1I +
o+K a om )+ ******************
\
d Z {
? += +
[[[[[
F'+ F '
P
;'
PR
'XN Z m i m d * k P g o* a m k m m i
EFF
dd^d n U
X r
FKHBPEB
: d
. E a \ F
I n
Ei oc` ]\m \ao`m iph]`m /3) oc` k`m^pnndji ]\oo`mt m`nph`n don oc`h` EE
\^^jhk\idhìo adbpm` oj oc` ì_) ijr ]\^f di don jmdbdi\g ajmh ]po ji rjj_
]gj^fn dino`\_ ja ojh*ojh+ Pc` orj ]m\nn dinomphìon \m` h\mf`_ m`Yi\( \i_
h jno ja oc` r di_ dinomphìon npno\di \ ijo` jm \ om`hjgj ajm ajpm h`\npm`n+
Pc` agpo`n \m` ndgìo di oc` admno ]\m \ao`m kg\tdib oc` _jri]`\o) di jm_`m oj
\ggjr ^`gg o oj ]` c`\m_ ji` g\no odh`) \g]`do di mòmjbm\_`) di oc` ^g\mdiò+ Pc`
ijo`n ja oc` npno\di`_ ^cjm_n ajmh \i a*nc\mk kìo\ojid^ nompôpm` di oc` ]\m
\ao`m /3 \i_ ^*nc\mk kìo\ojid^ di oc` g\no ajpm ]\mn ja oc` hjq`hìo) oc`
_daa`mì^` ]òr`ì oc` orj ]`dib jigt ji` ijoà*nc\mk ^c\ibdib oj `*nc\mk+
Pcpn oc` hjq`hìo ì_n r doc njh` nìn` ja adi\gdot jm m`noapgi`nn di \ hjm`
om\_dodji\g njijmdot oc\i hjno ja oc` km`qdjpn h\o`md\g+
,1+
O`^ji_ Ijq`hìo
Ei oc` n`^ji_ hjq`hìo oc` omphkò dn bdqì njg` m`nkjind]dgdot ajm oc`
h`gj_d^ gdi`+ Jji` ja Fjgdqò$n adq` o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n \m` di `qd_ì^` c`m` di
\ nk`^dad^ o`^cid^\g nìn`) \i_ oc` o`sopm` dn oc\o ja \ kg\diodq` h`gj_t rdoc
ndhkg` ^cjm_\g \i_ mctochd^ \^^jhk\idhìo+ Pc` hpnd^ dn am``gt hj_\g
ji` hdbco n\t k\ihj_\grdoc bì`m\ggt \ lp\mo\g nompôpm` oj oc` ^cjm_n+
Pc` c\mhjid`n ocmjpbcjpo ^jindno pnp\ggt ja adq`*ijo` jm nds*ijo` ^cjm_n)
rcd^c \m` i`q`m o`mod\i ]po rcd^c \m` jaoì ^jin`^podq` ijo`n ja \ n^\g`)
`sk\i_`_ dioj jkì dio`mq\gn+ = hj_\g njpi_ dn h\dio\di`_ ]t oc` iji*
apiôdji\g pn` ja oc`n` njijmdod`n) ]t oc` hj_\g i\opm` ja oc` h`gj_d^ gdi` %n``
`s\hkg` 4/&) \i_ ]t oc` pn` ja jigt nds _daa`mìo kdo^c`n %`) \) _) b) ]) a& di oc`
As\hkg` 4/7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo EE)
h`\npm`n 1*.0) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
?m\q` F :
m*fckf \jgi\jj(*
admno `dbco`ì ja oc` adaot*ji` ]\mn ja oc` hjq`hìo+ Ei a\ô) oc` admno \^^d_ìo\g
_j`n ijo \kk`\m piodg h`\npm` /.+ O^chd_ kjdion jpo oc\o oc` q`mt admno
njijmdot ja oc` hjq`hìo ^jmm`nkji_n oj oc` opidib ja oc` nds jkì nomdibn ja
\ bpdo\m \i_ oc\o oc` rcjg` hjq`hìo c\n \ nomjib Ok\idnc ^c\m\ô`m) di_p^`_
ijo jigt ]t oc` mjgg`_ ^cjm_n di oc` c\mk \i_ kd\ij) rcd^c n``h oj dhdo\o` oc`
nomphhdib ja \ bpdo\m) ]po \gnj ]t oc` h`gj_d^ \ggpndji oj kcmtbd\i hj_`)
rcd^c dn jaoì \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc Ok\idnc hpnd^+52 Pcdn fdi_ ja hpnd^ dn
30MZ_d`[ 03)
,1,
m`hdidn^ìo ja Fjgdqò$n hjm` om\_dodji\g n`^ji_ notg` k`mdj_+ Eo dn diopdodq`)

_m`\ht hpnd^+ Pc` k`m^pnndji ]\oo`mt ja o\h*o\h) ?cdi`n` ^th]\g)
npnkì_`_ ^th]\g) \i_ ]\nn _mph \__ oj oc` `sjod^) joc`m*rjmg_gt
\ohjnkc`m` %n`` `s\hkg` 40&+
As\hkg` 407 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo EE)
h`\npm`n .*0+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
C m \ q ` F : ./
d*d+K i +n
.E=JK
Pc` ajmh ja oc` hjq`hìo dn ]di\mt r doc \ ^j_\) jm o\b7 \] E \] ^j_\+

Pcdn nompôpm` dn \mod^pg\o`_ ^g`\mgt di oc` om`\ohìo ja oc` orj kmdi^dk\g
oc`h`n+ B`r ja oc` joc`m kjnnd]g` a\ôjmn diagpì^dib ajmh c\q` \it k\mod^pg\m
dhkjmo\i^` jm m`g`q\i^`+ Pc` mctochd^ _ìndot _pmdib oc` hjq`hìo m`h\din
]òr`ì .+- \i_ /+- \mod^pg\odjin k`m ]`\o) `s^`ko di ]\m 03) rc`m` oc`m` \m`
`dbco \mod^pg\odjin di oc` ocm`` ]`\on ja oc` h`\npm` %mctochd^ _ìndot:/+34&)
\i_ di oc` adi\g orj ]\mn) rc`m` oc` adi\g ^cjm_ dn ndhkgt npno\di`_+ Pc`m` \m`
, 1 -
ij _àdidib ajmh\g a`\opm`n m`q`\g`_ ]t ocdn _ìndot k\oo`mi+ Pc` hpodib ja

oc` omph kò c`m` _j`n npkkjmo oc` ]di\mt ajmhoc` admno k\mo dn jkì \i_ oc`
n`^ji_ k\mo h po`_]po don dhkjmo\i^` dn lp`nodji\]g`) ]`tji_ don ^jgjmdnod^
àa`ô+ Pc` _ti\hd^n) \ijoc`m kjnnd]g` _ò`mhdidib a\ôjm) \m` bì`m\ggt g
r doc \i j^^\ndji\g d ] di oc` njgj omph kò \i_ di \ a`r njgjdnod^ k\nn\b`n di
ji` ja oc` jm^c`nom\ k\mon+ Bjm `s\hkg` oc` \goj n\sjkcji` dn h\mf`_ d ] \i_
njgj \o oc` ]*n`ôdji) ]`bdiidib di ]\m //) rc`m` do kg\tn \ ^jpio`mgdi` oj oc`
omph kò h`gj_t) rcdg` oc` joc`m jm^c`nom\ k\mon \m` h\mf`_ g* Pcì di
h`\npm` 1/oc` mòpmi ja oc` ]*n`ôdjiocdn ^jpio`mgdi` dn bdqì oj oc`
Aibgdnc cjmi) h\mf`_ dg( rcdg` oc` joc`m \^^jhk\itdib dinomphìon \m`
h\mf`_ `doc`m g jm gg* Ei \__dodji) hjno ja oc` kduud^\oj nti^jk\o`_ adbpm`n di

oc` ]\nn %n``) ajm `s\hkg`) ]\m / di `s\hkg` 40& \m` h\mf`_ d]( \i_ oc` c\mk
k\mo dn jaoì h\mf`_ \o \ cdbc`m _ti\hd^ oc\i oc` joc`m dinomphìon+ Pcdn
^\màpg \i_ _ò\dg`_ \ooìodji oj _ti\hd^n r jpg_ n``h oj màg`ô \ ^ji^`mi ajm
kmjk`m _ti\hd^ ]\g\i^`) \n r`gg \n Fjgdqò$n gjib `sk`mdì^` \n \ ^ji_pôjm)
]po ij k\mod^pg\m g\mb`*n^\g` nompôpm\g ndbidad^\i^` ^\i ]` _dn^`mi`_+ Pc`
o`hkj _`ndbi ajggjrn \i_ npkkjmon oc` jq`m\gg ajmh di \n hp^c \n do c`gkn oj
\mod^pg\o` oc` kcm\ndib+ >joc ]*n`ôdjin \m` \o \ lpd^f`m o`hkj %h+h+:33& oc\i
oc` \*k\mo) \i_ oc` o`hkj hj_pg\odjin \m` bì`m\ggt kg\^`_ di ndhdg\m
nompôpm\g kjndodjin di oc` orj g\mb` n`ôdjin ja oc` hjq`hìo+
=gnj di ocdn hjq`hìo) kdo^c m`g\odjincdkn kg\t \ q`mt dhkjmo\io mjg` di
oc` g\mb`*n^\g` nompôpm`+ =n ijo`_ \]jq`) oc`m` \m` ij o`mod\i ^cjm_n jm
om\_dodji\g c\mhjid^ k\oo`min) ]po hj_\g oji\g ^ìo`mn \m` `no\]gdnc`_ ocmjpbc
_jp]gdib \i_ m`kòdodji+ Pc` admno idiò`ì ]\mn ^ìo`m \mjpi_ `) rcd^c
njpi_n \ghjno ^jino\iogt di oc` ]\nn ijo`n ja oc` kd\ij \i_ c\mk \i_ dn
,1.
pnp\ggt _jp]g`_ \o g`\no ji^` di \i pkk`m jô\q`+ Pc` omph kò h`gj_t
ocmjpbc ocdn admno \*n`ôdji \gnj bm\qdo\o`n nomjibgt ojr\m_ `+ Pc` h`\npm`n
ajggjrdib ]\m .6 hjq` ocmjpbc \ n`md`n ja kdo^c \m`\n piodg ]\m /6) rc`m` oc` \*
n`ôdji mòpmin) om\inkjn`_ pk \ h\ejm ocdm_ \i_ di \i \]]m`qd\o`_ ajmh) rdoc
\ ngdbco q\md\odji oj oc` h`gj_t \i_ hjm` jm g`nn i`r h\o`md\g gdifdib do r doc
oc` i`so n`ôdji %n`` `s\hkg` 41&+ Pc` jm^c`nom\odjidi oc` apgg n^jm` ]po ijo
h`\npm`n /6*05) omph kò \i_ kd\ij m`_pôdji+
EB
L^_+
L\g
oc` kd\ij q`mndjidn np]og`gt hj_dad`_ di oc` m`k`\o`_ kjmodji ja ocdn n`^ji_
\*k\mo \n r`gg+ Pc` mòpmi ja ] di ]\m 1/\gnj rdoc \go`m`_ jm^c`nom\odji \i_
_daa`mìo qjd^` g`\_dib ]po rdocjpo `h]`ggdnchìo ja oc` h`gj_tdn
,1/
om\inkjn`_ _jr i \ hdijm n`^ji_ amjh oc` jmdbdi\g \i_ ajggjrn oc` n\h`
n`lpì^` ja ]\nn ijo`n %om\inkjn`_& \n oc` jmdbdi\g ]*k\mo piodg oc` ^j_\) rcd^c
mòpmin oj oc` jmdbdi\g oji\gdot ja `+
=n di oc` admno hjq`hìo) m`kòdodji kg\tn \i dhkjmo\io nompôpm\g mjg`
c`m`) hp^c hjm` nj oc\i di :i`fjf ;XifZZf* >po m`kòdodji \gnj ^jiomd]po`n oj
oc` h`_do\odq` hjj_ ja ocdn hjq`hìo+ Pc` jkìdib ocm`` h`\npm`n nò oc`
hjj_ rdoc m`k`\o`_ adq`*ijo` lp\mo\g ^cjm_n di oc` rjj_rdi_n) c\mk) \i_
kd\ij) no\o`_ njaogt \i_ _jhdi\o`_ ]t oc` c\mk %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 40&+
Pc` gjr k`_\g \ di jô\q`n di oc` kd\ij k\mo ja oc` admno ]\m \kk`\mn `dbco odh`n
di oc` admno or`gq` h`\npm`n+ Ei a\ô oc`n` jô\q` ]\nn ijo`n ji oc` ocdm_ ]`\o
j^^pm ocmjpbcjpo oc` hjq`hìo di ji` ajmh jm \ijoc`m) `s^`ko _pmdib oc` ]*
oc`h` \m`\n+ Pcdn nompôpm\g apiôdji ja oc` k`_\g ijo`n dn ^jhkg`hìo`_ \i_
npkkjmo`_ ]t \ m`^pmmdib) nti^jk\o`_ kduud^\oj adbpm` di oc` nomdib ]\nn) rcd^c
dn q\md`_ \o `\^c ja don `dbco ìom\i^`n \i_ km`^`_`n `\^c kcm\n` jm no\o`hìo
ja oc` omphkò+ Eo ojj dn \]nìo _pmdib oc` orj no\o`hìon ja oc` ]*oc`h`+ Eo
m`^pmn ajm oc` adi\g odh` di ]\m 15 oj ndbi\g oc` mòpmi ja oc` jkìdib h\o`md\g)
rcd^c ì_n oc` hjq`hìo \n do ]`b\i %n`` `s\hkg` 42&+
Aqì ocjpbc m`kòdodji dn \ kmjhdiìo nompôpm\g a`\opm` ja ocdn

hjq`hìo) r` ^\i nodgg n`` oc` n``_n ja Fjgdqò$n g\o`m pn` ja q\md`_ m`kòdodji
di n`q`m\g r\tn+ Ei ]\m 03*05 \ i`r opi` dn c`\m_ di oc` omph kò %`s\hkg` 41&)
\i_ tò _p` oj don hj_\g ^c\m\ô`m \i_ ^g`q`m ^jhkjndodji do njpi_n h`m`gt
gdf` \ i\opm\g `soìndji ja oc` km`qdjpn h\o`md\g+ >\m 05 _j`n ]`\m \
m`n`h]g\i^` h`gj_d^\ggt oj ]\m ..) \i_ ]\m 06 dn \ m`kòdodji ja oc` adbpm`
c`\m_ di ]joc ]\mn .3 \i_ ]\m .6 %n`` `s\hkg` 43&+ Pc` c\mhjit di ]\m 03 dn \
m`kòdodji %om\inkjn`_& ja oc\o di ]\m 6) ]po oc` jm^c`nom\odji) \i_ oc`màjm` oc`
.32
h`\npm`n 15*2.+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
H*
? += +
? oomL i +
Pm*
P]+
Aom+
.. ao
PP+
Dm+
1/+
O$*)*'
X)
dp
As\hkg` 437 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo EE) ]\mn
..)05)06).3) \i_ .6) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Lj^j mgo\m_ + )
,11
^jgjmajm rcd^c Bmì^c ^jhkjn`mn \m` nj r`gg fijridn _daa`mìo+ Ei ]\m 04

oc` c\mhjit dn \ pidlp` \mm\ib`hìo ja \gg oc` ijo`n ja oc` ` kcstbd\i hj_`
`s^`ko ^d+`+) do ^jindnon ja oc` n\h` kdo^c`n \n ajpi_ di h\it h`\npm`n ja oc`
admno \*k\mo ]po \mm\ib`_ njh`rc\o _daa`mìogt oc\i \itrc`m` `gn`+ >\m 05)
rcd^c dn \ om\indodji\g ]\m g`\_dib oj oc` mòpmi ja oc` ]*n`ôdji) dn \ o`so]jjf
`s\hkg` ja hj_\g kg\idib\i `no\]gdnc`_ o`^cidlp` ja oc` dhkm`nndjidnod^
notg` %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 41&+ Pcpn) c`m` \b\di r` n`` Fjgdqò$n kmjkìndot
oj diomj_p^` \ om\_dodji\g `g`hìo jm o`^cidlp` \o \ ^cjnì hjhìo) jpond_` ja
don om\_dodji\g ^jio`so) \i_ dio`bm\o` do nhjjocgt dioj cdn jr i hpnd^\g notg`+
Pc`n` ocm`` ]\mn %03*05& n`mq`) nompôpm\ggt) \n oc` ^jpio`mk\mo ja oc` oì ]\mn
]òr`ì ]\mn 6 \i_ .5 \i_ cì^` gì_ \i `g`hìo ja q\mdòt r docdi pidot di
oc` jq`m\gg ajmh) \n r`gg \n di oc`h\od^ \i_ c\mhjid^ _ò\dgn+
Oj) rcdg` oc` ajmh\g nompôpm` dn ^g`\m`m \i_ hjm` om\_dodji\g c`m` oc\i
di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( ]t qdmop` ja \ bm`\o`m _`bm`` ja m`kòdodji \i_ hjm` j]qdjpn
oc`h\od^ pidot) oc` n\h` api_\hìo\g \kkmj\^c oj ]\g\i^dib pidot \i_
q\mdòt dn ajpi_ di ]joc rjmfn+ Bm`lpìo m`kòdodjin `sdno di oc` ^ji^`moj) ]po
oc`m` dn nodgg oc` oì_ì^t oj diomj_p^` np]og` q\md\odjin di mòpmidib h`gj_d^
\i_ c\mhjid^ `g`hìon) \n r`gg \n di o`sopm` \i_ jm^c`nom\odji+
Ei^\io\ojmt `g`hìon \m` ^`mo\digt nomjibgt a`go c`m` ojj) \n di oc` joc`m
orj hjq`hìon+ Pc` m`k`\o`_ ^cjm_n ajggjr`_ ]t k`_\g jô\q`n) m`^pmmdib
ocmjpbcjpo oc` \*n`ôdji) \m` \i di^\io\ojmt jnodi\oj) \n dn oc` m`^pmmdib
kduud^\oj adbpm` di oc` nomdib ]\nn+ Pc` a\ô oc\o oc`n` hjodq`n m`^pm rdoc
np]og` q\md\odjin c`dbcoìn oc` di^\io\ojmt àa`ô ]t diomj_p^dib \i
dhkmjqdn\ojmt*gdf` ^c\m\ô`m oj oc` hpnd^+ I`gj_d^ `h]`ggdnchìon) \ijoc`m

di^\io\ojmt `g`hìo) \m` ijo kmjhdiìo di oc` hjq`hìo `s^`ko di oc` orj
,12
^\_ìu\*gdf` kcm\n`n ]òr`ì ]\mn .1 \i_ .6) rc`m` oc`t ^jiomd]po` \i `sjod^
ag\qjm %n`` `s\hkg` 44&+ Pc` oc`h`n oc`hn`gq`n ^\i \gnj ]` qd`r`_ \n
h`\npm`n .1*.6) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
X g `X l i k+ X g`XZZi\
di^\io\ojmt+ Pc` \*oc`h`n \m` gjjn`gt ja oc` jn^dgg\odib otk`) ^ìo`mdib \mjpi_
` di oc` =*k\mo \i_) ]mdàgt) \mjpi_ b*nc\mk di oc` >*k\mo+ Pc` ]*oc`h`n \m` ja
oc` dhkmjqdn\ojmt otk`+ Ei oc` admno dino\i^`) oì _daa`mìo kdo^c`n \m`
ì^jpio`m`_ di \ h`gj_d^ notg` rcd^c r jpg_ n``h oj _`hjinom\o` Fjgdqò$n
ijodji ja \ hj_\g h`gj_t m`\gdu`_ \^^jm_dib oj oc` kmdi^dkg`n ja \oji\gdot+ 53
Pc` mòpmi ja oc` ]*oc`h` dn \i `s\ô m`kòdodji ajm i`\mgt adq` ]\mn
om\inkjn`_ _jr i \ c\ga no`k]po diomj_p^`n \i `g`qìoc kdo^c rdoc oc`
\go`m`_ h\o`md\g di ]\mn 13*16 %n`` `s\hkg` 45&+
As\hkg` 457 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo i ) ]\mn
//*/6 \i_ 1/*2-) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Mkg=eij\\j [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ [[
//*/O *e)
Ngoìpoj + + + + %F&\ *ej ej
ggg dfi\e[f
31;e[i1 Dfc`m\k' L\gfej\ .2)
, 13
Pcdm_ Ijq`hìo
Ka oc` ocm`` hjq`hìon di oc` ^ji^`moj) oc` ocdm_ dn oc` hjno j]qdjpngt
di^\io\ojmt) \i_ do \gnj r`gg dggpnom\o`n Fjgdqò$n \oji\g hj_\gdot \i_ `qì njh`
ja cdn o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n+ Eon jq`m\gg ajmh dn a\dmgt nom\dbcoajmr\m_ \i_ pn`n
jigt ji` kmdi^dk\g oc`h` \i_ ji` n`^ji_\mt oc`h` di \i =>= nompôpm` %n``
`s\hkg` 46&+ C po ijo`n oc\o oc` h\di oc`h`jm \o g`\no oc` q\md\odjin ja oc`
h\di oc`h`\kk`\mn di oc` ajggjrdib n`lpì^` ja kdo^c g`q`gn7 ^) `) a*nc\mk)
b*nc\mk+ Ei oc` n`^ji_ =*k\mo c` n\tn oc`t \kk`\m di ocdn jm_`m7 ^) a*nc\mk) \*
ag\o) \i_ cdbc ^) ]po c` \kk\mìogt hdnn`n oc` dhkjmo\io oji\g ncdao \i_ oc`
]mdà \ggpndji oj oc` oc`h` ji `*ag\o \o m`c`\mn\g iph]`m /.) rcd^c a\ggn
]òr`ì oc` ^ \i_ a*nc\mk \kk`\m\i^`n+ Pc`m` dn \gnj \i \__dodji\g a*nc\mk
As\hkg` 467 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g M)=+) hjq`hìo è'
h`\npm`n /*5 \i_ 64*.--) omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Lmdi^dk\g oc`h`
CgK?KOK Z m ./3
[ % "ìu\ Ojm_+g
O`^ji_\mt oc`h`
%b&P k+ %^ji Ojm_+&
\kk`\m\i^`di oc` jm^c`nom\ ]po ijo oc` omph kò\ao`m oc` \*ag\o ji`+ Pcpn)
oc` mòpmi ja oc` =*k\mo dn m`\ggt \ ^\màpggt _`ndbi`_ q\md\odji ja oc` jmdbdi\g
=*k\mo) m\oc`m oc\i \ ndhkg` do`m\odji+ Eo dn dio`m`nodib ojj oj ijo` oc\o oc` h\di
oc`h` \kk`\mn di don ^jhkgò` \i_ jmdbdi\g ajmh jigt ji ^ \i_ a*nc\mk
,14
oji\gdod`n n`k\m\o`_ ]t \ omdoji`+ =gg oc` joc`m \kk`\m\i^`n \m` q\md\odjin jm

h`m` am\bhìon ja oc` oc`h`+
Pc` h\di oc`h` ]`bdin ndhkgt r doc \ m`k`\o`_ ^) njpi_dib `dbco odh`n
di np^^`nndji ]àjm` a\ggdib oj \ \i_ b+ Ei oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` hjq`hìo oc`
oc`h` \kk`\mn di q\mdjpn ajmhn) ]po ocdn k\oo`mi ja \ m`k`\o`_ ijo` ajggjr`_
]t \ _`n^ì_dib hdijm ocdm_ \i_ h\ejm n`^ji_ m`h\din oc` oc`h`$n hjno
_dnodibpdncdib ^c\m\ô`mdnod^+ ?jh]didib ocdn ndhkg` oc`h` r doc oc` jnodi\oj*
gdf` m`k`\o`_ adbpm` di oc` \^^jhk\idhìo ^m`\o`n \i \ghjno ctkijod^ àa`ô+
K]qdjpngt) di^\io\odji dn Fjgdqò$n hjodq\odji c`m` di \ ndhkg`m) hjm` _dm`ô
ajmh oc\i di :i`fjf ;XifZZf* N`kòdodji) ]joc q\md`_ \i_ `s\ô) kg\tn \i `qì
hjm` dhkjmo\io mjg` di ocdn hjq`hìo oc\i di oc` admno+ Ei a\ô) oc` admno ]\m ja
oc` \^^jhk\idhìo dn kg\t`_ nds odh`n `s\ôgt oc` n\h` ]àjm` ^c\ibdib di oc`
n`qìoc ]\m %n`` `s\hkg` 5-&+ Ei hjno ja oc` \kk`\m\i^`n ja oc` oc`h` oc`m` dn
As\hkg` 5-7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo EA)
h`\npm`n .*6) \^^jhk\idhìo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Lij +
? ^+
\ ndhdg\m m`kòdodji ja np^c \^^jhk\idhìo\g adbpm\odji) pnp\ggt di oc` c\mk
\i_ njhòdh`n di oc` kd\ij) n\s`n) jm njh` joc`m dinomphìon) jaoì di^gp_dib
oc` k`m^pnndji+ As\hkg` 5. ncjrn ji` np^c `s\hkg` \o m`c`\mn\g iph]`m 2+
.4-
As\hkg` 5.7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo di)
\+
?+=+
Pa+
D`m` oc` omph kò bdq`n oc` oc`h` ji a*nc\mk) rcdg` oc` c\mk \i_ kd\ij `\^c
kg\t oc`dm jri ji`*]\m \^^jhk\idhìo k\oo`min ajm adq` np^^`nndq` h`\npm`n+
=o oc` n\h` odh`) \ijoc`m ji`*]\m \^^jhk\idhìo adbpm` dn kg\t`_ di oc`
rjj_rdi_n ajm ajpm ]\mn) no\modib r doc oc` oìjm n\sjkcji` \i_ ^g\mdiò) oc`
n\sjkcji` gdi` ocì bjdib oj oc` Aibgdnc cjmi+ =gnj ijod^` oc\o oc` oc`h` dn
_jp]g`_ c`m` \o oc` omdoji` %ji ^& ]t oc` \goj n\sjkcji`+ Pcdn _jp]gdib
^jiodip`n \n \i `s\ô k\m\gg`g ajm or`gq` ]\mn \i_ ocì _`qd\o`n di dio`mq\g
^cjd^`) rcdg` ^jiodipdib oj _jp]g` oc` omph kò di o`mhn ja mctoch \i_
h`gj_d^ ^jiojpm ocmjpbc oc` ì_ ja oc` admno =*k\mo+ Pc` omph kò dn \gnj
ejdi`_ ]t oc` ^g\mdiò \o iph]`m 3) k\m\gg`gdib oc` oc`h` hjnogt \ h\ejm
n`^ji_ gjr`m) ]po rdoc _`qd\odjin ndhdg\m oj ocjn` ja oc` \goj n\sjkcji` \i_ \o
,2,
As\hkg` 5/7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E@)
h`\npm`n 2.*4-) omph kò) \goj n\sjkcji`) \i_ ^g\mdiò+
oc` n\h` kg\^` di oc` kcm\n` %n`` `s\hkg` 5/&+ A\^c ja oc`n` oc`h` \i_
\^^jhk\idhìo `g`hìon di ocdn ^\n` ^jhkmdn`n \ k\mo ja \ ndibg` hj_òc`
_dhdidnc`_ hj_`+ Ei a\ô) do dn `s\ôgt oc` n\h` _dhdidnc`_ hj_` rcd^c

\kk`\mn \ghjno `q`mtrc`m` `gn` oc\o \ _dhdidnc`_ hj_` dn pn`_ di ocdn rjmf+
Ojhòdh`n) cjr`q`m) Fjgdqò n``hn oj pn` hjm` oc\i ji` hj_`
ndhpgo\i`jpngt c`m`) epno \n di oc` admno hjq`hìo+ Bjm `s\hkg`) \o iph]`m ./
\ n`^ji_ oc`h` dn diomj_p^`_ di oc` omph kò di \ om\_dodji\g ]*kìo\ojid^

h j_` r doc `h]`ggdnchìon+ Pc` \^^jhk\itdib ]\nn gdi`) cjr`q`m) dn di \ _*
nc\mk hdijm kìo\ojid^ hj_`r` hdbco nk`^dat \`jgd\i hdijm kìo\ojid^)
,2-
ndi^` do dn ^jhkjn`_ ja oc` ijo`n ja oc` om\_dodji\g a*nc\mk kìo\ojid^ n^\g` ]po
r doc _*nc\mk \ôdib \n oji\g ^ìo`m %n`` `s\hkg` 50&+ Pcdn jmdìo\g*njpi_dib
As\hkg` 507 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo EA)
h`\npm`n 64*.-.+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
P P y
i8 *a *******************
DL********* .*********
e k 7*
n'+
P+
'w E4 E****.***** + d********** .******
, . *. * *+d + eF :
E k ************************
;;+mdeIeamo
= wb : g d +7z * )
E . Eg* + Q P P d $ > \ Na'
PR+
PR+
[[[[[
E C?+ .+ + * R Cc$ :
;% 8 . . d hG
mom*a^ ***** gma:0:BF* ) i A A ***** . E $* c * R+Q+
:m :^
ddP FER' 8m*o N : B Z c m g*, F *a e
L
E e
BO
+ Z p * g * + + + ) +.****** Qa9 o i: kjf # `: yddPjjaPdo

: b wdg* d *m g ) .
P P y
=
$ * m <* d F : 1.+ )
o **************
h d
o i dd
k\nn\b` kjnn`nn`n \ nk`^d\g \h]dbpdot ]`^\pn` ja oc` ^gjn` m`g\odjincdk ja oc`

orj hj_`n pn`_oc`t \m` jigt _daa`mìo di kdo^c ^jioìo ]t ji` ijo`) \i_
]joc ^\i ]` ^jind_`m`_ oj ]` _`mdq`_ amjh oc` a*nc\mk h\ejm n^\g`+ Pc` hj_`
ja oc` ajggjrdib k\nn\b`) \o iph]`m .0) ^jiodip`n oj pn` ocdn n\h` bì`m\g
kdo^c ]\ndn) ]po do ]`bdin hjm` nk`^dad^\ggt \n r c\o r` h\t ^\gg b*nc\mk _jmd\i
hdijm kìo\ojid^ %b*nc\mk) \*nc\mk) ]) _*nc\mk) a*nc\mk&+ Pc` b*nc\mk _jmd\i
hj_` dn ^jhkgò`_ r doc oc` \__dodji ja admno `*nc\mk \i_ ocì ^*nc\mk di oc`
g\no orj ]\mn ]àjm` oc` i`so ìom\i^` ja oc` omph kò \o iph ]`m .1 %n``
`s\hkg` 51&+
,2.
As\hkg` 517 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo è '
h`\npm`n .-/*.-6) omph kò \i_ kd\ij m`_pôdji+
w
DC$ < 5 ; ) ' g]i` %/ )8 ( / 8 ` BiU "76 *******

B] g + ) *
} p
%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
=ijoc`m kjgthj_\g k\nn\b` j^^pmn \o oc` mòpmi ja oc` =*k\mo \o

iph]`m .6+ Bmjh c`m` oj iph]`m /. \gg or`gq` oji`n `s^`ko ` \m` pn`_) ]po
hjno ja oc` dinomphìon kg\t m`k`\o`_ adbpm`n _`mdq`_) di o`mhn ja kdo^c

^jioìo) amjh oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` %n`` `s\hkg` 52&+ Pc` or j n\s`n kg\t np^c
\ m`k`\o`_ adbpm`) pndib \o admno jigt adq` ijo`n amjh oc` hj_`\ \i_ `*ag\o \m`
\__`_ jigt i`\m oc` ì_ ja oc` k\nn\b`) di ]\mn .22 \i_ .23+ Pc` kd\ij adbpm`)
rcd^c pi_`mbj`n ngdbco q\md\odjin) dn \gnj _`mdq`_ amjh oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`)
]`bdiidib r doc nds _daa`mìo kdo^c`n \i_ \__dib `*ag\o \o ]\m .22) _ di .23
rcd^c dn ijo k\mo ja oc` _dhdidnc`_ hj_`\i_ b*nc\mk di .25+ Pc` ]\nn k\mo
ojj podgdu`n k\mo ja oc` _dhdidnc`_ hj_` piodg ]\m .25) rc`m` _ \kk`\mn+ Ei
a\ô) amjh .24 oj .32) \gg or`gq` kdo^c`n \kk`\m di oc` ]\nn k\mo+ Pc` c\mk
]`bdin \ m`k`\odib \^^jhk\idhìo adbpm` \o iph]`m .6 rcd^c podgdu`n adq`
ijo`n %_*ag\o) `*nc\mk) a*nc\mk) b) \i_ ^&+ As^`ko ajm oc` `*nc\mk) ocdn
.41
As\hkg` 527 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo h )

=;)
?=+
Eaa
PR+
?+?
NQ)
?K+ ? +^+
E P+I+
.:: FC
Zm) ?a^+
c\mhjit rjpg_ \gnj ado oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`) ]po oc` m`k`\odib `*nc\mk
bdq`n do oc` ^c\m\ô`m ja \ _daa`mìo hj_`+ Pc` omph kò pn`n oc` n\h` hj_` \n
\o oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` hjq`hìo) r doc oc` \__dodji ja ] %a*nc\mk) b) \*ag\o) \)
]) ^) _*ag\o) _) \i_ `*ag\o&+ Pcdn ojj dn \ _daa`mìo hj_` oc\i oc\o ja oc` joc`m
dinomphìon+ Pc` ajpm pkk`m rjj_rdi_n ]`bdi r doc \ adbpm` rcd^c m`k`\on
mctochd^\ggt ]po di^jmkjm\o`n q\mtdib dio`mq\gn+ Pc`dm hj_` ^jindnon ja a*
nc\mk) b) \*ag\o) \) ]*ag\o) ^) \i_ _*ag\o piodg iph]`m /-) rc`m` admno ] \i_ `*ag\o
\m` \__`_ \i_ ocì _ \i_ a) epno ]àjm` iph]`m /.+ Pcpn) `qìop\ggt \gg
kdo^c`n ]po ` \m` m`km`nìo`_ di oc` ajpm pkk`m rjj_rdi_n \gji`+
,20
Pcdn k\nn\b`) ocì) ^jindnon ja n`q`m\g m`g\o`_ ]po _daa`mìo hj_`n pn`_
ndhpgo\i`jpngt) rcd^c ^m`\o`n \i \h]dbpjpn oji\g ]\^fbmjpi_ ajm oc`
di^\io\ojmt h`gj_t ja oc` omphkò+ Ei_``_) oc` \^^jhk\idhìo dn \i dio`bm\g
k\mo ja oc` di^\io\ojmt àa`ô ndi^`) ]t don m`kòdodq` i\opm`) do `no\]gdnc`n oc`
ctkijod^ àa`ô nj otkd^\g ja h\it kmdhdodq` di^\io\odjin+ Eo dn \gnj dio`m`nodib
oj ijo` oc\o rc`m` oc` kdo^c _ dn diomj_p^`_) di ]\m .22 di oc` omph kò \i_ .23
di oc` jm^c`nom\rcd^c dn \gnj rc`m` oc` `*nc\mk di oc` c\mk _dn\kk`\mnoc`
omph kò opi` ]`bdin oj _`qd\o` amjh oc` jmdbdi\g+ Pc` o`nndopm\ ja oc` njgj k\mo
bm\_p\ggt mdn`n piodg cdbc _*ag\o dn m`\^c`_ di ]\m .4-) oc` k\nn\b` dn `soì_`_
n`qì ]\mn apmoc`m oc\i di oc` jmdbdi\g =*k\mo) \i_ oc` diomj_pôdji ja q`mt
rd_` dio`mq\gnji^` cdbc ^ dn m`\^c`_^jiomd]po`n oj \ c`dbcoì`_ g`q`g ja

dioìndot %n`` `s\hkg` 53&+ Pcdn c`dbcoìdib ja oc` dioìndot) jm hpnd^\g
oìndji g`q`g) dn npkkjmo`_ ]t oc` no`\_dgt mdndib ]\nn gdi` \o iph]`m /. \i_ ]t
oc` ndhdg\mgt mdndib c\mk ^cjm_n \i_ rjj_rdi_ om`hjgjn \o oc` n\h` kg\^`+
Pc` _jp]gdib ja oc` omph kò ]t cdbc agpo`n \i_ ^g\mdiò di ]\m .32 \i_
`nk`^d\ggt oc` di^m`\n` di \ôdqdot di oc` k`m^pnndji \i_ kd\ij k\mon di ocdn
n\h` ]\m ]joc n`mq` oj apmoc`m ocdn àa`ô+
Bmjh oc`n` j]n`mq\odjin ji` ^\i _`_p^` oc` jk`m\odji ja \o g`\no ocm``
ja Fjgdqò$n o`^cid^\g kmdi^dkg`n+ Pc` `q`m mdndib omph kò gdi`) rcd^c ]t
m`c`\mn\g iph ]`m // c\n ijocdib oj _j r doc oc` jmdbdi\g oc`h`) \kk\mìogt
dggpnom\o`n c\ j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe* Pc` \]mpko _ti\hd^ ^c\ib`n di oc`
k`m^pnndji ]òr`ì iph]`mn .6 \i_ /0) \i_ k`mc\kn oc` np__ì _jp]gdib ja
oc` omph kò \o ]\m .32) hdbco q`mt r`gg ]` `s\hkg`n ja kiXejdlkXk`fej [\ cX
dXjj\ jfefi\* H\nogt) oc` ^jiodipjpn di^m`\n` di mctochd^ \ôdqdot \ao`m iph]`m
/. piodg oc` ^gdh\s ja oc` kcm\n` rjpg_ n``h oj kjdio ^jiqdi^dibgt ojr\m_ c\j
,21
As\hkg` 315 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco ,400 D`pb`g M);)' hjq`hìo è'
h`\npm`n ,0/(,2/ \i_ ,-(-/' omph kò k\mo+
\E+) EE Z * . ********* **** .******

) w
}d
e ) l)]k_%( \( 3 $* P %) %( _%( (N % ]( ) V
x v} (9 9 9
V : 5kk } } Cd( t
+;
v
]k " 9 (} |9 (
vC] Ov " , , Cd F ,', y W %
E/ **D
g_Xj\j \k c\j èk\ej`k`\j [\ cX]cl o jfefi\* Ka ^jpmn` \gg oc`n` hpnd^\g `g`hìon \m`
h`m`gt i\opm\g) jm ijmh\g) ^jhkjndodji\g _`qd^`n) jaoì pn`_ oj m`\^c oc`

^gdh\s ja \ kcm\n`) jm oj dinodgg _ti\hdnh jm `s^do`hìo) \i_ oc`t \m` ^`mo\digt
ijo pipnp\g kmj^`_pm`n) pidlp` oj Fjgdqò+

Pc` k\nn\b` ajggjrdib ocdn ji` dn dio`m`nodib \n \i `s\hkg` ja Fjgdqò$n
om`\ohìo ja g\mb`*n^\g` m`kòdodji di ocdn rjmf+ Bmjh m`c`\mn\g iph]`m -. oj

-0' oc`m` dn \ m`no\o`hìo ja oc` h\o`md\g ajpi_ ]òr`ì iph]`mn 0 \i_ 4) ]po
,22
r doc np]og` ^c\ib`n m`hdidn^ìo ja ocjn` n`ì di oc` q\md\odji) jm m`*pn`) ja

h\o`md\g di :i`fjf ;XifZZf* =o iph]`m 2 oc` oc`h` dn kg\t`_ ]t oc` omph kò ji
a*nc\mk) _jp]g`_ ]t oc` \goj n\sjkcji` ji ^) \ omdoji` ]`gjr+ =o iph]`m /0 do
dn kg\t`_ ]t agpo` \i_ \goj n\sjkcji` di jô\q`n) r doc oc` ^g\mdiò _jp]gdib \o
oc` omdoji`) rcdg` oc` omph kò ìejtn \ hp^c i``_`_ m`no \ao`m oc` km`qdjpn
gjib \i_ bmp`gdib k\nn\b`+ Pc` \^^jhk\idhìo dn gdf`rdn` njh`rc\o m`*
jm^c`nom\o`_ \hjib oc` rjj_rdi_n+ Pc` m`k`\odib `dbcoc*ijo` adbpm` rcd^c
dn nc\m`_ ]òr`ì oc` ^g\mdiò \i_ Aibgdnc cjmi \o iph]`m 2 dn) \o iph]`m /0)
bdqì oj oc` Aibgdnc cjmi \i_ oìjm n\sjkcji`) m`nk`ôdq`gt) r doc jigt ji`
ijo` ^c\ib`_ di `\^c ja oc` k\mon %n`` `s\hkg` 54 \i_ km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 5.&+
As\hkg` 547 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g M) =+) hjq`hìo è '
U m v v " i)k*l\V*-(ikl
9(
, ,
, , G 8
! (i ({ i P ( i ( M `] `9
p` CC [[[[[
9 `( V 9v
DE + ad dOE4 OF >
i{g i("
[ *
) ) )'J( ( q i ( '
'
((((((((((( k X X j i (
D ((((((((((((,
} iN
] r % i
) `* {( } D `(`}
.( i ) ì
:'L**** 7******
B )))))))))) | ~ ) ++++++
,23
Pc` ^jiom\]\nnjji$n ]jpi^dib ]\nn gdi` dn oc` n\h` di ]joc kg\^`n) ]po oc`
omjh]ji` dn \__`_ oj oc` g\o`m hpnd^) kg\tdib oc` kmdi^dk\g hjodq` ja oc`
oc`h` ji a*nc\mk di \pbhìo\odji+ Pc` m`k`\odib c\mk \i_ kd\ij adbpm`n) gdf`
oc` ndhdg\m `dbcoc*ijo` rjj_rdi_ adbpm`n) \m` oc` n\h` di `\^c kg\^` `s^`ko
ajm ji` ijo`+ >joc k\nn\b`n \m` c\mhjid^\ggt lpdo` no\]g`) pndib oc`
_dhdidnc`_ hj_` ocmjpbcjpo hjno ja `\^c k\nn\b`+ >joc oc` ]\m ]àjm`
iph]`m 3 \i_ oc` ^jmm`nkji_dib ]\m ]àjm` iph]`m /1 podgdu` `q`mt kdo^c ]po
a+ >po rcdg`) di oc` admno k\nn\b`) oc` _dhdidnc`_ hj_` ^jiodip`n) `s^`ko ajm \
a`r k\nndib h`gj_t ijo`n) amjh iph]`m 3 piodg ajpm ]\mn \ao`m iph]`m 4) di
oc` g\o`m k\nn\b` \ rcjg` oji` njijmdot _dnmpkon oc` _dhdidnc`_ hj_` di oc`
ndsoc ]\m \ao`m iph]`m /1 %]\m .52&) \i_ di oc` i`so ]\m oc` ]\nnjji kg\tn \i
\ghjno ìodm`gt ^cmjh\od^ mdndib n^\g` k\nn\b`) rcd^c c`gkn kmjk`g oc` hpnd^
ajmr\m_ dioj \ i`r n`ôdji \o iph]`m /2 %n`` `s\hkg` 55&+
Bmjh iph]`m /2 piodg orj ]\mn ]àjm` iph]`m /4) r` adi_ \ijoc`m
]dhj_\g n`ôdji di rcd^c oc` \^^jhk\idhìo pn`n oc` _dhdidnc`_ hj_` %ocdn
odh` ji ^&) rcdg` oc` njgjdno kg\tn orj ncjmo kcm\n`n rcd^c ojbòc`m pn` `q`mt
kdo^c ]po a*nc\mk %n`` `s\hkg` 56&+ Pc`n` orj omph kò kcm\n`n km`nìo oc`
oc`h` di tò \ _daa`mìo gdbco+ Pc` n`^ji_ kcm\n` dn \ q\md\odji ja oc` admno+
Pc`t ]joc ^jio\di oc` di^\io\ojmt `g`hìo ja \ bgdnn\i_j di oc` admno c\ga) \i_
oc` n`^ji_ c\ga dn `nnìod\ggt \ h`gj_d^ ^gpno`m+ D`m` ojj r` adi_ m\kd_
_ti\hd^ ^c\ib`n di ]joc oc` h`gj_t \i_ oc` k`m^pnndji k\mon) dggpnom\odib
Fjgdqò$n \aadidot ajm oc` _m\h\od^ pn` ja _ti\hd^n %c\j kiXejdlkXk`fej&*
Pcdn fdi_ ja _`q`gjkhìo\g oc`h\od^ kmj^`nn ^jiodip`n di oc` i`so

kcm\n` \o iph]`m /4) rc`m` oc` oc`h` dn njpi_`_ di \pbhìo\odji \i_
ocmjpbc _ti\hd^ om\inhpo\odji di oc` omphkò+ I`\ircdg` oc` agpo`n
.46
As\hkg` 557 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo E@)
@* \
C=+
=+
OE E E +
P+
.
EP++P'+
E
Iaa
[[ d' .
mo o *Qggom$
-0
npno\di \ omdoji`) oc` c\mk \^^jhk\id`n r doc m\kd_ _dhdidnc`_ hj_`
adbpm\odjin) \i_ oc` \goj n\sjkcji` diomj_p^`n \ ^jpio`m*h`gj_t) rcd^c \gnj
pn`n ijo`n amjh oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` r doc oc` \__dodji ja b %n`` `s\hkg` 6-&+
A\^c ja oc`n` `g`hìon) \gjib r doc oc` \^^jhk\itdib ^th]\g mjgg) dn h\mf`_
\o \ _daa`mìo _ti\hd^) \i_ oc` kpgn\odib _ti\hd^ h\mfdibn ja oc` omph kò
bì`m\o` oc` om\inhpo\odji ja ijo jigt oc` qjgph` ja oc` njpi_ h\nn ]po don
odh]m` \n r`gg+ Pc` nomjibgt \mod^pg\o`_ h\ejm n`qìoc di oc` n`^ji_ ]\m ja oc`
n\sjkcji` njgj dn ijo`rjmoct c`m` ojj) \n \ m\m` `s\hkg` di ocdn rjmf ja oc`
kmjh diìo pn` ja ocdn dio`mq\g+
,3+
h`\npm`n .54*/-.) omphkò) k`m^pnndji) \i_ kd\ij m`_pôdji+
ki}
) ` ) a tV ] '} i:((((( ].********
*** ((( 5
+C doo\ dd
B r+I+ , OI O-
>do
EEPj*Pj+
. ') iN
((($ G`ki ydi'((( di) ] i i s ] .* d +++++++* t
i k k
H F*d*d d L]Z((((J(]Z](b}._]((((JFFFc D
OdmokddjoL
L \g if[ l Z\[ n`k_ g \id `jj`fe f] k_\ Zfgpi`^_k fn e\i) @lik_\i i\gif[lZk`fe gif_`Y`k\[ n `k_flk g \id `jj`fe)
.5.
As\hkg` 6-7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo EA)
h`\npm`n /-/*/-3+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
`BMâXgX]kX
Bjggjrdib oc` ^jhkgòdji ja ocdn no\o`hìo) \gg or`gq` kdo^c`n \kk`\m
amjh oc` ì_ ja ]\m /-3 ocmjpbc oc` admno c\ga ja /-5 di \ opood rdi_ \i_
k`m^pnndji dio`mgp_`+ Pcdn dn ajggjr`_ dhh`_d\o`gt ]t \ kd\ij diomj_pôdji oj
oc` q\md`_ m`kòdodji ja oc` k\nn\b` \o iph]`m /4) ]po oc`n` kd\ij ^cjm_n
^jhkmdn` oc` ijo`n ja oc` _dhdidnc`_ rcjg`*oji` hj_` %\ijoc`m hj_`
am`lpìogt ajpi_ di e\uu hpnd^) ]`bdiidib di oc` ajmod`n& dino`\_ ja \
_dhdidnc`_ n^\g` %n`` `s\hkg` 6.&+

=o iph]`m /5) di oc` q\md`_ m`kòdodji ja iph]`m /4) oc` agpo`n nodgg
njpi_ \ omdoji`) ]po i`doc`m oc` hj_` ja oc` c\mk adbpm\odji ijm oc\o ja oc`
.5/
As\hkg` 6.7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g M);)' hjq`hìo è'
h`\npm`n /-5*/-6) kd\ij k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
Lij
n\sjkcji`$n ^jpio`m*h`gj_t m`n`h]g`n \ _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` \it gjib`m+ Ei a\ô

oc` oji\gdot %jm hj_\gdot& c`m` dn g`nn no\]g` oc\i di oc` k\nn\b` \o iph]`m /4)
\n `qd_ì^`_ ]t kdo^c ^c\ib`n di oc` c\mk no\modib di oc` ocdm_ ]\m ja /5+ Pcdn
^c\ibdib ja oc` c\mk adbpm\odji ^jiodip`n dioj oc` i`so kcm\n`) rcd^c dn
\ijoc`m q\md`_ m`kòdodji ja oc` n\h` k\nn\b`+ >po ijr \gg or`gq` kdo^c`n \m`
pn`_ ocmjpbcjpo oc` ìodm` k\nn\b`) \i_ oc` n\sjkcji` ^jpio`m*h`gj_t dn

_jp]g`_ ]t agpo`) kd^^jgj) \i_ ^g\mdiò) kg\tdib ]fik\*
N`c`\mn\g iph]`m 0- dn h\mf`_ g`l dfjjf h+h+%c\ga ijo`&:.0/) \i_ do
ndbi\gn oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` ^j_\+ = q\md\odji ja oc` oc`h` \kk`\mn ji a*nc\mk
di oc` omphkò) rcdg` oc` c\mk kg\tn oc` nti^jk\o`_ m\bodh` adbpm` rcd^c
\gnj \^^jhk\id`_ oc` km`qdjpn orj \kk`\m\i^`n ja oc` oc`h` ji a*nc\mk) ]po
di oc` kd\ij k\mo ]òr`ì iph]`mn 2 \i_ 4 %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 5.& \i_
]òr`ì iph]`mn /0 \i_ /2 %n`` km`qdjpn `s\hkg` 54&+ Pc` pi_pg\odib
`dbcoc*ijo` adbpm`n di oc` rjj_rdi_n rcd^c r`m` km`nìo di oc` orj `\mgd`m
k\nn\b`n \m` c`m` \gnj) c\mhjidu`_ \i_ r doc oc` `sk`ô`_ nh\gg \go`m\odjin di
kdo^c ^jioìo %n`` `s\hkg` 6/&+ Pc` c\mk \i_ rjj_rdi_n nc\m` ]\nd^\ggt oc`
n\h` hj_`]\n`_ ji oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g`piodg iph]`m 0/) rcdg` oc` kd\ij
pn`n `q`mt kdo^c ]po a di q`mt _ìn` \i_ _dnnji\io ^cjm_n+ Pcdn dn
.50
As\hkg` 6/7 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo DE)
h`\npm`n //3*/0-+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
L o p h j nnj F . 0 /
?IaDao
EEP^+PE\+
[ m *
L ddm h j nn j < ' F0 /
^jiom\kpio\g) kjgtmctochd^) \i_ kjgtoji\g hpnd^+ Pc`m` \m` nds ndhpgo\i`jpn

_daa`mìo mctoch d^ `g`hìon di ocdn k\nn\b`) \i_ oc` di^\io\ojmt àa`ô dn
k\mod^pg\mgt ìc\i^`_ ]t oc` epso\kjndodji ja oc` ji`*]\m c\mk jnodi\oj adbpm`
\i_ oc` ocm``*]\m k`m^pnndji jnodi\oj+ Bpmoc`mhjm`) rcdg` njh` ja oc` q\mdjpn
oc`h\od^ `g`hìon pn` ngdbcogt _daa`mìo \nnjmohìon ja kdo^c`n) oc` ojo\g m`npgo
dn oc\o \gg or`gq` kdo^c`n \m` pn`_ amjh ]òr`ì iph]`mn 0- \i_ 00) `s^`ko
oc\o a \kk`\mn jigt di ]\m //4) di oc` omph kò) \i_ di ]\m /0-) di oc` agpo`)
^g\mdiò) \i_ omphkò+
=o iph ]`m 0/ oc` rjj_rdi_n ^c\ib` oc`dm hj_` oj ^*nc\mk \`jgd\i ajm
ajpm ]\mn) r doc \ a`r ^cmjh\od^ k\nndib oji`n) \i_ ocì oj \ _dhdidnc`_ hj_`
ajm ocm`` hjm` ]\mn piodg iph ]`m 00) \b\di r doc njh` ^cmjh\od^ k\nndib oji`n+
,3/
Djr`q`m) oc` c\mk) kd\ij) \i_ omph kò ^jiodip` r doc oc`dm jri di_dqd_p\g
hj_`n+ @pmdib oc` ocm`` ]\mn ]àjm` iph ]`m 00) oc` o`nndopm\ ja \ghjno oc`
ìodm` ìn`h]g` bm\_p\ggt mdn`n oj km`k\m` oc` adi\g q\md\odji ja oc` oc`h` ji
cdbc ^ %n`` `s\hkg` 60&+ Pc` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ dio`mq\ggd^ hjodq` ja oc` oc`h` dn
As\hkg` 4.5 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco ,400 D`pb`g M);)' hjq`hìo è'
h`\npm`n -/4(-04' omph kò k\mo+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji I] Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
' } Pk* z \o ' \o ' u ama^ L
dfkkf dXi\Xkf
ijo \ôp\ggt km`nìo di ocdn adi\g q\md\odji) ]po oc` m`k`\o`_ ijo`) `qì rdoc \
a`r `dbcoc*ijo` `h]`ggdnchìon \i_ njh` dio`mmpkodjin \i_ nti^jk\odjin)

admhgt d_ìodad`n do \n _`mdq`_ amjh oc` oc`h`+ Pc` ]\nn gdi`) c`\m_ di don
ìodmòt di oc` ^jiom\]\nn \i_ k\mod\ggt di oc` omjh]ji`) ^jiom\]\nnjji) \i_
oìjm n\sjkcji`) dn \gnj o<fì amjh oc` oc`h`) jm \ôp\ggt amjh oc` `soìndji
ja oc` oc`h` rcd^c admno \kk`\m`_ di oc` omjh]ji` di ]\mn 0.*00 %n`` `s\hkg`
61&+ Pc` \^^jhk\idhìo k\mon \o iph]`m 00 \m` q`mt m`kòdodq`) rdoc njh`
^c\ib`n ja jm^c`nom\odji di oc` rdi_n) k`mc\kn ajm km\ôd^\g kpmkjn`n ja
]m`\ocdib) \i_ ngdbco c\mhjid^ q\md\odjin oj oc` g\no a`r ]\mn ja oc` kd\ij k\mo+
Pc` jq`m\gg àa`ô dn oc\o ja \ ji`*]\m jnodi\oj \i_ \ orj*]\m m`k`\odib ]po
,30
h`\npm`n /16*/2.) ]\nn k\mo) \i_ 0.*00) omjh]ji` k\mo+
) IXo
k p , *m
*************** , ************ ******************, ************ P * F a 7 ********** 1 a *************o \ ' ********

P]+
q\md`_ ]\nn gdi`) npkkjmodib \i `^no\od^) ^c\iodib h`gj_t qjd^` \o oc` k`\f ja
<
`s^do`hìo+
Pc` adi\g orj ]\mn n`mq` \n \ o\b ì_dib hp^c gdf` oc` fdi_ ja o\b
ì_dib ajpi_ di njh` e\uu*jmdìo`_ oc`\omd^\g hpnd^) ^jhkgò` rdoc oc`
a\hdgd\m mctochd^ ]jjh*^cd^f mctochd^ àa`ô \o oc` q`mt ì_ %n`` `s\hkg`
62&+ Pc` c\mhjid^ ^cjd^`n c`m`) cjr`q`m) \m` otkd^\g Fjgdqò+ Ki oc`
_jri]`\o ja oc` kìpgodh\o` ]\m) \n r`gg \n oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` km`qdjpn
h`\npm`) ]joc oc` h`gj_t \i_ ]\nn qjd^`n njpi_ ^ di ocm`` _daa`mìo jô\q`n)
rcdg` oc` kd\ij c\hh`mn jpo \ ^cjm_ ^jindnodib ja oc` kdo^c`n ^) _*ag\o) `) a*
nc\mk) \*ag\o) \i_ ]*ag\o) r doc ^ \i_ _*ag\o ]joc _jp]g`_ di jô\q`n \i_ ajmhdib
orj h\ejm n`qìocn ]òr`ì oc`h+ Pcdn nò ja kdo^c`n dn q`mt ^gjn` oj `doc`m \
rcjg`*oji` nò jm k\mo ja Fjgdqò$n q`mndji ja oc` c\mhjid^ n`md`n) r doc _ \i_ b
hdnndib \i_ _*ag\o \__`_+ Ki oc` ajpmoc ]`\o ja ocdn ]\m oc` ^jhkgò`
c\mhjid^ n`md`n dn +njpi_`_ \n \ ^cjm_\gocjpbc ijo di \it fdi_ ja i\opm\g
jm_`m\i_ di ]òr`ì oc`n` orj njijmdod`n dn \ k\dm ja c\mhjid^ omdoji`n \

hdijm n`qìoc \k\mo+ Pc` cdbc`no orj qjd^`n kg\tdib oc` n`^ji_ c\mhjid^
,31
As\hkg` 627 L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( ^jktmdbco .622 D`pb`g O+=+) hjq`hìo EEE)
h`\npm`n /25*/26+ Qn`_ >t L`mhdnndji Ka Pc` Lp]gdnc`m
?dooij
Pj+Pi
rgwNzcF?m =
omdojiòrj agpo`n`\^c hjq`n ]t h`gj_d^ omdoji` oj oc` c\mhjid^ n`md`n

njijmdot ji oc` ajpmoc ]`\o) ocpn njh`rc\o `hkc\ndudib ocdn a\qjmdo` dio`mq\g
]joc h`gj_d^\ggt \i_ c\mhjid^\ggt+ Pc` gjr ^ di jô\q`n ji oc` _jri]`\o ja
oc` g\no ]\m m`\aadmhn ^ \n \ fdi_ ja ojid^ \i_ dn ajggjr`_ ]t \ njijmdot ja nds
kdo^c`n^) _*ag\o) a) a*nc\mk) b) \i_ \*ag\ordoc oc` _dnnji\io hdijm n`^ji_
]òr`ì ^ \i_ _*ag\o \o oc` ]joojh ja oc` ^cjm_) ]òr`ì oc` c\mk \i_ oc`
kd\ij+ O`mb` Cpo ijo`n di ocdn adi\g ^cjm_ oc` km`nì^` ja oc` hdijm idioc nj
,32
_`\m oj Fjgdqò) h`\idib ja ^jpmn` oc` _*ag\o+54 >po c\mhjid^\ggt oc` dio`mq\g
ja \ hdijm idioc dn ijo a`\opm`_ c`m` \i_ jigt j^^pmn di^d_ìo\ggt ]òr`ì oc`
gjr ^ di jô\q`n \i_ oc` cdbc`m ja oc` orj njpi_dib _*ag\on+ Eino`\_) oc` hjno
kmjhdiìo _dnnji\io dio`mq\gn di ocdn njijmdot \m` oc` gjr hdijm n`^ji_n)
]òr`ì _*ag\o \i_ ^ \i_ ]òr`ì a*nc\mk \i_ b) oc` orj h\ejm n`qìocn
]òr`ì _*ag\o \i_ ^) \i_ oc` omdoji`n ]òr`ì gjr a*nc\mk \i_ ^) \n r`gg \n
orj k\dmn ]òr`ì _*ag\o \i_ b+
32Alk 1,)
,33
OQII=NU =J@ ?KJ?HQOEKJ
Pj nphh\mdu`) oc` \oji\g pn` ja ntiocòd^ hj_`n kg\tn \ hp^c hjm`

dh kjmo\io mjg` di Fjgdqò$n L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf oc\i do _d_ di :i`fjf ;XifZZf* Scdg`
di oc` g\o`m rjmf \gg or`gq` oji`n r`m` am`lpìogt pn`_iji*n`md\ggtdi \it
bdqì k\nn\b`) di oc` ^ji^`moj \gg or`gq` oji`n \m` jigt m\m`gt ajpi_ di \ bdqì
k\nn\b`+ Eino`\_) Fjgdqò `no\]gdnc`n \i \oji\g oji\gdot ]t pndib \ ntiocòd^
hj_` ^jhkmdndib \ gdhdo`_ iph]`m ja kdo^c`npnp\ggt ]òr`ì adq` \i_
oìr docdi \ k\mod^pg\m k\nn\b`+ = nìn` ja \oji\g c\mhjid^ kmjbm`nndji dn
ocì \^cd`q`_ ]t ^c\ibdib oc` hj_` amjh n`ôdji oj n`ôdji) jm k\nn\b` oj
k\nn\b`) jm `qì njhòdh`n h`\npm` oj h`\npm`+ Ei ocdn notg` oc`m` dn ij
^cmjh\od^dnh di oc` om\_dodji\g) oji\g nìn`) ]po oc`m` \m` j^^\ndji\g dino\i^`n
ja kdo^c`n jpond_` oc` hj_` ]`dib diomj_p^`_\n r\n ncjri \o m`c`\mn\g
iph]`mn .. \i_ ./ di oc` admno hjq`hìorcd^c ^\iijo ]` ^jind_`m`_ omp`
dggpnom\odjin ja oc` i\jfeXeZ\ è]\i`\li\ kmdi^dkg`) ndi^` oc`m` dn ij _jp]g` ]\nn
km`nìo \i_ oc` hj_` pn`_ di oc`n` k\nn\b`n dn ijo _`mdq`_ amjh oc` jq`moji`
n`md`n+ N\oc`m) oc`n` ^cmjh\od^ ijo`n \m` k\mo ja oc` oc`h\od^ nompôpm`ndi
ocdn ^\n` oc` ]\nn hjodq` p \i_ do dn kmdh\mdgt oc` ^jpio`mkjdio ja oc`h`n \i_
hjodq`n di ocdn dino\i^` rcd^c nc\k`n oc` hpnd^) m\oc`m oc\i c\mhjid^
^jind_`m\odjin+ Ei joc`m kg\^`n Fjgdqò \kk`\mn oj `hkgjt \ fdi_ ja
^jiom\kpio\g kjgthj_\gdot di rcd^c oc` _daa`mìo oc`h\od^ jm nompôpm\g
`g`hìon ja oc` hpnd^ `\^c pn` \ _daa`mìo hj_`+ = ^g`\m `s\hkg` ja ocdn
o`^cidlp` r\n _`hjinom\o`_ di oc` k\nn\b` ]`bdiidib \o m`c`\mn\g iph]`m /0
di oc` admno hjq`hìo) rc`m` oc` omph kò kg\tn di `nnìod\ggt \ rcjg` oji`
hj_` rdoc ^cmjh\od^ k\nndib oji`n) rcdg` oc` ]\nn gdi` dn di \ adq`*ijo` hjnogt
,34
^cmjh\od^ hj_` \i_ oc` kd\ij pn`n \ n`qì*ijo` ^jh]di`_ h \ejm,h dijm
hj_`+
Pc` am`lpìo pn` ja oc` _dhdidnc`_ n^\g` \n \ nompôpm\g hj_` di oc`

^ji^`moj h\t kjdio ojr\m_ oc` diagpì^` ja e\uu) ]po do \gnj h\f`n oc` omdoji` \
^jiqìdìo dio`mq\g oj pn`) ]joc h`gj_d^\ggt \i_ c\mhjid^\ggt) ndi^` oc` n^\g`
^\i ]` ocjpbco ja \n ]`dib ^jinompô`_ ja ajpm k\m\gg`g omdoji`n) epno \n oc`
rcjg`*oji` n^\g`) rcd^c \gnj c\n \i dhkjmo\io kg\^` di ocdn rjmf) ^\i ]`
^jind_`m`_ oj ]` ^jinompô`_ ja ocm`` k\m\gg`g omdoji`n+ Uò oc` omdoji` dn ijo \n
kmjhdiìo c`m` \n di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( \i_ oc` h\ejm n`qìoc \i_ hdijm idioc
\kk`\m `qì g`nn jaoì \i_ pnp\ggt jigt c\mhjid^\ggt) \n oc` jpond_` dio`mq\g
ja \ ^cjm_) rcdg` oc` hjm` ^jinji\io hdijm n`qìoc dn hp^c hjm` am`lpìo)
]joc c\mhjid^\ggt \i_ h`gj_d^\ggt+
Pc` h`gj_d^ \i_ c\mhjid^ ^gpno`mn oc\o r`m` nj `qd_ìo di hp^c ja
:i`fjf ;XifZZf \m` ijo ajpi_ di lpdo` oc` n\h` r\t jm r doc oc` n\h` am`lpì^t
di oc` ^ji^`moj) ]po oc`t \m` i`q`moc`g`nn dggpnom\o`_ h`gj_d^\ggt di njh` ja oc`
h\idkpg\odjin) q\md\odjin) \i_ `soìndjin ja oc` oc`h`n+ Pc` h\di oc`h`n ja
oc` admno hjq`hìo \ôp\ggt gì_ oc`hn`gq`n kjoìod\ggt oj np^c ^gpno`m
om`\ohìo di q\md\odji) _p` oj oc`dm i\mmjr ^jhk\nn \i_ k\mogt ^cmjh\od^
^jinompôdji+ Uò \k\mo amjh njh` ^cmjh\od^ n^\g`m k\nn\b`n) rcd^c ^\iijo
m`\ggt ]` ^jind_`m`_ ^gpno`mn) oc` jigt ^g`\m `s\hkg`n ja ^gpno`m om`\ohìo ja
oc` admno ja oc`n` oc`h`n j^^pm di oc` omph kò \o iph]`mn 6 \i_ .- %n``
h`\npm`n 2-)2/)23*24)25*26 di `s\hkg`n 20 \i_ 21&+ Pc` ^cmjh\od^) ^gpno`m*
gdf` i\opm` ja k\mo ja oc` n`^ji_ oc`h` ja ^jpmn` ]`^jh`n \ p]dlpdojpn
`g`hìo di oc` ^\ijid^ n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` admno hjq`hìo) ]po oc` ^g`\m`no
`s\hkg` ja \ h`gj_d^ ^gpno`m ndhdg\m oj ocjn` ja :i`fjf ;XifZZf dn ajpi_ \o
,4+
iph]`m // %n`` omph kò k\mo \ao`m ]\m .1/ di `s\hkg` 33&+ =gg ja oc`n` ^gpno`mn
\m` epno \ k\mo ja oc` h`gj_d^ q\md\odji) rc`m`\n di :i`fjf ;XifZZf oc`t \m`
jaoì kmdh \mt oc`h\od^ h\o`md\g oc`hn`gq`n+ Ei joc`m rjm_n) ^gpno`mn c\q` \
ndbidad^\iogt g`nn kmjhdiìo mjg` di oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf oc\i di :i`fjf ;XifZZf*
Nctoch \i_ hò`m \m` om`\o`_ di \ m\_d^\ggt _daa`mìo r\t di oc`

^ji^`moj oc\i di oc` g\o`m rjmf+ Ei :i`fjf ;XifZZf oc`t \m` om`\o`_ lpdo` am``gt
\i_ pikm`_dô\]gt+ = bm`\o q\mdòt ja mctochn \m` pn`_) \i_ oc` hò`m dn
\h]dbpjpn ocmjpbcjpo oc` rjmf+ Pc`m` dn q`mt gdoog` `s\ô m`kòdodji ja
mctochd^ k\oo`min jm oc`h\od^ hjodq`n+ >po di oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf oc` mctochn
\m` hp^c hjm` km`_dô\]g`) \i_ oc` hò`m dn hjnogt m`bpg\m+ Fjgdqò _j`n
j^^\ndji\ggt diomj_p^` dnjg\o`_ h`\npm`n ja \ hò`m _daa`mìo oc\i oc\o ja oc`
npmmjpi_dib k\nn\b`) ]po oc`m` dn gdoog` c`m` ja oc` hòmd^ \h]dbpdot ajpi_ di
oc` .635 rjmf+ Pcmjpbcjpo hjno ja oc` ^ji^`moj oc`m` dn ij _jp]o \]jpo
rc`m` oc` _jri]`\on \m` \i_ rc`m` oc` kcm\n`n ]`bdi+ Kaoì oc` k`m^pnndji
kg\t m`k`\o`_jm q\md`_k\oo`min ja ji`) orj) jm ajpm ]\mn) rcd^c bdq`n oc`
hpnd^ \ m`bpg\m \i_ km`_dô\]g` kpgn`+ Pc` h`gj_d^ k\oo`min \m` jaoì
bmjpk`_ di oc` n\h` r\t+ J`q`moc`g`nn oc`m` \m` hjhìon) np^c \n oc`
dio`mmpkodjin ja oc` k`m^pnndji adbpm`n \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` rjmf) rc`m`
m`bpg\mdot \i_ km`_dô\]dgdot \m` ]mjfì+
Ijno ja oc` `g`hìon ja di^\io\odji _dn^pnn`_ di :i`fjf ;XifZZf \m` \gnj
km`nìo di oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( r doc oc` `s^`kodji jigt ja lp\mo`m*oji`n \i_
_mji`n+ Cgd_dib bgdnn\i_jn c\q` ]`ì ijo`_ di oc` jpo`m hjq`hìon) \i_ oc`
jnodi\oj ^c\m\ô`m ja hp^c ja oc` k`m^pnndji \i_ \^^jhk\idhìo rmdodib \gnj
màg`ôn oc` diagpì^` ja di^\io\odji+ N\kd_ h`gj_d^ `h]`ggdnchìon gdf` ocjn`
ajpi_ di :i`fjf ;XifZZf \m` \gnj c`\m_ di \gg ocm`` hjq`hìon ja oc` ^ji^`moj)
,4,
am`lpìogt dio`bm\o`_ _dm`ôgt dioj oc` h`gj_d^ nompôpm`n oc`hn`gq`n+

Djr`q`m) oc` hjno kmjh diìo \i_ k`mc\kn h jno dh kjmo\io \nk`ô ja
di^\io\odji di oc` ^ji^`moj dn oc` h`gj_d^ notg`+ >joc jn^dgg\odib \i_
dhkmjqdn\ojmt oc`h`n c\q` ]`ì j]n`mq`_ di \]pi_\i^`) k\mod^pg\mgt di oc`
jpo`m hjq`hìon) \i_ oc` h`gj_d`n njhòdh`n \kk`\m oj dggpnom\o` Fjgdqò$n
j\ej [\ gifa\Zk`fe [l jfe kmdi^dkg`+ Pc` _daa`mì^` ]òr`ì oc` h`gj_d`n c`m`
\i_ ndhdg\m `s\hkg`n amjh :i`fjf ;XifZZf dn oc\o c`m` oc`t \m` ]\n`_
nompôpm\ggt ji hj_`n ja a`r`m oc\i or`gq` oji`n \i_ ocpn di^gdi` oj \ bm`\o`m
_`bm`` ojr\m_ \ fdi_ ja _d\ojid^ oji\gdot rcd^c dn hjm` nomdôgt \qjd_`_ di
:i`fjf ;XifZZf* Fjgdqò r jpg_ kmj]\]gt _`n^md]` ocdn oji\gdot \n \oji\g
hj_\gdot) jm hj_\gdot nompôpm`_ \^^jm_dib oj \oji\g kmdi^dkg`n+ Eo dn ^g`\m oc\o

oc` iji*_dn^mdhdi\odji kjgd^t ojr \m_ kdo^c j]n`mq`_ di oc` omph kò \i_
jmb\i rjmf _j`n ijo km`^dn`gt ado oc` ^ji^`moj+ Eino`\_) hj_\g ad`g_n \m`
km`nìo`_) di rcd^c njhòdh`n ji` jm orj kdo^c`n _jhdi\o` ocmjpbc
m`kòdodji) ]po di rcd^c apiôdji\g m`g\odjin ja om\_dodji\g oji\gdot`qì
hj_\g oji\gdot\m` g\mb`gt \]nìo+
Pc` adi\g m`npgo ja ocdn diq`nodb\odji ncjrn oc\o rcdg` oc`m` \m` h\it
api_\hìo\g ocm`\_n ja ndhdg\mdot ]òr`ì oc` notg`n m`km`nìo`_ ]t :i`fjf
;XifZZf \i_ oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf( oc` orj rjmfn _daa`m ndbidad^\iogt di h\it
dh kjmo\io o`^cid^\g \i_ notgdnod^ m`nk`ôn \i_ ^\i di a\ô ]` _`n^md]`_ \n gdf`gt
m`km`nìodib or j _dnodiô notg` k`mdj_n+ Ei^\io\odji \i_ joc`m `g`hìon ja
kmdhdodq` \i_ `sjod^ hpnd^n \m` nomjib diagpì^`n di ]joc rjmfn) \gocjpbc
rcdg` \i A\no`mi diagpì^` dn `hkc\ndu`_ di oc` h`gj_d^ ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja
:i`fjf ;XifZZf( oc` diagpì^` ja =amd^\i hpnd^ \i_ e\uu\n otkd^\ggt \nnj^d\o`_
r doc =amd^\i \mo di oc` Bmì^c h di_ ja Fjgdqò$n odh`dn `hkc\ndu`_ di oc`
,4-
^ji^`moj) kmdh \mdgt ocmjpbc mctochd^ ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n \i_ dinomphìo\odji+

Pc` kmdi^dk\g _daa`mì^`n ]òr`ì oc` orj rjmfn gd` di oc` om`\ohìo ja
oji\gdot+ Ei oc` g\o`m rjmf Fjgdqò am``gt pn`n \gg or`gq` oji`n di \ notg` rcd^c
`hkc\ndu`n omdoji`n) h\ejm n`qìocn) \i_ hdijm idiocn+ D` \gnj pn`n
c\mhjid^ \i_ h`gj_d^ ^gpno`mn) \i_ dn bì`m\ggt pikm`_dô\]g` di h`gj_d^ \i_
c\mhjid^ nompôpm`+ >po di oc` L\Zfe[ <feZ\ikf c` am``gt pn`n ntiocòd^ \i_
pipnp\g hj_`n ja bì`m\ggt g`nn oc\i or`gq` oji`n \n oc` ]\ndn ajm h`gj_d^ \i_
c\mhjid^ ^jinompôn) rcd^c _j podgdu` oc` omdoji` \i_ m`g\odq`gt ^jinji\io
hdijm n`qìoc ]po jigt m\m`gt oc` orj hjno _dnnji\io dio`mq\gnoc` h\ejm
n`qìoc \i_ hdijm idioc+ Pc` m`npgo dn \ hjm` km`_dô\]g` \i_ k`mc\kn hjm`
\^^`nnd]g` hpnd^+
Ijm` dh kjmo\io k`mc\kn oc\i oc`n` notgdnod^ o`^cid^\g _daa`mì^`n \i_

ndhdg\mdod`n dn oc` m`\gdu\odji jm oc` ^g\mdad^\odji ja oc` pi_`mgtdib nkdmdop\g
gdif) \n do r`m`) rcd^c ^jii`ôn oc`n` orj rjmfn+ Eo dn oc` _`hjinom\o`_
kmdh\mt dhkjmo\i^` oj Fjgdqò ja am``gt `skm`nndq` h`gj_t\ am``_jh ja
`skm`nndji rcd^c Fjgdqò a``gn ^\iijo `sdno rdocdi oc` gdhdon ja \ oji\g
^jhkjndodji\g ntno`h) \ n`md\g ^jhkjndodji\g ntno`h) jm \it joc`m
^jiqìodji\g ^jhkjndodji\g ntno`h rcd^c gdhdon oc` ^m`\odq` am``_jh ja oc`
^jhkjn`m+ Eino`\_) ocdn am``_jh) ajm Fjgdqò) m`lpdm`n \i \oji\g d_djh)
^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ijo ]t oc` m`nomdôdq` i`b\odji ja oji\gdot ]po) m\oc`m) ]t oc`
gd]`m\odib \aadmh\odji ja oji\g am``_jh) bpd_`_ ]t Fjgdqò$n jri k`mnji\g \i_
`^g`ôd^ ]m\i_ ja h`gj_d^ di^\io\odji+
, 4.
NABANAJ?AO
>\mojf) >`g\+ Pc` Lmj]g`h ja oc` J`r Ipnd^+ ;\cX ;Xikfb >jjXpj* A_+
>ìe\hdi Op^cjaa+ Hdi^jgi7 Q ja J`]m\nf\ L) .643+ 122*126+
>mjri) Njt\g O+ Bmì^c Ipnd^ Odi^` @`]pnnt \i_ N\q`g+ A` ?`+Flj`ZXc

:d\i`ZX /0+6 %.640&7 2-*32+
?\_d`p) I\modi`+ = ?jiq`mn\odji r doc =i_mz Fjgdqò+ M\dgf 26 %.63.&7 /*1+
?\mgnji) Aaad` >+ =i_m3 Fjgdqò+ : ;`f);`Yc`fîXg_`ZXc =`Zk`feXip f] Mn\cm\)

Mfe\ Xe[ L\i`Xc <fdgfj\ij* Iòp^cì7 O^\m`^mjr) .64-+
?m`pnjo) F`\i+ Jjn ì^\hdijn c\^d\ pi ^dnh\ _` g\ hpnd^\< K\m`jkX dlj`ZXc

<_`c\eX 5- %.63/&7 0.*02+
@`g\c\t`) ?`^dg`+ H` I`nn\b` _$=i_mz Fjgdqò+ LZ_qf\`q\i`jZ_\ Flj`bq\`kle^

65%.625&7 .1*.2+
@`gìo`) C\dg+ O`g`ô`_ Ipnd^ di Bm\i^` Odi^` .612) @dn^+ S\ncdiboji Q)

.633+
@`h\mlpù) Opuu\ii`+ ?ji^`mo N`q+ ja <feZ\ikèf]fi Mildg\k( I`Xef( Xe[

Lkiè^j* ?ji^`mon L\n_`gjpk+ L\mdn+ Flj`ZXc <fli`\i .1/+.- %.62-&7 5+
+ ?ji^`mo N`q+ ja <feZ\ikf]fi Mildg\k( Gf* .* L\mdn+ Flj`ZXc <fli`\i

.22+3 %.624&7 05*06+
+ :e[i\ Cfc`m\k* L\mdn7 Rìo\_jpm) .625+
Aib`g) ?\mg+ M_\ Flj`Z f] k_\ Ffjk :eZ`\ek GXk`fej* .6-6+ J`r Ujmf7 >jjfn ajm
Hd]m\md`n L) .64-++
Arì) @\qd_+ M_\ Pfic[ f] Mn\ek`\k_)<\eklip Flj`Z* Aibg`rjj_ ?gdaan7

Lmìod^`*D\gg) .635+
Bjnn) Hp^\n+ N`q+ ja <feZ\ikèf gfli kifdg\kk$ fiZ_\jki\ X Zfi[\j( \k g`Xef* Gfk\j
.. %.621&7 11-*11.+
Bm``_) Nd^c\m_+ Ki` D pi_m`_ U`\mn ja J`bg`ô`_ Bmì^c Ipnd^7 =

Ok`^d\gdno$n Hd]m\mt+ Lk\i\f K\m`\n 0/+/ %.641&7 4-*42+
, 4/
C\mmòo) Oo`kcì ?m\db+ = ?jhkm`cìndq` L`majmh\i^` Lmje`ô di Pmphkò

N`k`mojdm`7 = @dn^pnndji ja oc` Prìodòc*?ìopmt ?ji^`moj ajm
Pmphkò \i_ Km^c`nom$ \i Eiq`nodb\odq` Oop_t ja ?ji^`mojn ]t
=g`s\i_`m =mpopid\i) Dìmd Pjh\nd) ?c\mg`n ?c\ti`n) \i_ =i_mz
Fjgdqò) \i_ \ >d]gdjbm\kct ja ?ji^`mojn ajm Pmphkò \i_ Km^c`nom\
S mdooì \i_ Lp]gdnc`_ amjh .6-1 oj .650+ @dnn+ Q ja Ojpoc`mi
Idnndnndkkd) .651+
Cg\iqdgg`*Dd^fn) L+ J`rgt Lp]gdnc`_ Sjmfn ]t Fjgdqò \i_ Idc\gjqd^d+

Flj`ZXc :d\i`ZX 36+.. %.636&7 0/+
Cjg_]`^f) Bm`_`md^f+ Pc` Oom\ib` ?\n` ja =i_mz Fjgdqò+ Flj`ZXc JlXik\icp

02 %.616&7 146*5.(+
Cjg_h\i) Nd^c\m_ B+ Fjgdqò7 <feZ\ikèf]fi I`Xef Xe[ HiZ_\jkiX* Flj`ZXc

JlXik\icp 1- %.621&7 132*33+
Cjg_mji) Njh\di+ :eZ`\ek Xe[ Hi`\ekXc Flj`Z* J+k+7 D+ O+ Oopooh\i) .635+
Cjg`\) =iojdi`+ >jk_\k`hl\ [\ cX dlj`hl\ Zfek\dgfiXè\* L\mdn7 LQB) .621+
+ Bmì^c Ipnd^ Odi^` .612+ Pm\in+ Hp^dg` D+ >mj^fr\t+ Flj`ZXc

JlXik\icp 2. %.632&7 //*04+
+ @d` ur`d S`goì =i_m` Fjgdqòn+ G\l\ S\`kjZ_i`]k]li F lj`b ./3

%.632&7 1./*.2+
Cpo) O`mb` \i_ @\id`g` Ldnoji`+ E\ @iflg\ F`pi` Bm\i^`+ L\mdn7 Djijmn
?c\hkdji) .644+
D\mmdnji) I\s+ ?ji^`mo N`q+ ja Fjgdqò$n L\Zfe[ I`Xef LfeXkX* Flj`ZXc M`d\j
..- %.636&7 066+
Dj`m``) =mocpm+ =i_mz Fjgdqò+ G\n @ifm\ =`Zk`feXip f] Flj`Z Xe[ Flj`Z`Xej*
3oc `_+ .65-+
Djah\i) Id^c\`g N+ ?\mo` ]g\i^c` \ =i_mz Fjgdqò+ CflieXc dlj`ZXc]iXe^X`j\

.44%.636&7 .1*.2+
Fjgdqò) =i_m3+ :i`fjf ;XifZZf gfli Mifdg\kk\ \k Hi^l\* L\mdn7 >dgg\p_jo) .64-+
+ = Lmjkjn _p km`hd`m ^ji^`moj kjpm ji_`n ò jm^c`nom` _$= i_m`

Fjgdqò+ K\ml\ èk\dXk`feXc\ [\ dlj`hl\ .- %.62.&7 053*63+
+ N`kjin` \ pi` ìlpò`+ <feki\gfèkj . %.613&7 00*04+
,40
+ BB> <feZ\ikf gfli Mifdg\kk\* L\mdn7 D`pb`g) .622+
Fjgdqò) Ddg_\+ :m\Z :e[i\ Cfc`m\k* L\mdn7 Bg\hh\mdji) .645+
G\hh`m`m) N\a\`g+ ?jiomjq`mnd\g Bmì^ch\i+ Flj`ZXc :d\i`ZX 5.+. %.63.&7

..3(+
GOmk#od) F\ijn+ Jji*Apmjk`\i Eiagpì^`n ji K^^d_ìo\g Ipnd^7 =i

Ddnojmd^\g Opmq`t+ Pfic[ f ] Flj`Z //+/ %.65-&7 /-*01+
G`hg`m) G\oc`mdi`+ En oc`m` I\bd^ di Fjgdqò$n Ipnd^< Flj`Z K\m`\n 11

%.650&7 ./.*02+
Gp^f`mou) F+ N`^`kodji ja ?g\nnd^\g Ei_d\i Ipnd^ di S `no`mi ?jpiomd`n

@pmdib oc` /-oc ?ìopmt+ >jjXpj è Flj`Zfcf^p* A_+ N+ ?+ I`co\+
>\mj_\7 Ei_d\i Ipnd^jgjbd^\g Oj^dòt) .650+ /-2*.1+
H\i_mòc) F\iò Ag\di`+ =i_m` Fjgdqò7 = Oop_t ja oc` Ld\ij Sjmfn r doc \
@dn^pnndji ja Ddn =`nocòd^ \i_ P`^cid^\g Lmdi^dkg`n+ @dnn+ Q ja
Kfg\cjh\) .65-+
H\ Lg\^`) Id^c`g+ I\no`mn ja oc` Prìodòc ?ìopmt7 Njb`m @`ghjoo`+

Pm\in+ @\qd_ Djto+ A_+ =gqdi Hjrmt+ Bek\ieXk`feXc Mildg\k @l`c[
CflieXc 5+1 %.651&7 ./*.2+
H` Bg`h) L\pg+ =i_m` Fjgdqò+ Flj`ZX [`jhl\j 36 %.626&7 //*/1+
Hjrìn) Emqdib+ ?pmmìo ?cmjid^g`7 S\ncdiboji) @+?+ Flj`ZXc JlXik\icp 12

%.626&7 025*55+
I\i\+ P\Yjk\i$j M_ì[ G\n Bek\ieXk`feXc =`Zk`feXip* .64. `_+
Iìf) J\i^t H``+ =i_m` Fjgdqò7 >g`k_XcXd\* @dnn+ Q ja ?di^dii\od) .652+
Id^c`g) C`m\m_+ =i_m` Fjgdqò7 Ann\d npm p i ntno_h` `nocòdlp` hpnd^\g+

K\ml\ dlj`ZXc\ /-1 %.614&7 5*/3+
+ =i_m` Fjgdqò+ =`Zk`feXip f ] <fek\dgfiXip Flj`Z* A_+ Fjci Rdioji+

J `r Ujmf7 @pooji) .641+
+ H\ P \ i ` k \ [ " ; e [ i \ Fjgdqò+ K\ml\ dlj`ZXc\ /04 %.624&7 /2*/6+
It`mn) Njggj D+ =i_m` Fjgdqò+ @ifm\ =`Zk`feXip f] Flj`Z Xe[ Flj`Z`Xej* 2oc
`_+ .621+
,41
+ Ff[\d ?i\eZ_ Flj`Z6 ?ifd ?Xli\ kf ;flc\q* J`r Ujmf7 Lm\`b`m) .64.+
+ Ipnd^ di Bm\i^` di oc` Ljno*S\m @`^\_`+ KfpXc Flj`Z :jjfZ`Xk`fe

IifZ\\[è^j 5. %.621*22&7 60*.-3+
+ Ojh` L`mnji\gdod`n \i_ Pmì_n di ?jio`hkjm\mt Bmì^c Ipnd^+

<_\jk\i`Xe 0- %.622&7 .1*.5+
Kiiì) Bm\if+ =i_mz Fjgdqò %.6-2*.641&) =kjno`g q\i cò hpudf\g`

Dph \idnh `+ F\ej \e d\cf[`\ 0- %.642&7 .43*45+
Kp`ggòo`) B`mi\i_+ >[^Xi[ OXi\j\* Pm\in+ @\m`f ?jgoh\i+ J`r Ujmf7 Kmdji
L) .635+
N\ci) Fjci+ ;Xj`Z :kfeXc M_\fip* J`r Ujmf7 Hjibh\i) .65-+
Nòd) Np_jgkc+ MfeXc`kp( :kfeXc`kp( IXekfeXc`kp* S`nokjmo7 Cm`ìrjj_) .625+
Ndibj) F\h`n+ Pc` $Eio`ggdbìo Pm\nc$ ja Fjgdqò \i_ I dgc\p_+ :d\i`ZXe

K\Zfi[ @l`[\ 04 %.64-&7 .33*34(+
Njno\i_) ?g\p_`+ ?i\eZ_ Flj`Z Mf[Xp* Pm\in+,Nd^c\m_ @`q`nji+ J`r Ujmf7

@\ ?\kj) .640+
Njpoc) Bm\i^dn+ <fek\dgfiXip Flj`Z6 : e Bekif[lZk`fe* Hji_ji7 Aibgdnc

Qidq`mndod`n L) .635+
Njt) F`\i+ Ii\j\eZ\j Zfek\dgfiXè\j6 Flj`hl\]iXe^X`j\* L\mdn7 Jjpq`gg`

A_dodjin @`]m`nn`) .63/+
O\^cn) ?pmo+ M_\ K`j\ f] Flj`Z è k_\ :eZ`\ek Pfic[* J`r Ujmf7 Jjmoji) .610+
O^cdaa`m) >mdbdoo`+ =i_m` Fjgdqò %.6-2*.641&+ M\dgf ../ %.642&7 .0*.3+
O^cpgg`m) Cpioc`m+ N`q+ ja <feZ\ikf gfli g\iZljj`fe \k fiZ_\jki\ %-514& Gfk\j .5

%.63.&7 320+
Ofpgnft) =]m\c\h+ =i_m_ Fjgdqò+ Flj`ZXc :d\i`ZX 4/+5 %.62/&7 6(+
Ogjidhnft) Jd^jg\n+ Flj`Z LèZ\ -5,,* 1oc `_+ J`r Ujmf7 O^md]i`m$n) .64.+
Oo`mia`g_) Bm`_`md^f Sdggd\h+ Flj`Z è k_\ Ff[\d :^\* J`r Ujmf7 Lm\`b`m)
.640+
,42
Pcjhnji) =i_m`r+ N`q+ ja LXiXYXe[\ jli c\ efd [$>i`b LXk`$ Hlm\ikli\ \e

ife[\Xl( <_fiXc \k]l^Xkf( =XeZ\ èZXekXkfì\( Ifd \j gfli O\e]Xek( \i_
JlXki\ d\cf[`\j jli [\j gf\j`\j XeZ`\eej( ]t =i_m1 Fjgdqò+ Flj`ZXc M`d\j
.01 %.660&7 51+
S\_`) >jiid`+ Flj`Z è Be[`X6 M_\ <cXjj`ZXc MiX[`k`fej* Aibg`rjj_ ?gdaan7

Lmìod^`*D\gg) .646+
S\go`m) >mpij+ H ]Flj`Z Xe[ Flj`Z)FXbè^* Pm\in+ L\pg D\h]pmb`m+ J`r

Ujmf7 Jjmoji) .63.+
Sdjm$ S\go`m+ M_\ ?fli :^\j f] Flj`Z* Pm\in+ I+ @+ D`mo`m Jjmoji+ J`r
Ujmf7 Jjmoji) .632+

Atonality, Modality, and Incantation in Two Works For Trumpet by Andre Jolivet, With A Discussion of His Technical and Aesthetic Principles

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Atonality, Modality, and Incantation in Two Works For Trumpet by Andre Jolivet, With A Discussion of His Technical and Aesthetic Principles

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

CH@ILG;NCIH NI OM?

N_\ hlXc`kp f] k_`j i\gif[lZk`fe `j [\g\e[\ek lgfe k_\ hlXc`kp f] k_\

Im\ij`q\ dXk\i`Xcj #\)^)' dXgj' [iXn`e^j' Z_Xikj$ Xi\ i\gif[lZ\[ Yp

J_fkfîXg_j èZcl[\[ è k_\ fi`^èXc dXeljZi`gk _Xm\ Y\\e i\gif[lZ\[

Qidq`mndot Id^mjadghn Eio`mi\odji\g

; kfeXc`kp' d f[Xc`kp' Xe[ `eZXekXk`fe `e knf nfibj ]fi kild g\k

Pp^f`m) >`ie\hdi O^joo) @+I+=+

= @j^ph`io Op]hdoo`_ oj oc` B\^pgot ja oc`

Ei L\mod\g Bpgadggh`io ja oc` N`lpdm`h`ion

;j d\dY\ij f ] k_ \ @ `e X c ? oXd `eXk`fe =fdd`kk\\' n\ Z \ i k ` ] p k_ X k n\ _Xm\

i\X[ k_ \ [fZld\ek gi\gXi\[ Yp g ee a ed` e M Z f k k N l Z b \ i WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

\ e k`kc\ [ ;NIH;FCNR' GI>;FCNR' ;H> CH=;HN;NCIH CH NQI QILEM

@IL NLOGJ?N <R ;H>L? DI FCP?N' QCNB + >CM=OMMCIH

I@ BCM N?=BHC=;F ;H> ;?MNB?NC= JLCH=CJF?MWWWWWWWWW

Xe[ i\Zfdd\e[ k_ X k ` k Y\ X ZZ\g k\[ Xj ] l c ] ` c c ` e ^ k_ \ i\hl `i\d \e kj

]f i k_ \ >\^i\\ f ] > f Z k f i f ] G l j ` Z X c ; i k j WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

' $ # " "!%

@ `e X c Xg gifmXc Xe[ X ZZ\g kX e Z\ f ] k _ ` j [fZld\ek ` j Zf e k`e ^ \ e k lgfe k_\

C _\i\Yp Z \ i k ` ] p k_ X k C _Xm\ i\X[ k _ ` j [fZld\ek gi\gXi\[ le[\i dp

OP=PAIAJP >U =QPDKN

Pcdn _j^phìo c\n ]`ì np]hdoo`_ di k\mod\g apgadgghìo ja

>md`a lpjo\odjin amjh ocdn _j^ph`io \m` \ggjr\]g` rdocjpo nk`^d\g

HEOP KB EHHQOPN=PEKJO +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2

HEBA =J@ IQOE?=H @ARAHKLIAJP ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..

PA?DJE?=H =J@ =AOPDAPE? LNEJ?ELHAO ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++/2

IQOE?=H =J=HUOEO 7 :KBHLH ;:KH<<H +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 06

IQOE?=H =J=HUOEO7 L><HG= <HG<>KMH ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..1

OQII=NU =J@ ?KJ?HQOEKJ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ .55

Bdbpm` .7 C m\kc ja mctochd^ _`indot di :i`fjf ;XifZZf( h`\npm`_ di

Bdbpm` /7 I podib ja oc` omph k`o npk`mdhkjn`_ ji oc` bm\kc ja mctochd^

Bdbpm` 07 ?jhkjndo` bm\kc ncjrdib mctochd^ _`indot) omph k`o hpodib)

^jhk\mdnji dn _m\r i ]`or``i oc` orj rjmfn+

/MlqXee\ >\dXihl\q' =feZ\ik L\m) f] <feZ\ik`ef]f i Mildg\k( I`Xef( Xe[ Lki`e^j(

piodg ijr ]``i pifijri jm dbijm`_+ Pcdn km`qdjpngt pid_`iodad`_ ajpmoc

HEBA =J@ IQOE?=H @ARAHKLIAJP

=i_mz Fjgdq`o r\n ]jmi =pbpno 5).6-2 di L\mdn \i_ _`hjinom\o`_ \

D` r\n g\o`m) di a\^o) oj ]` \kkjdio`_ hpnd^ _dm`^ojm ja oc` <fd\[`\)?iXe^X`j\( \

0GXik`e\ =X[`\l' ; =fem\ijXk`fe n `k_ ;e[i\ Dfc`m\k' M\dgf 04 #,41,$5 -)

t`\mn ja nop_tdib c\mhjit) ^jpio`mkjdio) \i_ ^g\nnd^\g ajmhn r doc H` Bg`h

oc` hjno dhkjmo\io \i_ g\nodib dhk\^o ji Fjgdq`o$n k`mnji\g hpnd^\g

h` oj _dn^jq`m ji` ja hpnd^$n hjno ndbidad^\io \nk`^on8 hpnd^ \n \ h\bd^\g \i_

mdop\g `skm`nndji ja cph \i nj^d`ot+ E c\q` g`\mio oj \oo\^c bm`\o dhkjmo\i^` oj

Pc` ^mtno\ggdu\odji ja Fjgdq`o$n h`o\kctnd^\g d_`\n ^ji^`midib hpnd^

2B`c[X Dfc`m\k' :m\Z :e[i\ Cfc`m\k #JXi`j5 @cXddXi`fe' ,423$ -2(-3)

3Q`cc`Xd ;cY\ik MZ_d`[' ?c\d\ekj f] DXqq Mkpc\ `e =fek\dgfiXip @i\eZ_ Nildg\k

oc\o h\t ]` ^ji^`iom\o`_ di j]e`^on jm k`mnjin \i_ oc\o h\t ]` dic`mdo`_)

Pc` ^jhkjndodji m`km`nìon) di Fjgdqò$n r jm_n) \ ^ji_ìn`_ h`hjmt

4 GXeX' P\Yjk\izj M_`i[ G\`m Bek\ieXk`feXc =`Zk`feXip( ,42, \[)

,+MlqqXe\ >\dXihl\q' :e[i\ afc`m\k #JXi`j5 P\ekX[fli' ,403$ ,+)

Fjgdqò km`nìo`_ oj ocdn ^jhhdoo`` cdn nomdib lp\moò) \i_

,/<i`^`kk\ MZ_`]]\i' ;e[i7uDfc`m\k #,4+0(,42/$' M\dgf ,,- #,420$5 ,/)

r\n a`go ajm m`i`r`_ `skm`nndji di hpnd^\i `skm`nndji ja pidq`mn\g) ^jnhd^

Pj I`nnd\ì \i_ Fjgdqò+ + + h \i dn k\mo ja njhòcdib

,2@iXeZ`j Lflk_' <fek\dgfiXip Flj`Z6 : e Bekif[lZk`fe #Ffe[fe5 ?e^c`j_ Oe`m\ij`k`\j

h\f`n `qd_ìo oc` km`nì^` ja \ bìdpn+ /- Pcdn dn \ q`mt n`mdjpn rjmf ja

-+>\dXihl\q' Cfc`m\k ,/)

-,>\dXihl\q' Cfc`m\k ,2)

o`\^cdib kjndodjircd^c c` c\_ h\dio\di`_ ndi^` .6/4) `s^`ko _pmdib cdn

Ei oc` ajpmo``i t`\mn oc\o c` r\n hpnd^\g _dm`^ojm ja oc` <fd\[`\)

n^c`_pg` ja \^odqdod`n \o oc` oc`\o`m+ Pcdn n^c`_pg` di^gp_`_ oc` _dm`^odji ja 0-

k`majmh\i^`n `\^c hjioc) oc` m`qdndji \i_ m`*jm^c`nom\odji ja joc`m ^jhkjn`mn$

M\c\m`j`fe ?iXe^X`j\) oc` Cli`\j [l ?\jk`mXc Bek\ieXk`feXc [\ cX =Xej\( oc` Clip [l

@iXe[ Ii`o [l Ii\j`[\ek [\ cX K\glYc`hl\ di .625 \i_ \b\di di .64/) \n r`gg \n