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1. A Straight Current
a. Current Consists of Moving Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
b. Relationship Among Q, ~v , And I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
c. Force on a Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
I 2. A Rectangular Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
~ ............................. 2
a. Plane of Loop Parallel to B
B ~
b. Loop at an Angle to B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
c. Generalization to a Current-Carrying Coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
I A. Geometrical Definition of Vector Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
B. Algebraic Definition of Vector Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
C. Direction of the Vector Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1
ID Sheet: MISN-0-123
3 4
MISN-0-123 1 MISN-0-123 2
5 6
MISN-0-123 3 MISN-0-123 4
^y y
(a) (b)
a F on b
^x
a I
b x B x B
I L
L d b d
` I q
I B c
c F on d z
W
Figure 1. A rectangular current
loop in a magnetic field parallel to Figure 2. (a) Oblique view of a rectangular current loop
W the loop’s width. ~ and (b) top view of the
whose normal is at an angle to B;
current loop.
c. Side c: F~c = 0
with its normal rotated away from B~ by some angle θ. Figure 2b shows
d. Side d: F~d = ILB ẑ; F~ tends to push side d out of the page. an overhead view of the same loop. Again we consider the force on each
side separately:
Thus the net result of the four forces is to produce a torque on the current
loop about an axis through its center, parallel to the y-axis. We can a. Side a: F~a = IW B sin(90◦ + θ) ŷ = IW B cos θŷ. The direction of F~a
calculate the torque about this axis:2 Help: [S-6] is such as to push side a and the entire current loop upward, in the
positive y-direction.
~ri × F~i = ~ra × F~a + ~rb × F~b + . . .
X X
~τ = ~τi = (9) b. Side b: F~b = I L B(−ẑ). The direction of F~b is such to push side b
i i
backward, in the negative z-direction.
W W
= [0 + ILB + 0 + ILB]ŷ c. Side c: F~c = I W B sin(90◦ −θ)(−ŷ) = I W B cos θ(−ŷ). The direction
2 2
= W LIB ŷ = (A I B) ŷ of F~c is such as to push c and the entire current loop downward, in the
negative y-direction.
where A = W L is the area enclosed by the loop.
d. Side d: F~d = I L B ẑ. The direction of F~d is such as to push d forward,
Suppose the loop starts rotating in response to the torque, resulting in the positive z-direction.
~ no longer being in the plane of the loop. Then the equations derived
in B
above will no longer be valid because they assumed that B ~ is in the loop Now notice that although the forces on sides a and c are no longer zero,
plane. they have equal and opposite effects and are radial; hence they have no
2b. Loop at an Angle to B. ~ Since a torque on a loop will cause it effect other than a tendency to deform the loop if it is not rigid.4 The
to rotate, we now treat the case where such a rotation has produced an forces on sides b and d still operate in such a way as to produce torques
angle θ between B~ and the normal to the plane of the loop (when B~ is in on the loop:
W
the loop plane, θ = 90◦ ).3 Figure 2a shows our rectangular current loop ~τb = I`B sin θ ŷ ,
2
2 See “Force and Torque” (MISN-0-5). 4 (1) Adding equal but opposite forces yields zero net force; and (2) any radial force
3 The “normal” to the plane of the loop is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane. produces zero torque.
7 8
MISN-0-123 5 MISN-0-123 6
W There are, however, two directions that are perpendicular to the plane
~τd = I`B sin θ ŷ ,
2 formed by A ~ and B.~ The correct direction may be chosen by applying the
and thus the total torque is: “right-hand rule”: “Rotate vector A ~ into vector B~ through the smaller
angle between their directions when they are placed tail-to-tail. Follow
~τ = W L I B sin θ ŷ = A I B sin θ ŷ . this rotation with the curled fingers of your right hand, and the direction
of your extended thumb identifies the direction of the vector product.”
It is apparent that the torque on the current loop is a maximum for This rule is sufficient to distinguish between the two possible choices for
θ = 90◦ (i.e. for B ~ in the plane of the loop as in Fig. 1) and zero for
the direction of a vector product. Notice that the order of multiplication
θ = 0◦ . Thus the tendency is for a current loop in a magnetic field to in vector products is very important. The product B × A ~ has the same
~ and for it to decelerate as it shoots
rotate until its normal is parallel to B, ~ × B,~ but the directions of the two products are opposite.
magnitude as A
past that alignment. We could convert this oscillating loop into a rotating In general:
one and use it as a means of turning electrical energy into mechanical ~×B
A ~ = −B~ × A.
~
energy—that is, as a DC motor—if we could reverse the current in the
loop just as its normal becomes parallel to B.~ We say that vector products do not “commute,” or that the vector product
is a “noncommutative” operation.
2c. Generalization to a Current-Carrying Coil. It should be
noted that it is a simple matter to generalize from the force or torque If two vectors are parallel, the angle between their directions is zero,
on a single turn loop of current to the force or torque on a many turn so by the definition of the magnitude of vector products their cross prod-
coil. In general, coils are wound with the area of each turn the same as uct is zero. Similarly, if two vectors are perpendicular, the angle between
all the others and of course the same current would flow through them their directions is 90◦ . Since sin90◦ = 1, the magnitude of the vector
all. Thus the force or torque on an n-turn coil is generally just n times product of the two is just the product of their magnitudes, and the di-
the force or torque on a one-turn coil. rection of the vector product is determined by the right-hand rule. By
applying these observations to the vector product of the cartesian unit
vectors x̂, ŷ and ẑ, we may derive the following useful relations:
Acknowledgments
x̂ × x̂ = ŷ × ŷ = ẑ × ẑ = 0
Kirby Morgan constructed the Problem Supplement. Mark Sullivan
gave valuable feedback on an earlier version. Preparation of this module x̂ × ŷ = −ŷ × x̂ = ẑ
was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, Division of ŷ × ẑ = −ẑ × ŷ = x̂
Science Education Development and Research, through Grant #SED 74- ẑ × x̂ = −x̂ × ẑ = ŷ.
20088 to Michigan State University.
These relations are used in the algebraic definition of vector prod-
ucts.
A. Geometrical Definition of Vector Product
The vector product of two arbitrary vectors A ~ and B~ is defined as B. Algebraic Definition of Vector Product
the vector quantity whose magnitude is given by the product of the mag-
~ and B
If we express vectors A ~ in their cartesian component form, the
nitudes of the two vectors times the sine of the angle between the vectors
vector product of A~ and B~ may be written:
when they are placed “tail-to-tail,” and whose direction is perpendicular
to the plane formed by A ~ and B.
~ The vector product (also referred to as ~×B
~ = (Ax x̂ + Ay ŷ + Az ẑ) × (Bx x̂ + By ŷ + Bz ẑ).
A
the “cross product”) is denoted by A~ × B.
~ The magnitude of the product
may be written as: If this expression is expanded algebraically as we would the product
|A~ × B|
~ = AB sin θ.
(x + 3) · (2x − 5), except that the cross product is used instead of scalar
9 10
MISN-0-123 7 MISN-0-123 8
multiplication, then this vector product may be expressed as a combina- C. Direction of the Vector Product
tion of the cartesian components of A ~ and B~ and cross products of the
cartesian unit vectors. Using the relations between the cartesian unit vec- (a) (b)
tors developed in Appendix A and denoting the vector product as a third ` ` ` `
~ we may write: A C=AxB
vector C,
~ =A
C ~×B
~ = (Ay Bz − Az By )x̂ + (Az Bx − Ax Bz )ŷ + (Ax By − Ay Bx )ẑ rotational q
rotational
motion `
or: B motion
Cx = A y B z − A z B y ,
Cy = A z B x − A x B z , right hand
~ derived
Expansion of this determinant leads to the same expression for C
earlier.
~ = 5x̂ − 2ŷ and B
¤ Show that the vector product of A ~ = x̂ + ŷ + 3ẑ has
these components:
Cx = −6, Cy = −15, Cz = 7.
11 12
MISN-0-123 PS-1 MISN-0-123 PS-2
8.0 cm
ments shown below, if the field is B ~ = 1.10 T x̂, I = 3.0 A,
and d = 0.15 m. Consider each wire individually. Help: [S-1]
I
z d y
d
x q
3 d
5 4. A rectangular current loop, 4.0 cm by 8.0 cm and car-
rying a current of 0.1 A, is suspended at a single point
as shown. It is in a uniform horizontal magnetic
1 field of magnitude 0.75 T. Find the magnitude of the
4 ` torque acting on the loop when the normal to the
B
plane of the loop makes an angle of 30◦ with respect I I
to the magnetic field.
2 x
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MISN-0-123 PS-3 MISN-0-123 PS-4
4. τ = 1.2 × 10−4 N m
5. τ = 3.75 × 10−5 N m
Bottom: F~ = 1.4 N ŷ
Back: F~ = 0.8 N ẑ
~t = 6.4 × 10−2 N m ŷ
15 16
MISN-0-123 AS-1 MISN-0-123 AS-2
(−x̂) × (+x̂) = 0 .
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MISN-0-123 AS-3 MISN-0-123 ME-1
B
x
3.
y
8 cm
I
B
8 cm
x
8 cm 60°
z
19 20
MISN-0-123 ME-2
Brief Answers:
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23 24