Web Services

Web Technology - 2ID60

26 November 2013

Katrien Verbert
Natasha Stash
George Fletcher
Plan for today

Recap: Web fundamentals

APIs, Web Services
Restful services
SOAP-based services
Comparison
Tutorial
JAX-WS: Building SOAP-based services in Java
JAX-RS: Building RESTful services in Java

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Recap: Web Fundamentals

Key Architectural Components

Identification: URI
Interaction: HTTP
Standardized Document Formats: HTML, XML, JSON, etc.

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URIs / resources

URIs identify interesting things

documents on the Web
relevant aspects of a data set
HTTP URIs name and address resources in
Web based systems
a URI names and identifies one resource
a resource can have more than one name
http://foo.com/software/latest
http://foo.com/software/v1.4

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Resource representation

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Plan for today

Recap: Web fundamentals

APIs, Web Services
RESTful services
SOAP-based services
Comparison
Tutorial
JAX-WS: Building SOAP-based services in Java
JAX-RS: Building RESTful services in Java

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APIs

What is an API?

and

Why do we need APIs?

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(Web) APIs

Application Programming Interface

Specifies how software components communicate

with each other
e.g., Java API, 3rd party library APIs
usually come with documentation

Web API: specify how applications communicate

with other over the Web (HTTP, URI, XML, etc.)

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Web Services, Web Applications and
APIs (Application Programming Interface)

Web Applications == Web Services == Web APIs ?

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Web Services, Web Applications and
APIs (Application Programming Interface)

Web Applications are designed to be accessed by

end users through Web client software
Web Services are intended to be used by other
software applications

Web APIs Web Services

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Web Services

Web Services Web APIs

Build on the design principles and architectural

components of the Web

Provide certain operations

Exchange structured data in standard formats

(JSON, XML, etc.)

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Web Services

Example operations:
Publish image on Flickr
Order a book at Amazon
Post a message on your friends Facebook wall

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What Are Web Services?

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Example client application

http://ariadne.cs.kuleuven.be/alocom/alocom_plugin/alocom_plugin.swf
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PAGE 17
Disaggregation service

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What Are Web Services?

W3C definition:
A software system designed to support
interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a
network...

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Web Services Use

Connect existing software

Reusable application components

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 Major classes of Web Services
Big Web Services (L. Richardson and S. Ruby)
RESTful (REST-compliant) Web Services

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PAGE 22
PAGE 23
Overview

Introduction
RESTful services
SOAP-based services
Comparison
Tutorial
JAX-WS: Building SOAP-based services in Java
JAX-RS: Building RESTful services in Java

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A RESTful Web service...
... exposes its data and functionality through
interlinked Web resources identified by URI.

... is more data-centric, and less functionality-centric

(as opposed to SOAP services).

... embeds functionality of the service in the uniform

HTTP interfaces for interaction: GET, PUT, DELETE,
POST.

... uses HTTP as the application protocol instead of

SOAP
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Four basic design principles

Use HTTP methods explicitly.

Be stateless.
Expose directory structure-like URIs.
Transfer XML, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), or
both.

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Use HTTP methods explicitly

One-to-one mapping between

create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) operations
and HTTP methods.
According to this mapping:
To create a resource on the server, use POST.
To retrieve a resource, use GET.
To change the state of a resource or to update it, use PUT.
To remove or delete a resource, use DELETE.

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Example: HTTP GET request

GET /users/Robert HTTP/1.1

Host: myserver
Accept: application/xml

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Example: HTTP PUT request

PUT /users/Robert HTTP/1.1

Host: myserver
Content-Type: application/xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<user>
<name>Bob</name>
</user>

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Be stateless

Stateful design

Stateless design

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Expose directory structure-like URIs

http://www.myservice.org/discussion/topics/{topic}
http://www.myservice.org/discussion/{year}/{day}/{month}/{topic}
http://www.myservice.org/discussion/2008/12/10/{topic}

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Transfer XML, JSON, or both

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<discussion date="{date}" topic="{topic}">
<comment>{comment}</comment>
<replies>
<reply from="joe@mail.com" href="/discussion/topics/{topic}/joe"/>
<reply from="bob@mail.com" href="/discussion/topics/{topic}/bob"/>
</replies>
</discussion>

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Tools and frameworks

Ruby on Rails -- a framework for building RESTful Web

applications http://www.rubyonrails.org/
Restlet -- framework for mapping REST concepts to Java
classes http://www.restlet.org
Django - framework for building RESTful Web applications in
Python
JAX-RC specification (http://jsr311.java.net/) -provides a Java
API for RESTful Web Services over the HTTP
RESTEasy (http://www.jboss.org/resteasy/) - Jboss project that
provides various frameworks for building RESTful Web
Services and RESTful Java applications.

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Overview

Introduction
Restful services
Big web services
Comparison
Tutorial
JAX-WS: Building SOAP-based services in Java
JAX-RS: Building RESTful services in Java

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 Big web services

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

WSDL (Web Services Description Language)
UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and
Integration)

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Roadmap

Service
Broker
(UDDI)
Find Publish
(SOAP) (WSDL)

Service Service
Requester Provider
Bind
(SOAP)

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 What is SOAP

SOAP used to stand for Simple Object Access Protocol

SOAP is a communication protocol
SOAP is designed to communicate via Internet
SOAP is based on XML
SOAP is simple and extensible
SOAP is platform and language independent
SOAP is a W3C standard

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SOAP Message Structure

<?xml version='1.0' ?><env:Envelope

xmlns:env="
SOAP Envelope http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
SOAP Header <env:Header>
...
header block </env:Header>

<env:Body>
SOAP Body ...
<env:Fault>
body block ...
</env:Fault>
</env:Body>
</env:Envelope>

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 SOAP Example: RPC-Style Request Message
<?xml version='1.0' ?> Request
<env:Envelope xmlns:env="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
<env:Body>
<ts:getPrice xmlns:ts="http://travelagency.example.org/wsdl/trips"
s:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding">
<ts:departing>Amsterdam (Schiphol)</ts:departing>
<ts:arriving>Saint-Petersburg (Pulkovo)</ts:arriving>
<ts:departureDate>01-05-2010</ts:departureDate>
<ts:/getPrice>
</env:Body>
</env:Envelope>

<?xml version='1.0' ?><env:Envelope xmlns:env=" Response

http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
<env:Body>
<ts:getPriceResponse xmlns:ts="http://travelagency.example.org/wsdl/trips"
s:encodingStyle="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding" >
<ts:price>180.00</ts:price>
</ts:getPriceResponse>
</env:Body>
</env:Envelope> PAGE 39
SOAP HTTP Binding:
SOAP HTTP Post Usage
POST /pricesService/getPrice HTTP/1.1
Host: http://travelagency.example.org
Content-Type: application/soap+xml; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: nnn

<?xml version='1.0' ?>

<env:Envelope xmlns:env="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
<env:Body>
<ts:getPrice xmlns:ts="http://travelagency.example.org/wsdl/trips">
<ts:departing>Amsterdam (Schiphol)</ts:departing>
<ts:arriving>Saint-Petersburg (Pulkovo)</ts:arriving>
<ts:departureDate>21-04-2010</ts:departureDate>
<ts:/getPrice>
</env:Body>
</env:Envelope>
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 SOAP HTTP Binding:
SOAP Response
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/soap+xml; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: nnn

<?xml version='1.0' ?>

<env:Envelope xmlns:env="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope">
<env:Body>
<ts:getPriceResponse xmlns:ts="http://travelagency.example.org/wsdl/trips">
<ts:price>180.00</ts:price>
</ts:getPriceResponse>
</env:Body>
</env:Envelope>

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Roadmap

Service
Broker
(UDDI)
Find Publish
(SOAP) (WSDL)

Service Service
Requester Provider
Bind
(SOAP)

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 What is WSDL

WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language

WSDL is used to describe and locate Web Services
WSDL is based on XML
WSDL is a W3C standard

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WSDL

Describes three fundamental properties

What a service does
Operations (methods) provided by the service
How a service is accessed
Data format and protocol details
Where a service is located
Address (URL) details

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WSDL Document Structure
WSDL Specification
abstract part Main structure of WSDL document
types <definitions targerNamespace= ... >

messages
<types>definition of types...</types>
operations
<message>definition of a message...</message>
port types
<portType>definition of a port</portType>
concrete part
<binding>definition of a binding...</binding>
bindings
<service>
service
<port>...</port>
port </service>

</definitions> PAGE 45
WSDL Document Example:
Abstract Part
<message name="itineraryMsg">
<part name="departing" type="xs:string"/>
<part name="arriving" type="xs:string"/>
<part name="departureDate" type="xs:date"/>
</message>

<message name="itineraryRespMsg">
<part name="price" type="xs:string"/>
</message>

<portType name="pricesPT">
<operation name="getPrice">
<input message="itineraryMsg"/>
<output message="itineraryRespMsg"/>
</operation>
</portType> PAGE 46
 Operation Types

Type Definition

One-way The operation can receive a message but will not return
a response

Request- The operation can receive a request and will return a

response response

Solicit-response The operation can send a request and will wait for a
response

Notification The operation can send a message but will not wait for
a response

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Example: One-Way Operation

<message name="newPrices">
<part name="departing" type="xs:string"/>
<part name="arriving" type="xs:string"/>
<part name="departureDate" type="xs:date"/>
<part name="price" type="xs:string"/>
</message>

<portType name="pricesPT">
...
<operation name="setPrice">
<input message="newPrices"/>
</operation>
</portType >
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 WSDL Document Example:
Concrete Part
<service name="pricesService">
<port name="getPriceRPCPort" binding="ts:b1">
<soap:address
location="http://travelagency.example.org/pricesService">
</port>
</service>

xmlns:ts='http://travelagency.example.org/wsdl/trips'

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Roadmap

Service
Broker
(UDDI)
Find Publish
(SOAP) (WSDL)

Service Service
Requester Provider
Bind
(SOAP)

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What is UDDI

UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery and Integration

UDDI a standard for publishing and discovering Web services
UDDI is a specification for a distributed registry of Web services
UDDI is built upon standards such as HTTP, XML, XML Schema,
SOAP, WSDL
UDDI can communicate via SOAP, CORBA, Java RMI Protocol
UDDI uses WSDL to describe interfaces to Web Services

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Ways to Use UDDI Registry

White pages
name, address, contact person, Web site
Yellow pages
types of business, locations, products, services,
categorizations
Green pages
technical information about business services, pointers
to WSDL descriptions of the services

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 UDDI Data Model:
UDDI Core Data Types

Example: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/uddi/uddi_data_model.htm PAGE 53

 UDDI Data Model:
tModel example
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<tModel tModelKey=">
<name>http://www.getquote.com/StockQuoteService-interface</name>
<description xml:lang="en"></description>
<overviewDoc>
<description xml:lang="en>WSDL Service Interface Document </description>
<overviewURL>
http://www.getquote.com/services/SQSinterface.wsdl#SingleSymbolBinding
</overviewURL>
</overviewDoc>
<categoryBag>
<keyedReference tModelKey="UUID:C1ACF26D-9672-4404-9D70-39B756E62AB4
keyName="uddi-org:types" keyValue="wsdlSpec"/>
<keyedReference tModelKey="UUID:DB77450D-9FA8-45D4-A7BC-04411D14E384
keyName="Stock market trading services
keyValue="84121801"/>
</categoryBag>
</tModel>

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UDDI: Programmatic Interfaces

UDDI Inquiry Interface:

find_business, find_service, find_tModel, find_binding,
find_relatedBusiness
get_businessDetail, get_serviceDetail, get_bindingDetail,
get_tModelDetail
UDDI Publisher Interface:
save_business, save_service, save_binding,
save_tModel
delete_business, delete_service, delete_binding,
delete_tModel
...!

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Big Web Services Examples

http://www.xmethods.com
http://www.programmableweb.com/

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 Web services enable

1. data exchange between various applications and different platforms

2. to resolve interoperability issues
3. applications to function between two different operating systems server
4. all of the above

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 Which of the following is used to locate
and describe web services?
1. SOAP
2. Web page
3. WSDL
4. UDDI

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Overview

Introduction
Restful services
SOAP-based services
Comparison
Tutorial
JAX-WS: Building SOAP-based services in Java
JAX-RS: Building RESTful services in Java

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 Big Web Service Operations vs
RESTful Web Service URIs

Big WS operations RESTful WS URIs

getAllUsers() http://example.com/users/
"
getUserById(String id) http://example.com/users/id/{user-id}

getUserByName(), http://example.com/users/name/{user-name}
addUser()
removeUser(),
updateUser()

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Big Web Services versus REST

A SOAP service has a single endpoint

that handles all the operations
therefore it has to have an application-specific
interface.

A RESTful service has a number of resources

so the operations can be distributed onto the resources
and mapped to a small uniform set of operations.

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 Comparison:
Big Web Services vs RESTful Web Services
Big Web Services pros:
protocol transparency and independence
existence of tools to hide the complexity
security

Big Web Services cons:

rudimentary processing protocol
complexity
heavyweight architecture
do not get the benefits of resource-oriented services
opaqueness

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 Comparison:
Big Web Services vs RESTful Web Services
RESTful Web Services pros:
simplicity
lightweight infrastructure
addressability
uniform interface
scalability of stateless RESTful Web Service
improved performance using JSON

RESTful Web Services cons:

bound to one protocol: HTTP
only POST and GET can be used in XHTML form
dealing with large input data - malformed URI
security issues
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Sources

Cesare Pautasso,Olaf Zimmermann,Frank Leymann (2008)

RESTful Web Services vs. Big Web Services: Making the Right
Architectural Decision. Proc. of the 17th International World
Wide Web Conference (WWW2008), Bejing, China, April 2008.
Alex Rodriguez. (2008). RESTful Web services: The basics.
Available at:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-
restful/
Cesare Pautasso and Erik Wilde. Design Principles, Patterns
and Emerging Technologies for RESTful Web Services.
http://dret.net/netdret/docs/rest-icwe2010/
Bernhard Hasl. RESTful web service APIs
http://courses2.cit.cornell.edu/info4302_2012fa/lectures/week7/
INFO_CS4302_Lecture12.pdf

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k.verbert@tue.nl
n.v.stash@tue.nl
g.h.l.fletcher@tue.nl

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