+M phase The cell cycle consists of interphase (including growth and synthesis) and mitosis + Growth is the increase in cellular mass as the result of metabolism + Synthesis is the replication of DNA in preparation for mitosis. + Mitosis is the splitting of the nucleus and cytoplasm that results in two diploid cells being formed, The call cycle can be further divided into: + Interphase: the interval between successive cell divisions during which the cell is metabolizing and the chromosomes are directing RNA synthesis. Itincludes: 1.6, phase- the first growth phase 2.8 phase - DNA synthesis 3.6, phase - the second growth phase + M phase- mitosis (also called karyokinesis), in this phase both cell growth and protein production stop. All of the cell's energy is focused on the complex and orderly division into two similar daughter cells Note: Gg phase -is a resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing Nuclear Ga Golgi =e sacs Bees smooth rough ER ribosomes perinuclear space cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum. Diagram above shows the relationship between ER and Golgi. The lumen of the rough ER is continuous with the perinuclear space and with the lumen of smooth ER, whereas the Golgi forms a separate membrane system. Communication between ER and Golgi is mediated by small vesicles of ER which break off, move through the cytosol and fuse with Golgi membrane. The vesicles derived from RER are coated with e specific protein, COPIL, which targets them for fusion with the Golgi a+cilium The cilium is a short, hair-like projection from the cell membrane. The coordinated beating of many cilia produce organized movement. Flagella are present in the human body only in the spermatozoa. Flagella are similar in structure to cilia but are much longer. The action of the flagellum produces movement. The basic structure of flagella and cilia is the same. They resemble centrioles in having nine sets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder. But unlike centrioles, each set is a doublet rather than a triplet of microtubules, and two. singlets are present in the center of the cylinder (9 + 2 arrangement). At the base of the cylinders of cilia and flagella, within the main portion of the cell, is a basal body. The basal body is essential to the functioning of the cilia and flagella. From the basal body, fibers project into the cytoplasm, possibly to anchor the basal body to the cell, Both cilia and flagella usually function either by moving the cell or by moving liquids ‘or small particles across the surface of the cell Flagella move with an undulating snake-like motion. Cilia beat in coordinated waves. Both move by the contraction of the tubular proteins contained within them. Note: Prokaryotic flagella are much thinner than eukaryotic flagella, and they lack the typical "9 + 2" arrangement of microtubules, Kartagener syndrome (immotile cilia syndrome): is a hereditary syndrome; it's characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections; it's caused by a defect in the action of the cilia. + the first statement is false, the second is true In the female, the genetic activity of both X chromosomes is essential only during the first few weeks after conception. Later development requires just one functional X chromosome. The other X chromosome is inactivated and appears as a dense chromatin mass called the Barr body. This Barr body is attached to the nuclear. membrane in the cells of a normal female. In the cells of anormal male, who has only one functional X chromosome, the Barr body is absent. Important: The Barr body's presence is the basis of sex determination tests (for example, amniocentesis). 1. The sex of an embryo can be determined at about the eighth week. Notes 2. Females have 45 active chromosomes and one inactive Barr body. 3. Barr body is also found in the cells of males with Klinefelter syndrome Oxy) 4, Barr body is an excellent example of heterochromatin.cell Kartagener syndrome is a hereditary syndrome; it’s characterized by recur- | rent upper and fower respiratory tract infections. Dysfunction of which organelle is responsible for this syndrome? + centriole | + flagellum + vacuole +cilium ANATOMIC SCIENCES cell The Barr body is the condensed, active X chromosome. Normal males never express these Barr bodies. «both statements are true + both statements are false + the first statement is true, the second is false 5 « the first statement is false, the second is true v7 copyright © 20152016 Dena Deck ANATOMIC SCIENCESsulna Clavicle (collar bone): forms the girdle of the upper limb with the scapula. Articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint and with the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint. Scapula: is also called the shoulder blade. The glenold cavity articulates with the head of the humerus, ‘The acromien of the scapula connects to the clavicle. Provides an origin for the deltoid muscle and an insertion for the trapezius muscle Humerus: the head of the humerus fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Lateral to the head is the greater tubercle. At the inferior (distal) end of the humerus are two condyles. These have special names, the lateral condyle is the capitulum (which articulates with the radius) and the medial condyle is the trochlea (which articulates with the ulna). Lateral to the capitulum is a rather large bump called the lateral epicondyle. Medial to the trachlea is the medial epicondyle. There is @ groove between the ‘medial epicondyle and the trochlea: when people hit this area, they say they've hit their “funny bone". There is 2 nerve that passes through that area, which is the ulnar nerve. On the anterior side of the humerus, at the distal end, there is a depression called the coronoid fossa.On the opposite sides alarge depression called the olecranon fossa There are two bones comprising the lower arm. Radius: is shorter than the ulna and is situated lateral to the ulna. The tuberosity gives attachment to the biceps brachii tendon, The styloid process provides insertion of the brachioradialis muscle. Una: the olecranon is a curved projection on the back of the elbow and gives attachment to the triceps tendon, The coronoid process is located below the trochlear notch (which receives the trochlea of the humerus] and gives attachment to the brachialis, Carpal bones: are arranged in two rows of four: 1, Proximal row (lateral to medial): scaphold, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform. Note: Except for the pisiform all bones articulate with the radius and the articular disk (the ulna has no contact with the carpal bones! 2 Distal row (lateral to medial): trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. ‘Metacarpals: are miniature long bones consisting of bases (proximal ends), shafts (bodies), and heads (distal ends). The heads form the knuckles of the fist. Phalanges: are miniature long bones consisting of bases, shafts, and heads. There are three in each finger and two in the thumb. The heads of the proximal and middle phalanges form the knuckles. + zygomatic The walls ofthe Orbit: + Each orbit has four walls superior reo, med iferor (Noor) and lateral + The medial walls ofthe orbit are almost parallel with each other and with the supetior part of the nasal ‘Cavities separating them + The lateral walls are approximately at ight angles to each other The Superior Roof ofthe Orb + The superior wal or roof ofthe orbit i formed almost completely by the orbital plate of the frontal bone + Posteriory, the superior wal s formed by the lester wing of the sphenold bone = The roof ofthe orbits thin, translucent, and gently arched. This plate of bone separates the orbital cavity and the anterior cranial fossa. | +The optic canals located in the posterior part ofthe roof The Medial Wall ofthe Orbit: + This wal is paper-thin ands formed by the orbital lamina or lamina papyracea (‘made of papyrus“ or parch- ‘ment pape) ofthe eth bone, along with contributions from the frontal lacrimal, and sphenold bones. = There isa vertcel lacrimal groove inthe mecial wall which i formed anteriorly by the maxillary bone and posteriorly by the lacrimal bone "forma fora forthe lacrimal sac and the adjacent part ofthe nasolacrimal duct + Along the suture between the ethmoid and frontal bones are two small foraming; the anterior and posterior ethmatdal foramina + These transmit nerves and vessels of the same name | The Inferior Wall ofthe Orbi + The thin inferior wall ofthe orbit or the floor is formad mainly by the orbital surface ofthe maxillary bone | ‘and party by the zygomatic bone, and orbital process of the palatine bone +The floor ofthe orbit forms the roof of the maxillary sinus + The floor is partly separated from the lateral wall ofthe orbit by the inferior orbital fsure The Lateral Wall of the Orbit: + This walls thick particularly its posterior part, which separates the orbit from the middle cranial fossa + The lateral walls formed by the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid bone + Anterlory, the lateral wall ies between the orbit and the temporal fossa + The lateral wali partially separated from the roof by the superior orbital ssure ibone The coronoid process is a part of which bone? + radius + humerus sulna + scapula + clavicle ANATOMIC SCIENCES bone Which of the following bones forms the major part of the lateral wall of the orbit? + frontal bone + zygomatic bone + maxillary bone + sphenoid bone 8s _opyight0 2015 2016 Dent Dees ANATOMIC SCIENCESilium acetabulum articular cavity head ligamentum teres transverse acetabular greater ament trochanter articular capsule 4 lesser trochanter rontal section Hip Joint - «third rit ++ The third ib articulates wih the body ofthe sternum rather than the manubsiti, ‘The sternum is made of thre individual pars. The most superior partis the manubrium. The clavicle {colar Bone connects o the manubrium and the shoulder, Inferior tothe manubriums the body ofthe Steraum. The most inferior portion ofthe sternum the aphid proces. Sternal anglers formed bythe junction of the manubrium and the body ofthe sternum. It marks the fo lowing: « approximate level of the 2nd poi of costa cartilages “approximately the beginning and end ofthe artic arch “bfrction ofthe traches into the left and ight main bronchi " poundary between the superior and inferior portion of the mediastinum “Tore ate 24 ibs (12 pats} All ibs are attached posteriorly tothe 12 thoraci vertebrae. The anterior por tion of tb pair number one attach tothe manubrium Alb pals number 2 through 7 have an anterior tachment tothe body of the sternum. Rb pats number @ through 10 have an anterior attachment to the catlage of the rib above them. Rib pars number 11 and 2:do nat have an anterior attachment ata The ibs are dvided into the fllowing categories. Rb pats number 1 through 7 ate called true es, ib pate number through 10 ae false bs and ib pars number 11 and 12 ae lating ribs. Costal groove: is a groove between the ridge of the internal surface ofthe rib and the inferior border. Contains the intercostal vesselsand intercostal neve, the order of which (rom superior to inferior) can be temembered with the mnemonte “VAN which stands for Vein, Artery, Nerve, which means thatthe intercostal nerve s most likely to be damaged in case of ijury to that area because the nerve is least pro- tected by the costal groove “The vertebral column consists of 24 individual vertebrae, one sacrum (5 fused vertebrae, and one coc- CVX G5 fosed vertebroe). The fist seven vertabrae ate called cervical vertebrae. These make up the BAS of out neck: The vertebrae inthe thoracc region are called the thoracte vertebrae. There are twalve of those. Each one has 9 par of ribs attached tot. The last five vertebrae are the lumbar verte bree minemontc:Forthe vertebre, just remember the tines people typically eat meals; 7am-breakfast-7 Cervical vertebrae, 12 pm lunch -12 thoracic verabrae, Spm dinner 5 lumbar vertebra. Note: The body ofeach vertebra develops from the caudal pat of one sclerotome and cranial portion of the next sclerotome, while the nucleus pulposus (central portion of the vertebral disk) develops from the notochordiliofemoral ligament 2 a 5 2 pubofemoral ligament greater trochanter inter- trochanteric ‘ i line fen oremoral y ischium igament femur lesser trochanter Hip Joint - Anterior view aa bone The manubrium of the sternum articulates with all of the following struc- tures EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? + body of the sternum + first rb «second rib «+ third rib «clavicle ANATOMIC SCIENCESosteon concentric (Haversion system) lameliae oe circumferential periosteum lamellae lacunae containing osteocytes blood vessels within Haversion ‘canal interstitial lamellae blood vessels ‘The magnified section of compact bone m2 + the ilium, ischium, and pubis The os coxae or hip bone is formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis on each side of the pelvis. The os coxae articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint to form the pelvic girdle. The two hip bones articulate with one another anteriorly at the pubic symphysis + The ilium is the uppermost and largest bone in the pelvis; the ilium possesses the iliac crest, which ends in front at the anterior superior iliac spine and behind at the posterior superior iliac spine. The ilium possesses a large notch called the greater sciatic notch. + The ischium is L-shaped with an upper thicker part (body) and a lower thinner part (ramus). This part bears the weight of the body when a person is in an upright, seated position. Features include ischial spine and ischial tuberosity. The obturator foramen is formed by the ramus of the ischium together with the pubis. + The pubis is divided into a body, a superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The bodies of the two pubic bones articulate with each other in the midline anteriorly at the pubic symphysis. Lateral to the symphysis is the pubic tubercle. The inguinal ligament connects the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Remember: The acetabulum is a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral side of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur. It is formed superiorly by the ilium, posteroinferiorly by the ischium, and anteromedially by the pubis. Note: The sciatic nerve is the largest single nerve in the human body going from the top of the leg to the foot on posterior aspect.osteons (haversian sysstems) periosteum “compact bone BEES voixmann's transverse) | cancalious canals (spongy) bone medullary marrow cavity ‘The longitudinal section of long bone shows cancellous and compact bone bone The os coxae or hip bone is formed by the fusion of the: + femur, ischium and pubic symphysis + ilium, ischium and pubis + illum, ischium and pubic tubercle + femur, tibia and pubis 2 copyigh 02015 2016 Our Cake ANATOMIC SCIENCES+ both statements are false There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. The names imply that the two types of bone tissue differ in density, or how tightly the tissue is packed together. There are three types of cells that contribute to bone homeostasis. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, osteoclasts resorb or break down bone, and osteocytes are mature bone cells, An equilibrium between osteoblasts and osteoclasts maintains bone tissue. j Compact bone consists of closely packed osteons or haversian systems. The | haversian system consists of a central canal called the haversian canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix, Between the rings of matrix, the bone cells (osteocytes) are located in spaces called lacunae. Small channels (canali- culi) radiate from the lacunae to the haversian canal to provide passageways through the hard matrix, they provide oxygen and nutrients to the osteocytes. In compact bone, the haversian systems are packed tightly together to form what appears to be a solid mass. The haversian canals contain blood vessels that are parallel to the long | axis of the bone. These blood vessels interconnect, by way of perforating canals, with | vessels on the surface of the bone. Spongy (cancellous) bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow. The canaliculi connect to the adjacent cavities, instead of a central haversian canal, to receive their blood supply. It may appear that the trabeculae are arranged in a haphazard manner, but they are organized to provide maximum strength similar to braces that are used to support a building, The trabeculae of spongy bone follow the lines of stress and can realign if the direction of stress changes.Incisive fossa ‘eceiving Incisive canals axils, palatine process Intermaxilary groove for greater suture palatine vessels. bone lesser | prams process tengo hamulus 7 pterygoid _| '#terat plates “| medial posterior nasal spine vomer Palate 04 bone Compact bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow. ‘Compact bone is lighter and less dense than spongy bone. + both statements are true + both statements are false + the first statement is true, the second is false + the first statement is false, the second is true ANATOMIC SCIENCES+ maxilla and palatine bones #* Specifically, the palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones, The structure formed by this union is the hard palate. The anterior two-thirds of the hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of the maxilla, and the posterior one- third is formed by the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. The hard palate forms not only the roof of the oral cavity proper but also the floor of the nasal cavity. Itis covered with a mucous membrane and beneath the mucosa are palatal salivary glands. The greater (anterior) palatine vein, artery, and nerve travel along the maxillary alveolar processes anteriorly where they join the nasopalatine nerves and sphenopalatine artery and vein, exiting the nasal cavity from the incisive foramen. The soft palate is continuous with the hard palate posteriorly and is “soft” because it does not have a bony substrate but contains a tough fibrous connective tissue sheet, the palatal aponeurosis, and is covered with a mucosa, Salivary glands are found in the under- lying connective tissue, Posteriorly, the soft palate suspended in the oropharynx ends in the midline uvula. Remember: Most of the palatal muscles receive motor innervation from the pharyngeal plexus of nerves. The tensor muscles of the palate (tensor veli palatini) receive motor branches from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3). Sensory inner- vation is provided by the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2). Arterial sup- ply is from the descending palatine artery (a branch of the maxillary artery), which in turn branches into the greater and lesser palatine arteries.greater wing of | sphenoid bone infratemporal | crest spine of sphenoid bone hamulus of medial pterygoid plate lateral pterygoid plate Cutaway view of the lateral aspect of the upper portion of the skull with the sphenoid bone highlighted bone A young patient arrives in the physician's office with unexplained, persist- ent symptoms. The patient has had bloody nasal discharge and painful oral lesions. A chest x-ray reveals “coin lesions”, and labs reveal kidney failure. Ultimately, the isolation of the ANCAs - \gG antibodies - yield a diagnosis of Wegener granulomatosis. The dentist who referred this patient to the physi- cian made a note of the necrotizing oral lesion that had perforated the hard palate into the nasal cavity. The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the: + ethmoid and palatine bones + maxilla and nasal bones + maxilla and palatine bones ‘nasal and vomer bones % copyght6 20152016 Dera eds ANATOMIC SCIENCESnasion nasal bones bridge of nose middle nasal conchae piriform aperture inferior nasal conchae maxillae + medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone The left and right pterygoid processes project downward from near the junction of each of the greater wings within the body of the sphenoid bone. These processes run along the posterior portion of the nasal passage toward the palate. Each process consists of a medial and a lateral pterygoid plate. The lateral pterygoid plate provides the origin for bath lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, The plate also forms the medial wall of the infratemporal fossa. The medial pterygoid plate forms the posterior limit ofthe lateral wall of the nasal cavity. The medial plate ends inferiorly as a hamulus, 2 small, slender hook that acts as a pulley for the tensor veli palatini innervation: medial pterygoid nerve, CN V3) tendon to change its direction of pull from vertical to horizontal, thereby tensing the soft palate. Process of Shall [Sal one Asiodated Secures Atveolarpoites |Manibe_[Conins rcs of mandibular teeth Alvear roces [Manila [Conte ets of masilnyeh orcad process | Mande | Porion of amas onal pats, [Marita [Fora medline in Front ibiese_[Zyeomatie_| Foes naire wa esse RE cs [Srheoid _[Aneiocprocess osphenidtnc boty SEs] SHEERHAGL[Sohenoid [Ponca process to sphenid bone eis ALi = [Masta fzocess [Temporal [Composed of mastoid ar cell asia rete [Zysomatic [Forms inaorbial in ad poron of anton Agata Patigpr@s [Masta [Forms ener bard plte angi peess|Tenporal_[ Powe w TM cas es ie|Sohecid [Consists of medial ana era enenid ate (case Sa [SwBidgrsBesES [Temporal [Serves us atachment for mosle and igabitassnte ie [Teo |Zrmomacie_[ Porton ofzyzomatic rch See Frocat [Lateral torte [zs [Mata [Forms itera portion of nora rim zrastitieyhoets Temporal [Potion of zygomatic arch esiLateral wall of nasal cavity of right half of head, mecial surface of cerebral hemisphere superior nasal conch — ‘middle nasal concha — corpus callosum inferior nasal conch thie vente rmiobrain frontal sous ons ethmoida rest of maxita fourth vette ‘tee posterior cerebetomedulary ister ‘medula oblongata nasal vestibule rasa hairs (vxiosa0) — atlas (Ct vertebra) cr ines nasal meats ae, super nasal meals spheno-ethmoida recess nasopharyix spinal cord pharyngeal opening of Bhagngotympanie toe ‘The inferior and middle conchae, curving medially and inferiorly from the lateral wall, divide the wall into three nearly equal parts and cover the inferior and middle meatus, respectively. The su- perior concha is small and anterior to the sphenoidal sinus and the middle concha has an angled in- ferior border and ends inferior to the sphenoidal sinus. The inferior concha has a slightly curved inferior border and ends inferior to the middle concha. bone A prosthodontist designs maxillary removable complete and partial dentures to engage the hamular notch behind the maxillary tuberosities. The hamulus is a small slender hook, which accommodates the action of the tensor veli palatini. The hamulus is a component of which bone? + latera! pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone + medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone = maxilla + horizontal plate of palatine bone + perpendicular plate of palatine bone ANATOMIC SCIENCES+ pterygomaxillary fissure ‘The pterygopalatine fossa is a small triangular space behind and below the orbital cavity The pterygopalatine ganglion lies in the pterygopalatine fossa just below the maxillary nerve (CN V2). The pterygopalatine ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve by way of the greater petrosal nerve. The pterygapalatine ganglion sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland and glands in the palate and the Note: The maxillary nerve (CN V2) and the pterygopalatine portion of the maxillary artery pass through the pterygopalatine fosse. The following passages connect the pterygopalatine fossa with other parts of the sku! Connection- direction + Orbit- anteriorly + Oral cavity- inferiorly + Nasal cavity/nasopharynx- posteriorly Connection- direction + Nasal cavity- medially + Middle cranial fossa, foramen lacerum- posteriorly + Infratemporal fossa- laterally + Middle cranial fossa- posteriorly Bony Opening | Location (Bone) Contents ‘Sphenopalatine foramen | Sphenoid and palatine Spienopalainearery and vei, aasopalatine netve Deep and greater petrosal nerves which form nerve| Pterygoid canal Sphenoid (vidian canal) of pterygoid canal area vessels Prerygomaxillary Spenoid and maxilla Posterior superior alveolar vein, artery and nerve, fissure tl maxillary artery Foramen rotundam | Sphenoid Maxillary neve (CNV?) Taferior orbital Gesure | Sphenoid and manilla | ntreorbital and zygomatic branches of maxillary nerve (CN V2), infraorbital artery, and part of inferior ophthalmic vein. Plerygopelatine canal | Manilla and palatine | Greater and laser pélatine veins, arteries and | creater palatine canal) nerves Pharynigeal canal ‘Sphenoid and palatine | Pharyagea! bizuch of CN V-2 + superior meatus The nasal conchae are three pairs of scrolllike, delicate shelves or projections, which hang into the nasal cavity from the lateral walls. These projections assist in increasing the surface area within the nasal cavity for filtering, heating, and moistening the air. The superior and middle conchae are part of the ethmoid bone; while the inferior concha is a separate bone (also called the inferior turbinate). The space below each concha Is referred to as 2 meatus. + Superior meatus: lies below and lateral to the superior concha. The superior meatus receives the openings of the posterior ethmoidal sinuses. + Middle meatus: lies below and lateral to the middle concha. The middle meatus receives the openings of the frontal, maxillary, anterior, and middlem ethmoidal sinuses. The middle ethmoidal sinuses drain onto the ethmoidal bulla (rounded prominence on the lateral wall of the middle meatus). The anterior ethmoidal sinuses drain into the infundibulum (funnel-ike structure that empties into a groove called the hlatus semilunaris on the lateral wall of the middle meatus). The frontal sinuses drain into the infundibulum or directly into the middle meatus. The maxillary sinus drains directly into the hiatus semilunaris; its opening (ostium) is located near the top of the sinus. + Inferior meatus: lies below and lateral to the inferior conchae. It receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct. The nasolacrimal duct drains lacrimal fluid from the surface of the eye into the meatus for evaporation during respiration, Note: Maxillary sinus cysts or neoplasms usually compress the nasolacrimal duct leading to obstruction of this duct. Sphenoethmoidal recess: is a small space posterior and superior to the superior concha into which the sphenoidal sinus opens.bone The pterygopalatine fossa communicates laterally fossa through which opening? | + sphenopalatine foramen + foramen rotundum. + foramen lacerum + pterygomaxillary fissure + inferior orbital fissure [refer to card 76-1 for illustration) opright 01520 ANATOMIC SCIENCES bone Which of the following receives the openings of the posterior ethmoidal sinuses? + superior meatus + middle meatus + inferior meatus + sphenoethmoidal recess ANATOMIC SCIENCES aS+ pterygoid plexus of veins Boundaries [‘Témporit Fossa | Infratemporal Fossa ‘Pieryfopalatiae Fou.” ot Fosse : Superior [after tempont ine [ Gre ving ef aperot bn [ enor sates o pend bot Bay Anterior [onl posers of — [axillary nosy iia by Srsmactene neat | Sutie otter | Laren pe pidpe toe : Tater [jp ach | Nandahrrapan ond; ase Seomnieue esis te Taferior | lnfratemporal eet of [No bony border Presyzopalt Ta isa es sere ies Sa aay Posterior | fiftortepotal line _| No bony border | Peeoite roe ot amneae NE ‘Temporal Fossa Infratemporal Fosse Pierszonalating os: Muscles | Temporal muscle | Prerygoid muscles and lower pact of i temporais mule i ‘Blood vercls | Areablood verses | Pterygold venous plewas and maxilry | Mallar area 7 recy ocondporion)eed bonches” [peti RA including idle meningeal arery, | including inrnorbital and inferior alveolar artery, and sphenopateine ares posterior superior alveole artery ; Nerves area nerves ‘Mandibular nerve including infvior alveolar, bucsal and lingual nerves as well as chor nd aie ganglionbone All of the following are contents of the pterygopalatine fossa EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? + maxillary nerve + pterygopalatine ganglion + pterygoid plexus of veins + maxillary artery 7 py 02015 206 Denil Decks ANATOMIC SCIENCES temporal fossa infratemporal crest aruomaticry ofthe greater wing orbit ofthe sphenold bone infratemporat fossa inferior orbital fissure sphenopalatine foramen pterygopalatine fossa ] lateral aterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone pterygopalatine canal ‘maxillary tuberosity pterygomaxillary fissure palatine bone Oblique lateral view of the base of the skull and the roof of the pterygopalatine fossa and its boundaries+ fovea Surface Features of Bone Depressions: + Fissure (a sharp, deep groove}: a sharp, narrow, cleft-like opening between the parts of a bone that allows for the passage of blood vessels and nerves Example: superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid. + Sulcus (@.groove, but shallower and a less abrupt cleft than a fissure): a shallow, wide groove on the surface of a bone that allows for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and tendons Example: intertubercular sulcus of the humerus, alternatively known as the bicipital groove. + Incisure (notch): a deep indentation on the border of a bone Example: greater sciatic incisure or notch of the os coxae. + Fovea: a small, very shallow depression Example: fovea capitis on the head of the femur accepts a ligament from the hip socket or acetabulum. + Fossa: a shallow depression, This may or may not be an articulating surface Example (of articulating surface): glenoid fossa of the scapula or mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. Example (nonarticulating surface): subscapular fossa, Openings: * Foramen: an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass Example: foramen magnum of the occipital bone, mental foramen of the mandible. + Meatus (canal): a tube-like passage running through a bone Example: the acoustic meatus of the temporal bone.Cranium, lateral aspect frontal bone temporal fossa sphenoid bone zygomatic bone temporal bone bone Which of the following can be defined as a small, very shallow depression on bone? * fovea + meatus + sulcus + fissure 8 ANATOMIC SCIENCES oe+ middle cranial fossa The internal surface of the base of the skull consists of three cranial fossae, the anterior, middle, and posterior. They increase in size and depth from anterior to posterior. The anterior and middle fossae are separated by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, and the middle and posterior fossae are separated by the petrous part of the temporal bone The anterior cranial fossa is adapted for reception of the frontal lobes of the brain, and is formed by portions of the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. The crista galli, 2 midline process of the ethmoid bone, gives attachment to the anterior end of the falx cerebri. On each side of the ctista galli are the grooved cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone, providing numerous orifices for the delicate olfactory nerves from the nasal mucosa to synapse in the olfactory bulbs. ‘The middle cranial fossa is composed of the body and great wings of the sphenoid bone, the squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bones and the frontal angles of the parietal bones. This fossa is the “busiest” of the cranial fossae. This fossa contains laterally the temporal lobes of the brain. This fossa contains the optic chiasma, optic canal, sella turcica, and the hypophyseal fossa that houses the pituitary gland. Within this fossa, the superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen lacerum, and foramen spinosum, are found. In the temporal bone, the hiatus for both the lesser and greater petrosal nerves are found. On the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone is the trigeminal impression, which lodges the trigeminal ganglion (semilinar or gasserian} of the fifth cranial nerve, The posterior cranial fossa, the deepest of the fossae, houses the cerebellum, medulla, and pons. Anteriorly, the posterior cranial fossa extends to the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Posteriorly, it is enclosed by the occipital bone. Laterally, portions of the squamous and mastoid paris of the temporal bone form its walls. it contains four important, foramina, the internal acoustic meatus (in the petrous part of the temporal bone), the jugular foramen (between the temporal and occipital bones), the hypoglossal canal (in the occipital bone), and the foramen magnum (a large median opening in the floor of the fossa, where the ‘medulla oblongata is continuous with the spinal cord). + zygomatic bone - also called the cheek bone or malar bone The zygomatic bone is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face: this bone forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. The zygomatic bone presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders. The zygomatic bone articulates with four bones: the frontal, sphenoidal, temporal {to form the zygomatic arch), and maxilla, Above the zygomatic arch is the temporal fossa, which is filled with the temporalis muscle. Attached to the lower margin of the zygomatic arch is the masseter muscle. Note: The temporalis muscle passes medial to the zygomatic arch before the muscle inserts into the coronoid process of the mandible, Remember: The temporal fossa is a shallow depression on the side of the cranium bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch. The infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone separates the temporal fossa from the infratemporal fossa below it. The infratemporal fossa contains the followi + lower portion of the temporalis muscle + the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles + the pterygoid plexus of veins + the mandibular nerve and its branches + the maxillary artery and its branches i + the chorda tympani and the otic ganglion ibone Which cranial fossa is considered to be the “busiest”? + anterior cranial fossa + middle cranial fossa + posterior cranial fossa ANATOMIC SCIENCES eee bone Treacher Collins syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that presents with many craniofacial deformities. One of the characteristic traits is downward slanting eyes, which is caused by underdevelopment of the bone that forms the substance of the cheek. Which bone is this that anchors many of the muscles of mastication and facial expression? + ethmoid bone + zygomatic bone + occipital bone + sphenoid bone ” <2pytgnt ©2015-2016 ental Decks ANATOMIC SCIENCES+ diaphysis Long bones have a tubular shaft, the diaphysis, and usually an epiphysis at each end, During the growing phase, the diaphysis is separated from the epiphysis, by an epiphyseal cartilage. The part of the diaphysis that lies adjacent to the epiphyseal cartilage is called the metaphysis. The shaft has 2 central marrow cavity containing bone marrow. The outer part of the shaft is composed of ‘compact bone that is covered by a connective tissue sheath, the periosteum. ‘Atypical long bone includes the following structures: Structure Location and Funetion Bone shaft; consists ofa cylindrical tube of durable compact bone ‘Caps diaphysis; consists of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone; contains red bone marrow for production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Fepiptyseariplate | Betwoen the epiphysis and the diephysis; egion of mitotic activity Responsible for elongation of bone [Medullary cavity | Centrally positioned space within diaphysis; contains fatty yellow bone marrow [Nutrient foramen | Opening into diaphysis; provides site for nutrient vessels to enter and exit the medullary cavity [Ariculat cartilage .|Caps each epiphysis; composed of hyaline cartilage; facilitates joint movement Ehdosteum Lines medullary cavity; consisis of supportive dense regular connective tissue Periosteum Covers the surface of bone; consists of dense regular connective tissue; ste for Tigament~and tendon-musele attachment and responsible for diametric bone growth Hard outer layer of bone tissue; covered by periosteum, serves for attachment of muscles, provides protection, and gives durable strength to the bone Gancéllous bake | Pourous, highly vascular, ier layer of bone tissue; makes the bone lighter and (spongy), provides spaces for red bone marrow where blood cells are producedbone The central region of bone that is composed of a thick collar of compact bone surrounded by the periosteum is called the: + metaphysis + diaphysis + endosteum + epiphysis 2 95%). + Type Il pneumocytes are granular and roughly cuboidal in shape. They cover a much smaller surface area than type | cells (<5%). Their function is the production and secretion of surfactant (the majority of which are dipalmitoy! phasphatidyl- choline), a group of phospholipids that reduce the alveolar surface tension. + Alveolar macrophages (or dust cells) are type of macrophages found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall. Dust cells are another name for monocyte derivatives in the lungs that reside on respiratory surfaces and clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms. + superficial temporal artery + maxillary artery The external carotid artery supplies structures within the neck, face, and scalp, and also supplies the maxilla and tongue. As with the internal carotid artery, the external carotid artery begins at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage (ie, at the termination of the common carotid artery and the carotid sheath). The external carotid artery terminates within the parotid gland, just behind the neck of the mandible, where the artery gives off two final branches, the superficial temporal and the maxillary arteries. Note: At its origin, where pulsations can be felt, the external carotid artery lies within the carotid triangle. Branches of the external carotid artery (from inferior to superior): + Superior thyroid artery - supplies thyroid gland, gives off a branch to the sterno- cleidomastoid muscle and superior laryngeal artery + Lingual artery - supplies the tongue + Facial artery - supplies the face, including lips and the submandibular gland + Ascending pharyngeal artery - supplies the pharyngeal wall + Occipital artery - supplies the pharynx and suboccipital triangle + Posterior auricular artery - supplies back of the scalp + Maxillary artery - terminal branch of external carotid, it gives off branches to the mandible, and the middle meningeal artery before passing through the pterygomaxill- ary fissure to enter the pterygopalatine fossa to supply the maxilla + Superficial temporal artery - terminal branch of external carotid, supplies skin over frontal and temporal regions of scalp Mnemonic of the external carotid artery branches (Eqyptian one): "Some American Lady Found Our Pyramids So Magnificent” Important: The external carotid artery and its branches supply the muscles of the neck and face, thyroid gland, salivary glands, scalp, tongue, jaws, and teeth,| respiratory system | Which of the following describes the function of the surfactant? + increases the surface area of the alveoli + reduces the attractive forces of 2 molecules and increases surface tension + teduces the cohesive force of HO molecules and lowers surface tension + increases the cohesive force of air molecules and raises surface tension +none of the above | 26 oni: ANATOMIC SCIENCES arteries The external carotid artery terminates within the parotid gland, just behind the neck of the mandible, where the external carotid artery gives off two final branches. Which two arteries below are those final branches? + superior thyroid artery + superficial temporal artery + posterior auricularartery + occipital artery + facial artery + maxillary artery + anterior ethmoidal artery ” canylaht 62015216 Dental Decks ANATOMIC SCIENCES« between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage ‘An emergency tracheotomy (tracheostomy) is most easily made by an incision through the median cricothyroid ligament. This ligament runs from the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage and is inferior to the space between the vocal cords (rima glot- tidis) where aspirated objects usually get lodged. The tracheotomy allows for air to pass between the lungs and the outside air. Important: The space entered is called the cricothyroid space. Important: A cricothyrotomy is preferable to tracheostomy for nonsurgeons in emergency respiratory obstructions. In this procedure, an incision is made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane for the relief of acute respiratory obstruction Note: A tracheotomy (tracheostomy) is rarely performed and is limited to patients with extensive laryngeal damage and infants with severe airway obstruction. Because of the presence of major vascular structures (carotid arteries and internal jugular vein), the thyroid gland, nerves (recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve), the pleural cavities, and the esophagus, meticulous attention to anatomical detail has to be observed. Laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple) is a protuberance that is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx. This protuberance is more pronounced in men.Opening of auditory (eustachian) tube _/ Sella turclea Sphenoid sinus Posterior nares Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) Cribritorm plate of, Nasopharynx ‘ethmoid bone’ Frontal sinus. Superior turbinate, Middle turbinate- z Ca, y Uvula Inferior turbinate : Palatine tonsil Vestibule ‘Oropharynx Epiglottie Anterior nares Hard palate Laryngopharynx Soft palate Esophagus Hyoid bone Lingual tonsil Vocal cord Trachea! Bei Pharynx respiratory system ‘A woman in Ethiopia who has a human papillomavirus infection, starts to grow warts on her larynx and respiratory tract. In order to allow her to breathe an emergency airway may be established by opening into the trache: + through the thyrohyoid membrane + between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage + between thyroid cartilages + above the level of thyroid cartilage copyight 020152016 Dental es ANATOMIC SCIENCES+ nasopharynx The pharynx (the throat) is a tube that serves as a passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts. t extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus, The pharynx is divided into three regions: 1. Nasopharynx - is the most superior division of the pharynx. is inferior to the sphe- noid bone and lies at the level of the soft palate. The pharynx: lined with ciliated pseu- dostratified epithelium (respiratory epithelium). The nasopharynx has four openings: + two auditory (eustachian) tubes: each opening out of a lateral wall and connecting with the middle ear (tympanic cavity) + two openings of the posterior nares (choanae) Note: The pharyngeal tonsils are located in the pgsterior wall of the nasopharynx. The soft palate and uvula form the anterior wall of the nasopharynx. Note: The tensor vell palatini and the levator veli palatini muscles prevent food from entering the nasophar- ynx. 2. Oropharynx - the middle division of the pharynx; is continuous with the posterior oral cavity and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. The oropharynx extends inferiorly from the soft palate to the hyoid bone. The opening into the oropharynx from the mouth is called the fauces. The lingual tonsils protrude into the oropharynx from the oral cavity at the base of the tongue. The anterolateral walls of the oropharynx support the palatine tonsils. It is 2 food and air passageway. 3. Laryngopharynx - is the most inferior division of the pharynx the laryngopharynx extends from the hyoid bone to the opening of the esophagus. The laryngopharynx is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. The laryngopharynx also serves as a Passageway for food and air, Air entering the laryngopharynx goes to the larynx while food goes to the esophagus. Note: Food entering the larynx would be expelled by violent coughing,ote Olfactory bulb agus Superior nasal concha Middle Superior ‘nasal concha meatus Inferior nasal concha Middte naeal meatus Nese! * vestibule Inferior ‘nasal ——— Lateral Wall of Nose Reproduce wit emission om Ala of Haman Anatomy Spinahoute, 200, Spigot, respiratory system The pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are located in the posterior wall of the: + laryngopharynx + oropharynx + nasopharynx + larynx copyghto201520160ens Des ANATOMIC SCIENCES+ semilunar hiatus Air enters through the nostrils (external nares) that lead to the vestibules of the nose. The bony roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. The lateral walls have bony projections called conchae (superior, middle, and inferior), which are also referred to as the nasal turbinates, These conchae form shelves that have spaces (or grooves) beneath them called meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior). All of the paired paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity by way of these meatuses except for the sphenoidal sinus which drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess. The nasolacrimal duct, which drains tears from the surface of the eyes, also empties into the nasal cavity by way of the inferior meatus. The floor is formed by the hard palate. The nasal cavity opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx via funnel-like openings called the choanae (posterior nares). The maxillary sinus drains into the middle meatus through the semilunar hiatus. 1, The vestibules are lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous Notes! epithelium. 2. The conchae of the nasal fossae are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 3. The olfactory epithelium is very prominent in the upper medial portion of the nasal cavity. Both olfactory and respiratory epithelium are characterized as pseudostratified columnar epithelium; olfactory epithelium is u that it contains olfactory sensory cells. 4,The nasal cavity receives sensory innervation from the olfactory nerve for smell and fromthe trigeminal nerve for other sensations. The nasal cavity’s blood supply is from branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary arteries.Nasal cavity Nostril Larynx Left lung Respiratory System ma respiratory system The maxillary sinus drains into the middle meatus through the: + nasolacrimal duct ~ + posterior nares + semilunar hiatus + inferior conchae a cepiht 60152016 Dental Oaks ANATOMIC SCIENCES‘none of the above - the bronchial arteries supply blood to the bronchi Each lung is shaped ike a cone. It has a blunt apex, a concave base (that sits on the diaphragm), & convex costal surface, and. concave mediastinal surface. At the middle ofthe medlastnal surface, the hilum located, which sa depression inwhichthe bronchi, vessels, and nerves that form the root enter and leave the ung The root of the lung contains the following structures: + Primary bronchus: the ight and left bronchi alse from the trachea and cary aieto the hilum of the Tung during inspiration and cary ar rom the lung during expiration +A pulmonary artery: enters the hilum of each lung carying exygen-poor blood = Pulmonary vein(s)3 superior and inferior pac foreach lung leave the hilum cattying oxygen-rich bood j--~~, 1-The small bronchial artertes (which are branches ofthe thoracic portion ofthe descending Notes} aorta) also enter the hilum of each lung and deliver oxygen-rich blood to. the tissues. The Fan" bronchial ertertes tee to follow the bronchial tee tothe resphatory bronehloles ahr the =" bronchial arteries anastomose with the pulmonary vessels, 2. Branches of the vagus nerve pass behind the root ofeach lung to form the posterior pul- onary plexus. Innervation of the lung: The lung is innervated by parasympathetic nerves via the vagus and sympathetic nerves derived from the second to fourth thoracic sympathetic ganglia, ese nerves form plexuses around the hilus of the lung and give rise to intrapulmonary nerves accoxnpanying the bronchial tree and blood. vessels. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the lung contain efferent and afferent fibers. Important: When foreign objects are aspirated into the trachea, they usually pass into the right primary bronchus because itis larger straighter, and shorter than the left. Iti alsoin a more direct line with the tea- cchea (important in a dental chair because if patient swallows an object It tends to lodge in the right, bronchus). Tuberculosis seems to be more common in the right lung than the left due to the shorter right bronchus. The reason that the disease is usually restricted to the apex of the lungs is due to the fact that venti tion/perfusion ratio high as the blood flow is reduced leading to higher alveolar PO this provides a bet- ter environment for the obligate aerabes to grow, + both statements are true he respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts the lungs, and the | thoracic cage. The respiratory system is designed to exchange the carbon dioxide accumu | lated in the blood for oxygen in the alrways, which enters the lungs as air from the surrounding | atmosphere, Blood travels continuously through two different circulations: the pulmonary and the systemic circulations. The heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the veins of the systemic circulation into the arteries of the pulmonary circulation. This blood is oxygenated by the lungs, and then flows back to the heart to be pumped into the arteries of the systemic circulation. The structures of the upper respiratory tract include the nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx. Besides warming and humidifying inhaled air, these structures provide for taste, smell, and the chewing and swallowing of food. ‘The lower respiratory tract structures are the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Bronchi branch into bronchioles, which in turn branch into lobules. The lobule includes the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. A mucous membrane containing hair-like cilia lines the lower tract, Functionally, the lower tractis subdivided into conducting airways (the trachea and the primary, lobar, and segmental bronchi) and alveoli, the sites of gas exchange. The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts: + An upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum +A lower portion (inferior mediastinum) which is subdivided into three parts: - that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum ~ that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum. and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinumrespiratory system Which of the following vessels supply blood to the bronchi? + pulmonary arteries i + pulmonary veins ' + subclavian arteries +none of the above ANATOMIC SCIENCES respiratory system The structures of the upper respiratory tract include the nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx. The lower respiratory tract structures are the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. + both statements are true + both statements are false + the first statement is true, the second is false + the first statement is false, the second is true 2 ANATOMIC SCIENCES ee |Bronchi in situ - Anterior vi Trachea Right primery bronchus Left primary bonehus ‘Superior lobar bronchi Seibel ber brs Midate lobar bronchus Inferior iba bronchi Interior lobar bronchi Lett lung Right long 292 salveolar ducts Conducting bronchioles are smaller extensions of bronchi (little bronchi). Those devoid of alveoli in their walls are nearer the hilum of the lung, These conducting passageways deliver air to passageways that have alveoli. The last generations of conducting bronchioles are called terminal bronchioles. Respiratory bronchioles, continuing from terminal bronchioles, branch nearer to the alveolar ducts and sacs and have occasional alveoli in their walls. These bronchioles capable of respiring are the first generation of passageways of the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree. Remember: + The conducting zone of the respiratory system is made up of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs. It's also called the dead zone because no 0, exchange happens here. + The respiratory zone is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange, and is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Bronchioles are characterized by: +A diameter of one millimeter or less + An epithelium that progresses from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to simple cuboidal (respiratory bronchioles) + Small bronchioles have nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (Clara cells) that secrete a surface-active lipoprotein + Walls devoid of glands in the underlying connective tissue + Woven bundles of smooth muscle to regulate the bronchiolar diameter + Walls devoid of cartilage (small diameter prevents them from collapsing at end of expiration)