APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Animal Structure with title of practice Reproduction

cycle which made by:
Name : Nur Amaliah
Reg. No : 091404160
Group : I (One)
Class : ICP of Biology
After the checked by assistant and coordinator assistant. So, this report
accepted.

Makassar, November 2010

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

(Sunardi) (Sunardi)
071404047 071404047

Known by,
Lecture of Responsibility

(Drs. Adnan, Gassing, MS)

Nip. 19650201 1988031003
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Reproduction cycle is sickles changed which happen in the reproduction
system (ovarian, oviduct, uterus and vagina) female animal and not pregnant, show
the relationship between one and another.
Reproduction cycle in the primate mammalian called menstruation cycle.
But, reproduction cycle in the not primate called estrus cycle. Estrus cycle mark by
the estrus (lustful). When the estrus, the female animal will receptive to the male
animal, and maybe the copulation will fertile cause in ovarian ovulation underway
and the estrus in the perfect phase to implication. Form an estrus to another estrus
called estrus cycle. The long of the estrus cycle in the mouse 4-5 days, in pig, cow
and horse 21 days, in marmot 15 days.
There are some steps of the estrus cycle diestrus, proestrus, estrus and
metestrus. The step of estrus cycle can given with look at the cytology picture of
wiping vagina. When the estrus, the wiping vagina will show the epithelial cell
which butt.
The wiping vagina always made from the laboratory animal like mouse,
before the male animal and the female yoked, the yoked do in early estrus. When
the estrus, vulva of female animal commonly red and swollen. The cover of vagina
after yoked, its the mean copulation happened, and that day called the gestation
zero day.
We have to do this practicum cause we want to know the different of
diestrus, proestrus, estrus and metestrus in the wiping vagina of mouse, and the
step of reproduction cycle.
B. Purpose
The purposes of this practicum are:
1. Make different cells result wiping of vagina.
2. To know the cycle step in the female animal.
C. Benefit
In this experiment we can get the benefit:
1. We can know the different cell result wiping vagina.
2. We can know the cycle step in the female animal (estrus).
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

According to Bruce (1996). Originally the term estrus referred merely to the
existence of a period of throng sexual desire made evident through behavior, but it
has become evident that estrus occurs close to the time of ovulation and that the
characteristic behavior is simply an external indication that all the complicated
internal mechanisms of reproduction are ready to become functional. If pregnancy
does not occur at this time, regressive changes follow and another period of
preparation must be ensue before conditions are again favorable for reproduction. In
the absence of pregnancy, its phases are:
1. A short time of complete preparedness for reproduction accompanied by ovulation
and increased sexual desire (estrus).
2. A period during which the fruitless preparation for pregnancy undergo regression
(postestrum of merestrum)
3. A period of rest (diestrum) follow by
4. A period a active preparatory change (proestrum) leading up to the next estrus,
when everything is again in readiness for reproduction.
According to Sugiyanto (1996). In the Rodentia can make the wiping of
vagina to know the ovulations time and estrus cycle in generally. The wiping of
vagina in the estrus cycle can make different on four phase, they are:
1. Proestrus which mark with normal epithelial cell.
2. Estrus mark with normal epithelial cell which butt.
3. Diestrus mark with normal epithelial cell and leucosit.
4. Metestrus mark with normal epithelial cell, which butt and leucosit.
The period of estrus may last from only a few hours to three or four weeks. In
animal, such as dog, that produce eggs continuously during estrus, the eggs may be
fertilized at different time and by different males, which explains in part why a
mixed-breed litter can contain such an astonishing variety of siblings. Also, there may
be a great size variation even among purebred pups, because many of them are
actually of different ages at birth. In some mammals, such as cats, rabbit and mink,
although the egg is mature and the female receptive during estrus, ovulation occurs
only under the stimulus of copulation, obviously a very efficient system, ensuring
maximum economy in the utilization of gametes. There is suggesting evidence that in
some women, also, ovulation may be triggered by sexual intercourse (Helena, 1979).
In many vertebrate except primate, desire to accept male animals is definite
during time called estrus. During estrus, female animals in a physiologies manner and
the physiologies draw up to accept the male animals, and the structural changes occur
in the sex accessory organ of female. The monoestrus animals finished a estrus cycle
every years, and poliestrus animals finished two or more estrus cycle every years if
that is not disturb by gestation. Estrus cycle id reproduction cycle which happen in
the non primate adult animals and not gestation. In the mouse, estrus cycle comprise
of base phase, they are diestrus phase, proestrus phase, estrus phase and metestrus
phase (Adnan, 2010).
Estrous cycles give females repeated opportunities to become pregnant
throughout their productive lifetime. The cycle is regulated by the hypothalamic-
pituitary-gonadal axis, which produces hormones that dictate reproductive events.
The reproductive axis is composed of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and the ovary. The
hypothalamus is a specialized portion of the ventral brain. Its primary function is to
produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in response to circulating estrogen,
or to cease GnRH production in response to progesterone. The pituitary is composed
of the anterior and posterior lobes. In this module, we will discuss the function of the
anterior lobe as it relates to reproduction in beef females. The anterior pituitary is
located directly beneath the hypothalamus in a small depression of the sphenoid bone.
It produces the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH) in response to GnRH and estrogen. FSH and LH production is
inhibited by progesterone. The third portion of the reproductive axis consists of the
ovaries, located in the pelvic cavity of the cow. Follicles are structures on the ovarian
surface that contain ova (egg) and produce estrogen. Follicles range in size and
maturity at different stages of the cycle, but usually only one is selected to ovulate. A
corpus luteum (CL) is a structure that forms from the previous cycles ovulation
point. The CL is responsible for progesterone production. Both estrogen and
progesterone are produced following FSH and LH stimulation of the ovary. The
uterus is also found in the pelvic cavity. It likewise contributes to reproductive
control, as it produces prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) (Anonyma, 2010).
According to Anonymb (2010). Reproduction in the living organism there are
two kind, estrus cycle and menstruation cycle. Estrus cycles occur in the mammals
non primate and menstruation cycle occur in the primate animals and humans. The
different between estrus cycle and menstruation cycle are:
1. The changes of behavior, in the estrus cycle show the change of behavior in
every step but in menstruation cycle change of behavior are not shows.
2. External Bleeding. In the menstruation cycle the blood out can happen because
spiral artery which construction experience be equal to drop the endometrial
(pars) which functional. Basalis of pars is not drop and the face which abuts on
functional pars will make better in the respiration phase, so functionalism pars
and spiral artery will intact again. In estrus phase occur out blood because the
spiral artery is nothing, so happened reorganizing endometrial and cell have not
needed will eat by its leucosit. Drop of endometrial cell cause alleviation value
progesterone hormone which results by luteum corpus.
3. When married, in the animals which experience estrus cycle the married occur
when only estrus phase and human which experience menstruation cycle the
married can occur whenever.
 CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Time and place

Day / Date : Tuesday, on November 02nd 2010
Time : at 4.00 pm untill 6.00 pm
Place : at 3rd floor and the west of Biology Laboratory, Mathematic
and Natural science faculty, State University of Makassar
B. Tools and materials
1. The tool of the experiment is:
a. Spatula
b. Microscope
c. Object glass
d. Deg glass
2. The materials used in the experiment are:
a. Mus musculus female and not pregnant.
b. NaCl physiologies 0,9%.
c. Mhetylen blue 1%.
d. Aquadest.
e. Tap water.
f. Canada balsem.
g. Alcohol 70%.
C. Work procedure
1. Imported the spatula which gave alcohol 70% to the vagina of Mus
musculus, with the deepness round cm, and turned with careful. And
syringed the NaCl 0,9% liquid in the vagina of Mus musculus with the
spatula. Turned and sucked in many time until the liquid in the spatula
became turbid.
2. And then the spatula lubricated in the object and deg glass.
3. And then drop the mhetylen blue 1% and aquadest in the object glass, let it
until 3-5 minutes.
4. Threw the excess of color substrate, and made it clean with the tap water.
5. Closed with the deg glass with used the Canada balsam.
6. Dried and observed in the microscope.
7. Looked the cytology picture wiping of vagina and the step reproduction
cycle:
a. Diestrus
b. Proestrus
c. Estrus
d. Metestrus
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation result
1. Diestrus phase

Explain:
1. Nucleus
2. Epithelial cell

10 10 enlargement

2. Proestrus phase

Explain:
1. Leucosit

10 10 enlargement
3. Estrus phase

Explain:
1. Nucleus
2. Epithelial cell have cilia / butt
3. Epithelial cell

10 10 enlargement

4. Metestrus phase

Explain:
1. Nucleus
2. Epithelial cell

10 10 enlargement
B. Discussion

1. Diestrus
The diestrus, we could not look in the microscope the diestrus in the
preparate wiping of vagina Mus musculus.
Diestrus is characterised by the activity of the corpus luteum that
produces progesterone. In the absence of pregnancy the diestrus phase (also
termed pseudo-pregnancy) terminates with the regression of the corpus
luteum. The lining in the uterus is not shed, but will be reorganised for the
next cycle.
The diestrus phase is phase mark the epithelial cell have nucleus in the
limited value and the leocosit are so much became the dominant. This phase
more or less 55 hours.
2. Proestrus
The proestrus, we could look in microscope the proestrus and its part like
so much leucosit in our preparate.
One or several follicles of the ovary are starting to grow. Their number is
specific for the species. Typically this phase can last as little as one day or as
long as 3 weeks, depending on the species. Under the influence of estrogen
the lining in the uterus (endometrium) starts to develop. Some animals may
experience vaginal secretions that could be bloody. The female is not yet
sexually receptive.
The proestrus phase is phase mark epithelial cell have nucleus and the
shape is circle, nothing leucosit or so less. This phase more or less 18 hours.
3. Estrus
The estrus, we could not look in the microscope the estrus and its part.
But I got theory if in the estrus we can look the epithelial cell which butt.
Estrus refers to the phase when the female is sexually receptive ("in
heat," or "on heat"). Under regulation by gonadotropic hormones, ovarian
 follicles are maturing and estrogen secretions exert their biggest influence.
She then exhibits a sexually receptive behavior, a situation that may be
signaled by visible physiologic changes. A signal trait of estrus is the lordosis
reflex, in which the animal spontaneously elevates her hindquarters.
In some species, the labia are reddened. Ovulation may occur
spontaneously in some species (e.g. cow), while in others it is induced by
copulation (e.g. cat). If there is no copulation in an induced ovulator, estrus
may continue for many days, followed by 'interestrus,' and the estrus phase
starts again until copulation and ovulation occur.
The estrus phase is phase mark epithelial cell have butt and so much,
some of epithelial cell have nucleus which degeneration. This phase more or
less 25 hours.
4. Metestrus
The metestrus, we could not look in the microscope the metestrus and its
part. But I got the theory if in the
During this phase, the signs of estrogen stimulation subside and the
corpus luteum starts to form. The uterine lining begins to secrete small
amounts of progesterone. This phase typically is brief and may last 1 to 5
days. In some animals bleeding may be noted due to declining estrogen levels.
The metestrus phase is phase mark epithelial cell which butt and the
leucosis are so much. This phase more or less 8 hours.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
According to the experiment which have done, can be as a conclusion that:
From the experiments which have done, we can get the conclusions:
1. We can get the diestrus phase mark epithelial cell have nucleus in limited
value and leucosit in the dominant or more than the epithelial cell.
2. We can get the proestrus phase and the part of it is leucosit, the proestrus
phase mark epithelial cell have nucleus and circle.
3. We can get the estrus phase and the parts of it are: nucleus, epithelial cell,
epithelial which butt. The estrus phase mark epithelial cell butt and nothing
leocosit on the minimum value.
4. We can get the metestrus phase mark epithelial cell which butt, and leucosit
are so mach or in the maximum value.

B. Suggestion
1. There are any suggestions for laboratory:
a. Biology laboratory must have good condition especially for the
temperature. Because the apprentices who is done at hot day and using
laboratory uniform can make the apprentices cant see the result of the
preparate well, just do something which make the temperature of the
apprentice body are good to before do the experiment. The tools from
the laboratory like microscope, so that the microscope which give to the
apprentices is the good tool.
b. There must be a schedule for deaning the laboratory.
2. There are any suggestions for assistant:
a. I hope the assistant can give us good time for practical, for a nice day.
 b. I suggest to assistant, can teach more details about the experiment in order
to the students are understood and always trouble-free work.
3. There is any suggestion for apprentices:
I hope the apprentices be a good apprentice, dont make any noise, and
optimal this experiment by the well in cooperation.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adnan; Pagarra Halifah; Aziz Asmawati. 2010. Penuntun praktikum perkembanga

hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biology FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Adnan. 2008. Perkembangan hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biology FMIPA Universitas

Negeri Makassar.

Anonyma. 2010. Estrus cycle. http://google.com/estrus cycle.htm. Accessed on 06th

November 2010.

Anonymb. 2010. Perbedaan siklus estrus dan siklus menstruasi.

http://google.com/Perbedaan Siklus Estrus dan Siklus Menstruasi Nadia
Juli Indrani.htm. Accessed on 06th November 2010.

Bruce M Carlson, M.D. 1996. Pattens foundation of embryology. McGraw-Hill, Inc:

North America.

Curtis Helena. 1979. Biology (third edition). New York: Worth publishers, INC.

Sugiyanto. 1996. Perkembangan hewan. Yogyakarta: FBIO-UGM.