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9 1989 Birkh//user Verlag, Basel
Introduction
Since the formation of the G6ttingen Magnetic Union some 150 years ago
magnetic observatories throughout the world have recorded values of the earth's
magnetic field and its variations throughout the day. Hourly mean values were the
preferred form in which the data were made available and analyses of hourly mean
values have tended to proceed along very traditional lines. For example, vectograms
are used to represent daily variations in two magnetic elements simultaneously;
daygraphs are formed from monthly mean values over disturbed, quiet or all days
and are used to bring out various features of the magnetic variations such as change
with season, or the disturbance daily variation, or noncyclic variation.
With the advent of automatic digital recording by observatories and an ever-im-
proving distribution of such observatories together with the availability of comput-
erised graph plotting facilities, it seemed worthwhile to present a large amount of
magnetic data on a single graph and observe what might be inferred from the
appearance of the data. Such graphs give an interesting overview of seasonal
changes and as will be seen, also show the influence of periodicities associated with
both the 27 day recurrence tendency of magnetic activity and the lunar magnetic
variations dependent on the synodic month of 29.53 days.
Observatory data chosen for the present experiment are from the magnetic
observatories at Toolangi, Australia ( T O 0 ) , Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
(PMG) and the Ethiopian observatory at Addis Ababa (AAE).
The procedure used was to give each successive daygraph of twenty-four hourly
values a small displacement down the page so that the form of the daily variation,
as it changes throughout the year, takes on the appearance of a curved surface. The
results are given for elements D, H, Z, for all three observatories, AAE, PMG,
TOO, in the diagrams on the left of Figures 1, 2, 3. The actual value used for the
displacement of each day is given in the caption for each figure and can be
determined by the ratio between the day number which appears on the right-hand
side and the corresponding units given on the left of each graph. Due to the linear
trend of secular variation and to magnetic disturbance, particularly on the first few
days of 1964, the daygraphs do not necessarily correspond exactly to the day
number. Magnetic disturbance appears as "noise" in each figure, with the smoother
quiet day variations immediately evident. Experimental graphs showing the mag-
netic variations as a surface, using the "hidden line removal" feature available in the
plotting package, were not successful because the disturbed day peaks tended to
conceal the quiet day variations in the "troughs" whilst showing the disturbance
"peaks" as the dominant feature.
The graphs on the left of Figures 1, 2, 3, are plots of "raw" observatory data
and at first glance, do not appear to exhibit anything more than a regular change
throughout the year, as well, of course, as the expected effect of magnetic distur-
bance. However, if the graphs are inspected at eye level, along the curves, it is
apparent that the curves are not uniformly displaced down the page but are
grouped more closely together at some epochs and are spaced further apart at
others. In order to enhance this effect, figures have been included to the right of the
raw data plots in Figures 1, 2, 3, in which the value at any given hour has been
derived as an average of its five neighbouring values at the same hour. The effect is
more pronounced in graphs of horizontal intensity than in declination or vertical
intensity. Graphs of daily mean values for each day have been plotted separately in
Figures lb, 2b, 3b and those days on which the daygraphs of horizontal intensity
appear bunched together are those on which the daily mean value is increasing and
such days are of course influenced by both magnetic disturbance and, to a lesser
extent, discontinuities associated with baseline control difficulties. The hourly mean
values were tabulated for 1964 with a common tabular base value for the entire
year, and the tabular base value (which is not required for the present purpose) is
to be added to the computed daily mean value. The regularity of the darker bands
in the smoothed graphs on the right in Figures 1, 2, 3, for the Declination element
seems to indicate a component associated with an origin which is rather more cyclic
than an effect associated only with the 27 day recurrence tendency in magnetic
activity. The lunar magnetic variation has an amplitude which would give rise to
this effect and would be swamped by the 27 recurrence tendency effect in the
Horizontal Intensity element.
Vol. 131, 1989 Lunar Magnetic Variations 535
Figure la
Displaced daygraphs for Declination and Horizontal Intensity at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (AAE). Graphs
on the left are observatory data, graphs on the right have been obtained by averaging five neighbouring
values at each fixed hour. Daily displacements for D and H are a tenth of minute of arc and 2 nT per
day, respectively.
536 Denis E. Winch PAGEOPH,
z~370
360
0 350
r~ t80
rrr
~160
Z< 140
7o
50
Figure lb
Displaced daygraphs for Vertical Intensity at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (AAE); daily displacement is
0.5 nT per day. Daily means for Declination, Horizontal Intensity and Vertical Intensity at AAE, relative
to the yearbook tabular base value are also given; running means of five values are indicated by the
smooth line. Banding of displaced daygraphs occurs when the daily mean values are increasing.
Vol. 131, 1989 Lunar Magnetic Variations 537
Figure 2a
Displaced daygraphs for Declination and Horizontal Intensity at Post Moresby, Papua New Guinea
(PMG). Graphs on the left are observatory data. Graphs on the right have been obtained by averaging
five neighbouring values at each fixed hour. Daily displacements for O and H are a tenth of a minute
of arc and 1 nT per day, respectively.
538 Denis E. Winch PAGEOPH,
o 60
50
50 ioo 150 200 250 300 350
DAY NUMBER
36O
340
Z320
~ 540
~. 530
9
:~520
z 510
50 tO0 150 20O 25O 3OO 350
DAY NUMBER
Figure 2b
Displaced daygraph for Vertical Intensity at Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (PMG); daily displace-
ment is 0.5 nT per day. Daily means for Declination, Horizontal Intensity and Vertical Intensity at PMG
are also given; running means of five values are indicated by the smooth line. Banding of daygraphs
occurs when the daily mean values are increasing.
Vol. 131, 1989 Lunar Magnetic Variations 539
Figure 3a
Displaced daygraphs for Declination and Horizontal Intensity at Toolangi, Australia (TOO). Graphs on
the left are observatory data. Graphs on the right have been obtained by averaging five neighbouring
values at each fixed hour. Daily displacements for D and H are 2 tenths of minute of arc and 1 nT per
day, respectively.
540 Denis E. Winch PAGEOPH,
r~ 300
~290
~ 280
60~
0
580
~
TOOLANGI H 1964 DAILY MEANS
~, 560
~ 540
520
5O 100 150 200 250 300 350
D A Y NUMBER
620 F
~
E 610
D A Y NUMBER
Figure 3b
Displaced daygraph for Vertical Intensity at Toolangi, Australia (TOO); daily displacement is 0.5 nT per
day. Daily means for Declination, Horizontal Intensity and Vertical Intensity at TOO are also given;
running means of five values are indicated by the smooth line. Banding of daygraphs occurs when the
daily mean values are increasing.
Vol. 131, 1989 Lunar Magnetic Variations 541
in which t is U T and q5 is east longitude, with a term representing the principal lunar
semi-diurnal tide in the lunar tide generating potential:
M 2 = 0.90812 G2 cos(2t--2s + 2h)
one obtains a model for the time-dependence of lunar magnetic tides in the form:
6
j
o
lO
1
50
-4O
150
,il/
200 ~-2o 20~ ~
, ~ j r
70
25O
-~o ~
-90 3OO
-tOO
-ii0
-120~ 2 4 8 I0 12 14 16 /8 20 22
2
LOCAL S T A N D A R D TIME (HOURS)
i
24
350
0 0 0 -- 0
I0 -10 '~
50 =2O ~'L 50
-70 250
-80
2 4 6 8 10 1Z 14 16 18 20 22 24
LOCAL STANDARD TIME (HOURS) LOCAL STANDARD TIME (HOURS)
Figure 4a
Displaced daygraphs for lunar magnetic variations in northward (X) and eastward (Y) components at
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (AAE). Graphs on the left have been reconstructed from spherical harmonic
coefficients for phase-law tides only, whilst graphs on the right have been reconstructed from spherical
harmonic coefficients for both phase-law and partial tides. Daily displacement is 03 nT per day.
544 Denis E. Winch PAGEOPH,
z
50 100 150 200 250 300
DAY N U M B E R
DAY N U M B E R
. . . . . . . . . .
50 i O0 150 aoo 250 300 350
DAY N U M B E R
Figure 4b
Displaced daygraphs for lunar magnetic variations in Vertical Intensity at Addis Ababa Ethiopia (AAE);
daily displacement is 0.3 nT per day. Daily mean values for long-period tides at AAE, reconstructed
from spherical harmonic coefficients.
Vol. 131, 1989 Lunar Magnetic Variations 545
Figure 5a
Displaced daygraphs for lunar magnetic variations in northward (X) and eastward (Y) components at
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (PMG). Graphs on the left have been reconstructed from spherical
harmonic coefficients for phase-law tides only, whilst graphs on the right have been reconstructed from
spherical harmonic coefficients for both a phase-law and partial tides. Daily displacement is 0.3 nT per
day.
546 Denis E. Winch PAGEOPH,
P O R T M O R E S B Y L ( Z ) 1 9 6 4 LONG P E R I O D TIDES
~-~__
50 100 150 2DO 250 300 350
BAY N U M B E R
Figure 5b
Displaced daygraphs for lunar magnetic variations in Vertical Intensity at Port Moresby, Papua New
Guinea (PMG); daily displacement is 0.3 nT per day. Daily mean values for long-period tides at PMG,
reconstructed from spherical harmonic coefficients.
Vol. 131, 1989 Lunar Magnetic Variations 547
Figure 6a
Displaced daygraphs for lunar magnetic variations in northward (X) and eastward (Y) components at
Toolangi, Australia (TOO). Graphs on the right have been reconstructed from spherical harmonic
coefficients for phase-law tides only, whilst graphs on the right have been reconstructed from spherical
harmonic coefficients for both phase-law and partial tides. Daily displacement is 0.3 nT per day.
548 Denis E. Winch PAGEOPH,
z -d . . . . . . __1
50 tOG s 200 250 300 350
DAY NUMBER
~/\FV\,.,\,\,..-v~,,\.~,,\-,~v\,-%/\-N\ ~- \,\ \ \ - \
o~
DAY N U M B E R
Figure 6b
Displaced daygraphs for lunar magnetic variations in Vertical Intensity at Toolangi, Australia (T); daily
displacement is 0.3 nT per day. Daily mean values for long-period tides at "TOO, reconstructed from
spherical harmonic coefficients.
Vol. 131, 1989 Lunar Magnetic Variations 549
Summary
Acknowledgements
Data for Toolangi and Port Moresby were originally provided in yearbook form
by the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources and are now on a magnetic tape
containing all available hourly mean value magnetic data for 1964-65. The data
have been rewritten with a separate file for each of the 130 magnetic observatories
and using three character observatory mnemonics. Data for Addis Ababa were
obtained from the compact disc collection of selected magnetic data, distributed by
the NOAA/NESDIS National Geophysical Data Center. I am grateful to Dr. Joe
Allen for making the compact disc so readily available.
REFERENCES
MALIN, S. R. C. (1970), Separation of Lunar Daily Geomagnetic Variations into Parts of Ionospheric and
Oceanic" Origin, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 21, 447-455.
STErqNG, R. J., and WINCH,D. E. (1987), The Lunar Geomagnetic Tide at Night, Geophys. J. R. Astr.
Soc. 88, 461-476.
WINCH, D. E. (1981), Spherical Harmonic Analysis of Geomagnetie Tides, 1964-1965, Phil. Trans. R.
Soc. Lond. A303, 1-104.
WINCH, D. E., and CUNNINGHAM,R. A. (1972), Lunar Magnetic Tides at Wath-eroo, Seasonal, Elliptic,
El:ectional, Variational and Nodal Components, J. Geomag. Geoelect. 24, 381-414.
(Received/acceptedJuly 1, 1988)