Introduction to forced convection

Table 8-2 heat-transfer coefficients hd for scale deposits from water for use IN 8-8

Temperature of heating medium Up to 240 F 240-400F

Temperature of water 125F oe less Above 125F

Water velocity, feet per second 3 and Over 3 3 and Over 3

less less

Distilled 2000 2000 2000 2000

Sea water 2000 2000 1000 1000
Treated boiler feed water 1000 2000 500 1000
Treated make up for cooling tower 1000 1000 500 500
City , well, great lakes 1000 1000 500 500
Brackish , clean river water 500 1000 330 500
River water , muddy , silty 330 500 250 330
Hard (over 15 gm/gal ) 330 330 200 200
Chicago sanitary canal 130 170 100 130

From standards of tubular exchanger manufacture association 3d ed..1952

Delaware, east river (New York) Mississippi ,Schuylkill, and New York bay

Organic vapors, liquid gasoline ..2000

Refined petroleum fractions (liquid) , organic liquids, refrigerating liquids, brine oil-bearing steam..1000

Distillate bottoms (above 25API).gas oil liquid naphtha below 500F, scrubbing oil, refrigerant vapors,
air (dust ) ..500

Gas oil above 500F , vegetable oil330

Liquid naphtha above 500F, quenching oils.250

Topped crude below 25 API , fuel oil 200

Cracked residuum, coke-oven gas, illuminating gas.100

From standard of tubular exchanger manufacture association 3d ed. 1952

Optimum operating conditions . in heating or cooling a liquid or a gas flowing without change in phase,
increase in the mass velocity of the fluid past the surface is accompanied by an increase in the individual
coefficient. If corresponding individual resistance 1/h is a substantial fraction of the resistance 1/U, the
over-all coefficient will increase and the total surface required for a given heat-transfer rate q will
decrease thus reducing fixed charges on in investment. On the other hand the use velocity increase the
pressure drop and power cost. The optimum velocity increases the pressure drop and power cost . the
optimum velocity at which total costs are a minimum, is treated in chap.

Where cooling water is purchased at sufficient pressure to force it through the cooler at any desired
velocity, power costs for the water need not be considered and it is possible to calculate the optimum
ratio of hot fluid or the corresponding over-all temperature difference at the hot end of the cooler.