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INTRODUCTION
Truth is unique and everlasting, multiple approaches to understand and explain the
truth may lead to diverge ways of its presentation, but this does not change the core of
this exercise i.e. the truth. This diversity in explaining truth is probably the reason as
at times one may feel these reveal divergent conclusions. While studying these
different approaches one should never forget that these roads may be different but
they lead to same goal. In case of Indian sciences this notion aggravates, acquires
more complexity as it is innate style of Indian civilization to indulge in different
paths. This has been rightly quoted by Shri Bal Gangadhara Tilaka a legendary figure
in Indian philosophy as
This may be the reason why certain Indian schools of thoughts restricted their
complete exercise to elaborate these multiple methods of expression and coined an
idiom for it as Anekanta vada. This technique of explaining multiple methods for a
common material may at times seem tricky for a novice but once familiarity is
achieved to this style, its enumerable benefits emerge out. These diversities provide
manifold distinct logics and options for resolving a specific problem and also serve as
a method to validate the outcomes/ findings
Ayurveda, the holistic science of life has in fact accepted this as its research
methodology and established its principles on multiple sets of careful observations
done by multiple methods by different observers. The verified results of these
observations were termed as siddhantas.
A nearer term to siddhanta used in Ayurveda literature is vada. Apparently
vada and siddhanta may appear analogous but there is explicit difference among
them. Siddhanta is a defined conclusion based on various repeated observations
drawn carefully after performing a specific act, whereas vada is a version or notion
which is open for discussion and provides a basic platform. Vadas provide a
preliminary stage for derivation of newer siddhantas. Among these, karya karana
vada emerged first and provided basis for evolution of shat karana siddhanta in
Ayurveda. Under the paradigm of karya karana siddhanta a tide of various vadas
Introduction I
Introduction
surged such as dravya pradhanya, guna pradhanya and so on. At times it appears as if
these vadas are contrary to each other but in fact these are multiple dimensions of a
same thing which cannot be explained by any single vada. Above and all in spite of
combined explanation of all these vadas, comprehensive explanation of the truth
remains still far from achieved. This can be quoted in the words of vedas as
This breach between efforts and goal further drives for amplified vigorous
attempts which lead to amplified diversity of thoughts and newer approaches. Such
diversity when evident in a branch of science, reflect the endeavour in that field and is
a certain sign of developed era of that science. Here lies the beauty of various vadas
under shat karana siddhanta in Ayurveda. One important vada among them is guna
karana vada which attributes gunas as principle karana and adjudge them as a device
for identification, explanation, selection and utilization for achieving the aim of
Ayurveda.
Ayurveda accepts guna as principle karana and categorize them in four
subclasses viz vishesha, gurvadi, adhyatmika and paradi gunas. These four subclasses
are mutually related and often are present in adjuvant state to each others. There is
definite inter as well as intra relationship in between these subclasses of gunas.
Rational behind dividing subclasses of these gunas is based on their proximity to each
others. Among these four subclasses overall impression indicates that gurvadi gunas
are given more importance. For comprehensive understanding and optimal utilization
of potential hidden in these gunas; it is necessary to explain and understand each of
these sub classes individually.
Among these subclasses paradi gunas deserve a special place as they are
quoted by Charaka as keys for successful treatment. Interestingly Chakrapani has
commented that these paradi gunas are of lesser importance as compared to not only
gurvadi but other two subclasses also. This remark is contradictory to Charakas
explanation about paradi gunas. Paradi gunas are a set of specifically devised
properties which are mutually associated and are inevitable for a vaidya as well as
pharmacist. Without proper knowledge of these gunas it is not possible to accomplish
the desired effects of treatment and hence are regarded as keys to success.
In this class samskara guna perhaps play a pivotal role as it provides a tool for
a physician as well as pharmacist to modify, alter and transform a raw drug into aptly
Introduction II
Introduction
Introduction III
Introduction
necessity is driving force for invention of various kashaya kalpanas and their
upakalpanas in pharmaceutics.
These all three basic requirements can be completed by applying samskara
guna as bhavana samskara can add newer gunas in a drug which increase its
dimensions and will be useful in more and more disease conditions. Vega samskara
can help in faster absorption and deeper penetration of medicine in human body
resulting in reducing the duration of treatment and earlier relief from agony.
Sthitisthapakatava samskara can enhance shelf life of a drug and protect the qualities
present in drug making it available for treating diseases over a longer duration of
period.
Introduction IV
Introduction
Introduction V
Introduction
Analytical study:
Both the samples of medicines were subjected to analysis at an interval of four
months (120 days) for the duration of one year.
Parameters
Physical parameters such as color, taste, appearance, odor etc
A.P.I. standard parameters and
FTIR spectroscopy
Other analytical tools such as
Volumetric tannin analysis,
Electronic pH,
Microbial load,
Total phenolic content (expressed in terms of Gallic acid),
HPTLC profile,
Quantification of Gallic acid by HPTLC
were also adopted and conducted for two times; once within the year as a fresh
medicine and secondly after completion of one year as old.
Experimental study:
Anulomana karma of drug was experimentally evaluated in mice.
Animals were procured from Animal house attached to pharmacology laboratory, I P
G T & R A Jamnagar.
Experiment was carried out after obtaining permission from Institutional Animal
Ethics Committee. Institutional Animal Ethics Committee had approved the
experimental protocol (Approval number; IAEC/09/11/07) and the care of animals
was taken as per the CPCSEA guidelines.
Grouping:
Grouping was done as
Group 1 Control
Group 2 Three times Haritaki kashaya bhavita Haritaki Churna
newly prepared.
Group 3 Tablets three times of Haritaki kashaya bhavita Haritaki
Churna newly prepared
Group 4 - Three times Haritaki kashaya bhavita Haritaki Churna
stored for One year
Introduction VI
Introduction
Introduction VII
Introduction
Introduction VIII
Introduction
Group C- Group D-
Three times Haritaki kashaya bhavita Three times Haritaki kashaya bhavita
Haritaki Chura one year old Haritaki Tablets one year old
Latin name - Terminalia chebula Retz Latin name - Terminalia chebula Retz
Dose - 2 gm Dose - 2 gm
Anupana - Luke warm water Anupana - Luke warm water
Kala - Apana kala, twice a day Kala - Apana kala, twice a day
Duration - 7days Duration - 7days
Kalpana - Churna Kalpana - Vati
Investigations:
Routine pathological tests as blood, urine, stool etc. were carried out to assess
the actual status of patient and to rule out any other pathology.
Sama and Nirama pariksha of stool was carried out as per Ayurveda.
Review of previous works:
No direct and detailed research study is carried out in Ayurvedic field specifically on
the above topic as per the information available, but the research works done on
gunas in general and in particular are as follows,
1. Dr. Gotecha M - Guna Parigyana - Jamnagar 1958, Dept. of Basic
Principles
2. Rao T. Srinivas - Pancha Bhautikaguna w.s.r. to Guru and Laghu.
Jamnagar 1970, Dept. of Basic Principles
3. Dr Suman S. N. - Snigdha evam Ruksha Gunon Ka Adhyayan - B.H.U.
1971, Dept. of Dravyaguna
4. Dr. Bhalerao S. S. & Prof. Dwivedi R.R.- A comprehensive study of
Gunas and evolution of some objective parameters in the context of
Snigdha and Ruksha Gunas. Jamnagar, 1998, Dept. of Basic Principles
5. Dr. Anand Buchake & Prof. P. P. Sharma - An assessment of the activities
of Ruksha guna w.s.r. to Sthaulya, Jamnagar, 2002, Dept. of Dravyaguna
6. Dr. Umang Pandya & Prof. R. R. Dwivedi- Pancabhautika assessment of
Guru and Laghu Gunas with some objective parameters. Jamnagar, 2004,
Dept. of Basic Principles
7. Dr.Dilip Nalage & Prof. R. R. Dwivedi A study of Samskara and its role
in alteration of Pancha bhautika composition of dravya, Jamnagar, 2005,
Dept. of Basic Principles
Introduction IX
Introduction
Introduction X