High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
HSDPA Background & Basics

Principles: Adaptive Modulation, Coding, HARQ
Channels/ UTRAN Architecture
Principles: Fast scheduling, Mobility
Performance Results
Motivation (as of 2000)
GSM/GPRS No Multimedia, Limited QOS

Voice, low speed packet data
Medium rate Packet data Theoretical 2 Mbps but ~384 kbps

UMTS Rel. 99 subjected to practical constraints
As the UMTS networks are rolled out, the demand for high
bandwidth services is expected to grow rapidly.
By 2010, 66% of the revenues will come from data services
(source: UMTS forum).
Release 99/4 systems alone will not be capable to meet these
demands. (Realistic outdoor data rates will be limited to
384kbps).
A more spectral efficient way of using DL resources is required.
Competition with CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO/DV
UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 2

HSDPA Background
Initial goals
Establish a more spectral efficient way of using DL resources providing
data rates beyond 2 Mbit/s, (up to a maximum theoretical limit of 14.4
Mbps)
Optimize interactive & background packet data traffic, support streaming
service
Design for low mobility environment, but not restricted
Techniques compatible with advanced multi-antenna and receivers
Standardization started in June 2000

Broad forum of companies
Major feature of Release 5
Enhancements in R7 HSPA+
Advanced transmission to increase data throughput
Signaling enhancements to save resources

HSDPA Basics
Evolution from R99/ R4
5MHz BW
Same spreading by OVSF and scrambling codes
Turbo coding
New concepts in R5
Adaptive modulation (QPSK vs. 16QAM), coding and multicodes
(fixed SF = 16)
Fast scheduling in NodeB (TTI = 2ms)
Hybrid ARQ
Enhancements in R7 HSPA+
Signaling enhancements
64QAM
MIMO techniques, increase of the bandwidth

Higher Order Modulation
Standard modulation scheme in UMTS networks
QPSK 2 bit per symbol
With HSDPA, modulation can be switched between two schemes
QPSK 2 bit per symbol
16-QAM 4 bit per symbol
Low bitrate robust High bitrate Sensitive to disturbances

Key Principles
Adaptive Modulation and Coding

(Mother Turbo code rate = 1/3)
For wireless data, link adaptation through Rate Control is more
effective then Power Control.
Users in favorable channel conditions (based on Channel Quality
indication) are assigned higher code rates and higher order
modulation (16QAM).
This means higher data rates = Reduced latency
But what about when channel is changing at high rate;

Can AMC guarantee reliability?

Hybrid ARQ
No. In fast fading conditions, AMC alone is not enough.

H-ARQ automatically adapts to instantaneous channel conditions by:
fast retransmissions at physical layer
adding redundancy only when needed
The retransmitted packets are combined with original packet to
improve the decoding probability.
Simple form of Hybrid ARQ shows
significant gains over link adaptation alone.
Different schemes can be used for
retransmission of original data packet.
Chase combining
Incremental Redundancy

Fast Scheduling
Fading is good in multi-

user environment!!
Channels are uncorrelated Multi-user
diversity
Assign the resources to the best user(s) in
time to maximise throughput
Gains increase with number of users
Max C/I
Proportional fair
Round Robin
With HSDPA Scheduling function is moved from RNC to Node-B.
10

HS-DSCH Principle I
Channelization codes at a fixed spreading factor of SF = 16
Up to 15 codes in parallel
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
C16,15 C16,0
SF=16
Physical channels (codes) to which HS-DSCH is mapped CPICH, etc.
OVSF channelization code tree allocated by CRNC

HSDPA codes autonomously managed by NodeB MAC-hs scheduler
Example: 12 consecutive codes reserved for HS-DSCH, starting at C16,4
Additionally, HS-SCCH codes with SF = 128 (number equal to simult. UE)

HS-DSCH Principle II
Resource sharing in code as well as time domain:

Multi-code transmission, UE is assigned to multiple codes in the same TTI
Multiple UEs may be assigned channelization codes in the same TTI
Code
Time (per TTI)
Data to UE #1 Data to UE #2 Data to UE #3 not used
Example: 5 codes are reserved for HSDPA, 1 or 2 UEs are active within one
TTI

UMTS Channels with HSDPA
Cell 1 Cell 2
= Serving
HS-DSCH cell
UE
Rel-5 HS-DSCH R99 DCH (in SHO)

DL PS service UL/DL signalling (DCCH)
UL PS service
(Rel-6: DL DCCH) UL/DL CS voice/ data

HSDPA Channels
HS-PDSCH
Carries the data traffic
Fixed SF = 16; up to 15 parallel channels
QPSK: 480 kbps/code, 16QAM: 960 kbps/code
HS-SCCH
Signals the configuration to be used next: HS-PDSCH codes, modulation
format, TB information
Fixed SF = 128
Sent two slots (~1.3msec) in advance of HS-PDSCH
HS-DPCCH
Feedbacks ACK/NACK and channel quality information (CQI)
Fixed SF = 256, code multiplexed to UL DPCCH
Feedback sent ~5msec after received data

Timing Relations (DL)
Tslot (2560 chips)
Downlink DPCH
3 Tslot (2 msec)
HS-SCCH ch. code & mod TB size & HARQ Info
HS-DSCH TTI = 3 Tslot (2 msec)
HS-PDSCH DATA
HS-DSCH-control = 2 Tslot
NodeB Tx view
Fixed time offset between the HS-SCCH information and the start of the
corresponding HS-DSCH TTI: HS-DSCH-control (2 Tslot= 1.33msec)
HS-DSCH and associated DL DPCH not time-aligned

Timing Relations (UL)
Tslot (0.67 ms)
Uplink DPCCH
3 Tslot (2ms)
HS-PDSCH DATA
0-255 chips
UEP = 7.5 Tslot (5ms)
HS-DPCCH CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N
m 256 chips
UE Rx view
Alignment to m 256 to preserve orthogonality to UL DPCCH
HS-PDSCH and associated UL DPCH not time-aligned
(but quasi synch)

HSDPA Architecture
Evolution from R99/R4 SRNC RRC PDCP
HSDPA functionality is RLC

intended for transport of DCCH
Logical Channels
dedicated logical channels DTCH BCCH
Takes into account the MAC-d

impact on R.99 networks
DCH
CRNC
w/o MAC-c/sh
Upper phy
HSDPA in R5
Additions in RRC to handle MAC-c/sh
HSDPA
RLC nearly unchanged
(UM & AM) NodeB
MAC-hs MAC-b
Modified MAC-d with link to
MAC-hs entity Transport Channels HS-DSCH
DSCH
FACH BCH
New MAC-hs entity located

in the Node B

MAC-hs in NodeB
MAC-d flows
MAC-hs Functions
MAC-hs UE #N Priority handling
UE #2
Flow Control
UE #1
Priority Queue To RNC
distribution
To UE
Priority
Queue
Priority
Queue
Priority
Queue
Scheduling
MAC Control
Select which user/queue
to transmit
Assign TFRC & Tx
power
HARQ handling
Scheduling
Service measurements
e.g. HSDPA provided
bitrate
HS-DSCH
TFRC: Transport Format and Resource Combination

MAC-hs in UE
To MAC-d
MAC-hs Functions
MAC Control
MAC-hs
HARQ handling
Disassembly Disassembly
ACK/ NACK generation
Reordering Reordering
Reordering buffer handling
Re-ordering queue distribution Associated to priority
queues
HARQ Flow control per
reordering buffer
Memory can be shared
HS-DSCH
with AM RLC
Associated Downlink Signalling Associated Uplink Signalling Disassembly unit
HS-SCCH HS-DPCCH

Data Flow through Layer 2
Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer
RLC SDU RLC SDU

Reassembly
L2 RLC
Segmentation (non-transparent)
&
Concatenation RLC
header RLC
header
MAC-d MAC-d MAC-d SDU

header
MAC-d SDU
header
L2 MAC-d
(non-transparent)
MAC-d PDU MAC-d PDU
MAC-hs MAC-hs SDU

header
MAC-hs SDU
L2 MAC-hs
(non-transparent)
Transport Block (MAC-hs PDU)
CRC

L1

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HARQ is a stop-and-wait ARQ

Up to 8 HARQ processes per UE
Retransmissions are done at MAC-hs layer, i.e. in the Node B
Triggered by NACKs sent on the HS-DPCCH
The mother code is a R = 1/3 Turbo code
Code rate adaptation done via rate matching, i.e. by puncturing and
repeating bits of the encoded data
Two types of retransmission
Incremental Redundancy
Additional parity bits are sent when decoding errors occured
Gain due to reducing the code rate
Chase Combining
The same bits are retransmitted when decoding errors occured
Gain due to maximum ratio combining
HSDPA uses a mixture of both types

HARQ Processes
RTTHARQ
Data
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
HS-PDSCH
ACK/NACK
1 2 3 4 5
HS-DPCCH
HARQ is a simple stop-and-wait ARQ

Example
RTTmin = 5 TTI
Synchronous retransmissions (MAC-hs decides on transmission)
UE support up to 8 HARQ processes (configured by NodeB)
Min. number: to support continuous reception
Max. number: limit of HARQ soft buffer
Number of HARQ processes configured specifically for each UE category

HSDPA UE Categories
The specification allows some freedom to the UE vendors
12 different UE categories for HSDPA with different capabilities

(Rel.5)
The UE capabilities differ in

Max. transport block size (data rate)
Max. number of codes per HS-DSCH
Modulation alphabet (QPSK only)
Inter TTI distance (no decoding of HS-DSCH in each TTI)
Soft buffer size
The MAC-hs scheduler needs to take these restrictions into account

HSDPA UE Physical Layer Capabilities
HS-DSCH Maximum Minimum inter- Maximum Total number of Theoretical

Category number of TTI interval MAC-hs TB size soft channel maximum data
HS-DSCH bits rate (Mbit/s)
multi-codes
Category 1 5 3 7298 19200 1.2
Category 2 5 3 7298 28800 1.2
Category 3 5 2 7298 28800 1.8
Category 4 5 2 7298 38400 1.8
Category 5 5 1 7298 57600 3.6
Category 6 5 1 7298 67200 3.6
Category 7 10 1 14411 115200 7.2
Category 8 10 1 14411 134400 7.2
Category 9 15 1 20251 172800 10.1
Category 10 15 1 27952 172800 14.0
Category 11* 5 2 3630 14400 0.9

Category 12* 5 1 3630 28800 1.8
Note: UEs of Categories 11 and 12 support QPSK only

cf. TS 25.306

Channel Quality Information (CQI)
Signalled to the Node B in UL each 2ms on HS-DPCCH
Integer number from 0 to 30 corresponds to a Transport Format Resource

Combination (TFRC) given by
Modulation
Number of channelisation codes
Transport block size
For the given conditions the BLER for this TFRC shall not exceed 10%
Mapping defined in TS 25.214 for each UE category

CQI Mapping Table
Transport Number of Reference power NIR XRV

CQI value
Block Size HS-PDSCH
Modulation adjustment Tables specified in TS
25.214
0 N/A Out of range For each UE category
1 137 1 QPSK 0 28800 0 Condition:
BLER 10%
Example for
6 461 1 QPSK 0 UE category 10
7 650 2 QPSK 0
15 3319 5 QPSK 0
16 3565 5 16-QAM 0
23 9719 7 16-QAM 0
24 11418 8 16-QAM 0
25 14411 10 16-QAM 0
26 17237 12 16-QAM 0
27 21754 15 16-QAM 0
28 23370 15 16-QAM 0
29 24222 15 16-QAM 0
30 25558 15 16-QAM 0

HSDPA Fast Scheduling
3G (Rel.99) 3G with high speed feedback/scheduling

with dedicated channels on shared channels
2 TTI 2 TTI 7 TTI 1 TTI

Note: No fast channel quality feedback @1.2M @76k @614k @1.2M
64k
64k CQI
64k
CQI
CQI
C/I
C/I
C/I

Scheduler Inputs
History
QoS & Subscriber Profile How long had
Traffic Model
QoS: guar. bitrate, max. delay the user been
Morning Afternoon
GoS: gold/ silver/ bronce waiting?
Evening Off peak
Feedback from UL UE capability

(CQI, ACK/NACK) Scheduler
Radio resources
Buffer Status Power, OVSF codes
Scheduled Users & Packet Formation Strategy

Packet Formation Strategy
Scheduler Outputs
Adaptive # of OVSF
Adaptive Adaptive
Selected User Transport codes
Coding Modulation
Block size
or redundancy (QPSK, 16 QAM)
So that
QoS/GoS constraints are satisfied and
Network throughput is maximized, while
Subject to constraints (standards restrictions and service requirements)
Maintain fairness across UEs and traffic streams

Classical Scheduling Disciplines
HSDPA scheduler runs every TTI (2 msec)
Round Robin: allocate the users consecutively

Advantage: - Offers fair time allocation
- One of the simplest solutions
Disadvantage: - Low cell and user throughput
Best Effort scheduler: prefer the users with good channel conditions
Advantage: - Highest system throughput and easy to
implement
Disadvantage: - Starvation to users with low C/I
Proportional Fairness: equalise the channel rate / throughput ratio

Advantage: - Higher throughput than Round Robin
Disadvantage: - Does not use QoS information

Comparison of Schedulers
user pe rceiv ed throughput aggregate d cell throughput

100% 2500
Round Robin
average throughput [kbps]

80% Proportional Fair 2000
receiving throughput
Percentage of users
QoS aw are
60% 1500
40% 1000
20% 500
0% 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Round Robin Proportional Fair QoS aw are
average throughput [kbps]
Simple Round Robin doesnt care about actual channel rate

Proportional Fair offers higher cell throughput
QoS aware algorithm offers significantly higher user perceived throughput than
PF with similar cell throughput

Mobility Procedures I
HS-DSCH for a given UE belongs to only one of the radio links assigned to
the UE (serving HS-DSCH cell)
The UE uses soft handover for the uplink, the downlink DCCH and any
simultaneous CS voice or data
Using existing triggers and procedures for the active set update
(events 1A, 1B, 1C)
Hard handover for the HS-DSCH, i.e.
Change of Serving HS-DSCH Cell within active set
Using RRC procedures, which are triggered by event 1D

Mobility Procedures II
CRNC CRNC
Source HS- Target HS-

DSCH Node B DSCH Node B
MAC-hs MAC-hs
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
s t
Serving Serving
HS-DSCH HS-DSCH
radio link radio link
Inter-Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change

Note: MAC-hs needs to be transferred to new NodeB !

HS-DSCH Serving Cell Change
Measurement
quantity
CPICH 1 Hysteresis
CPICH 2
CPICH3
Time to
trigger
Reporting Time
event 1D
Event 1D: change of best cell within the active set

Hysteresis and time to trigger to avoid ping-pong
(HS-DSCH: 12 dB, 0.5 sec)

Handover Procedure
SRNC
UE Target Source =
HS-DSCH cell HS-DSCH cell DRNC
Serving HS-DSCH
RL Reconfiguration Prepare cell change decision
i.e. event 1D
RL Reconfiguration Ready
ALCAP Iub HS-DSCH Data Transport Bearer Setup If new NodeB
RL Reconfiguration Prepare
RL Reconfiguration Ready
Synchronous
Reconfiguration
RL Reconfiguration Commit with Tactivation
Radio Bearer Reconfiguration RL Reconfiguration Commit
Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete Reset MAC-

hs entity
DATA
ALCAP Iub HS-DSCH Data
Transport Bearer Release
Example: HS-DSCH hard handover (synchronized serving cell change)

HSDPA Managed Resources
a) OVSF Code Tree

Border adjusted by CRNC
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
C16,15 C16,0
SF=16
Codes reserved for HS-PDSCH/ HS-SCCH Codes available for DCH/
common channels
b) Transmit Power
Border adjusted by CRNC
Tx power available for HS-PDSCH/ HS-SCCH Tx power available for DCH/

common channels
Note: CRNC assigns resources to Node B on a cell basis

Cell and User Throughput vs. Load
36 cells network
Load Impact UMTS composite channel model
2500
Mean User Throughput FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte
Aggregated Cell Throughput download, 30 sec thinking time)
2000
Throughput [kbit/sec]
1500 The user throughput is decreased

when increasing load due to the
1000
reduced service time
500 The cell throughput increases

with the load because overall
0 more bytes are transferred in the
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 same time
Number of Users/ Cell

HSDPA Performance per Category
36 cells network
Cat 6 - Cat 8 Comparison
UMTS composite channel model
FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte
2500 Mean User Throughput
Peak User Throughput
Aggregated Cell Throughput
download, 30 sec thinking time)
2000
Higher category offers higher

throughput (kbps)
1500
max. throughput limit
Cat.6: 3.6 MBit/sec
1000
Cat.8: 7.2 MBit/sec
500
Max. user perceived performance

0
increased at low loading
Cat 6/ 10 users Cat 8/ 10 users Cat 6/ 20 users Cat 8/ 20 users
Cell performance slightly better

Coverage Prediction with HSDPA
Example Scenario
15 users/cell
Pedestrian A channel
model
Plot generated with field
prediction tool
HSDPA Throughput
depends on location

HSDPA Summary
New downlink transmission concept
Optimised for interactive & background, support of streaming
Design for indoor & urban environment
Improved PHY approach
New DL transport channel: HS-DSCH
Additional signalling channels to support fast adaptation
Advanced architecture
MAC-hs entity located in NodeB
Radio Resource Control procedures similar to DCH
HSDPA Resource Management
Cell resources managed by Controlling-RNC
Re-use of principles for DCH control (handover, state transition)
Significant improved performance

HSDPA References
Papers:
Arnab Das et al: Evolution of UMTS Toward High-Speed Downlink Packet
Access, Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 47 68, June
2003
A. Toskala et al: High-speed Downlink Packet Access, Chapter 12 in
Holma/ Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS, Wiley 2010
T. Kolding et al: High Speed Downlink Packet Access: WCDMA
Evolution, IEEE Veh. Techn. Society News, pp. 4 10, February 2003
H. Holma/ A. Toskala (Ed.): HSDPA/ HSUPA for UMTS, Wiley 2006
Standards
TS 25.xxx series: RAN Aspects
TR 25.858 HSDPA PHY Aspects
TR 25.308 HSDPA: UTRAN Overall Description (Stage 2)
TR 25.877 Iub/Iur protocol aspects

Abbreviations
ACK (positive) Acknowledgement IE Information Element

ALCAP Access Link Control Application MAC-d dedicated Medium Access Control
Protocol MAC-hs high-speed Medium Access Control
AM Acknowledged (RLC) Mode Mux Multiplexing
AMC Adaptive Modulation & Coding NACK Negative Acknowledgement
CAC Call Admission Control NBAP NodeB Application Part
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access OVSF Orthogonal Variable SF (code)
CQI Channel Quality Information PDU Protocol Data Unit
DBC Dynamic Bearer Control PHY Physical Layer
DCH Dedicated Channel QoS Quality of Service
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
FDD Frequency Division Duplex RB Radio Bearer
FEC Forward Error Correction RL Radio Link
FIFO First In First Out RLC Radio Link Control
GoS Grade of Service RRC Radio Resource Control
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request RRM Radio Resource Management
H-RNTI HSDPA Radio Network Temporary SDU Service Data Unit
Identifier SF Spreading Factor
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access TB Transport Block
HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control TFRC Transport Format & Resource
Channel Combination
HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel TFRI TFRC Indicator
HS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared TTI Transmission Time Interval
Channel
UM Unacknowledged (RLC) Mode
HS-SCCH High Speed Signaling Control Channel
16QAM 16 (state) Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

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High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

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High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

HSDPA Background & Basics

GSM/GPRS No Multimedia, Limited QOS

Medium rate Packet data Theoretical 2 Mbps but ~384 kbps

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 2

Standardization started in June 2000

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 3

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 4

Low bitrate robust High bitrate Sensitive to disturbances

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 5

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

But what about when channel is changing at high rate;

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 6

No. In fast fading conditions, AMC alone is not enough.

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 7

Fading is good in multi-

With HSDPA Scheduling function is moved from RNC to Node-B.

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 8

OVSF channelization code tree allocated by CRNC

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 9

Resource sharing in code as well as time domain:

Time (per TTI)

Data to UE #1 Data to UE #2 Data to UE #3 not used

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 10

Rel-5 HS-DSCH R99 DCH (in SHO)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 11

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 12

Tslot (2560 chips)

HS-SCCH ch. code & mod TB size & HARQ Info

HS-DSCH TTI = 3 Tslot (2 msec)

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 13

Tslot (0.67 ms)

HS-DPCCH CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 14

Evolution from R99/R4 SRNC RRC PDCP

HSDPA functionality is RLC

Takes into account the MAC-d

New MAC-hs entity located

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 15

TFRC: Transport Format and Resource Combination

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 16

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 17

Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer

RLC SDU RLC SDU

MAC-d MAC-d MAC-d SDU

MAC-hs MAC-hs SDU

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 18

HARQ is a stop-and-wait ARQ

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 19

HARQ is a simple stop-and-wait ARQ

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 20

The specification allows some freedom to the UE vendors

12 different UE categories for HSDPA with different capabilities

The UE capabilities differ in

The MAC-hs scheduler needs to take these restrictions into account

UMTS Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mckenheim Nov. 2011 21

HS-DSCH Maximum Minimum inter- Maximum Total number of Theoretical

Category 2 5 3 7298 28800 1.2

Category 3 5 2 7298 28800 1.8

Category 4 5 2 7298 38400 1.8

Category 5 5 1 7298 57600 3.6

Category 6 5 1 7298 67200 3.6

Category 7 10 1 14411 115200 7.2