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ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

OPTHE

GAELICLANGUAGE

PR1XTKDBYTHENORTHERNCOUNTIESNEWSPAPERANDPH1NTINC:ANDPUBLISHING
COMPANY,LIMITED,INVERNESS.

ALEX./AACBA1N,A\A..LL.D.


AN

ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

GAELICLANGUAGE

Rev.e.cl

ALEXANDERMACBAIN,LL.D.

$&*

">

S^

STIRLING:ENEASMACKAY
1911

FIRSTEDITION1896

BeMcatefc

MEMORY

REVALEXANDERCAMERON,LLD.

BIOGRAPHICALNOTES

AlexanderMacBain,theauthorofthisbook,wasborninGlen
feshieofBadenoch,inInvernessshire,intheyear1855.He
spenthisboyhoodinhisnativedistrict,andbeganhiscareer
thereasapupilteacher.Lateronhewasforashorttimewith
theOrdnanceSurveyinWales.Inhisnineteenthyearhewent
toOldAberdeenGrammarSchool:twoyearslater,toKing's
College;graduatedin1880;and,inthesameyear,receivedthe
appointmentofrectorofRaining'sSchool,Inverness.Thispost
hehelduntil1894,whentheschoolwastransferredtothe
administrationofthelocalBoard.Fromthattimeuntiltheclose
ofhislifeheheldapositionintheHighSchoolofInverness.In
1901hewasmadeanLL.D.bytheUniversityofAberdeen.

TherangeofhisstudiesintheCelticfieldcoveredmythology,
philology,history,mannersandcustoms,andplaceandpersonal
names.Hisliteraryoutput,extendingoveronly24years,
thoughnotvoluminous,involvedmuchpreparatorywork,andis
ofgreatvaluefortheacumenandoriginalityexercisedinthe
studyandelucidationofthesubjectswhichhetookinhand.

AlargenumberofhispapersappearedintheTransactions
oftheGaelicSocietyofInverness,andalsoinpamphletform.
Thesecomprise,besidesothers,articleson"CelticBurial,"
"WhowerethePictsl""TheChieftainshipofClanChattan,"
"BadenochHistory,Clans,andPlaceNames,""Ptolemy's
Geography,""TheNorseElementinHighlandPlaceNames,"
"PersonalNames,"and"TheBookofDeer."Incollaboration
withtheRev.JohnKennedyhebroughtoutthetwovolumesof
"ReliquiaeCelticee,"containingmuchmatterforthestudentof
Gaelic.Heedited"Skene'sHighlanders,"towhichheaddeda
shortbutvaluableexcursus.AlongwithMrJohnWhyte,
Inverness,hepreparedtwousefulGaelicschoolbooksandan
editionofMacEachan'sGaelicDictionary.

Hismostimportantwork,however,is"TheEtymological
DictionaryoftheGaelicLanguage,"issuedin1896,ofwhichthe
presentvolumeisthesecondedition.Unfortunately,hewas
preventedfrompersonallysuperintendingitspublicationbyhis
suddendemiseinApril,1907,wheninthetownofStirling
makingarrangementswiththepublisher.

EDITORIALNOTE

ThepresenteditionofDrMacBain'sEtymologicalDictionary
consistsofthetextoftheoriginaledition,withinterposed
additions,amendments,andcorrectionsdrawnfromthe
author's"FurtherGaelicWordsandEtymologies,"fromthe
"AddendaetCorrigenda"attheendofthefirstedition,and
fromwrittenjottingsoninterleavedcopiesofthesebooks.

NothinghasbeenTCdded~*to'BrMacBain'sworkexcept
theSupplementtoTheOutlinesofGaelicEtymology,thewords
andlettersinsquarebrackets,andafewslightchangesfromthe
originaltext,whicharetheworkoftheRev.DrGeorgeHenderson,
LecturerinCelticLanguagesandLiteratureintheUniversityof
Glasgow,whofounditnecessarytoabandonhisintentionofseeing
theGaelicEtymologicalDictionarythroughthepress,after
reachingthesixteenthpageofthe"Outlines";andafew
suggestionsinbracketsfollowedby"Ed."

Nothinghasbeenleftoutwhichcouldbedeciphered,Dr
appliedwithanymeasureofconfidence.Evenqueried
suggestionshavebeengiven,inthebeliefthatmereflashesof
thoughtbyanexpertmayoftenpointthewaytowardscorrect
findings.

CALUMMACPHARLAIN.

CORRIGENDUMETADDENDUM

Atthefootofpage97restoredroppedm's.

Togoireagonpage391add(=cockofhay;alsoinpartsof

Suth.gbrag=largecoilofhay.SeecoiUaginDicty.

Ed.)

PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION

ThisisthefirstEtymologicalDictionarythathasappearedof
anymodernCelticlanguage,andtheimmediatecauseofits
appearanceisthedesiretoimplementthepromisemadeat
thepublicationofDrCameron'sReliquiceCelticce,thatan
etymologicaldictionaryshouldbepublishedasathirdor
companionvolumetothatwork.Somelearnedfriendshave
suggestedthatitistooearlyyettopublishsuchawork,and
thatthegreatIrishDictionary,whichisbeingpreparedjust
nowbyaGermansavant,shouldbewaitedfor;butwhatI
hopeisthatasecondeditionofthispresentbookwillbecalled
forwhentheGermanworkhasappeared.Celticscholars,if
theyfindnothingelseinthepresentDictionary,will,atleast,
indanearlypurevocabularyofScottishGaelic,purgedofthe
massofIrishwordsthatappearinourlargerdictionaries;
and,asformycountrymenintheHighlands,whoaresovery
fondofetymologising,theworkappearsnonetoosoon,ifit
willdirectthemintheproperphilologicpathtotread.With
thislatterviewIhaveprefacedtheworkwithabriefaccount
oftheprinciplesofGaelicphilology.

ThewordsdiscussedinthisDictionarynumber6900:
derivativewordsarenotgiven,butotherwisethevocabulary
herepresentedisthecompletestofanythathasyetappeared.
Ofthislargevocabulary,abouttwothirdsarenativeGaelic
andCelticwords,overtwentypercent,areborrowed,and
thirteenpercent,areofdoubtfulorigin,noetymologybeing
presentedforthem,thoughdoubtlessmostofthemarenative.

TheworkisfoundedontheHighlandSociety'sGaelic
Dictionary,supplementedbyM'Alpine,M'Eachan,andother
sources.IguardedespeciallyagainstadmittingIrishwords,

X.PREFACETOTHEFIRSTEDITION.

withwhichdictionarieslikethoseofShawandArmstrong
swarm.Shaw,in1780,plunderedunscrupulouslyfrom
Lhuyd(1707)andO'Brien(1758),andsubsequentdictionary
makersacceptedtoomanyofShaw'sIrishwords.Another
troublehasbeenthegettingofgenuineIrishwords,for
O'Reilly(1823)simplyincorporatedShaw'sDictionaryand
M'Farlane'sScotchGaelicVocabulary(1815)intohisown.
ForgenuinemodernIrishwordsIhavehadtotrusttoLhuyd,
O'Brien,Coneys,andFoley.ForearlyIrish,Ihaverelied
mainlyonWindisch,Ascoli,andAtkinson,supplementing
thembythenumerousvocabulariesaddedbymoderneditors
totheIrishtextspublishedbythem.

Fortheetymologies,IamespeciallyindebtedtoDr
WhitleyStokes'variousworks,andmoreparticularlytohis
latelypublishedUrkeltischerSprachschatz.Ihave,however,
searchedfarandwide,andItrustIhavenotmissedanything
inthewayofCelticetymologythathasbeendoneforthelast
twentyorthirtyyearshereorontheContinent.Informthe
bookfollowstheexampleofMrWharton'sexcellentworkson
LatinandGreekphilology,theEtymaLatinoandtheEtyma
Grceca,and,moreespecially,thefullermethodofPrellwitz'
EtymolgischesWorterbuchderGriechischenSprache.

Thevocabularyofnamesandsurnamesdoesnotprofessto
becomplete.Thaterrorshavecreptintotheworkisdoubt
lesstootrue.IamsorrythatIwasunable,beingsofar
alwaysfromtheUniversitycentres,togetlearnedfriendsto
lookovermyproofsandmakesuggestionsasthework
proceeded;andIhopethereaderwill,therefore,beallthe
moreindulgenttowardssuchmistakesashemaymeetwith.

ALEXANDERMACBAIX.

Inverness,13thJanuary,1896.

PREFACETOFURTHERGAELICWORDS
ANDETYMOLOGIES

SincethepublicationofmyEtymologicalDictionaryofthe
GaelicLanguageinJanuary,1896,Ihavehadthebenefitof
criticismsofthatworkbothpubliclyandprivately,andthe
resultofthese,alongwithwhatIhavegleanedfrommyown
readingandthinking,IheregivetotheGaelicSocietyand
thepublic,soastoformasortofaddendaetcorrigendato
mydictionary.Ihavetothankthecriticsofthatworkfor
theiralmostunanimouspraiseofit;itsreceptionwasvery
flatteringindeed.Thecriticismsofmostweightwerefrom
foreignscholars,thebestinthewayofadditionandsuggestion
beingthatofProf.KunoMeyerintheZeitschriftfurCeltische
Philologie.InScotlandtheInvernessCouriergavethe
weightiestjudgmentonthegeneralphilologyofthework;
andotherpapersandperiodicalsaswelladdedtheirquotaof
fruitfulcriticism.Nordidtheworkfailtomeetwithcritics
whoactedonGoldsmith'sgoldenruleinthe"Citizenofthe
World"toaskofanycomedywhyitwasnotatragedy,and
ofanytragedywhyitwasnotacomedy.IwasaskedhowI
hadnotgivenderivativewordsthoughforthatmattermost
oftheseventhousandwordsintheDictionaryarederivatives;
suchaquestionoverlookedthecharacterofthework.Mani
festderivativesbelongtoordinarydictionaries,nottoan
etymologicalone.Thiswasclearlyindicatedinthepreface;
thework,too,followedthebestmodelsonthesubject
Prellwitz,Wharton,andSkeat.Anothercriticismwas
unscientificintheextreme:Iwasfoundfaultwithfor
excludingIrishwords!Why,itwasthebestserviceIcould
rendertoCelticphilologytopresentapurevocabularyofthe

XU.PREFACETOFURTHERGAELICWORDSANDETYMOLOGIES.

ScottishdialectofGadelic;thetalkoftheimpossibilityof
"reddingthemarches"betweenIrishandGaelicmaybe
Celticpatriotism,butitisnotscience.Asagainstthis
criticism,IwasespeciallycongratulatedbyProf.Windisch
forattemptingtoreddthesesamemarches.Afunnycriticism
waspassedonthestyleofprintingadoptedfortheleading
words;nocapitalsareusedatthebeginningofeacharticle.
Thecritichadnotseenadictionarybeforewithoutsuch
capitals,anditoffendedhiseyetoseemyworkso'*headless''
asitis!Hereagainacquaintancewithlikephilologicalwork*
wouldhaveremovedthe"offence"andshowntheutilityof
thestyle.InfactinGaelic,withitsaccentedvowels,capital
initialsaretroublesomeandunsightly,andthephilological
methodisatoncemorescientificandmoreeasytowork.

Thefollowingvocabularycontains(1)etymologiesfor
wordsnotetymologisedinmydictionary;(2)neworcorrected
etymologiesforwordsalreadyotherwisetraced;and(3)words
omitted.Thesenewwordshavecomefromthepublicand
privatecriticismsandsuggestionsalreadyreferredto,and
fromanotheroverhaulingofsuchdictionariesasM'Alpine
andM'Eaehan.

ABBREVIATIONS.

1.LANGUAGETITLES.

Ag.S..

AngloSaxon

L....

Late,asL.Lat.=Late

Ann..

Armenian

Latin^


Br....

Breton

Lat...

Latin

Bulg...

Bulgarian0.Bulg.=

Lett...

Lettic

Ch.SI.

Lit...

Lithuanian

Ch.SI..

ChurchSlavonic

M....

Middle,asM.Ir.=Midd

Cor.anc

Irish

Corn.

Cornish

Mod...

Modern

Dan...

Danish

N....

Norse

Dial...

Dialectic,belongingtoa

N..

New,asN.Slav.=New

Dialect

Slavonic

Du...


Dutch

N.H.,.

DialectsoftheNorth

E....

Early,asE.Eng.=Early

Highlands

English

N.Sc..

NorthernScottish

Eng...

English

0....

Old,as0.Ir.=01dIrish

Fr....

French

0.H.G.

OldHighGerman

G....

Gaelic

Per...

Persian

Gaul..

Gaulish

Pruss..

Prussian

Ger...

German

Sc....

Scottish

Got...

Gothic

Shet...

Shetland

Gr....


Greek

Skr...

Sanskrit

H....

High,asH.G.=High

SI.and

German

Slav.

Slavonic

Heb...

DialectsoftheHebrides

Slov...

Slovenic

Hes...

Hesychius

Span..

Spanish

I.E...

IndoEuropean

Sw...

Swedish

Ir....

Irish

W....

Welsh

Ital...

Italian

Zd....

ZendorOldBactrian

2.BOOKSANDAUTHORITIES.

A.M'DAlexanderMacdonald'sGaelicSongs,withvocabulary.

AtkAtkinson'sDictionarytothePassionsandHomilies

fromtheLeabharBreac,1887.
Arm.,Arms...Armstrong'sGaelicDictionary,1825.

B.ofDeer...BookofDeer,editedbyStokesinGoidelica,1872.
Bez.Beit....Bezzenberger'sBeitragezurKundederIdg.Sprachen,

aGermanperiodicalstillproceeding.

C.SCommonSpeech,notyetrecordedinliterature.

CarmDrAlexanderCarmichael;see"Authorsquoted."

Celt.Mag....TheCelticMagazine,13vols.,stoppedin1888.
ConConeys'IrishEnglishDictionary,1849.

XIV.ABBREVIATIONS.

CormCormac'sGlossary,publishedin1862and1868,edited

byDrWhitelyStokes.

D.ofLTheDeanofLismore'sBooh,editedinI862,1892.

FourMast....AnnalsoftheFourMasters,publishedin1848,1851.

FolFoley'sEnglishIrishDictionary,1855.

HendDrGeorgeHenderson,LecturerinCelticLanguages

andLiteratureintheUniversityofGlasgow.

H.S.DTheHighlandSociety'sDictionaryoftheGaelic

Language,1828.

Inv.Gael.Soc.Tr.TransactionsoftheGaelicSocietyofInverness,still
proceeding.

L.naH....Lebornahuidre,ortheBookoftheDunCow,an
IrishMS.of1100.

LhLhuyd'sArchceologiaBrittanica,1707.

Lib.Leinster..BookofLeinster,anIrishMS.of1150.

M'AMacalpine'sGaelicDictionary,1832.

M'DAlexanderMacdonald'sGaelickandEnglishVocab
ulary,174"!.

MEM'Eachan'sFaclair,1862.

M'FM'Farlane'sFocaUiirorGaelicVocabulary,1815.

M'LM'LeodandDewar'sDictionaryoftheGaelicLan
guage,1831.

NichSheriffNicholson'sGaelicProverbs.

O'BrO'Brien'sIrishEnglishDictionary,1768and1832.

O'ClO'Clery'sGlossary,republishedinRevueCeltique,

Vols.iv.v.,date1643.

O'RO'Reilly'sIrishEnglishDictionary,1823.

Rev.Celt...,RevueCeltique,aperiodicalpublishedatParis,nowin
its17thvol.

RDRobDonn,theReayBard;sometimesgivenas(Suth.).

Rob.....Rev.Chas.M.Robertson,authorofpamphletson

certaindialectsoftheScottishHighlands.

S.C.RTheScottishCelticReview,1vol.,editedbyDr

Cameron.1885.

S.DSeanDana,OssianicPoemsbytheRev.DonaldSmith.

ShShaw'sGaelicandEnglishDictionary,1780.

StDrWhitleyStokes;see"Authorsquoted."

StewVocabularyattheendofStewart'sGaelicCollection.

Wh.JohnWhyte,Inverness;sometimesenteredas(Arg.).

ZeitKuhn'sZcitschriftf.vergl.Sprachfo?'schung,aGerman

periodicalstillproceeding.

Anasterisk(*)denotesalwaysahypotheticalword;thesign(t)denotes
thatthewordisobselete.Thenumeralabovethelinedenotesthenumber
oftheeditionorthenumberofthevolume.

AUTHORSQUOTED.

Adamnan.abbotofIona,whodiedin704,wrotealifeofStColumba,

editedbyReeves1857,reissuedbySkenein1874.
AscoliispublishinginconnectionwithhiseditionsoftheMSS.ofMilan

andStGalla"GlossaryofAncientIrish,"ofwhichthevowelsand

someconsonantsarealreadyissued.
BezzenbergereditstheBez.Beit,notedabove,hascontributedtoitCeltic

articles,andhasfurnishedcommentsorsuggestedetymologiesinDr

Stokes'UrkeltischerSprachschatz.
Bradley'sStratmaunsMiddleEnglishDictionary.
Brttgmannistheauthorofthe"ComparativeGrammaroftheIndo

GermanicLanguages,"alargework,whereCelticisfullytreated.
Cameron:ThelateDrCameroneditedtheScottishCelticReview,wherehe

publishedvaluableGaelicetymologies,andlefttheMS.materialwhich

formsthebasisofthetwovolumesofhisReliquiceCelticce.
Cameron:MrJohnCameronoftheGaelicNamesofPlants,1883.
Cakmichael'sAgresticCustomsoftheHebrides,intheNapierCommission

Report.
EdmonstonistheauthorofanEtymologicalGlossaryoftheOrkneyDialect.
Ernault,authorofanEtymologicalDictionaryofMiddleBreton,and

contributortotheRev.CeltofmanyarticlesonBreton.
Fick,compileroftheComparativeDictionaryoftheIndoGermanic

Languages(nottranslatedyeti,completedin1876.Thefourthedition

wasbegunin1890withDrWhitleyStokesandDrBezzenbergeras

collaborateurs:thesecondvolumeofthiseditionisDrStokes'

UrkeltischerSprachshatzEarlyCelticWordTreasure,1894.
Jamieson,authoroftheEtymologicalDictionaryoftheScottishLanguage,

2vols.,1>08,Paisleyedition,5vols.,18791887.
Dr:Jubainville,editoroftheRev.Celt.,haswrittenmuchonCeltic

philologyinthatperiodicalandotherwise.
GutekbockauthorofabrochureonLatinLoanwordsinIrish1882.
Hennessey,whoofferedsomeetymologiesinhisCriticismofMacpherson's

OssiauintheAcatemy,August1871.
Kluge,compilerofthelatestandbestEtymohgcalDictionaryoftheGerman

Language,5theditionhereusedmostly.
Loth,authorofinteraliathe\'ocabulaireVieuxBreton,1884,thework

usuallyreferredtounderhisname
Mackinnon:Prof.Mackinnoninlnv.Gael.Soc.Tr.,inCelt.Magandinthe

Scotsman.
M'Lean:HectorMacleanwrotemanyarticleson<Jaelicphilologyinnews
papersandperiodicals;herequotedasanauthorityonthelanguage.
K.Meyer,editorofCathFinntrdga,1884,VisionofMacConglinne,1892,

&c,allwithvocabularies.
Murray,editorofthePhilologicalSociety'sNewEnglishDictionaryin

processofpublication.

Xvi.AUTHORSQUOTED.

Osthoff:especiallyinIndogermanischenForschungen,4264294.

Prellwitz,compilerofanEtymologicalDictionaryofGreek,1892.

Rhys:Prof.RhysisauthorofLecture*onWelshPhilology,1879,Celtit

Britain,1884,HibbtrtLectures,1886,andacolophontotheManx

PrayerBook,2rols.,onthePhoneticsoftheManxLanguage.
Skeat,authoroftheEtymologicalDictionaryoftlieEnglishLanguage.
Stokes:DrWhitleyStokes,authorofbooksandarticlestoonumerousto

detailhere.HisUrlceltischerSprachschatzwasusedthroughoutthe

work;itistothisworkhisnamenearlyalwaysrefers.
Strachan:Prof.Strachan'spaperonCompensatoryLengtheningofVcweU

inIrishistheusualreferenceinthiscase.
Thurneysex,authorofKeltoronuinisches,1884,theworkusuallyreferred

tohere,thoughusehasbeenmadeofhisarticlesinZeit.andR<>\

Celtique.
"Wharton,authorofEtymaGrceca,1882,andEtymaLatina,1890.
Wtndisch,editorofIrischeTexteraitWorterbuch,usedthroughoutthis

work,authorofaConciseIrishGrammar,ofKeltischeSpracfieninthe

AllgemeineEncyklopcedie,oftheCelticadditionstoCurtius'Greek

Etymology,etc.
Zeuss,GrammaticaCeltica,secondeditionbyEbel.
Zimmer,editorofGlossesRibemicce,1881,authorofKeltischeStudien,1881,

1884,pursuedinZeit.,ofKeltischeBeitrage,inwhichhediscussesthe

NorseinfluenceonIrish,andmanyotherarticles.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION.

GaelicbelongstotheCelticgroupoflanguages,andtheCelticis
itselfabranchoftheIndoEuropeanorAryanfamilyofspeechJ
forithasbeenfoundthatthelanguagesofEurope(withthe
exceptionofTurkish,Hungarian,Basque,andUgroFinnish),and
thoseofAsiafromtheCaucasustoCeylon,1resembleeachother
ingrammarandvocabularytosuchanextentthattheymustall
beconsideredasdescendedfromoneparentororiginaltongue.
ThisparenttongueisvariouslycalledtheAryan,IndoEuropean,
IndoGermanic,andeventheIndoCelticlanguage.Itwas
spoken,itisbelieved,somethreethousandyearsB.C.inancient
SarmatiaorSouthRussia;andfromthisascentre2thespeakers
oftheAryantongue,whicheventhenshoweddialectaldiffer
ences,radiatedeast,west,northandsouthtothevariouscountries
nowoccupiedbythedescendantlanguages.Thecivilizationof
theprimitiveAryansappearstohavebeenanearlierandmore
nomadicformofthatpresentedtousbytheCeltictribeofthe
HelvetiiinCaesar'stime.Hereanumberofvillagecommunities,
wearyoftheworkof,agriculture,orledbythedesireofbetter
soil,cuttheircrops,pulleddowntheirlightlybuilthousesand
huts,packedchildandchattelonthewaggonswiththeirteamsof
oxen,andsoughttheirfortuneinadistantland.Inthisway
theCeltsandtheItalianspartedfromtheoldAryanhometo
moveuptheDanube,theformersettlingontheRhineandthe
latterontheGulfofVenice.Theotherraceswenttheirseveral
waystheIndiansandIranianseastwardacrossthesteppes,the
Teutonswenttothenorthwest,andtheHellenestothesouth.

TheAryanorIndoEuropeanlanguagesfallintosixleading
groups(leavingAlbanianandArmenianoutofaccount),thus:

I.IndoIranianorArian,divisibleintotwobranches:

(a)Indianbranch,includingSanskrit,nowdead,butdating
initsliteraturetoatleast1000B.C.,andthedescendant
modern(dialectsor)languages,suchasHindustani,
Bengali,andMahratti.

1SeeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

II.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

(b)Iranianbranch,whichcomprisesZendorOldBactrian
(circ.1000B.C.),OldPersianandModernPersian.

If.GreekorHellenic,inclusiveofancientandmodernGreek
(fromHomerin800b.c.onwards).AncientGreekwas
dividedtraditionallyintothreedialectsIonic(witliAtticor
literaryGreek),Doric,and^Eolic.

III.Italic,dividedinearlytimesintotwomaingroupsthe
LatinandtheUmbroOscan.FromLatinaredescended
Italian,French,Spanish,Portuguese,Rhoetoromanieand
Roumanian,calledgenerallytheRomancelanguages.

IV.Celtic,ofwhichanon.

V.Teutonic,whichincludesthreegroups(a)EastTeutonicor

Gothic(fourthcent,a.d.);(b)NorthTeutonicorScandi
navian,inclusiveofOldNorseandthemodernlanguages
calledIcelandic,Norwegian,Swedish,andDanish;and(c)
WestTeutonic,whichdividesagainintoHighGerman
(whencemodernGerman),theOldHighGermanbeing;i
languagecontemporarywithOldIrish,andLowGerman,,
whichincludesOldSaxon,AngloSaxon,English,Dutch,and
Frisian.

VI.BaltoSlavonicorLettoSlavonic,whichincludesLithu

anian,datingfromtheseventeenthcentury,yetshowing
remarkabletracesofantiquity,Lettic,OldPrussianofthe
fifteenthandsixteenthcenturies,nowextinct,OldBulgarian
orChurchSlavonic,intowhichtheBiblewastranslatedin
theninthcentury,andtheSlavonicmodernlanguagesof
Russia,etc.

Thesesixgroupscannot,saveprobablyinthecaseofLatin3
andCeltic,bedrawnclosertogetherinagenealogicalway.
Radiatingastheydidfromacommoncentre,theadjacentgroups
aremorelikeoneanotherthanthosefurtheroff.TheEuropean
languages,inclusiveofArmenian,presentthethreeprimitive
vowelscr,e,ointact,whiletheIndoIraniangroupcoalescesthem
allintothesounda.AgaintheAsiaticlanguagesjoinwiththe
BaltoSlavonicinchangingAryanpalatalkintoasibilantsound.
Similarlytwoorthreeothergroupsmaybefoundwithcommon
peculiarities(e.g.,Greek,Latin,andCelticwithoioriinthenom.
pi.masc.oftheodeclension).LatinandCeltic,further,show
intimaterelationsinhavingincommonan%inthegen.sing,of
theodeclension(originallyalocative),tionverbalnouns,a
futureinb,andthepassiveinr.

3SeeSupplementtoOat!hie*ofGaelicEtymology.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.


UK

TheCelticgroupnowcomprisesfivelivinglanguages;in.tin
18thcenturythereweresix,whenCornishstilllived.Thesesix
Celticlanguagesaregroupedagainintotwobranches,whichmay
benamedtheBrittonicandtheGadelic.Theformerincludes
theWelsh,Cornish,andBreton;theGadeliccomprisesIrish,
Manx,and(Scottish)Gaelic.Themaindifferencebetweenthese
twobranchesoftheCelticgroupconsistsinthis:thevelar
gutturaloftheAryanparenttongue,whichwerepresenthereby
thesymbolq,whenlabialisecl,thatiswhenthesoundworu
attachesitselftoit,becomesinBrittonicasimplepandin
Gadelicac(k,Ogamqu).ThustheWelshfor"five"ispump,
Cornishpymp),andBretonpemp,Gaulish2:>emPewhereasthe
Gaeliciscoig,Manxqueig,andIrishciiig:thecorresponding
Latinformisquinque.ProfessorRhyshashencecalledthetwo
branchesoftheCelticthePgroupandtheQgroup(fromOgmic
qu=Gaelicc).ThedistinctionintoPandQgroupsexisted
beforetheChristianera,fortheGaulsofCaesar'stimebelonged
mainly,ifnotaltogether,tothePgroup:suchdistinctiveforms
asGaulishpetor,four(Welshpedwar,Gaelicceithir),epos,horse
(Welshebol,Gaeliceach),andpempe,five,alreadynoted,with
someothers,provethisamply.Atthebeginningofthe
ChristianeratheCelticlanguagesweredistributedmuchas
follows:Gaulish,spokeninFranceandSpain,butfastdying
beforetheprovincialLatin(anddisappearingfinallyinthefifth
centuryofourera);GalloBritishorBrittonic,spokenin
BritainbytheconqueringGaulishtribes;Pictish,belongingto
theGalloBrittonicorPgroup,andspokeninScotlandand,
possibly,innorthernEngland;andGadelic,spokeninIreland
andperhapsontheWestCoastofScotlandandintheIsles.The
etymologyofthenationalnameswillbeseeninAppendixA.
Ourresultsmaybesummedinatabularformthus:

/Irish

jGadelic<Manx

QGroupX.(Gaelic

(DialectsinSpainandGaul(?)4

Celtic

PGroup

GalloBrittonicjBrittonic

Gaulishvarious
Pictish5

{Breton
Cornish
Welsh

TherearenoliteraryremainsoftheGaulishlanguageexistent;
butavastmassofpersonalandplacenameshavebeenhanded

45SeeSuftplcmenttoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

IV.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

down,andalsoafewwordsoftheordinaryspeechhavebeen
recordedbytheClassicalwriters.'5ThelanguageofBrittanycame
fromBritaininthefifthandsixthcenturies,anditmayhave
foundremainsinBrittanyofthekindredGaulishtongue.The
BrittoniclanguagesWelsh',Cornish,andBretonappearfirstin
glossesasearlyastheeighthcentury.Theseglossesare
marginalorsuperlineartranslationsintoCelticofwordsor
phrasesintheLatintextscontainedintheMSS.so"glossed/'
Theperiodoftheglossesisknownasthe"Old"stageofthe
languagesOldBreton,OldCornish,OldWelsh.Realliterary
worksdonotoccurtillthe"Middle"periodofthesetongues,
commencingwiththetwelfthcenturyandendingwiththesix
teenth.ThereafterwehaveModernorNewBreton7andWelsh
anthecasemaybe.Inthiswork,NewBretonandNewWelsh
aredenotedsimplybyBretonandWelshwithoutanyqualifying
word.

TheGaeliclanguagesIrish,Manx,andScottishGaelic
haveamuchcloserconnectionwithoneanotherthanthe
Brittoniclanguages.TilltheReformationand,indeed,fora
centuryormorethereafter,theIrishandScottishGaelichada
commonliterarylanguage,thoughthespokentongueshad
divergedconsiderably,adivergencewhichcanbetracedevenin
theoldestofourGaelicdocumentstheBookofDeer.Inthe
eighteenthcenturyScottishGaelicbrokecompletelywiththe
Irishandbeganaliterarycareerofitsownwithaliterarydialect
thatcouldbeunderstoodeasilyallovertheHighlandsandIsles.
ManxiscloselyalliedtoScottishGaelicasitistotheIrish;it
is,sofar,aremnantoftheGaelicoftheKingdomoftheIsles.

TheoldestmonumentsofGadelicliteraturearetheOgam
inscriptions,whichwerecutonthestonesmarkingthegravesof
menoftheGaelicrace.TheyarefoundinSouthIreland,Wales
andEasternPictlandasfarastheShetlandIsles,andbelongmostly
tothefifth,sixth,seventh,andeighthcenturies.Thealphabet,
whichisformedonaprototelegraphicsystembysomanystrokes
foreachletterabove,through,orbelowastemline,isas
follows8:

jiiinmiurn'"'"""'""

q;

b>1f>s,n;h,d,t,c,

IIIIIIIII!Hilliiiinmiif

mg.Dg,zr;a,o,u,e,

678SeeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.V.

ExamplesofOgaminscriptionsare:

SagramnimaqiCunotami

"(Thestone)ofSagramnossonofCunotamus."

MaqiDeceddasaviToranias

"OfthesonofDeces0'Toranis."

Cnnanettasm[aqi]mncoiNettasegamonas

"OfCunanessonofthesonofNettasegamon."

TriamaqaMailagni

"OfthethreesonsofMaolan."

Theseexamplesshowthatthestateofdeclensionalinflectionwas
ashighasthatofcontemporaryLatin.Thegenitivesinibelong
totheodeclension;thei,asinOldIrish,isnottakenyetinto
theprecedingsyllable(maqihasnotbecomemaic).Thegenitives
osandasbelongtotheconsonantaldeclension,andthehesitation
betweenaandoisinteresting,forthelaterlanguagepresents
thesamephenomenontheoinunaccentedsyllablesbeing
dnlledtoa.TheOgamlanguageseemstohavebeenapreserved
literarylanguage;itsinflectionswereantiquecomparedtothe
spokenlanguage,andOldIrish,sonearitintimeasalmosttobe
contemporary,isvastlychangedanddecayedcomparedtoit.
Irishisdividedintothefollowingfourleadingperiods:

I.OldIrish:fromabout800to1000a.d.Thisistheperiod

oftheglossesandmarginalcommentsonMSS.Besides
somescrapsofpoetryandproseenteredonMS.margins,
thereistheBookofArmagh(tenthcentury),whichcontains
continuousOldIrishnarrative.9

II.EarlyIrish,orEarlyMiddleIrish:from1000to1200a.d.

practicallytheperiodofIrishindependenceafterthe
supersessionoftheDanesatClontarfandbeforetheEnglish
conquest.ThetwogreatMSS.ofLebornahuidre,the
BookoftheDunCow,andtheBookofLeinstermarkthis
period.Manydocuments,suchasCormac'sGlossary,claimed
fortheearlierperiod,are,onaccountoftheirappearancein
laterMSS.,consideredinthisworktobelongtothisperiod.

III.MiddleIrish:from1200to1550(andinthecaseofthe
FourMastersandO'Cleryeventotheseventeenthcenturyin
manyinstances).ThechiefMSS.herearetheYellowBookof
Lecan,theBookofBallimote,theLeabarBreacorSpeckled
Book,andtheBookofLismore.

I\Modern,orNewIrish,herecalledIrish:from1550tothe
presenttime.

ySeeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

VI.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

Asalreadysaid,theliterarylanguageofIrelandandScotland
remainedthesametillabout1700,with,however,hereandthere
anoutburstofindependence.TheoldestdocumentofScottish
GaelicistheBookofDeer,aMS.whichcontainshalfadozen
entriesinGaelicofgrantsoflandmadetothemonasteryofDeer.
Theentriesbelongtotheeleventhandtwelfthcenturies,themost
importantbeingthefirsttheLegendofDeer,extendingto19
linesofcontinuousprose.TheseentriesformwhatwecallOld
Gaelic,butthelanguageisEarlyIrishofanadvancedorphoneti
callydecayedkind.ThenextdocumentistheBookoftheDean
ofLismore,writtenabout1512inphoneticGaelic,sothatwemay
takeitasrepresentingtheScottishvernacularofthetimein
inflexionandpronunciation.Itdiffersconsiderablyfromthe
contemporarylateMiddleIrish;itismorephoneticallydecayed.
WecallithereMiddleGaelic,atermwhichalsoincludesthe
MSS.oftheM'Vurichseanchaidhean.TheFemaigMSS.,10written
about1688,isalsophoneticinitsspelling,andformsavaluable
linkinthechainofScottishGaelicphoneticsfromtheBookof
Deertillnow.ThetermGaelicmeansModernGaelic.

ScottishGaeliciswrittenontheorthographiclinesofModern
Irish,whichinitsturnrepresentstheorthographyofOldIrish.
Thegreatestdeparturefromancientmethodsconsistsinthe
insistencenowupontheruleof"Broadtobroadandsmallto
small."Thatistosay,aconsonantmustbeflankedbyvowelsof
thesamequality,the"broad"beinga,o,u,andthe"small"e
andi.Gaelicitselfhasfallenmuchawayfromtheinflexional
fulnessofOldIrish.Practicallythereareonlytwocasesnom.
andgen.:thedativeisconfinedtothesingularoffemininenouns
(declension)andtothepluralofafewwordsaslaiddowninthe
grammarsbutnotpractisedinspeech.Therichverbalinflexion
oftheoldlanguageisextremelypoorlyrepresentedbythe
impersonalandunchangingformsofthetwotensesonlytwo
thatremainintheindicativemood.Aspiration,whichaffectsall
consonantsnow,(thoughunmarkedfor/,n,r),hascometoplay
thepartofinflectionlargely;thisisespeciallythecasewiththe
article,noun,andadjective.Eclipsisbynispracticallyun
known;butphoneticdecayisevidencedeverywhereinthelossof
inflectionandtheuniformisingofdeclensionandconjugation.

TherearetwomainDialectsofGaelic,andtheseagainhave
manysubdialects.ThetwoleadingDialectsareknownasthe
NorthernandSouthernDialects.Theboundarybetweenthem
isdescribedaspassinguptheFirthofLorntoLochLeven,and
thenacrossfromBallachulishtotheGrampians,andthencealong

10SeeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.vii.

thatrange.TheSouthernDialectismoreIrishthanthe
Northern,andithasalsoadheredtotheinflectionsbetter(e.g.,
thedualcasestillexistsinfeminineanouns).11Thecrucialdis
tinctionconsistsinthedifferentwayinwhichtheDialectsdeal
withederivedfromcompensatorylengthening;12intheSouthitis
eu,intheNorthia(e.g.,feuragainstfiar,brengagainstbriag,<fcc.)
ThesoundofaodiffersmateriallyinthetwoDialects,the
SouthernhavingthesoundopenerthantheNorthernDialcct.1:i
TheSouthernDialectispracticallytheliterarylanguage.

ModernGaelichasfarmoreborrowedwordsthanIrishatany
stageofitsexistence.Thelanguagesborrowedfromhavebeen
mainlyEnglish(Scottish)andNorse.Nearlyalltheloanwords
takendirectlyfromLatinbelongtotheMiddleorOldperiodof
GaelicandIrish;andtheybelongtothedomainoftheChurch
andthelearnedandothersecularworkinwhichthemonksand
therestoftheclergyengaged.ManyLatinwords,too,havebeen
borrowedfromtheEnglish,which,initsturn,borrowedthem
oftenfromFrench,(suchasprls,cunntas,cuirt,spbrs,&o.),Latin
wordsborroweddirectlyintoEnglishandpassedintoGaelicare
few,suchaspost,plasd,])eur,&c.FromnativeEnglishandfrom
LowlandScotsagreatvocabularyhasbeenborrowed.Inregardto
Scots,manywordsofFrenchoriginhavecomeintoGaelicthrough
it.AttimesitisdifficulttodecidewhethertheTeutonicword
wasborrowedfromScottish(English)orfromNorse.Thecon
tributionsfromtheNorsemostlybelongtothesea;infact,most
oftheGaelicshippingtermsareNorse.

I.PHONETICS.
UndertheheadingofPhoneticswedealwiththesoundsof
thelanguagethevowels,semivowels,andconsonants,separately
andintheirinteractionupononeanother.

1.Alphabet.

TheGaelicalphabetconsistsofeighteenletters,viz.,a,b,c,d,
e,f,g,h,i,I,m,n,o,p,r,8,t,andu.Irish,OldandNew,have
thesamelettersastheGaelic.Asthisnumberoflettersinno
wayadequatelyrepresentsthesounds,signsandcombinationsare
necessary.

Firstly,thelongvowelsaredenotedbyagraveaccent:a,),
a,e,o,thelattertwohavingalsotheformse,6,todenotesounds
analogoustothoseinEnglishvein,hoar."Whereasa,i,it,which
haveonlyonesound,representcorrespondingIndoEuropean
sounds(a,I,it),noneofthelongsoundsofeororepresent
.simplecorrespondingI.E.sound.

u1213s^eeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

Vlii.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

TheGaelicvowelsaredividedintotwoclassesbroadand
small.Thebroadvowelsarea,o,u:thesmall,e,i.TheGaelic
diphthongs^4represent(1)simplesounds,(2)realdiphthongsounds,
or(3)modificationoftheconsonantsandcarryingoutofthelaw
of"broadtobroadandsmalltosmall."Theyareasfollows:

ai,ao,[au~\*ai

ea,ei,eo,en,ehei,ei

ia,io,hi,Hito

oi,[oti]*oi

)i",uiid

Hereea,ei,eurepresent0,Ir.e,e,andarepracticallysimple
sounds,ascertainlyisao.Theformsia,uaaregenuinediph
thongs,asareusuallythelongvowelcombinations.Therest
maybediphthongs,ormaybeatrickofspelling,asinthe
wordJios(0.Ir.jis),wheretheoshowsthatthe8hasitsnormal
sound,andnotthatofE.sh,as./7swouldimply.

Triphthongsoccurinthecourseofinflection,andinthecase
ofaootherwise.Theseareaoi,eoi,iai,iui,uai,ebi,iiii.

Theconsonantsareclassifiedinaccordancewiththeposition
oftheorgansofspeechconcernedintheirutterance:

I.Liquids.Theliquidsare/andr,withthenasalsnandvi.
Inwriting,monlyis"aspirated,"becomingtotheeyemh,tothe
earavwithnasalinfluenceonthecontiguousvowels.Theother
liquids,/,n,andr,arereallyaspiratedinpositionsrequiring
aspiration,thoughnohisattachedtoshowit.15Thereis,however,
onlyaslightchangeofsoundmadeintheselettersbytheaspira
tionamore10voicedsoundbeinggiventhemintheaspirating
position.

II.MutesandExplosives.Theseallsufferaspirationwhen
intervocalic.Theyareclassifiedasfollows:

Tenues.Mediae.Aspirates.

Labialspbph,l>lt

Dentalstdth,dh

(Gutturalscgch,gh

Thedentalsdandtbecomespirants17whenincontactwith,or
flankedby,the"small"vowelseandi.Theothermutesarenot
affectedbysuchcontact.1STheaspiratesoundsareph~ff
bk=v,th=h,dhandghbeforec,iy,eA==GermanandScotchch.

*Dialectal,before//,nn,mh,bh,thoughnotinthe.script.

1415i<i17isgeeSupplenierUtoOutline*ofGacliaEtymology*

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY,IX.

III.TheSpirants.These,outsidetheabovespirantmade
mutes,are,/'ands.Thesound[resemblingE.]shisrepresented
bysflankedwith"small"vowels.Theaspirateformsofthese
arejh(=theGreekopenbreathingornothingpractically),
G.sh(=h).

CelticAlphabet.

TheCelticalphabet,asdeducedfromtheNeoCelticdialects,
checkedbyGaulish,possessedthefollowingsounds:

I.Vowels:

Shorti,u,e,o,a

Longi(=7,e),u,e(=ei),o(au),a(=<>,(7)

Diphthongsei,oi,ai,en,on,an

II.Liquidsr,I,m,n

III.Spirants(h),s,j,v

IV.Explosives:Tenues.Mediae.

Labialsh

Dentalstd

Gutturals../...k,kv,(p)g,gv(/>)
IthastobenotedthatIndoEuropeanpinitialandintervocalic
islostinCeltic.10Beforeanotherconsonant,itmanifestsitsformer
presencebycertainresultswhichstillremain.ThusI.E.septn
isG.seachd,supnosbecomessuan.

IndoEuropeanAIphabet.

ByacomparisonofthesixIndoEuropeanorAryanlanguage
groups,thesoundspossessedbytheparenttonguemaybe
inferred.ThefollowingistheformoftheI.E.alphabetwhichis
usedinthepresentwork:

I.Vowels:Shorti,u,e,o,,9

Longi,il,e,o,cl
Diphthongsei,oi,ai,eu,mi,au
ei,oi,di,en,oh,du

II.Semivowels:i,u,representedinthisworkalwaysby

,;',v.Seethespirants.

III.CoNSONANTVOWELS:r,I,lit,it,r,/,in,v

IV.LiquidsandNasals:r,I,m,n
V.Spirants:,/,v,s,z

111SeeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

X.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

VI.Explosives20:Tenues.Mediae.Aspirate*

Labial~.pbj>h,bh

Dentaltdth,dh

1'alatalkgkh,gh

Velarqgqh,ah

2.VowelModification.
InGaelicthevowelorvowelcombinationofasyllablemay
undergo"mutation"(Germanumlaut)inthecourseofinflection
orwordbuilding.Thismutationiscausedbytheinfluence
exertedbackwardbythevowelofthenextsyllablenoworprevi
ouslyexistent.TherearethreeclassesofmutationinGaelic
causedeitherbyafollowing(1)eori,(2)aoro,or(3)u.
Mutationby"e"or"e."
abecomes(1)ai:cat,gen.cait,damh,g.daimh.

(2)oi(withdoubleliquidsusually):dall,pi.doill,

clann,g.cloinne.

(3)ui(withliquids):ball,pi.buill,edit,g.uillt.

AlsowhereIrishshowso:balg,0.Ir.bole,
pi.builg;sodag,fait,gal,fuil,car.
(i)i:7/iac,g.mic.Dialectallyaibecomesei,
especiallywithliquids,andinordinaryG.
eilerepresents0.Ir.aile;soseileach,too.
obecomes(1)oi:sgoltadh,sgoilte.

(2)ui:bonn,g.buinn,j>o*t,g.jmist.
ubecomesui:dubh,comp.duibhe.
ebecomesei:beirfor*bere,catchthou.
a,b,ubecomeai,hi,id:laimlie,bige,diiin.
to,iu,uabecometriphthongs;[thedigraphao+iformsa

diphthong.]
eabecomes(1)ei:each,g.eich.

(2)i:ceann,g.cinn;theusualmutation.
cu,withliquids,becomeseoi:beul,g.bebil.Itsometimes

becomesao:eiidann,aodamt.
iaisrestoredtoei:fiadh,g.feidJt;irregularlyfiar,crooked,

comp.Jiaire,biadh,g.bidh,[Dial,teidh,beidh,biidh.]
iobecomesi:fionn,g.Jinn.

Mutationby"o"or"."
obecomesa,amutationofprincipalsyllablesrareinIrish:

cap,Ir.cos,original*coxa;cadalforcodal.
ubecomeso:sruth,g.srotha;nuadh,nodha.
ebecomesea:cearcfrom*cerca.

.SeeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicti)molo<jij.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.XI.

ibecomesea:fearfrom*viros.

eibecomesia:thestemfeidhbecomesJiadhinthenom.

(*veidos).
tbecomes\o:florfrom*viros.

Mutationby"u."
Asucceedinguaftectsonlyiore;itisamutationwhichdoes
notnowoperate.Thusfiodhconiesfrom*vidu(0.Ir.fid);bior
from*beru(0.Ir.bir);sliochdfromslektu;cionnfromthedat.
*cennu,from*cennb.

3.IndoEuropeanandGaelicVowels.

TherepresentationinGaelicoftheI.E.vowelsisverycom
plicatedowingtotheprinciplesofmutationdiscussedabove.

I.E.i.

(1)Gaelici,0.Ir.i,W.y.

bitk,world,0.Ir.bit/i,W.byd,Br.bed:*bitus,rootgi.So
ith,fidir,nigh,fir(gen.andpi.offear),asalsonidfromnead,
etc.).

(2)G.ea,0.Ir.e.

beatha,life,0.Ir.bethu:*bitiis,stem*bitdt,root^i.So
eao?/i,it,fear,geamhradh,meanbh,nead,seas,seasg,sleamhuinn,
sneachd.

(3)G.to,0.Ir.

G.^oc?A,wood,0.Ir.fid,W.gwydd,Br.^rwez:*vidu.So
jzos,ioc?A.Thezooffionn,0.Ir/mm?isduetotheliquid
andmedialmute,whichtogetheralwayspreservetheiand
evendevelopitfromanoriginal//or<jn(iib,nd,iig).

(4)G.,0.Ir.in.

Thisisamutationbyu:flinch,wet,from*vliqu;tiugh,
*tigus.

I.E.u.

(1)G.,0.Ir.u,W.to(o).

G.,0.Ir.sruth,stream,W.frivd:*srutus.SoSwa,dubh,
guth,muc,musach,slug,smug,tidach.
HereaddG.ui:cluinn,luibh,uisge.

(2)G.,0.Ir.o.

bonn,bottom,0.Ir.bond,W.bon,*bundos.Sobothan,con,
dogs',do,so,domhan,dorm,torn,os,trod.
I.E.e.
(1)G.,0.Ir.e,W.e.

SimpleeisrareinG.:leth,side,0.Ir.leth,W.lied,*letos.
Soteth,hot.

Xll.OUTLINESOPGAELICETYMOLOGY.

(2)G.00,0.Ir.e.

G.each,horse,0.Ir.ech,W.ebol,Lat.equus.Sonumerous,
wordseadh,space,bean,heart,cearc,ceart,dearc,dearr/y
deas,fearg,geal,geas,meadhon,meanmna,meas,neart,reachd,
seach,seachd,sean,Sparg,teach,teas,treabh.

(3)G.ei,0.Ir.e.

G.heir,take,0.Ir.berim,W.adfer,Lat./ero.Sobeil
(meil),ceil,ceirtle,ceithir,creid,deich,deis,[Dial.]read),
meirbh,seiun,teich,teine.

(4)G.,0.Ir.i.

G.,0.Ir.fine,tribe,rootven,0.H.G.urini,Ag.S.wine,
friend.Socineal,gin,ite,mil,misg,sinnsear,tigh,tigheama.

(5)G.io,0.Ir.i.

G.bior,spit,0.Ir.bir,W.<^r,Lat.vfrw.Soiol,sliochd,.
smior,biolaire,ciomach,tioram.

(6)G.uiinrnith,ruinn=rinn(bis),ruighiunandrighinn:(Cf.

roinn,[Dial.]did,forruin;ruigheaclid).Sotrusd<i:,.
stuthaig.

(7)CompensatorylongvowelsinG.and0.Ir.Thesearisefrom

lossofoneconsonantbeforeanother,oneofwhichmustbea
liquid.

a.entbecomesG.eud,0.Ir.et.G.ceud,first,0.Ir.cet,W.

cynt.Soseud,journey.Similarly*enk;G.<??/?,death,
0.Ir.ec;*brenkd,G.hreug,lie,0.Ir.irec,;*enkt,
G.euchd,E.Ir.e'c^(Cf.creuchd,*crempt?);*centso;G.
ceus,crucify.Paralleltotheseformsinent,enkaro
thoseinvt,nk,suchasceud,onehundred,0.Ir.cety
W.crtwi,Lat.centum(socfewc/,0W^,geug).

b.ebl:inG.neul,cloud,0.Ir.nel,W,?mt'.
e<?r:inG.feur,grass,0.Ir.fer,W,gvair.
egn:inG.feun,0.Ir.fen:*vegnos.

etl:inG.ggeul,0.Ir.acel,W.chwedl.
etu:inG.eun,0.Ir.;*,W.edit.

c.G.e^r/rt?'andthigshowshortvowelsfororiginal*enterand

<??i.Thisisduetosentenceaccentinthecaseofeadar
andtothewordaccentinthecaseofthigortoboth.

Forceum,leum,etc.,seeundern.

I.E.o.
(1)G.,Ir.o.

G.co,comh,with,0.Ir.co,com,W.cy,cy/,*kom;soro
(asLat.pro),fo(=Gr.iVo),nochd,naked,night,ocAcf,wioJ
bodhar,gon,goit,roth.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.OIL

(2)G.,0.Ir.u,ui.

G.,0.Tr.muir,sea,W.mor,Br.mor,from*mori.Sodruim
(*dros?ii?i),guidJie,guil,guin,sgtur,suidhe,uidhe,uileann,
nircean,gu,to,cu,fu,fur(fur=*vor).

(3)'A.a,0.Ir.o.

G.cas,foot,0.Ir.cos,W.coes,*coxd.Soamh,balg,call,fait,
fart,gar,calltuinn.So,too,compounds.Withconasin
zagainn,cadal,cagar,caisg,asagainstcoguis(0.Ir.concubus),
withitsnsoundterminal.

,.x*compensatorylongvowels.

G.dual,lockofhair,*doglo,Got.tagl,Eng.cw7.Soo
(*potlo),buain,(*bognior*bongni),cluain,man,bruan,
sron,cbmh.

I.E.a.

(1)G.a,ai,0.Ir.a,W.a.

G.,0.Ir.can,sing,W.ama,Lat.cano.Somanywords,
suchasabhainn,ad,agh,air,altrum,anail,anam,cac,
damk,gad,mac,maide,marc,nathair,salann,&c.

(2)G.abeforerd,rn,m.

Seeard,bard,barr,cam,sgaird,cam,am,mam.

(3)G.i.

Intwocasesonly:mac,g.mic;sile[Dial,forseile],saliva,
0.Ir.saile.

(4)G.u,ui.

Thishappensincontactwithliquids.Theprep,airbecomes
ur,uir,urchar,uireasbhuidh.Somuighfrom*magesi.
Commoninobliquecases:allt,g.uillt,ball,buill,&c.

{5)G.ea,eifore.

G.seileach,willow,E.Ir.sail,W.helyg,Lat.salix.So
ealtuinn,eile,eirforair,eilean,[Dial.]training,deigh,ice.

(6)G.oi.

ThischangeofI.E.aintoGaelicoiisduemostlytoaliquid
followedbya"small"vowel.

G.oil,rear,E.Ir.ailim,Lat.alo.Sooirforair,coileach,
goir,troigh,coire,loinn,<fcc,andgoid,oide.

{!)CompensatorylengtheningsinG.
a.Asa,ai:

G.dail,meeting,0.Ir.ddl,W.dadl,whereatloisthe
originalcombination,agrappearsinnaire,sar,clr.

XIV.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

b.Aseu,ao,ia:

Ithasbeenseenthatceud,hundred,correspondsto\V.
cant,Lat.centum.TheCeltic,inthesecases,isregarded
ashavingbeenyt,nk,(*kyto?i).Seeundern.
Anundoubtedcaseofalandingbycompensationinto
eu(=e)isdeur,tear,0.Ir.der,0.W.dacr,I.E.dahu.
Prof.Strachanhasextendedthisanalogytowordslike
meur,breun,leine,sgeun,meanan.Thecaseofdeur
seemsrathertobeananomaly.21

IE.s.
ThisistheI.E."indefinite"vowel,appearinginCelticasa,
intheAsiaticgroupsas*,andgenerallyasainEurope(Greek
showingalsoe).Henrydenotesitbya,amoreconvenientform
thanBrugmann'ss.Somephilologistsrefusetorecogniseit.

G.athair,father,0.Ir.athir,I.E.pvter,Gr.7ra.Tijf),Skr.
pitar.
Itiscommoninunaccentedsyllables,asG.anail,breath,
W.anadl,*anstla,Gr.ave/xos.Inthecaseofsyllableswith
liquidsitisdifficulttodecidewhetherwehavetodealwitha,9,
oraliquidvowel;asinG.ball,member,*bhalno,rootbhsl,
whenceGr.<f>a\\6s,Eng.bole.

I.E.LongVowels.

I.E.%anduaresointimatelyboundwitheiandeu(on)
thatitisdifficulttosayoftenwhetherwehavetodealwiththe
simplevowelorthediphthongastheoriginal.For%seel\,s)n,
sglth,brigh;forii,seecul,duil,element,dim,cliii,mucli,miiin,
run,ur.TheW.inbothcases(7,u)showsimplei.

I.E.eappearsinCelticas*,G.\:asinG.flor(fir),true,
0.Ir.fir,W.andBr.gwir,Lat.verus.Solion,mial(miol),mios
righ,sith,siol,sior,tir,snwmh.

I.E.oandaappearbothasaintheCelticlanguages
Gadelicd,W.aw,Br.eu.For6,seebldth,gnath,lar,dan,snath.
Fora,seeban,brathair,endimh,car,clai\daimh,faidh,g&ir.
mathair,sath,tamh.Butrbin,run,nbs,mdin,allfromd?bin
finals,etc.,mayequalu:*svesor=0.Ir.siv.r,jiur,Med.Ir.sidr.

I.E.Diphthongs.
I.E.ei(ejV)appearsinG.intwoformsaselandia.Thus
a.G.ei,0.Ir.ei,W.wy,Br.oe,oa.Seefe'itJi,geill,meith,
reidh,seid,sme'id.22

nSeeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY'.XV.

b.G.ia,0.Ir.ia.Thisisduetotheinfluenceofasucceed
ingbroadvowel.Seeeta,ciall,cliathach,criathar,fiadh,
fianuis,giall,iarunn,liagh,riadh,riar,sgiath,sliabh.
Considerthesefetich,lean,gle,and,possibly,geadli.
I.E.oi(oj?).ThisconsistentlyappearsinG.asaolong,
0.Ir.di,oi,lateroe,ae,(6e,de),AV.,Br.u.Seecaomh,claon,
fraoch,gaoth,gaol,laogh,maoiu,maoth,taobh.

I.E.aicanwithdifficultybedifferentiatedfromoi;certainly
notonCelticground,nor,indeed,outsideGreekandLatin.The
followingarerealcases:G.aois,caoch,saothair,taois.

I.E.euandouarealsoconfusedtogetherinthemodernCeltic
languages.TheybothappearaseitherG.uaoro.

a.G.ua,0.Ir.ua,AV.,Br.u.

G.buaidh,victory,0.Ir.buaid,AV.bud,GalloBritish
Boudicca,"Victoria."Seealsobuachaill,cluas,luath
ruadh,ruathar,truagh,tuath,uasal.

b.G.b;asbbidheachfrombuaidh,trbcairfromtruagh,

lochran,cosforcuas.
I.E.au2'JappearsinG.asoorua,muchasdoeu,ou.Thus
G.go,alie,0.Ir.go,gdu,AV.gau,Br.gaou.Alsobigh,virgin,
fromaugi,fuachd,uaigneach.

4.I.E.SemiVowelsandConsonantVowels.
ThesemivowelsaredenotedbyBrugmannas*andu,by
Henryasyandw;andtheseformsareusedbythem"notnferely
forintervocalicsemivowelsbutalsoforthediphthongswhichwe
haveprintedasei,oi,ai,eu,o%i,au,whichHenry,forinstance,
printsasey,ew,etc.InthisworkFickisfollowedintheforms
ofthediphthongs,andalso,wherenecessary,inhissignsforthe
semivowels,viz.,yandv,withJandvassignsforthespirants.

I.E.yandjdisappearinGadelic,butarepreservedinthe
Brittonicasi.Thustoe,heal,0.Ir.iccaim,Vsr.jach,I.E.yakos,Gr.
a/cos,Skr.ydcas;seedeighandog.ForI.E.j,compareG.ebrna,
foreorna,*jevo,Gr.eta,spelt,Skr.ydva;alsoeud,jealousy,
%jantu,Gr.>/X<os,zeal,Skr.yatnd.

I.E.visthusdealtwith:
(1)Initialv:G.,0.Ir./,AV.gw,asinG.fait,hair,lv.folt,AV.
gwalt;alsofaidh,Lat.vdtes,feachd,fear,Lat.vir,fiadh,
fichead,fine,fiodh,withsucceedingconsonantmflath(*vlati),
fiiuch,fraoch,fras,freumh,etc.

884SeeSupplementtoOutlinesofGaelicEtymology.

xvi.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

(2)Intervocalicv.ThisdisappearsinG.leavingthevowelsto

coalescewithvaryingresults,thus:

a.ivoproduceseo,asinbed,*givos,Lat.vivas,oriain

biadh(*b~tvoton,cf.dia),than.

b.evoproduceseb,asinceo,*$kevo,Eng.shower*;cfeo,W.

dywy,*devo,Lat.fdmus,ebrna.Stokesgivesdidas
*klevos,ThnmeysenasMoves.

c.ovigivesnuadh,*novios,ovoinerr)(*&rom$),ovain0(7.
ri.aviinogha(*pavios);dath(*davio);avoinclb.

e.eiviingle,eivoindia.

(3)Postconsonantal#.

a.Afterliquidsitbecomesbh.Seegarbh,marbh,searbh,

tarbhjdealbh,sealbh,meanbh,banbh.

b.Afterexplosivesitdisappearssaveafterd,(gv):feadhbh,

widow,0.Ir.fedb,faobh,baobh.Forgv,seegbelow.

c.After9,itsometimesdisappears,sometimesnot.Thus

piutharisfor*svesor,0.Ir.siur,whereasinsearbh
(*svervos),solus(butfollas),seinn,etc.,itdisappears.

TheConsonantVowels.

Thesearer,I,a,m;P,[,a,/a.Theregularrepresentation
ofr,IinG.isri,li(mutatedformsbeingrea,rei,lea,,lei).See
thefollowingregularforms:bris,britheamh,fri,lit;alsothe
modifiedformsbleath,bleoghainn,breith,cleith,dreach,leamhann,
leathan(1),sreath.

ThenumerousGaelicaformsofI.E.erootscontaining
liquidsfalltobenoticedhere.SomeofthemBrugmannexplains
asglidesbeforesonants,somewhatthus:G.mair,remain,0.Ir.
maraim,wouldbefrommrra,rootmer,Lat.mora;sosgarfrom
%hr;garbh,marbh.

Addthefollowing:alt,carbad.(Lat.corbis),bdrr,bard,eairt,
garg,mall,doll,sgaird(Lat.muscerda),tart,tar;fra.%flath,
fraigh,graigli,braich.Withmodifiedvowelsincoille(*caldet),
doire,foil,goile,goirid,sgoilt.

ThelongvowelsfandIappearregularlyasrd(I)Id.SeeIan
i^plno,Skr.pumas),slan,tlath,Math.Longfseemstoappear
asarindair,maireach,faireag(?).25

VocalicnandmmaybelookedforinG.samhail,which
Brugmannexplainsassiam/lis,intana,thin;reversedinmagh
andnasg.

CompensatoryaplaysagreatpartinG.,appearingusuallyas
1u(au).Wehaveceud,hundred,W.cant,deud,W.dant,tend,

:'SeeSupplementtoOutlinesof(indieEtymology.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

eud,eug,eudann,eiginn,geug.Thenegativenappearsbefore
vowelsasan,beforec,t,ands,aseu,6i:eutrom,tislean,&c.
Themostcuriousresultarisesfromngm,whichendsinG.as
eum;seeceum,W.cam,leu?n,W.lam,andaddteum,W.tarn,from

*t/idmen.

Beforethemedialsb,d,g,bothnandmbecomein(ion),im
(iom),andoriginalinretainsitsi(cf.fionn).Thuswehaveimy
tornfrommbi,Lat.ambi,alsowti,ionga,imleag,ciomach.

I.E."r"<md"I"Liquids.

GaelicrandIrepresenttheI.E.liquidsrandI.Initiallywe
mayselectramh,reachd,ruadh,rim,loch,laigk,labhair,leth;
afterplostro,rath,lamh,Ian,lar.MediallyrandIare
"aspirated,"butthesoundshavenoseparatesignsdorus,tulach,
geal,meil,eile,seileach,etc.PostconsonantalrandIappearin
sruth,srath,etc.,cluinn,Jliuch,slug,etc.Inbr,tr,dr,the
combinationsbecomebhar,thar,dhar,whileincr,gr,bl,tl,
dl,cl,gltherespectiveexplosivesdisappearwithlengthening
oftheprecedingvowel.Forsi,seebelow(//).

AnteconsonantalrandIpreservetheexplosivesafterthem
ard,bard,ceart,neart,dearg,dearc,allt,calltuinn,gilb,balg,cealg,
olc,etc.

Gaelicrrarisesfromrs;seebarr,earr,carraig;fromthe
meetingofrwithr,asinatharrach\fromrth,asinorrafrom
ortha,Lat.orationem.Again11comesfromsi,asinuaill,coll,
ciall,etc.;especiallyfromIn,asinfollas,ball,feall,etc.;from
Id,asincall,coille,andmanyothers.

Gaelicrrarisesfromrp;corran,searrach(St.);Ir.carr,
spear,cirrim,Icut,forrach,pole.KZ.35.

I.E."n"and"m"Nasals.

I.E.nandmappearnormallyinG.asnandm,savethatI.E.
terminalminneuternouns,accusativecases,andgenitivesplural,
becameinCelticn.(1)Initialnappearsinnead,Eng.nest,
neart,neul,nochd,naked,night,nathair,nuadh,nasg,na,not,etc.
(2)Afteraninitialmute,nappearsincnaimh,cneadh,end,gnath,
etc.Afters,insnath,sniomh,snuadh,snigh,sneachd.Afterbit
changesthebintom(mnathafor*bnds).(3)Intervocalicnis
preservedbean,Ian,maoin,dan,run,dun,sean,etc.(4).Pre
consonantalnisdealtwithvariously:

a.Beforetheliquids,nisassimilatedtomandI,anddis
appearsbeforer.

XV111.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

b.Beforethelabials,nbecomesminmodernGaelic.Before

t,c,thendisappearswithlengtheningoftheprevious
vowel,asinceud,first,breug,coig.Beforedandg%
itispreserved,asincumhang,fulaing,muing,seang,
butitassimilatesdjionn(*vindos),bonn,inn,binn.
Forngm,seeundernandg.

c.Befores,ndisappearsasbeforetandc.Comparemtos,

feusag,grlos,sios.

(5)PostconsonantalndisappearsafterI,leavingII(seeunderI),
butispreservedafterr,asincam,ebrna,tighearna,etc.

a.Afters,thatis,snbecomesnn;asindronnfor

*drosno,donn,uinnsean,cannach,bruinne,etc.

b.Themutes,t,d,c,g,p,disappearwithcompensatory

lengtheningofthepreviousvowel:tn,asineun,bwnt,
iiin;dn,asinbruan,smuain;enisdoubtfulcf.ton,
alsosgeun,breun,lean;gn,asinfeun,bron,uan,srbn;
pn,asinsuain,cluain,cuan;pn?tepno=ten;
apnio=ane(Lit.aps);lipnJen,follow;but
supn=suan;copn=cuan(Stokes);en,gn,andtninitial
becomerinpronouncing;butthevowelisnasal
gnathisgrathwithnasala;bnbecomesmn,as
inmnaoi,pronouncedrnraoi;evensnathbecomes
dialectallysrath,especiallyinobliquecases.

c.Afterb,thatis,bnchangesintomhn,asindomhan

(*dubno),sleamhuinn.

TheG.combinationnnarisesthereforefrom(1)nbeforen,
(2)nbefored,and(3)fromm;or(4)itisadoublingofninan
unaccentedsyllableattheendofaword(tighinn,etc.),or,rarely,
ofaonesyllablewordlikecinn,cluinn,linn.InIslay,in
becomesinn;duinneisforduine;minnegen.ofmin,etc.In
general,gloinneiscomp.ofglan.

Initialmappearsinmios,muir,mil,maide,etc.Beforethe
liquidsrandI,thembecomesb,asinbraich,brath,brugh,Math,
bleith,bleoghainn.Intervocalicmisalwaysaspiratedgeimheal,
amhuil,like,cruimh,amh,damh,cnaimh,Iamh,caomh.In
combinationswithotherconsonants,variousresultsoccur:

(l)'Preconsonantalm.

a.Beforeliquids,mispreservedinanaspiratedform
(geamhradh,etc.),buttherearenocertainancientcas
Ofcourse,mbeforemresultsinpreservedm(cf.amadan,
comas,comain).

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.XIX.

b.Befores,mshoulddisappear,butnocertainCelticcases

seemtooccur.Inthehistoriclanguage,mbefores
resultsinmporpasusuallypronounced,asinrompa
forrom+so,thatis,*romsho;soiompaidh,umpa.

c.Beforetheexplosives.Originalmbisnowm,asinthe

prefixim,iom,inimleag,torn.I.E.mbeforetandk
(7)becamen(asinceud,breng),anddisappearedwith
compensatorylengthening.Comparealsodidean,
eiridinn.Prehistoricmg,mdfailus;inthepresent
languagebothappearaspirated(mhgh,mhdh).

(2)Postconsonantalm.Aftertheliquidsr,I,andn,themis
preserved.Whetheranintermediatesisinsomecasestobe
postulatedisamatterofdoubt(asingairm,from*gars
men?W.garm).Seecuirm(W.civnv),gorm,seirm,deilm,
calma,ainm,meanmna,anmoch.

Afters,mbecomesintheolderlanguagemm,nowm;drulm
comesfrom*drosmen.Butsisveryusualasanintermediate
letterbetweenapreviousconsonantandm:manyrootsappear
withanadditionals,whichmayoriginallyhavebelongedtoancs
neuterstem.Weactuallyseesuchadevelopmentinawordlike
snaim,whichinE.Ir.appearsassnaidm(d.snaidmaimm),froma
Celtic*snadesmen.Inanycase,awordlikeruaimpostulatesa
PreCeltic*rondsmen.Seealsogruaim,seaman,reim,lom,trom.

Aftertheexplosivesthemisaspiratedandtheexplosive
disappears,asinthecaseoffreumh(vrdmd);butseeminglythe
accentedprefixadpreservesthem:cf.amas,amail,aimsir.

PreservedG.m,intervocalicorfinal,mayarisefrom(1)mor
nbeforem,(2)8beforein(alsobsm,tsm,dsm,csrn,gsin),(3)
ngm,orugm,asinceum,leum,beum,geum,orndmasinteum,
(4)ng.becomingmbasin\m,turn,torn,etc.,or(5)mb(nibh),
asinim,iom.

5.VowelGradationorAblaut.

ThemostcharacteristicrootsoftheI.E.languagesareatleast
triplebarrelled,sotospeak:theyshowthreegradesofvowels.
Therootpet,forinstance,inGreekappearsaspet,pot,>>t
(7TT0/xat,fly,7roTao/xcu,flutter,irrepov,wing).Thefirstgrade
emaybecalledthe"normal"grade,thesecondthe"deflected"
grade,andthelastptthe"reduced"or"weak"grade.The
reasonforthereducedgradeisevident;thechiefaccentison
anothersyllable.Whyeinterchangeswithoisnotclear.The

XX.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

leadingI.E.seriesofvowelgradationsaresixinnumber,as
follows:

Normal.Deflected.

1.eseries

but

2.eseriese

3.aseriesa

4.6serieso

5.aseriesa

6.oserieso

<>

<>i

Weak.
nil
i

S>
9
9

(a)

ou
or

toeibelongs%,to

Correspondingtothee,o,nilseriesarethetwo"strong"
vowelgradese,b,asinsed,sit,sod,sed,sod,sizd,foundinLatin
sedeo(sed),G.suidhe(sod),G.sith[properlysidK],peace(sed)y
Eng.soot(sod),Lat.sido(sizd).

Theeseriesinfullisasfollows:

Normal.Deflected.Weak.

esimpleeonil

eieioii

eueu

er(orel,en,em)er

Toallthesecorrespond"reduced"longforms
eubelongsu,andtotheconsonantvowelscorrespondthelongf,I,
n,m.Wemayalsohereaddthetripleve,vo,u(vet,vot,ut,asin
G.feitheamh,uine,uiridh;vel,vol,ulasinfait,0.Ir.,Mod.Ir.
folt,olann).

SomeGaelicexampleswillnowbegiven.
(1)Theeseries.G.eadh,uidhefrom*pedo,*podio\Ugh,tugha,.
from*tegos,*togio;geas,guidhefromged,god;cleachd,
cleas,cluich,etc.Ineiwehavethecompletesetmeit,moit,
mitinmeith,maoth,meataormiosa;furthercliathach,claon
fromklei,kloi;fianuis,fiosfromveid,vid;gaoth,geamhradh
fromghoi,ghi;andothers.Thediphthongseu,oucannot
bedifferentiated,buttheshortformoftherootoccurs,asin
ruadh,roduidhfromroud,rudd;buail,buillefrombhoud,
bhud;cluas,cluinnfromkleu,klu;nuadh,nodha(1)The
liquidsshowthechangesalso:beir,breithfromber,br,and
inthesenseofspeechwehavealsobrath,judgment(bftu).
Therootpelisespeciallyrichinforms:iol(*pelu),uile
(*polio),lion(*pleno,Lat.plenus,frompie),Ian(either
*plono,plo,Eng.flood,or*plno,frompi),thatis,"root
formspel,pol,pi,pie,plo,pi,meaning"full."Innwehave
teann,tana(*tendotnnavo,accordingtoBrugmann),and
teud;fromgenwegetthelongformsgneingniomhandgnb
ingnath.Innemwehaveneamh,heaven,0.Ir.nem,and
namhaid,foe,fromnom(Gr.vw/xaw).

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.X.\i.

{2)Theeandotherseries.Oneofthebestexamplesofthee
seriesissne,sno(snd),spin,whichgivessniomh\*snemu)and
snath,thread(*sndtio).Fromsecomesslol(*selo)and,
possibly,sath,transfix(soto).Theaseriesisnotdiffer
entiatedinG.noristheoseries;butfromashortweget,
amongothers,therootdg,lead,inaghaidh,etc.,anddgin
agh,success,aghach,warlike.Thediphthongaihasasits
"reduced"gradet.ThenameAodhinMackayrepresents

0.Ir.Aed,aed,fire,Gr.aWw,Iburn.

6.TheSpirants.

TheI.E.spirantswerej,v,s,andz.Wehavealreadydis
cussedjandvundertheheadingofsemivowels,fromwhichitis
difficulttodifferentiatetheconsonantaljandv.Herewedeal
withsandz,andfirstwiths.

(1)Initials.Beforevowelsandtheliquids,I.E.sremainsintact
inGadelic.InBrittonicsbeforevowelsbecomesh;before
/,n,andm,itdisappears,whilebeforeritoritsresultant
effectispreserved(seesruth,srath,srdn).

a.I.EsvappearsinGadelicassusually,morerarelyas/

andport;inW.theformischw.Seesearbh,seal,se,
sibh,seid,etc.TheG.piutharappearsinIr.assiur,
fiur,from*svesor,whilepill(*svelni)givesfillandtill;
comparealsosdisd(teis).

b,I.E.sp(sph)istreatedinCelticmuchassv.Andspr

appearsassr;cf.srdn,straighlich,slis,sonn,sealg,sine.

1.E.stappearsinGadelicast,asiniigh,td,tighinn,taois.

Butstr,stl,becomesr,si,asinsrath,sreotkart,sreang,
slios,slat,sloinn,slaid.Someholdthatstmayappear
assimples,whichisthecaseinWelsh,buttheinstances
adducedcanbeotherwiseexplained(cf.seirc,sail,
searrach(St.),seall).

I.E.sq,sgh,appearinGaelicassg,0.Ir.sc,asinsgath,
sgath,sguir,etc.TheW.precedesthesgwithayasin
ysgwyd,Ir.sgiath,G.sgiath,shield:I.E.sqvisinW.
chw,asG.sgeul,W.chwedl,sgeith,W.chwydu.

I.E.sknappearsinGaelicassn,asinsneadh.
{2)Intervocalics.Thisbecomeshanddisappears;comparetagh

(*toguso),do,chi,etc.
^3)Terminalsdisappearsaltogether;butincloselyconnected

combinationsofwordsitsformerexistenceisknownfromthe

socalledeuphonich,asinthearticlegenitivefeminine*and

XX11.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

nom.pluralbeforevowels{nahu'ighean=**<m<hUaugeis),also
}HofIrish;anditmaybetheorigininmostcasesof
prothetics.

(4)Preconsonantals.Aprehistoriccaseof*risnotforth

coming,buteirichcomesfrom*eksrego.BeforeI,in,andn
the8disappears,andtheliquidisdoubled(mofGaelicbeing
foroldermm),asalreadyshownundertheseletters.Medial
svappearsas/intheolderlanguage(seeseinn),anditis
stillseenintibhann(*tosven),feabhas.
Beforetheexplosives,sispreservedbeforethetenues,which
inthemodernlanguagebecomemediae.Thecombination
spisnotcertain;butscbecomessg(seefasgadh,seasg,
measg,etc.),stbecomess(olderss)simply,asinseas
(=*sisto),fois,fas,dot,,etc.Beforethemedialssbecomes
z,whichseeforresultsinGaelic;*sgbecomesg;spbecomess.

(5)Postconsonantal8.Aftertheliquidrthesisassimilatedto

ther,andtheresultisrr,asinbarr,earr,etc.FromU
seeminglysresults,atleastinthelaterlanguage;ms,its
becomeswithcompensatorylengtheningfortheprevious
vowel;dsbecomest,asinanteack(=*sindoseqos);Thn.
addsJitir(=*vidsar).Formsh=mp,seeunderm.
Theexplosivescombinewiththesanddisappearinto0.Ir.ss
nows,asinuasal(=*oupsor*ouks),his,leas(*ledso),
lios,as,out(beks),andmanyothers.

Gaelicpreservedsintervocalic,therefore,arisesfrom(1;st,as
inseas;(2)fromms,ns,asinmios;and(3)fromps,ts,cs.
Gaelicstarisesfromthissbyasortofmodernrestorationof
previousst,only,however,xmayalsobecomemodernst(asin
aiste,nowaisde,outofher).Finalxdisappears,asincaora,se.

I.E.z.

EveninI.E.thisisassuredonlybeforethemedialexplosives.
ThusG.nead,nest,isfromI.E.nizdos:somaide,brod,ceadr
gad,seid.AgainzgseemstohavedevelopedinG.intog;compare
beag,biog,meag,griogag,eagal(=exgal),rag.

7.TheExplosivesorMutes.

TheI.E.explosivesformedapossiblesixteeninnumber
betweentenues,mediaeandthedoublesetofaspirates(ph,bh,th,
dh,kh,gh,qh,gh).Thetenuesaspiratewere"rareandofno
importance"intheresultinglanguages,saveonlyinSanskritand
Greek.Themediaeaspiratesarethepredecessorsofaspiratesof
themodernlanguages.ButintheCelticlanguagesthesemedia

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.XXlii.

aspiratesweremergedintothemediaethemselves,sothatband
bkappearinCelticasb,danddhasd,gandghasg,andgand
ghasg.TheBaltoSlavonic,inthismatter,sharesthepeculiarity
oftheCeltic.

Alltheexplosives,whenintervocalic,are"aspirated"inGaelic
ptoph,btobh(=v),ttoth(=h),dtodh(=y),ctocA,#to
gh,(=y);thecorrespondingWelshchangesarethetenuesto
mediae,andthemedia)to/,dd,andnilinthecaseofg.Inter
vocalicpreservedexplosivesinGaelicarisefromadoublingofthe
explosive,thecauseofwhichinmanycasesisobscure.Thefol
lowingaretheleadingcasesandcausesofintervocalicG.mutes:

(1)Doublingoftheexplosiveinthecourseofinflectionorword

building.

a.Inflection.Theparticiplepassiveintepreservesthetor

doftherootast;thus[caithgivescaithte,]bath(forbadh)
givesbaite,radhgivesraite,etc.

b.Wordbuilding.Theprepositionalprefixeswhichendor

endedinaconsonantpreservethesucceedingexplosive;
evenvowelendingprepositionslikeair(*are),aith
(*ati)dothesame,iftheaccentisonthepreposition.
Thusabairisforadber,aitreabhisforadtreb,aidich
isforaddam,faicforadces,agairforadgar.Inthe
wayofaffixes,wehaveruiteachfromrudtandruicean
fromrudc,creidfrom*creddho;comparethecompounds
boicionn,laoicionn,andcraicionn.

(2)Aftersunknorm.Thusdeudcomesfromdnt,andsowith

ceud,teud;ceud,first,from*cento,sosend;eugfromnho,
etc.

(3)Aftersunkspirantz.Thisisassuredforzd,asinbrod

(*brozdo,Norsebroddr),cead,gad,maide,nead;butzg
givinggisdoubtfuleagalseemsfor*esgalor*exgal,
beagforgvezgos(Lat.vescus),meagformezgo.

(4)Casescorrespondingtodoubleexplosivesinotherlanguages:

catandLat.catta(borrowing1),cacandGr.kolkkt].Compare
alsoslug.

(5)Doubtfulcases.Manyofthesecasescanbesatisfactorily

explainedasduetosuffixesimmediatelyaffixedtoconsonant
endingroots.Thusbratmaybeforbratto,trodfortruddo,
wefor*yakho,breacformrgko.Evensuffixesinbhoand
go(Eng.kinwalk)arenotunknown,andtheymight
accountforreub(*reibbo,*reibbho,Eng.reap,rip),slugfor
sluggo,etc.DrWhitleyStokeshasgivenadifferenttheory
foundedontheanalogyofaTeutonicphoneticallaw,stated

XXIV.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

thusbyBrugmann:"bn,dn,gnbecamebb,dd,ggbeforethe
principalaccentinprimitiveTeutonic,thencepp,tt,kk(by
Grimm'slaw),whichwerefurthertreatedjustthesameas
2)p,tt,kk,whichhadarisenfrompn,tn,qn,andfromI.E.
bhn,dhn,ghn,ghn....0.H.G.sluccho,slukko,
glutton\*slukno\M.H.G.sluchen,gulp,havehiccup,
alliedtoGr.Avfto,Xvyyavdoixai,Ihavehiccup."Theselast
wordsarealliedtoG.slug,whichDrStokesreferstoa
preCeltic*slugn6,theaccentbeingonthesuffixno.The
weaknessofthishypothesisliesinthefactthatuniform
resultsarenotfoundfromit.Thusbreac,frommrgno,
shouldbebreag,notbreac,ontheanalogyofslug.

I.E.p.

InitialandintervocalicI.E.pdisappearsinGaelic,asin
athair,Lat.pater,eunfor*petno,eadhforpedo,iasgagainstLat.
piscis,ibhagainstbibo(forpibo),IctnagainstLat.plenns,larand
Eng.Jloor,etc.Forintervocalicp,seefo(*upo),for,teth,
caora,(*kaperax),saor,(*sapiros),etc.

Lat.andG.agreeintheinitialofthenumeralfivequinque
andcbig,thoughtheI.E.waspenqe.InfeasgartheG.guttural
isesanoriginalvesperoswithoutLatincountenancingit.Initial
spappearsass;seesealg,spleen,sonn,sliseag,sine,sir.

Whenpappearsbeforetheliquidsandt,c,ors,itisnotlost
inG.;itleavesitsinfluenceeitherinanewcombinationorin
compensatorylengthening.Thussuainisforsupnos,andsee
cluain,cuan.G.diasseemsfrom*steipsd,W.twys,anduasal
mayhavehadanoriginalformlikevxj/rjXos,Eng.up.(Cf.teanga
anddingua).Inseachd,Lat.septem,thepisgutturalised;we
mayaddhere*neachd,0.Ir.necht,Lat.neptis,Eng.niece;
creuchd,dreachd.Possiblyleacmaybeforlepkd.

G.intervocalicpis,ofcourse,duetosomecombination.In
leapa,genitiveofleabaidh,itarisesfromHebtha;andwemust
explainsimilarlytap(*tabaidharisingfrom*tabtha);soraip,
streap.

Forttakingtheplaceofpthroughaninitialhcomparethe
derivationsofferedfortore,turlach,tuiLtlam,tlicsforluths.

I.E.b,bh.
ThesetwobecomebinGaelicandtheotherCelticlanguages,
I.E.bisrareinanylanguage;inG.itappearsinibhim(*pibo).
treabh,domhainanddruchd(*dhreubtu).

(1)InitialI.E.bh,G.b.Seebeir,balg,ball,ban,Math,bloom,
bragh,biuthainn,buaidh.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.XXV.

(2)IntervocalicI.E.bh,G.bh(=v),0.Ir.b,W./.Seeabhainn

crabhach,dubh,gobhal.
(3).Preconsonantalbhorb.

a.Beforeritremainsabhra,gabhar,dobhar,Gaul,dubrum.

b.Before/itdisappearswithcompensatorylengthening

neulforneblos.

c.Beforenitbecomesmhnowsleamhuinnisfor*slibnos,

Eng.slippery;sodomhain.TheseareI.E.b.

d.Beforet,I.E.bbecomeschasindruchd.

(4)Postconsonantalb,bh.Itispreservedaftertheliquidsrand
Icarbad,cearb,earb,gilb,sgolb.Aftermitpreservesthe
m,asinim,iomfrommbi,ambi.Aftersitispreserved
ineabar;afterdinabair,lebb,faob,aobrann;perhapsafter
ginleabaidh,*legbuti(V).

{5)Gaelicintervocalicb.Inreuband#o&weseemtohavea
suffixbo,*reibbo,gobbo;alsocliobfromclibbo,root<?/<7,
Gr.ko\o/36s,stumpy(f).Oftenest6isproducedfroma
previousc?,especiallyoftheprefixesasabair,abadh,faob,
etc.(seetheparagraphabove).

I.E.t.

InitiallythisisCeltict;intervocalic,itisaspirated,and

otherwiseitisvariouslymodified.

(1)Initialt,G.,0.Ir.,W.t.See,amongmany,tiugh,tar,teth,
teich,tais,tora,tlaih,tnuth,tri,treabh.

{2)Intervocalict,G.th(=h),0.Ir.th(d),W.d.Seeathair,
mathair,ith,roth,ceithir,leth,etc.Sometimesinnon
accentedsyllablesitappearsasdh,asinbiadhfrom*bivotos,
andthisisalwaysthecasewiththeinfinitivesinatu
(glanadh).Irregularlyfaidhforfaith.

(3)Preconsonantaltnotinitial.Beforeritispreserved,asin

criathar,briathar,etc.BeforeIitdisappearswithcom
pensatorylengtheningsgeid,W.chwedl,bl,beul,etc.;so
beforen,asineun.Beforesthetdisappearsandthesis
preserved,asinmiosa,ris,sets.Wordslikefiosarefrom
vidstu,formerlyexplainedasfromvidtitr.Beforeanother
t,tispreservedintheresultanttofG.,asinite,etc.;td
seemstobecomedd;tcbecomes0.Ir.cc,G.c,asin
freiceadan;tgbecomesgg,thatisg,asinfreagair.

(4)Postconsonantalt.AfterrandIitispreserved,asinbeart,

ceart,ceirtle,alt,fait;afternandmitsinkstod,asinceud,
etc.Asseen,btbecomeschd,asindruchd,whileptisin
seachd.Aftercorg,thetsinksinG.tod.preservingthe

XXVI.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

gutturalasanaspirate:ochd,nochd,bochd,reachd.0.Ir.
haschthereandW.th.
(5)Gaelicintervocalict.Thetofarootispreservedwhenthe
suffixbeginsint,as[incaithte,spent,]inite,Ir.ette,*pettiu,
lit,*plttion.Thedoftheaffixespreservesit,asinaitreabh,
taitinn,ruiteach,reif.Thetofthefollowingdoesnot
belongtotheultimateroot:ciotach,*sqvitto,Eng.skew,
crcit,rootkur,lot,roothi.

I.E.d.dh.
ThisisauniformCelticdinitial;Gaelicdhbetweenvowels
andW.dd.

(1)Initiald,dh.Seedeas,dearc,deich,druim,dun,damh,etc.,

ford;fordh,dubh,domhan,dearg,dorus,dall;alsodlighe.

(2)Intervocalicd,dh.Seefiodh,*vidu,eadh,suidhe,fiadh,

guidhe,etc.

(3)Preconsonantald,dhnoninitial.Beforer,/,n,theddis

appearswithcompensatorylengthening,asinaireamh
(*adrim)aros,ctrach,buail,(*boudlo),butbuilleisfor
*budslio;amuainforsmoudno,Beforemitsometimes
disappears,asinfreumh,*vrdm&,butwithanaccented
prefixthedandmbecomem,asinaimsir,amal,amas.With
sitcoalescesintos,asinmusach,orinuisgefor*udsqio,or
jiosfor*vidstu.Beforetheexplosives,withbitcoalesces
tobb,nowb,asinabair,etc.Sowitht,asinaitreabh;with
d,asinaidich;withc,asinfaic;withg,asinagair.

(4)Postconsonantald,dh.Theliquidrpreservesafollowingd,

asinard,bard,sgdird,brd,etc.ItassimilateswithI,asin
coille,call,moll,mullach;andwithn,infionn,0.Ir.find,
bonn,0.Ir.bond,binn.Forzd,seenextparagraph.The
explosivesbeforedareunusual,savetande/,forwhichsee
nextparagraph.

(5)IntervocalicG.d.Therearethreesourcesatleastforthis

d:

a.Thedfromntinceud,teud,beud,etc.

b.The<7arisingfromthespirantzbefored,asinbrodf

*brozdo,cead,gad,maide,nead,druid.

c.Fromddasincreid,goid,rodaidh,trod,etc.;alsoaidich,

*addam.

I,E."k"and"q."
TheseappearinG.uniformlyasc;butintheBrittonic
languagesq,iflabialised,becomespasinGreek.
(1).Initialk.Seecluinn,cii,ceud,hundred,cac,cridhe,caomhr
corn.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.XXviL

Initialqsimple.Seecaraid,W.car,ceud,first,W.cynt,coille,
W.celli,cas,W.coes,eoileach,W.ceiliog,etc.

Initial7labialisecl,thatis,qv:casd,W.pcU,ciall,W.jowy//,
ceithir,W.pedwar,cecum,W./>era,cmre,W./vaj'r,co,W.pa,
cruimh,W.jwy/'.

ItseemsclearthatG.#attimesrepresentsI.E.k,q,as\Y.
hasthelatter.CompareG.geugwithW.cainc,Skr.cauku;
butW.ysgaincshowsthereasonfortheanomalyans
initialhasbeendropped,andindroppingittheG.reduced
ctog.Furthercomparegarmainn,giomach.Cf.dias.

(2)Intervocalick,q.TheG.isch,W.g,b.Comparecruach,

W.crilg,Jichead,deich,loch;alsoeach,W.ebol,seach,
W.heb,etc.

(3)Preconsonantalk,q.Beforer,I,n,thecdisappearswithcom

pensatorylengtheningasindeur,Lat.dacrima,meur,dual,
muineal,ton;andcompareProf.Strachan'sderivationsfor
meanan,b?,eu?i,cain,leana.Withs,theresultinG.is,
0.Ir.88,W.ch,asinuasal,W.vchel.Beforeexplosives,
cb,cd,egdonotappear;ctbecomeschd,forwhichsee
undert(4);forcc,seeparagraph(5)here.

(4)Postconsonantalk,q.Afterrand/,thegutturalappearsas

c,asincearc,uircean,male,ole,falc,etc.Aftern(in),it
sinkstog,withaprecedinglongvowel,asineug,breug,
alreadydiscussed.Afters,thecispreserved,butinG.it
iswrittenasg,asinmeasg,nasg,teasg,etc.After
explosives,thetanddoftheprefixorrootpreservesthec
following,forwhichseeundertanddpreconsonantal.
Forcorgbeforec,seenextparagraph.

(5)IntervocalicGaelicc.Itmayarisefromtk,dk,kk,gk.

Fromtkinfreiceadan(*frithcometdn);dkinfaic,
acarach,ruicean,aculnn;kkinmac,*mukkus,cac,
craicionn,10c,leacainn;fromgkinhoc,boc,breac,cnoc,
gleac.Thewordmac,son,postulatesaGadelicmakkosas
againsttheOgmicmaqvi(gen.)andW.mab;itisdifticnlt
toaccountfortheG.form.

I.E.g,gh;g,gh.

Theseconsonantsall,saveinonecase,appearinG.asgy
aspiratedtogh,andW.showsgandnilinsimilarcircumstances.
Theexceptionisinthecaseofg,whichwhenlabialised,becomes
G.andW.b.Butgh,whetherlabialisedornot,becomesginG.
(1)InitialI.E.g:inguth,gin,gnctth,geimheal,go.I.E.ghis
ingeamhradh,gabh,gag,geal,white,I.E.gsimpleappears
ingeal,leech,goir,goile,gearan,guala,gradh;I.E.ghin

XXV111.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

gar,gnan,gaol,auidhe,geas,guin.Labialisedg.appearsin
bean,Eng.queen,bior,bed,bd,bra,quern,braghad.

(2)IntervocalicCelticg.Seedeigh,aghaidh,greigh,truagh,
bleoghainn,Ugh,bragh,etc.Intheterminationofwordsit
appearsoftenasch:teach(*tegos),mach,(*magos),imlich,
hn[th]ich,eirich,fuirich.Intervocalicglabialiseddoesnot
seemtoexistinmodernG.

{3)PreconsonantalCelticg.Heregr,gl,gn,becomer,I,n
withvocaliclengthening,asfeur,*vegro,ar,nair,fuar,id,
fual,feun,*vegno,srbn,uan,tain,brdn,etc.Beforem,g
isfoundinthecombinationngm,whichresultsinmwitha
precedinglongvowel,asinceum,leum,geum.Beforesit
becomesxandmoderns,W.ch,asinuasal,W.uchel,asfor
ex,os,deer,W.ych,cas,las,uiseag.Beforeexplosivestheg
isvariouslypreserved:gb,gdmaybepassedover;ct,gt
appearaschd,asinseachd,bliochd,smachd,nochd,sneachd,
etc.;gkendsinkk,nowc,forwhichseepostconsonantalk;
ggappearsasg,asinslug,bog,clag,lag,slige,smugaid.

(4)PostconsonantalCelticg.Afterrand/thegispreserved

inG.,butofteninW.becomesy;seedearg,fearg,searg,
garg,lorg,balg,cealg,dealg,tulg.Afternordinarygispre
served,asincumhang,long,muing,seang,fnlaing.But
labialisedgbecameb,andthencoalescedwiththenintomm,
nowmasin\m,butter,Lat.unguentum,turn,cam,torn,
ciomach,andinmoderntimescum,keep,from*congvin
congbhail.Forngmseetheforegoingparagraph.Forg
seethenextparagraph.Aftertheexplosives,thegispre
servedinthecombinationstg(freagair),dg(agair),andgg,
whichseebelow.

(5)IntervocalicGaelicg.Itarisesfromsgfirstly,whichinpre

Celtictimeswaszg,asinbeag,mogul,griogag,meag,eagal,
etc.,whichseeunderI.E.zabove.Fromtheexplosive
combinationswehavetginfreagair,*frithgar,eagna,eagar;
dginagair,agus.Theggmustarisefromasuffixingo,
whichwasoperativeinearlyGadelic,ifwediscardDrStokes'
viewalreadysetforth.Cf.Eng.walk,hark,lurk,skulk,
smirk.Forthisggseeparagraphthirdabove.
Intervocalicgmayarisefromalostnbeforec,asinbreug,geug,
eug,etc.Thepreviousvowelislengthenedsaveinafew
caseswherethewordorsentenceaccenthasbroughtabout
ashortsyllable.Thusthighasshorti,andinG.leigis
short.Thisisregularlythecasewiththeresultsfromthe
prefixcon,confusedwithcos,asincogais,0.Ir.concuhus,
cadal,cagar,cogadh,etc.

outlinesofgaelicetymology.xxix.

8.Accent.

InGaelic,onlythestressaccentexists,anditisplacedalways
onthefirstsyllable.TheaccentoftheOldGaelicwaslikewise
onthefirstsyllable,saveinthecaseoftheverb.Hereinthe
compoundedverbsthestressaccentrestedon,asarule,the
secondsyllable;buttheimperativeplacedtheaccentonthe
firstsyllable,andthisalsotookplaceafterthenegativeandinter
rogativeparticlesandaftertheconjunctionsgv!nandna'n(da'n).
Thus/cue,seethou,isforfaidc,withaccentonthepreposition
ad,foritisimperative;thefuturectiistandsfortheoldpresent
atchi,videt,wheretheaccentisontherootci.Againincha'n
fhacathenegativebringstheaccentontheprefixad,thatis,
fadca.Whentheaccentisontheprefix,itsendingconsonant
andtheinitialconsonantoftherootcoalesceandresultinapre
servedG.intervocalicconsonant,buttherootsufferstruncation:
whentheaccentisontheroot,theseconsonantsareaspirated,and
therootispreserved.ThetenirregularverbsinG.present
sufficientillustrationsofthisrule.Theprepositioncon,when
accented,wasalwayscon,whenunaccenteditwascom(comh).In
theunaccentedsyllables,longvowelsbecomeshort(aireamhfrom
*ddrim,anailfor0.Ir.anal),andinmanycaseschangecom
pletelytheirgrade,asfromsmalltobroad(e.g.cbmhnadh,0.Ir.
congnam,fromgniomh,andthecompoundsinradhandlack).

II.WORDBUILDING.

Wordbuildingconsistsoftwopartscompositionandderiva
tion.Thefirstdealswiththecompoundingofseparatewords;
theseconddealswiththesuffixes(andprefixes)thatmakeupthe
stemofawordfromitsroot.

(1)Thecompoundmaybetwostemsweldedtogether:rightheach,
palace,*rigotegos,"king'shouse";righfhaidh,royalprophet
"kingwhoisaprophet";ceannfhionn,whiteheaded,
pennovindos;ceithirchasach,fourfooted;dubhghlas,dark
blue;crannchur,lot,"castingthelot."Thesearethesix
leadingrelationshipsbroughtoutincompounds.InCeltic
thefirststemisnearlyalwaysino,asTeutobodiaci,G.sean
mhathair(butCatuslogi,Moridunum,G.Muirgheal).Con
.siderthefollowingcompounds:iodhlann,miolchu,dircheard,
buarach,ceardach,clogad,bathach,eilthire,gnathfhocal,
moirear,lethchas,lethtrom,etc.
Thefollowingarecommonprefixes:ath,re,athghlac,re
capture;ban,she,banaltrum,bantrach;bith,ever,bilh
bheb,bithbhuan;it,iol,many;ion,fit;sir,sior,ever,
fir,ftor,very,saobh,pseudo.

XXX.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

Thefollowingsuffixesbelongtothisbranchofwordbuilding:
lack,from*slougo,nowsluagh;seeninteaghlach,dbrlach,

bglach,youth,etc.
radh,from*reda,W.rwyd(seereidh);seeninreabhradh,

madraidh,dogs,bigridh,youth,macraidh,sons,righre,

kings,gniomharra,deeds.
mhor,or,frommor,great;itmakesadjectivesfromnouns,

etc.:llonmhor,etc.
ail,like;fromearn/tail,amhail:rwghailforrioghamhail,

kinglike.
an,diminutivemasculine,0.Ir.an,Ogmicagnos,for*apo

gnos,rootgen,bear(Stokes):asinfearan,truaghan,

etc.
ag,diminutivefern,inG.,0.Ir.6c(masc.andfern.),from

be,6g,young:seenincaileag,etc.
seach.Thisfeminineterminationhasbeenexplainedby

Stokesasfrom0.Ir.es,afern,form,withtheadjectival

addition*iqd,andthiseshededucesfromW.es,which

comesfromLat.issa.Cf.baiseach,cldirseach,bonnsach,

ceirseachorciarseach(Ir.).

(2)Thecompoundmaybeonenoungoverninganotherinthe

genitive:macleisg,andallthepersonalnamesinmac,gille,
maol.

(3)Uninflectedprefixes:

a.NegativeprefixesI.E.y,G.anbeforevowels,aineol,

ion,inbeforeb,d,g(iongantas),eu(ao)beforet,c,s
(aotromforetrom,*ntrommos).
Tothisnegativeaddalsomi,neo,as(eas),di(der=
diair).

b.Prefixesofquality:do(dochar),andso(sochar);and

theintensivero.

(4)Oldadverbialformsandallprepositions.Theseprepositions

areoftencombinedwithoneortwootherprepositions.

ad,Lat.ad:faic=fadci;aireamh(=adrim).

aith,ad,*ati,re,continuallyconfusedwiththeabove

prep,(aithgivesaccentedeasinepiur;adgivesaasin

aca):abair(*adber),agair,aithreachas(*atire'c),etc.

Compoundedwithtointagair,tapaidh,taitinn,taitheasg,

taisg,etc.;withfoinfag(foadgab).
air,by,on:airleag,eiridinn,birdheirc,oirthir,urchair,

urlar.Compoundedwithcomincomhairle;withtoin

tairis,tairg,tearainn;withdiindearmad;withimm

iniomavbhaigh,iomarchur.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.\\\1.

as,out,es:aseirigh,ascreideamh,easbhuidh,elrich.Com
poundedwithair:uireasbhuidh;withto,teasairg;
withtoforintuairisgeid;withtofoarintuarasdal;
withtofointuasgail.
eadar,between;eadarsgaradh.
/'<o;after;in*iarfaighim,nowfebraich;iarogha.
in,in;withtointionalandcomhthional.Withadouble

nninionnsuidh.
inn,ionn,to,Gaul,cmcfe:injionnogha;withtointionn

sgainn,tionndadh(Zeuss).Confusedwithin,ind,above.
im,iom,about:iomair,iomradh,imich,iompaidh(*imbsh).

Compoundedwithcomincaochladh;withtointimchioll,

tiomsach,tiomnadh.
od,udfout,Eng.out:obann,obaidh.Compoundedwith

aithinloboirt;withdiinduisg;with/oinfog'air;

withtoinfoftar,tog.
con,comh,co:coimhead,comaidh,caisg,cogadh.Com
poundedwithiminiomchorc;withccwiincogais(0.Ir.

concidms);withtoaithinteagasg,teagamh.
di,de,de:dimeas,dioghail,diomhain,dlreach;alsodeach,

dean,
do,to:thisistheunaccentedformofto,
fo,under:infoghnadh,foghlum,falach,fulaing.Com
poundedwithtointdrachd,tuisleadh(tofoess)tuarasdal

(tofoaras),tuasgail(tofoas).
for,far,super:inforail,forradh,J'ardorus,farmad,furtachd.

Compoundedwithtointonnach,tuaiiisgeul.
fri,ri,to,*vrt,Lat.versus;itappearsasfrith,fris:in

freagair,fritheil,freiceadan[frithcorn),
ro,before:inrobhas,rosg,rabhadh,radharc.Compounded

inrug(roud).
tar,across,tairm:inteirig,toirmisg.

StemSuffixes.

ThefollowingarethemostimportantsuffixesusedinGaelic
forstemformation:

1.o,d,asincid(*ciUo),aitreabh,cas(*coxd).

2.tro,tlo,trd,tld:criathar,hreitro,anail,(*anatld),sgeul,

cineal.

3.jo,jd,ijo,ijd:eile,suidhe,(*sodion).Seeno,ro,tjo,sqio.

4.vo,vd,uvo,uvd:tarbh(*tarvo),each(*ekvo),bed,(bivo).

5.no,nd,ano,eno,ono:Ian,slcin,duan,domhan,leathan

(letanos).Itissecondaryiniarunn;cf.tighearnai^teg
ernio).

XXX11.OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

6.mo,md:trom,lorn,caomh.

7.ro,rd,iro,etc.:slor,mor,lar,dr,bodhar.Herecomesthe

Gaelicnumeralstemdron,asaonar,oneperson,coignear,
fivepersons;itisalliedtoLat.drius,drium,Gaelicair,
eir,denotingagentsordoerscldrsair,harper,etc.

8.tero,ero:insinnsear,uachdar,eadar.

9.lo,Id,llo,etc.:coll(*coslo),siol,neul,ciall,giall.

10.dhro,dro,dhlo,dlo:odhar,uallach.

11.bho,bhd\earb,gob(^gobbo).

12.to,id.ThisistheparticipialterminationinmostI.E.

languages.InG.itisusedforthepastpassive.Alsoin
theadjectivesnochd,bochd,gnath,etc.;nounsdligheadh,
dearmad,govt.

13.tjo,tjd:Gr.a/x/?/)ocrio?.Thisformsthepassiveparticiplein

G.:briste,caithte,etc.

14.tdofabstractnouns:lobart,nowwbairt.

15.tocomparative.Thisappearsintheordinalnumerals:

deicheamh,0.Ir.dechmad,for*dekmmeto.

16.ko,hd\bg,young,juvnko.

17.qo,qd,qio,dqo;suileachfor*suliqos;cuimhneach,

creidmheach.Especiallytheadjectivesandnounsinach,
asmarcach,buadhach.Further,theformiche(iqios)
denotingagent;maraiche,etc.

18.sqo,sqio\asinmeasg,seasg,uisge.

19.go,gd:seemuing,Danish,manke;cf.Eng.walk,hark,etc.

20.Stemsini:dird,muir,maith,deigh.Inni,tain,cluain,

buain;inmi,cruimh,endimh;inU,samhail,dial;inti,
fctith,fdiih,breith,bleith,etc.aforminwhichsome
infinitivesappear.

21.tdti,thatis,Celtictat,tus:beatha,life,*bitiis,g.*bitdtos.

22.Stemsinu:tiugh,Jliuch,dub,loch.Innu,linn,0.Ir.lin,

lenu;intutherearemanybith,iodh,fios(*vidstu),
guth,cruth;especiallyreachdanditslikeinchd.Here
cometheinfinitivesinadh(dtu).
InG.eas,asofabstractnouns,theformarisesfromtubeing
addedtoanesstem:aois,*aivestu;sodorus,follus.

23.Stemsinn:cii,dra,\m,ionga.Inien,thereis'Eire,

'Eireann.Thestemsintioareverycommon;theoblique
casesareintin;seeeiridinn,faotainn,etc.:commonin
infinitives.Similarlycommonismen,mon,inainm,
cuirm,druim,hum;andmasculineinOritheamh,ollamh,
talamh.

24.Stemsinr;onlythefamilynamesathair,mdthair,etc.

25.Stemsint,nt:nochd,night:caraid,friendaparticipial

form.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

XXX111.

26.Stemsinkorq:G.nathair,g.nathrach,solair,lasair,

cathair,etc.

27.Neuterstemsines:teach,leth,magh,gleann.

28.Comparativestemsinjes,is,jos:mb,greater*mdjos,sine,

Skr.sanyas.

Adairintughadair,dialladair,figheadair,breabadair,etc.(?)

TwoorthreestemspeculiartoGaelicmaybementioned.
Adjectivesinidh,0.Ir.de,asdiadhaidh,comefromanoriginal
dio.Endingslikemaireann,firionnhavebeencorrelatedwith
theLat.gerund,itselfamuchdisputedform.Thepreserveddin
wordslikeflichead,moisture,0.Ir.Jliuchaidatu,hasbeenvariously
referredto*antuoratotut;possiblythelatterisitsorigin.

III.SYNOPSISOFGADELICACCIDENCE.
A.Declension.

1.0


stems.Masc.ostemball,member.

Gaelic.OldIrish.

Gadelic.

Sing.Nom.

ballball

ballos

Gen.

buillbaill

baill

Dat.

ballbaull

ballu(balloj.Jub.)

Ace.

ballballn

ballon

Voc.

bhuillbaill


balle

DualN.,A.

dabhalldaball

ballo

G.

dabhuill(!)

D.

dabhalldibmballaib

ballobin

Plur.Nom.

buillbaill

baill(balloi)

G.

ballballn

ballon

D.

ballaibhballaib


ballobis

A.

buillbaullu

ballos(bal'>ns)

V.

bhallabaullu
Neuteriostemcridhe,heart

ballos

S.N.,A.

cridhecriden

kridion

G.

cridhecridi

kridil

D.

cridhecridiu

kridiu

V.

chridhecriden

kridion

PI.N.,A.

cridheachancride

kridia

G.

cridheachancriden

kridon

D.

cridheachancridib

kridiobis

V.

chridheachanchride

kridia

XXXIV.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

2.dstems:allfeminine,cas,a


,foot.

Gaelic.

OldIrish.

Gadelic.

S.Norn.

cas

coss

coxa

G.

coise

coisse

coxies

D.

cois

coiss

coxl(coxai)

A.

cas


coissn

coxin

V.

chas

choss

coxa

DualA.

dachois

dichoiss

coxe

G.

dachois

dachoss

coxo

D.

dachois

dibcossaib

coxabin

PI.N.

casan

cossa

coxas

G.

uas

cossn

coxan

D.

casaibh

cossaib

coxabis

A.

casan

cossa

coxas

V.


chasa

chossa

coxas

3.2

stems.Femininenounsuil,eye.

S.Norn.

suil

suil

sulis

G.

sula

sula

sulos(sidous)

D.

suil

suil

sidl

A.


suil

suiln

sulin

V.

shuil

shiiil

suli

DualN.

dashuil

dishuil

siili

G.

dashuil

dasula

sulo

D.

dashuil

dibsulib

sulibin

PI.N.

suilean

suli

suleis(siilejes)

G.

suil

siilen

sulion

D.

suilibh

siilib

sulibis

A.

suilean

suli

suleis


V.

shuilean

shiili

suleis

4.ui

stems.Masculinenounbith

,world.

S.Norn.

bith

bith

bitus

G.

bith

betho

bitous

D.

bith

biuth


bitu

A.

bith

bithn

bitun

V.

bhith

betho

bitou

PLN.

bithean

bithi

bitois,(bitoves)

G.

bith

bithen

bition,(bitovon)

D.

bithibh

bithaib

bitubis

A.

bithean

bithu

bitus

V.bhitheanbithu

bitus

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

XXXV.

5.ConsonantalStems.

Dual

a).Steminr


;athair,father.

Gaelic.OldIrish.

Gadelic.

S.Norn.

athair

athir

atlr

G.

athar

athar

atros

D.

athair

athir

atri

A.

athair


athirn

atren

V.

athair

athir

ater

ilN.,A.

daathair

daathir

atere

G.

daathair

daathar

atro

D.

daathair

dibnathrib

atrebin

PLN.

athraichean

athir

ateres

G.

athraichean

athren

atron

D.

athraichean

athrib

atrebis

A.

athraichean

athrea

ateras(aterus)

V.


athraichean

athrea

ateras

(6).Steminmen;neut.ainm,name.
S.N.,A.ainmainmnanmen

G.a.nme

anma,anme

anmens

D.ainm

anmaimm

anmiibi

PLN

.,A.ainmeannananmann

anmena

G.ainmeannananmannn

anmenon


D.ainmeannananmannaib

anmenobis

(c).

Stemingutturalc;fern,nathair,serpent.

S.Norn.

nathair

nathir

natrix

G.

nathrach

nathrach

natracos

D.

nathair

nathraig

natraci

A.


nathair

nathraign

natracen(natrcn)

DualN.,A.

danathair

dinathraig

natrace

G.

danathair

danathrach

natrace

D.

danathair

dibnathrachaib

natracobin

PI.N.

nathraichean

nathraig

natraces

G.

nathraichean

nathrachn

natracon.'

D.

nathraichean

nathrachaib

natracobis

A.

nathraichean

nathracha

natracas

V.

nathraichean

nathracha

natracas

(d).Neuterstemines;tigh,house.
S.N.,A.tighteg,tech

G.tighetige

D.tightigtegesi

DualN.dathighdathech

XXXVI.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

Gaelic.

OldIrish.

Gadelic.

G.

dathigh

dathige

tegeso

D.

dathigh

dibtigib

tegesobin

N.

tighean

tige

tegesa

G.

tigh

tigen

tegeson

D.

tighibh

tigib
6.Adjectives.

tegesobis

PL

Adjectivesbelonged(1)totheoandtheadeclensions,as
*marvos,*marva,*marvon,nowmarbh,declinedlikethenouns
ofoandadeclensions;(2)ideclension,asmaith,*matis,
*matis,*mati,theneuternom.beingthestem;(3)udeclension,
as*tigus,*tigus(I),*tigu,nowtiugh;and(4)consonantaladj.,
*tepens,te,teit,etc.Comparisonwasintwoways(1)caomh:
0.Ir.c6em,coemiu,coemem:*koimos,*koimjos,*koimimos;
(2)luath:0.Ir.luath,liiathither,luathem:*loutos,*loutiteros,
*loutimos.

ThenumeralsmaybeseenintheDictionaryintheirCeltic
form:*oinos,*dva,*treis,etc.

Thepronounsaresophoneticallygoneastraythattheycannot
berestored.

B.Conjugation.

ActiveVoice.Indicative

Present.

Verbbeir,bear.

S.1.

beiridhmi

berimm

berommi*

2.

beiridhtu

beri

beresi

3.

beiridhe

berid

bereti

Rel.

beireas

beres

beretse

P.1.

beiridhsinn

bermme

berommesi

2.

beiridhsibh

berthe

berete

3.

beiridhiad

berit


berenti(beronti)

Rel.

beireas

berte

berenteis

DependentPresent.

S.1.

bheirmi

dobiur

bero

2.

bheirtu

dobir

beres

3.

bheire

dobeir

beret

P.1.

bheirsinn

doberam

beromos

2.

bheirsibh

doberid

berete

3.

bheiriad

doberat

beront

firstsing,is

fromthemevowellessrerbs:

*ber*mi.Cf.orm,tharam

evenagam,"."//;.


OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.

XXXV11.

SecondaryPresentorSubjunctive.

Gaelic.OldIrish.

<ladelic.

s.

1.

bheirinnnoberinn

berin(?)

2.

bheireadhnobertha

berethas

3.

bheireadhenobered

hereto

p.

1.

bheireamaidnobermmis

berimmisa(I)

2.

bheireadhsibhnoberthe

berethi

3*.

bheireadhiadnobertis
Aorist.

berintiss(?)

s.

1.

doghabhrogabus

gabassu

2.

ghabhrogabis

gabassi

3.'

ghabhrogab

gabast

p.

1.

ghabhrogabsam

gabassomos

2.

ghabhrogabsid

gabassete

3!

ghabhrogabsat
Imperative.


gabassont

s.

1.

beiream

2.

,.t\beir

|berthe

bere
berethes

3.

beireadheberad

hereto

p.

1.

beireamaidberam

2.

beiribhberid

berete

beireadhiadberat

beronto

Passive.IndicativePresent.
S.3.beireareberirberetor

P.3.beireariadbertirberentor

SecondaryPresentorSubjunctive.
S.3.bheirteadhenoberthe

P.3.bheirteadhiadnobertis

PastTense.
S.3.chanadherochet
P.3.chanadhiadrocheta

Imperative.

S.3.beireareberar

P.3.beireariadbertar

Participle,
caintecete

cantos,"cantus"
cantas(n.f.)

cantjos

SUPPLEMENTTOOUTLINES.

SUPPLEMENTTOOUTLINES.

1.cf.Grierson'sLinguisticSurveyofIndiaastohowfarthe
statementistobelimitedasembracingIndia.ConcerningAsia
thestatementistoberestrictedtolivingAryanlanguages.

2.v.J.Hoop'sWaldbaumeundKulturpflanzen(Trubner,
1905),pp.113114,382384.Thequestionisfarfrombeing
settled.

3.cf.G.Dottin:LesdesinencesverbulesenrenSanskriten
italiqueetenceltique.HeregardsthepassiveinrinCelticand
Italicasanindependentcreation,thecommonelementrgoing
backtotheperiodofIndoEuropeanunity.Eventhefuturein
boheregardsasapossiblyanalogousformationanddifferentin
originNanddevelopment.ComparecritiqueinRevueCeltique,18,
343,whereM.D'ArboisdeJubainvilletakesexceptiontosome
points.Irish,contrarytotheLatin,hasconservedtheIndo
Europeanperfect.Further,seeG.J.Ascoli:Osservazioni
fonologicheconcernentiilcelticoeilneolatinoinActesdudixieme
congresinternationaldesOrientalistesii.ernepartie,LeideBrill,
1895;cf.Indogerm.ForschungenAnziegervii.,i.,70.Also
WindischinGrundrissderRom.Philologie,wheremostofthe
relativeliteratureissummarizedanddiscussed.Theviewsof
M.D'Arboisweremadeaccessiblesomeyearsagoinapaperinthe
CelticMagazine,ed.byDrMacBain.cf.Giles'sManual449.

4.cf.Rhys'sCeltaeandGalliinProceedingsoftheBritish
Academy.DrMacBain'snoticesofitintheScottishHistorical
ReviewandintheCelticReviewareofinterest,asalsoSirJ.
Rhys'sreferencesinhisCelticInscriptionsofFranceandItaly,
reviewedbythewriterintheScottishHistoricalReview,July,
1908.

5.SeeStokesonPictishandOtherNamesinBezzenberger's
Beitrage,Band18.InthesecondeditionofSkene'sHighlanders
ofScotland,DrMacBainclearlysummarizesthewholeofthe
Pictishproblem.DrZimmer'sviewsweremadeaccessibleina
papertreatingofMatriarchyAmongthePictsgiveninthewriter's
LeabharNanGleann(Edin.:N.Macleod).

6.SeeOldCelticInscriptionsbyStokesinBezzenberger's
Beitrage,B.xi.,112141;Rhys'sCelticInscriptionsofFrance
andItaly,andreviewsbyThurneyseninZeitschriftfiirCeltische
Philologie.

BSUPPLEMENTTOOUTLINES.

7.cf.RhysandJones:TheWelshPeople;v.Henry's
LexiconEtymol.,p.xxiii.,wherehereferstothedialectsof
ModernBreton.OntheperiodsofOldBretonseeLoth's
VocabulaireVie"xBreton,Paris,1884,ch.i.

8.Thepresenceofz(forvowelflankeds)canonlybeexplained
byassumingthattheOgmicalphabetwasinventedorimported
beforetheregulardisappearanceofsbetweenvowelsv.Bezzen
berger'sBeitrdge,xi.,144.MrR.A.StewartMacAlister,inhis
workonTheOgamInscriptions(London:D.Nutt),suggestsa
differentvalueinthecaseofz;inwhichcase,ifwehave/forz,
werequiretoreadvforthe/ofthistranscriptionoftheOgam
alphabet.

9AddK.Meyer'soldIrishtreatiseonthePsalter(Oxford:
ClarendonPress),hiseditionintheRevueCeltiqueoftheOld
IrishversionofTochmarcEmere;andFelireOenqusso(2nded.
byStokesinPublicationsofHenryBradshawSociety).

10.Aboutonehalfofthecontentswastransliteratedbythe
writerinLeabharNanGleann;cf.Stern'scritiqueinZeitschrift
fiirCeltischePhilologie.Oneofthechiefpoemshassincebeen
foundinagoodversioninanIrishMS.fromRatisbon,ofwhich
anaccounthasbeengivenbythewriterintheforthcoming
volumeoftheTransactionsoftheGaelicSocietyofInverness.

11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18.cf.thewriter'streatmentof
TheGaelicDialectsinZeitschriftfiirCeltischePhilologie;also
RevC.RobertsononthesamesubjectintheCelticReview;
M.Macfarlane'sThePhoneticsofScottishGaelic;andProfessor
MackinnononScottishGaelicDialectsinapaperintheTrans
actionsoftheGaelicSocietyofInverness.

.19."hinanlautbeforeavowelseemstocomefromp.So
apparentlyinIrishhaue=7nus,andfJeriucognatewithirtepia.
ThischangeisregularinArmenian,seeBrugmann'sGrundriss,
30"StokesinPezzenberger'sBeitrdge,23,44.Inlasted.of
theFdlireStokesregardsireasthecognateoftheGreekword
cited.Butthisdoesnotaffectthecasesinwhichanhistorich
seemstorepresentavanishedp;comparethemforninthe
derivationofamharus;andseeDrPedersen'sVergleichende
GrammatikderKeltischenSprachen,aswellasthesecondedition
ofBrugmann'sGrundrissderVergLGrammatik.

20.Agreatlevelling,ascomparedwithwhatonemustinfer
fromthehistoricdevelopmentofIndoEuropean,hastakenplace
inGadelic.DrMacBain'sIndoEuropeanAlphabetistherefore
simplifiedinthegutturals,althoughperhapsitwouldhavebeen
moreregulartohaveputinalabiovelarseriesapart.Osthoff
recognisesthreekrows,labiovelar,velar,palatal,inthemother

SUPPLEMENTTOOUTLINES.

speech;v.Indogerm.Forschungen,4,246;Wharton'sEtyma
Latinarecognisethethreerowsc,k,q;cf.Zupitza'streatment
ofthegutturals.InGadelicthevelarandthepalatalserieshave
fallentogether,butthereisadistincttreatmentofthelabio
velar.

21.Contaminationmayhavebeenatworkhere.But
althoughtheCymriccognateisdaigr,andOldLatinshows
dacruma,0.H.German,zahar,0.Icelandic,tdr,Germ.,zdkre,in
viewoftheGadelicforms,wemaytaketheprehistoricformto
havebeen*dnkru,whichdevelopedontheBrythonicsideintoa
protoCeltic*dakru.CompareDrWalde'sLateinischesEtymolv
gischesWorterbuch,p.319,alsop.5,whereL.acerisgivenas
cognatewithIrishGadelicer,high.

22.meithshouldbemeith,asintheDictionary,withlong
opene;thisisdiphthongizedintheNortherndialectasmxatha
caseofdiphthongizationoflongopenewheretherehasbeenno
compensatorylengthening.

23.SeeZeitschriftfurCeltischePhilologieyBand3,264,275,
591.

24.SeeZupitzaon*,,;'inCeltic,inZeitschriftfiirCeltische
Philologie,2,189192.

25.SeeFoyinIndogerm.Forschungen,6,337,onCelticar,
al=Indogerm.f,I;andZupitzaonr,IinCeltic,inKuhn's
Zeitschrift,35,253.

CORRIGENDA.

Pagexxxiii.Inthethirdlinefromthebotoomofthepage,
forkridon,readkridion;intheeleventhlinefromthebottomof
thepage,forthewordinbrackets,read(ballons).

ANETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

OF

THEGAELICLANGUAGE.

ANETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

OF

THEG'AELICLANGUAGE.

a,vocativeparticle,lr.a,0.Ir.d,a;W.,Corn.,Br.a:Lat.o;
Gr.3.

a,his,licr,Ir.,a,0.Ir.a,di(accented),W.ei,Br.e,Celtice*/o,
es/<$;Skr.gen.asya,asyds.Thegen.pi.isan,their,O.Ir.
an,Celticesjon(Stokesgivesesan=Skr.fern.gen.pi.dsdm).

.a,who,that(rel.pron.).InG.thisismerelytheverbalparticle
doofpasttime,usedalsotoexplaintheaspirationofthe
futurerel.sentence,whichisreallyparataetic,asinthepast
rel.sentence.Obliquecasesaredonebyan,am(forsan,
sam,0.Ir.san,sam),theneut.ofart.usedasrel.(cf.Eng.
that).Therel.locativeissometimesdonebytheprep."//,
am:"Ancoireambinacaoraich"(1776Collection,p.112).

a,outof,ex:seeas.

a,from,intheadverbsanail,anios,anuas,anull;Ir.,0.Ir.
an,asanuis,etc.;Celtica(j))ona,aderivativefromI.K.
apo,whenceLat.ab,Gr.obd;Ger.von,from,istheexact
equivalentoftheCeltic.Theabeforesiosandsuasisdue
toanalogywithan\os,anuas.

a,in,to,asinabhan,abhos,anis,astigh,asteach,isthe
prep,an,in,into,q.v.

a,asinaris,&c.,andbeforeverbs,istheprep,do,q.v.

a',the.at:seean,the,andag,at.

ab,orabab,lie!TheIr.abah,M.Ir.abb,isaninterjectionof
defiance,obo,ofwonder;cf.Lat.babaJ,Gr.f3a/3ai.Hence,
doubtlessM'A.'sabab,dirt.

aba,abbot,Ir.ab,0.Ir.abb,YV.abad;fromLat.abbas,abbatis,
whencealsoEng.abbot.Henceabaid,abbey.M.Ir.
apdaine,abbacy,inM.G."abbeylands,"whenceplace
namesAppin,olderAbbathania(1310),Abthein(1220),
"abbeylands."


'1ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

abadh,syllable,utterance;E.Ir.apad,proclamation:adba9

Celticba,speak;Lat.fatur,fama,Eng.fame.
abaich,ripe,Ir.abaidh,M.Ir.abaid,E.Ir.apaig,*adbogir

0.Ir.apchugud.,autumnatio;*adbog,Celticrootbug,asin

bog,q.v.;adbach,rootofEng.bake;Gr.<ojyo>.The\W

addfedisfromarootmet.
abaideai,colic(M'A.):
abair,say,soIr.,0.Ir.epiur,Celticddbero;Lat.refero\see

rootinbeir.
abaisd,abrat,trifling,impudentperson:
abalt,expert(M'A.);fromSc.apert?Seeaparr.
fabar,confluence;onlyinPictishplacenames:0.Gaelic(B.of

Deer)abbor,W.aber,0.W.aper,Celticadbero,roother;

seebeir.ModernGaelicpronouncesitobair(soin17th

cent.),whichagreeswiththe0.W.oper;thissuggests

odbero,"outflow,"asagainstthe"toflow"ofadbero.

Theodisforud,alliedtoEng.out.Aporicum:*atiboron

(Holden).
abarach,bold;seeabairabove,
abardair,dictionary(Shaw);fromabair,q.v.
abartach,talkative,bold;fromabair,q.v.
abh,handnet;fromNorsehdfr,pocknet.Alsotabh,q.v.

Speltlesscorrectlyamhandabhadh.
abh,barkofdog;anonomatopoeticword,
abhainn,river,Ir.abhann(gen.abhann,nowaibhne),0.Ir.abann,

W.a/on,Br.auon,GalloBrit.Abona;Lat.amnis(*abnis).

Rootabh;Sk.ambhas,water;Gr.dcf>pos(o/i/fyos,imber)

(Zim.Neu.,270).
abhacas,sport,irony;seethefollowingword,
abhachd,humour,sport,Ir.adhbhachd:
abhag,terrier,Ir.abhach;fromabh,q.v.Cf.E.Ir;abacc,.

dwarf;W.afanc.
abhagas,rumour,falsesuspicion:
abhaist,custom,Manxoaysh,Ir.abhest(O'R.),abaise(O'B.),

ad+beus?M.Ir.dbaisi(pi.)Seebeus,custom.Ascoli

comparesthe0.Ir.abaisofduabais,teter,andsuabcu's,.

suavis.MeyersuggestsfromN.avist,abode:unlikely.
abhall,anorchard,appletree,M.Ir.aball,appletree.Seeuhhal.
abharr,sillyjest(M'A.):
abharsair,Satan,Ir.aidhbhersedir,E.Ir.adbirseoir;fromLat.

adversarius(Eng.adversary).Alsoaibhistear.
abheaid,ajest;seeabhachd.

abhlan,wafer,soIr.,0.Ir.obla,g.oblann;fromLat.oblatim
anoblation.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.3

abhra,eyelid;seefabhra.

abhras,spinning,produceofdistaff,Ir.,M.Ir.abhras,0.Ir.
abras,gestus,E.Ir.abras,handiwork,spinning,abairsech,
needlewoman.Conn.(B)abras,whoderivesitfromL.Lat.
abra,ancilla.

abhsadh,theslackeningofasail,hoistingsail(N.H.);from
Norsehdlsa,clewnpsail,fromhdls,neck,alliedtoLat.
collum.Eng.hawserisalsohence.Alsoallsadh.

abhsporag",acow'sstomach,tripe(H.S.D.),allsporag,cow's
throttle(M'A.);borrowedevidentlyfromaScandinavian
compoundofhdls,neck.Cf.abhsadhabove.

ablach,amangledcarcase,Ir.ablach,carcase:*ddbalac,from
rootbal,bel,die,I.E.gel,whenceEng,quell.Irishhas
abailt,death,0.Ir.epelta,atbail,perit,fromthesameroot
andprefix;thefirstofthemappearsinourGaelicdictionaries
throughShaw.FromGaelicconiesScotchablach.

abran,abran(M'A.andH.S.D.),anoarpatchonaboat'sgun
wale;seeaparan.

Abraon,April,soIr.;foundedonLat.Aprilis(Eng.April).
Theformisduetofolketymology,whichrelatesittobraon.

abstol,apostle,Ir.absdcd,0.Ir.apstal,W.apostol;fromLat.
apostolus,whenceEng.apostle.

acaid,apain,stitch;*ddconti;seeurchoid.

acain,sigh,complaint,E.Ir.accdine,W.achwyn;dd+caoin;see
caoiu,weep.

acair,anchor,Ir.ancaire,0.Ir.ingor,W.angor;fromN.ahheri:
acarsaid,anchorage,fromN.akkarsaeti,"anchorseat."
From.Lat.ancora,whenceEng.anchor.

acair,acre,Ir.acra;fromEng.acre;Lnt.ager.

acarach,gentle;Ir.acarach,obliging,convenient,whichshacks
oft'intoacartha,profit;W.achar,affectionate;adcar;see
car,friendly.M'A.hasacarra,moderateinprice,indul
gence,whichbelongstoacartha.

acaran,lumber:

acartha,profit,soIr.;seeocar,interest.

acastair,axletree;borrowedwordfromSc.axtreeoflikemeanf
ingEng.axle,Ac.

ach,but,Ir.achd,0.G.(B.ofDeer)act,0.Ir.act,acht,*ekstos,
possibly,fromeks^ex;cf.Gr.cktos,without.Forthe
changeofvowel,cf.as,fromeks.TheWelshfor"but"is
eithr,fromekster;Lat.exter.

ach,interjectionofobjectionandimpatience;foundedonabove
withleaninguponoch,q.v.

achadh,afield,soIr.,0.G.achad,0.Ir.ached(locative?)
campulus(Adamnan),*acoto;Lat.acies,acnua,field.

4ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARI

achain,prayer;dialecticforachuinge,<j.v.

acharradh,dwarf,sprite:

achd,statute,soIr.,M.Ir.acht;fromLat.actum,Eng.act.

achd,manner,condition,Ir.achd:sameasabove.Theremaybe

anativeahu(*agtu,*pagtu/)underlyingsomemeanings

oftheword,especiallyinIrish.
achdarr,achdartha,methodical,expert(H.S.D.):
achlaid,chase,pursuit,soIr.,M.Ir.acclaid,fishing,E.Jr.atclaid,

fishes,hunts,pursues:adclaidini;seeclaoidh.
achlais,armpit,Ir.ascall,M.Ir.ochsal,W.cesail.The

divergencefromregularphilologicequivalencehereproves

borrowingfromtheLat.axilla:Norseoxl,Ger.achsel,

Sc.oxter.
achlan,lamentation(M'L.):forochlan?fromoch.
achmhasan,arebuke,Ir.ochmhusdn,E.Ir.athchomsdn;cf.aithis

forroot,
achuinge,supplication;alsoathchuinge,soIr.,E.Ir.athcliunigu)';

ath+cuinge;0.Ir.cuintgim,peto,contek;Eng.thig.See

atach.
acras,hunger,Ir.ocrus,E.Ir.accorus,orconcs:*adcorestui

possiblytherootpre*ofLat.premo:*careo(F4.422).
acuinn,aefhuinn,apparatus,accoutrements,Ir.acfuinn,E.Ir.

accmaing,means,apparatus:adcumang,0.Ir.cumaug,

potentia;seefurtherundercumhachd.
ad,hat,M.Ir.at,W.het;fromEng.hat,N.hattr.
ad,adh,inseparableprefix,inforceandoriginthesameasLat.

ad.Itistobeseparated,thoughwithdifficulty,fromthe

adarisingfromaithorath,<j.v.
adag,shockofcorn,Ir.adag;cf.Sc.hat,hot,hut,"toputup

graininthefield,asmallstackbuiltintheheld;"M.E.

hutte,heap.
adag,ahaddock;fromtheEnglish.
adamant,adamant,soIr.;fromtheEnglish.
adha,ae,liver,Ir.aeghe,g.ae,0.Ir.da,ae,W.atu,Br.avu,

rootav.Cf.adhaforae,cadhaforcae.
adhan,proverb(M'A.);ratheraghan,rootagh,Lat.ajo,adagio,

adage;Skr.ah,say.
adhal,fleshhook(Sh.),soIr.,O.Ir.del,tridens:*pavelo,Lat.

pavire?Butcf.Eng.azvl,M.E.andAg.S.awel,awl,flesh
hook,
adhaltrach,adulterous,Ir.adhaltranach,E.Ir.adaltrach:from

Lat.adulter,whenceEng.adulterous.
adharc,horn,soIr.,0.Ir.adarc:adarc;rootara,defend,asin

teasairg,q.v.:Lat.arceo,tfce.

OFTHEGAELIC:LANGUAGE.>

adharcan,lapwing,"hornedbird;"homadharc;Dial,daoireagan.

Ir.adaircin(P.O'C).
adhart,pillow,soIr.,E.Ir.adart:adart',art,stone?See

airtein.

adhart,aghart,"progress"(Diet.).Thisisaghostword,made

fromtheadverbialphraseairadhart,whichinM.Ir.is

amird,forward,bringforward;in0.Ir.arairt,prorsum.

Henceitisair+ard,q.v.
adhastar,halter,Manx:eistyr,Ir.aghastor,M.[r.adastar:ef.W.

eddestl,steed.
adhbhal,vast,awful,soIr.,0.Ir.adbul:*adbol:I.E.root

bhel,swell,asinEng.bloom,etc.Zimmercomparesitwith

Skr.bala,strength.StokesandOsthoffgiveroothel,bol,,

strong;big,Skr.balam,strength,Gr./8cAt/>os,better,Lat,

debilis,weak,Oh.SI.bolijx,greater;whencebailceach

(Osthoff)andbail,buil.
adhlac,burial,Ir.adhlacadh,0.Ir.adnacul,sepulcrum:adnank

otlo(*adnagtlo,Zim.):rootverbnanko,Ibring:Lat.

nanciscor:furtherI.E.nenktenk,asin&ta,q.v.
adhna,anadvocate(Macd.):H.S.D.cfs.Heb.adhon,sustentator.
ag,at,withinf.only;seeaig.
ag,agadh,refusal,doubt;E.Ir.ac,refusal,0.Ir,ace.no1

W.acorn,todeny.Itisonomatopoetic%Seenext,
agadh,hesitancyinspeech,Br.hak,halcal;of.Skr.ac,speak

indistinctly.Seeforegoingword,
agair,plead,soIr.,0.Ir.acre(n.),fromadgar;rootgar,cry;

seegoir.
agallamh,conversation,Ir.agallamh,O.Ir.acaldam,foradglddy

0.Ir.adglddur,Iconverse:forroot,seeglaodh.
agh,ahind,Ir.agh,0.Ir.aa,W.eiflip(*agtko),Celtica^o.s;

Skr.a/as,buck;Lit.ozps,goat.Zend..:/,Arm.ezu(St.).
agh,alsoadh,happiness,luck,Manxaigh,Ir.dgk,M.Ir.aefo,

6z^a?a,lateM.Ir.ttrf,luck,aWAsonas(P.O'C)jroot</;/,

bring:seenext.
aghach,warlike,soJr.,E.Ir.dgach,dg,war,*dgu;Skr.ajL\

contest;Gr.dyu>v,Eng.antagonist.
aghaib,essay(M'A.);seeoidheirp.
aghaidh,face,soIr.,<).Ir.aged,*agitd;I.E.rootag,lead.It

isusuallyreferredtotherootor/,Lat,octdus,etc.,butthe

phoneticsareunsatisfactory.
aghann,pan,soIr.,0.Ir.aigen,Celticagind;Skr.aga,water

jar:Or.ayyos,avessel.
agus,and,soIr.,O.Ir.acus,ocus,B.ofDeerocus,0.W.ac,Br.
Aaa;alliedisfagus,near,0.Ir.ocus,W.agos,Br.Ao#o2:

bETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

*aggostu,adgos;rootges,gos,carry;Lat.gero,aggestus,
mound(Zimmer).Stokesrefersittotherootangh,choke,
narrow;Celticaggust,frompreCelticaghnvstv(Lat.
angustus),withaccentonsyllableaftertherootgnwith
theaccentonthefollowingvowelbeingsupposed,asin
Teutonic,toproducegg.Thederivationfromrootonk,enk,
asinthig,isnottenableinviewoftheWelsh.

ai,sheep,swan(Carm.):

aibheil,huge(M'E.).Seeadhbhal.

aibheis,sea,thedeep;Ir.aibheis,sea,abyss;E.Ir.aibSis,sea.
ThisStokesreferstoaCelticabensis,abhenttis;rootabh,
asinabhainn.Butcf.0.Ir.abis,fromLat.abysses:W.
affivys,bottomlesspit.

aibheis,boasting;aibhsich,exaggerate;Ir.aibhseach,1toasting:

ff^xfrom,theforegoing1Anotherformofaibhsichisaillsich.

aibhist,anoldruin(Stew.):

aibhistear,theDevil;anotherformofabharsair,qv.

aibhse,spectre,soIr.:seetaibhse.

aibidil,alphabet,Ir.aibghitir,0.Ir.abbgitir,fromL.Lat.
abgetorium,abecedarium,thert,b,c,d,oralphabet.A
dialecticform,aibirsidh,comesfromtheoldlearningsystem,
beginning"Aperse,"abyitself=a,Eng.apersie.Analo
gisedtocaibideal(Meyer).

aice,proximity,Ir.aice;seetaic.

aice,alobster'sburrow,alsofaiche.

aicheadh,deny,Ir.aithcheo,contradicting,M.Ir.aithceod:*ati
coad(I),"gobackon;"cf.0.Ir.atchuaid,exposni,which
Stokesreferstotherootofchaidh,went,q.v.

aicheamhail,reprisal;cf.Ir.athghabhdil;ath+gabhail.

faicme,race,Ir.,0.Ir.aicme,W.ach,pedigree,*a/rk,fromal;
edge;Lat.acieslStokescfs.Skr.ankrt,lap,butthiswould
giveG.ac(a)andaW.ane.Norsedtt,family,Ger.acht,
property.

aidheam,joyouscarol:

aidich,confess,Ir.admhuighirn,0.Ir.addalmim,W.addef:
addam;rootdam;Lat.domo,Engtame.

aifrionn,mass,soIr.,E.Ir.oifrend,W.offeren:fromLat.
offerendum(Eng.offer).

aig,at,Ir.ag,0.Ir.oc:forroot,seeagios.

aigeach,youngorentirehorse;alsodigeach=<:V/r'r/r//,q,v,
M.Ir.dcech,youngsteed(Erin211).

aigeann,thedeep,Ir.digeu?i,E.Ir.oician,W.eigion:fromLat.
oceamis,Eng.ocean.Thereisalsoabyformaigeal.

aigeannach,spirited,E.Ir.aignech;seeaigneadh.Ir.o?'</eantay
meditative.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.7

aighear,mirth,Manxaig/ier;*atigar;seegdirdeachasforroot.

YetIr.aiereach,merry,aerial,fromcrier,air,fromLat.aer,

makesthematterdoubtful.Ir.aerach(Hyde),merry,airy.

EvidentlytheG.isborrowedfromtheLat/
aigilean,earring,tassel;cf.Sc.aiglet,taggedpoint,jewelin

one'scap;eglie,needlework,fromFr.aiguille,needle;Lat.

acus.
aigne,theswift,anythingquick(Carm.):
.aigne,aigneadh,mind,soIr.,0.Ir.aicned:ddgneto,rootgnd,

know,Gr.yiyvoxr/cw,Eng.know.Stokesrefersittotheroot

ofaicme,ashegivesit.Ascolimakestherootcen,asin

cineal.TheGaelicgisagainstanyrootwithe.
ail,will;betteraill,q.v.
ail,aileadh,ailt,amark,impression,Ir.oil,mark(O'R.),M.

andE.Ir.aile,fence,boundary(Meyer).Atstem:oiledaib,

*alet.
fail,rock,Ir.and0.Ir.ail,*alek,alliedtoGer.fels;seefurther

undermactalla.
ailbheag,ring;seefailbhe.
.ailbhinn,flint,precipice;fromail,rock,
aile,air,scent,E.Ir.ael,ahe'l;W.avel,C,Br.,awel,wind:Gr.

deAAa(St.Lee),storm;*avel,rootave,ve,wind;Lat.
'"aura,Gr,dijp,Eng.air.

;aileag,hiccup,Ir.fail;cf.Lat.halo,breathe,Eng.inhale.
.ailean,agreen:*agli?Cf.Lat.ager.
ailear,porch:

ailis,blemish,reproach,0.Ir.ail,disgrace,Got.aglsl
ailis,mimicing(Wh.);badatharrais,aithlis,(M'A.)aithris.
aill,desire,soIr.,0.Ir.ail,W.ewyll,Br.ioul,Celticavillo;

rootav,desire,Lat.av<o,Eng.avidity,ail,pleasant,*pagli,

Eng.fair(St.Bez.2024).
.aille,beauty,E.Ir.aide,forabide:seedlainn.
.ailleas,ailgheas,will,desire;Ir.dilgheas,E.Ir.ailges,dilgidim,

Idesire;fromailandgea<,request,q.v.
ailleagan,rootoftheear,holeoftheear;alsofaillean,q.v.
.ailleagan,darling,soIr.;fromaille,q.v.
aillean,elecampane:cf.Gr.eXeviov,Lat.inula.M.Ir.eillinn

(Rev.Celt.9231).inulaquamalainrusticivocant(Isidor),
ailleant,shy,delicate;M.Ir.ail(O'Cl.),shamefaced,
.ailleort,highrocked;fromaill,rock;seemactalla.
aillse,diminutivecreature,fairy,Ir.aillst:
aillse,cancer,Ir.aillis,0.Ir.ailsin,cancerem:
aillseag,caterpillar;fromabove,
ailm,theletterA,elm;Ir.dim,palm(fir?)tree,letterA;

borrowedfromLat.ulmus,Norsedlmr,Eng.elm.

8ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ailt,stately,high;Ir.ailt,Lat.alias,ailt(H.S.D.).

aim,aimh,privativeprefix;secam,amh.Seeitsusein

aimhleas(=amleas),hurt,aimhrea,aimhreidh,confusion

(=amreidh),aimbeart,distress,etc.(=ambert).The

vowelintherootis"small",andhenceaffectstheaofam.
aimheal,grief,Ir.aithmheal,repentance;aiik+miala,grief,.

E.Ir.mcla,sorrow,reproach;*meblo,ashorterformof0.Ir.

mtbul,dedecus;Gr./je/x^opu.
aimhfheoil,ainfheoil,proudflesh;fromaimhandfebil,q.v.
aimlisg,confusion,mischief:
aimrid,barren,soIr.,M.Ir.immrit,barren,E.Ir.amrit;am

bereut,"nonproducingfrootberofbeir]
aimsichte,bold(Arms.);ammeasichte,"unmannerly!"'

meas.
aimsir,time,soIr.;0.Ir.ameer,W.amser,Br.amzer,possiblya

Celticammesserd;eitheracompoundofam,time(ammen

sird,fromsir,long?),orambmeumra,rootmens,measure,

Lat.mensus,Eng.measure.AscoliandStokesgivethe

Celticasddmessera,fromadmensura.
aimsith,missingofaim,mischance:ammisith,Gaelicrootmil

ofeirmis,q.v.
ain,heat(Diet.),light(H.M'Lean),0.Ir.dne,fulgor,fromdn,

splendidus,latteraCelticdnos;Got._fo)i,fire(frompdn);

Pruss.panno.Stokessuggestsrather*agnos,alliedtoLat,

ignis,Skr.agni,fire,
ain,privativeprefix;seean.
ainbhtheach,stormy,M.Ir.ainbthech,*anfethech,Gaelicroot

fetJi,breeze,fromvet,Eng.weather,Lat.ventus,etc.

anfadh.
ainbi,ainbith,odd,unusual:anbitk,"un\vorldlike."SeeLith.
aincheas,doubt,M.Ir.ainches,E.Ir.ances,dubium;
ainchis,acurse,rage,Ir.aingeis,E.Ir.aingcess,duces,curse,,

anguish;an+geas,q.v.,orLat.augustiai
aineamh,flaw,soIr.,E.Ir.anim,W.ana/,blemish,<>.Br

anamon,mendce;Gr.ovojxai,blame.
ainean,aliver,liveroffish(X.H.);seeadha.
aineartaich,yawning(aineartaich,M'A.);seedinichbelow.
aineas,passion,fury;autJteas,fromteas,heat,
aingeal,angel,soIr.,0.Ir.angel,\V.angel,Dr.ael;fromLat.

angelus,whencealsotheEng,
aingeai,light,fire,Manxainle,Ir.aingeal(Lh.,O'B.).M.Ir.

aingel,sparkling:*pangelos,Get.funie,M.E.ftinke:further

ong,tire,hearth:Lit.anglis,coal,Skr.afigdra,glowingcoal:

T.E.ongli,ongdl;alliedis1.E.ognis,fire,Lat.ignis.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE9'

Fick414.SkeatderivesSe.inglefromtlieGaelic.Also

ainneal,acommonfire.
aingealachd,numbness:angealachr,rootang,choke(Lat.

ango)?
aingealtas,perversity,malignity:fromthefollowing.
aingidh,wicked,Ir.aingidhe,malicious,0.Ir.andgid,angitI,.

nequam,wicked,andach,sin;*andgid,rootdegofdeagh,

good,q.v.
ainich,panting,alsoaonach;rootan,longformofan,breath

(seeanail):Skr.anana,mouth("breather"),
ainid,vexing:
ainis,anise;fromtheEnglish.M.Ir.inainis,glosson"anisum

cyminum(Juice."
ainm,name,Ir.and0.Ir.aitim,pi.anmann,B.ofDeeranim,W

enw,Br.hanv,*anmen;Gr.ovojxa;Pruss.emmens,Ch.SI.

wwg;rootono,alliedtonoinLat.nomen,Eng.name.
ainmhide,arashfool;seedwto'fl?.
aiiimhidh,beast,brute,lr.ainmhidhe,M.Ir.ainmi.de,*anemitio8t

*anem,life,soul;Lat.animal,etc.Ir.isalsoainmhintf.

"animans."
ainmig,rare;anminig,q.v,
ainneamh,rare;seeannamh.
ainneart,force;ai,excess(seeaw),andueart.
ainnighte,tame,fromainneadh,patience(Sh.);possiblyfrom

artdam,rootdam,tame,
ainnir,virgin,E.Ir.ander,W.anner,heifer,M.Br.annoer(do.),

*anderd:cf.Gr.av&y/oos,blooming,dOdfuoi,virgins(Hes.),

ainnis,ainniseach,needy:an+dlth,want'?

ainstil,fury,overfizzing:an+rteall.

air,on,upon.Thisprep,representsthreeIrishones:

(a)air=0.Ir.ar,air,ante,propter,W,ar,er,Br.er,Gaul,are,
Celticart,arei,Gr.irapa,irapai,by,before;Lat.;>n*e;Eng.
fore,for.Thisprep,aspiratesinIrish,andinGaelicidioms
itstilldoesso,e.g.airchionn.

(b)air=0.Ir.for,''super,''0.W.and0.Br.guor,Br.voar,car,
Gaid.''/;Gr.vrrep;Lat.s^uper;En,or</.Thispre]).
didnotaspirate;itendedoriginallyinrinGaelic;asan
inseparableprefix(vero,viroinGaul.)itaspirated,asinthe
modemformofoldnameslikeFergus,nowFearghuuor
t<ar!uis(gen.case).

(c)air=0.Ir.iarn,after,preCelticeperon;Skr.apardm,
afterwards,aparena,after:Got.afar,after,Eng.aftvv.
FurthercomeGr.twrt,behind,ri,to,Lat.<s6,o/?.Seeiar.

10ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Thisistheprep,thatisusedwiththeinf.torepresenta
perfectorpastparticipleinGaelicTkamiairbaaladh;"I
havestruck."

airbhinneach,honourable;air+beann?

aire,distress,soIr.,0.Ir.aircur,pressura;cf.Lat.parous,
sparing.

aire,theArk,Ir.aire;fromLat,area.

airchios,pity,clemency(Hend.):seeoircheas.

aircill,towatch,listen,Ir.aircill;seefaircUL

aircleach,acripple;*airclach,fromaire,q.v.

aird,point(ofthecompass),lr.dird,E.Ir.aird,Gr.apBis,a
point.HenceSc.airt.

aird,preparation,activity:

airde,height,Ir.dirde,E.Ir.arde;seeard.

airdeil,ingenious:

aire,heed,Ir.,0.Ir.aire,Old.Brit.Areanos,nativewatcherswho
gaveintimationtotheRomans(Ammianus),pre(!elticparjd,
par,seek:Gr.Trtipa;trial,Lat.e.rperior,Eng.experiment,

aireach,keeperofcattle.ThereisconfusioninGaelicbetween
aireachand0.Ir.aire(ch),lord;theLoaire,cowlord,was
thefreetenantofancientIreland.For0.Ir.aire,see
airidh.G.hireachowesitslongvowelto;iconfusionwith
araich,rear.Seeairidhforroot.

aireamh,number,soIr.,0.Ir.dram,W.eirif,*adrim,Celtic
rimd,number;Ag.S.rim,number,Eng.rhyme:<r.
dpiOfws,number.

airean,ploughman,herdsman;Ir.oireamh,g.oireamhan,plough
man,themythicEremon,Airemfon),*drjamon,Skr.
Arjamari,furtherAryan(I):rootar,plough.

tairfid,music,harmony:seemrfid.

airgiod,silver,solr.,0.Ir.arget,W,ariant,lir.arc'hant,Gaul.
Argento,Argeutocoxus(aCaledonianprince):Lat.argentum:
Gr.ii.pyvpos.Eng.argentisfromtheLat.

airidh,betterairigh,hillpasture,sheiling(airghe,inLh.for
Gaelic):cf.E.Ir.airge,dirge,placewherecowsare,dairy,
herdofcattle:E.Ir.airgech,herdswoman(ofBrigit);Ir.
airghe,pi.dirighe(O'B.),aherdofcattle:airgheach,one
whohasmanyherds:*aregia;Lat.armentum.'liutsee
araich,rear.NorseorDanishergfromGaelicequalsNorse
setr(Ork.Sag.).ThisNorseformprovestheidentityof
GaelicwithE.Ir.airge;airgearagw,*agio,herd.

airidh,worthy,Ir.airigh(Ulster),airigh,nobleman(O'B.),<).Ir.
aire(eh),primas,lord;Skr.drya,good,alord;drya,Aryan,
dryaka,honourableman.*pareiI

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.11

airilleach,asleepyperson;fromjaireal,bed,M.Ir.airel(O'C.):

airleag,lend,Ir.alrliglm,0.Ir.airliciud,lending:fromhig,let,

whichisalliedtoEng.loan,Got.leihvan,Ger.leihen.See

leig.

airleas,pledge,earnest,arles;fromSc.arles,oldertries,which,
through0.French,comesfrom.Lat.*arrh'ula1dim.ofarrha,
pledge.Eng.earnest,whenceW.ernes,isprobablyfromthe
sameorigin.Seeearias.

airleig,astrait:

airmis,hit;seeeirmis.

airne,asloe,soIr.,M.Ir.ami,sloes,W.eirin,plums,Br.irinain,
sloe,Celticarjanio(Stokes);Skr.aranitinderstick
"premnaspinosa,"araitkaforest.

aimeach,murrainincattle:

airneis,airneis(M'L.&I).),furniture;Ir.airneis,cattle,goods,
etc.,M.Ir.airnis,tools,furniture.Thewordcanhardly
beseparatedfromtheRomancearnese,accoutrements,
armour,whenceEng.Iiarness,armourformanorhorse.The
wordisoriginallyofBrittonicorigin(Br.haruez,armour),
from*eisarno,iron;seefarmm.

airtein,apebble,soIr.,E.Ir.arteini(pi.),0.Ir.art;possibly
Gaul,arto(Artobriga),Artemia,nameofarock.

airtneal,airsneal,weariness:

ais,milk(Carm.),M.Ir.as(O'Dav.).

ais,wisdom(Carm.),ais(O'Cl.)Seecnoc(Carm).

ais,back,backwards;soIr.,E.Iraiss,dan\aiss,backwards:Gaelic
airais.Theformsais\rithisd(rts),thairis,seemcompounds
fromtherootsta,sfo,stand;cf.fois,bhos,ros:aismaybe
foratistaoratisli.Ascolirefersaistoanunaccented
formofeis,track,whichisusedaftertaranddi(diae'is,post
eum;seedels)for"after,pest,"butnotfor''back,"asis
airem,withverbsofrestormotion.

aisead,delivery(obstetrical),E.Ir.asait,vb.adsaiter,isdelivered:
*adsizd;Lat.sldo,assMere]areduplicationoftheroot
sed,ofsuidhe,q.v.Fromadsemt,rootsa/iasintaom
(Stokes).

aiseag,aferry,Ir.aiseog(Fob):

aiseal,axle;itseemsborrowedfromEng.axle,Norseuxvll.butj
theW.echel,Br.altel,*alsila,makesitsnativeorigin
possible,despitetheabsenceofthewordinIrish.

aiseal,jollity(Sh.,Arms.):seeauteach.

aisean,rib,Ir.,E.Ir.asna,\V.ei&en,asm.Cor.asen;<f.Lat.
assula,splinter,asser,beam(Stokes).Formerlyitwas
referredtothesameoriginasLat.os,ossis,bone,Gr.ofrreor,

VIETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

buttherootvowelandmeaningarebothunfavourableto

thisetymology,
aisearan,weanling(Argyle);fromais\
aisg,arequest(Sh.),E.Ir.ascid;*adskv,rootset/.,asinsgeul,

q.v.
aisgeir,aridgeofhighmountains,Ir.eiscir,aisgeir(Lh.for

latter);*adtker(I),asinEng.skerry,G.sgeir,q.v.Cf.W.

e&gair(Meyer),
aisig,restore,soIr.,E.Ir.assec;possibly=*asic,"outbring,"

ie=e;see^*^,come,
aisir,aisridh,path;seeattar.
aisith,strife;asslth,as,privative,andsitk,q.v.
aisling,avision,dream,soIr.,0.Ir.aislinge;possibly*e.>liugia,

"ajumpoutofoneself,ecstasy,"therootbeinglengof

hum,(j.v.Nigrasuggestedtherootsilorsellofseall,see,

q.v.;hedividedthewordasassilinge,Stokesasadsellangia

(Beitrage,Vol.VIII.).
aisneis,rehearsing,tattle,E.Ir.same,O.Ir.disndis;aisnedim,I

relate;(asindfiadim,0.Ir.infiadim,Irelate);fiad=veid,

know:seeinnis;rootvet,Lat.veto(Stokes),butthisdoes

notaccountforiof0.Ir.aisndis.
aisteach,adivertingfellow,Ir.aisdeach,witty:
ait,glad,Ir.,E.Ir.ait,0.Ir.ait,eugc!adverbiumoptantis:
aite,aplace,Ir.,E.Ir.ait.PossiblyCelticpodti,*panti1root

pod,ped,Lat.oppidum,Gr.irk&ov,ground,Skr.paddm,place:

asineadhjq.v.Stokeshasreferredaittotherootthat

appearsinGer.ort,place,Norseoddr,0.Eng.ord,point,

Teutonicud,I.E.uzdh;butthisinGaelicwouldgiveud

or'I.
aiteag,ashygirl,seefaiteach.
aiteal,breeze,ray,smallportion.Inthesenseof"ray,"cf.Gr.

u.ktU,ray:inthesenseof"quantulum,"itmaybedivided

asadtel,O.Br.attal,anequivalent,rootteltweight,money:

seetuarasdat.actuali*?
aiteam,apeople,atribe(Arms.):
aiteamh,athaw;*aithtdM,W.toddi,melt;Lat.tabes;Gr.

t'jKO),melt:Eng.thaw.TheIr.wordistionadh(0.Ir.

tiwtid.evanescit),Manxtennue,therootofwhichisten,Lat.

tener,Eng.thin.
aith,"re"':seeaih.
aitheamh,fathom,0.W.atem,tilum;*(p)etemd;Eng.fathom;

I.ELtt,extend,Lat.pateo,etc.
aithinne,firebrand,lr.,0.Ir.aithinne:*aithte'nio?Rootof

telnetThetoot<hkKkindle,asin0,Ir.andud,accendere,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.13

adandad,lightingup,isalsopossible,*aithandiobeingthe
forminthatcase,amhailte(Glenmoriston).

aithis,areproach,affront,solr.,().Ir.athiss:*atirvidtu;Got.
idveit,Eng.iw;rootvie?,wit,know.

aithlis,adisgrace;cf.leasinleasmhac.

aithne,knowledge,soIr.,0.Ir.,aithgne,W.adwaen:atigniofor
Ir.;I.E.#6??,#>i,^6,toknow;Lat.cogi/osco:Gr.yiyvaJoTcco;
Eng.&?iow.

aithne,command,lr.,0.Ir.aithne,depositum,command;imm^nim,
delego,assign;W.adne,custody;therootseemstohe<~ni
oran,judgingfromtheverbalforms,thoughthesescarcely
agreewiththenounforms.Seetiomnadhfurther.

aithreach,repentant,solr.,0.Ir.aithrech,Corn,edreck,repent
ance,Br,azrec(do.),*ati(p)reko,*ati(p)reh'd:root,prek,
Lat.precor,Ger.fragen,ask,etc.Ascolimakestherootreg,
come(seerach).t

aithris,tell,soIr.,*atiris,E.Ir.ris,astory,*,it/\rat,n't.
Ger.rede,speech,Got.rathjo,speak,Lat.ratio.Cf.0.lr.
airissim,fromiss.

aitidh,damp:

aitionn,juniper,Ir.aiteann,0.Ir.,aitenu,W.aith,eithin,Cor.
eythinen,0.Br.ethin(gl.rusco),*akto,I.E.root,al;sharp,
Lat.acidus,Eng.acid,edge,Gr.aKpos,extreme,etc.The
nearestwordsareLit.dfotina.%sting,Ch.SI.ostimu.Also
aiteal.*attenn,"sharphushortree";fromrootat,3harp,
E.Ir.aith,sharp,*atti,atto.Fortenn,seecaorunn.Cf.
Ir.teine,furze.

aitreabh,abuilding,Ir.aitreibh,E.Ir.aittreb,W.adref,home
wards,Gaul,Atrebates;*adtreb,theCelticrootGreflcorres
pondingtoLat.tribus,Eng.thorpe.

al,brood,Ir.,a/,W.eZ,al:*(p)aglo;cf.Lat.propdgo,Eng.

propagate.Hencealaire,broodmare.Ger.<A7,nobility.
alach,abrood,set,bankofoars(M'E.):

alach,nails:*allach,al,from(p)agl,Lat.palm,stake:root
pag,pag,fasten,whenceGr.injyvvfii,Lat.pango,lix,Eng.
page.
alachag,alachuin,seeealachainn.

alainn,beautiful,Ir.dluin,0.Ir.dlaind:*adlainn:seeloinn.
Stokesprefersreferringittoail,pleasant,*pagli,Eng.fair,
rootpag.Butralaind,pleasant,*adpland(Holden).
all,over;seethall.
allaban,wandering:

allail,noble,M.Ir.all,aill,*alno8,rootat,asinLat.alius.
alladh,fame(eithergoodorbad),lr.alladh,excellency,lame,
E.Ir.allud;seeabove.

14ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

allaidh,fierce,wild,Ir.allta,0.Ir.allaid;possiblyfromall,

over,theideabeing"foreign,barbarous,fierce;"cf.W.

allaiddoflikemeanings,fromW.all,other.Seenext.
allmharach,aforeigner,foreign,fierce;Ir.allmharach,foreigner,

transmarine;E.Ir.allmarach.Fromall,beyond,and

muir,sea,"transmarine"(K.Meyer),
allsadh,ajerk,suspending,leaningtooneside;seeahhsadh.
allsmuain,afloat,greatbnoy:
allsporag,cow'sthrottle(M'A.)jseeabhsporag.
allt,astream,Ir.alt,height,(topographically)glensideorcliff,

0.Ir.alt,shore,cliff,0.W.allt,cliff,Cor.ah,Br.aot,shore;

allalliedtoLat.altus.TheGaelicformandmeaningare

possiblyofPictishorigin,
alltapadh,mishap,illluck(Wh.);mischance:fromalland

tapadk.
aim,alum;fromtheEnglish,
almsadh,charity(Hend.),M.Ir.almsabi.
alp,alsoealp(Wh.),ingraft,joincloselytogether:alpintinkers'

Ir.ajobofwork,hill;ealp=Sc.imper,graft,
alt,joint,Ir.,E.Ir.alt,*('p)altos;rootpel,whenceEng.fold,

Norse,faldr,Ger.falz,groove;Gr.irXdoios,doubled,for

TrAanos."airalt"=inorderthat(Wh.).
altach,agrace(atfood),Ir.altughadh,0.Ir.attlugud,rendering

thanks,atluchurbude,Igivethanks:*adtlukor,root,tluq:

Lit.tulkas,interpreter;Lat.loquorfortloquor.
altair,altar,Ir.,O.Ir.altoir,W.allor,Cor.altor,Br.auter;from

Lat.altare,altar,"highplace."
altrum,fostering,Ir.altrom,0.Ir.altram,W.alltraw,sponsor;

rootal,nourish,whenceLat.alo,Got.alan,grow,Eng.old.
am,time,Ir.am,pi.amanna,E.Ir.am,*ammen,from*atsnien,

rootat,Got.a]m,year;possiblyLat.annus(atsno).
am,privativeprefix;thisisthelabialisedformofan,q.v.;and

beinglabialised,itisalsoaspiratedintoamh.Theforms
'before"small"vowelsinthesubsequentsyllableareaim,

aimh.
amach,vulture,soIr.:
amadan,tool,Ir.amaddn:am+ment,"nonminded,"Celticroot

m<at(<h<trmad,farmad,etc.),mind;Lat.mens,mentis,Eng.

mind,etc.Theshorterrootmenisfoundinmeanmna.
amail,mischief;E.Ir.adviillim,Idestroy:ad+mill,q.v.
amail,hindrance:ad+mall,q.v.ButNorsehamla,hinder,
amal,swingletree;*admol;mol,abeam,especially"amill

shaft/'E.Ir.mol.Cf.Norsehamla,oarloop,
amar,channel,milllead;E.Ir.ammor,ammbur,atrough,

*anibor;Gaul,ambes,rivos,rivers,Amhris,rivername:

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.15

Lat.imber;Gr.Sfxfipos,rain;Skr.arabv,water.Zimmer
considerstheIr.borrowedfromAg.S.amber,amphora,Ger.
eimer;buttheGaelicmeaningisdistinctlyagainsthis
theory.AborrowingfromLat.amphoraisliabletothesame

objection.

amarlaich,blustering(M'A.):

amarlaid,blusteringfemale;notamarlaich.

amart,need(Hend.).Hend.nowquestionsit,aimbeairt.

amhailte,largeemberofwood(Glenmoriston).

amas,hitting,0.Ir.ammus,anaim:*admes;seeeirmis.

amasguidh,aimsgith,profane,impure:*admescid,"mixed;"
seemeasg.

amh,raw,Ir.amh,E.Ir.om,W.of;rootom,dm,whenceGr.
w/x,os;Got.amsa;Skr.amsas.

amhach,neck:*omdka;Lat.humerus,shoulder(*omesos);
Gr.w/xo5;Got.amsa;Skr.amsas.

amhain,entanglementbytheneck(M'A);fromabove.

amhain,only,Ir.amhain,E.Ir.amain;cf.0.Ir.nammd(W.
namijn,butT)=nanmd,"utnonsitmajor"(!).Themain
rootismdormo,more,withthenegative,buttheexact
explanationisnoteasy;"nomorethan"(I),amhain=a
(a[p]o)+main,*mani;Gr.[jlolvos,sparlich,/xovo<s(St.Z.).

amhainn,river;betterabhainn,q.v.

amhaltach,vexing;seeaimheil.

amhan,amarsh,orIon(Glenmoriston).

amharc,looking,seeing;soIr.,M.Ir.,amarc,amharc=a(apo)+
marc,Ger.merken,perhapsLith.merkti,wink,blink(St.).
Rootsmarc,marg.

amhartan,luck,Ir.amhantur,abhantnr;fromFr.aventure,Eng.
adventure.

amharus,suspicion,soIr.,0.Ir.amairess,infidelitas,am+iress,
thelattermeaning"faith;"0.Ir.iress=airess,and*essis
from*sistd,standing,rootstd,stand,reduplicated;cf.Lat.
sisto,etc.Thewholeword,wereitformedatonce,would
looklike*am(p)aresistd,or*amaresistd.

amhas,amhusg,wildman,beastman;Ir.amhas,nwildman,
madman;E.Ir.amos,amsach,amercenarysoldier,servant.
Conchobar'samsaig,ormercenaries,intheE.Ir.sagaof
Deirdre,appearmisunderstoodasouramlmsgau,monsters;
thereisprobablyareminiscenceoftheNorse."bearsarks."
BorrowedfromGaul.Lat.ambactus(=servus,Festus),through
*ambaxus;CeesarsaysoftheGaulishprinces:"Circumse
ambactosclientesquehabent."Therootsareambi(seemu)
andag,go,lead(seeaghaidh).Hencemanywords,asEng.

16ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ambassador,Get.amt,officialposition,etc.Ir.J.,154,136,
hasdmhasinG.force,
amhghar,affliction,Ir.amhgar;am(not)+gar:cf.0.Jr.ingir,

tristitia,fromgdire,risus.Seegair,laughter,forroot.

E.Ir.sogar,dogar,*xa.pa(St.).
amhladh,distress,dismay(Hend.).Seeamhluadh.
amhlair,fool,boor,sillytalkerorbehaver(Arg.):Jr.amM6it\

0.Ir.amlabar,mute;fromam(not)andlabliair,speak,

q.v.Cf.suilbhir.

amhlaisg,badbeer,taplash:

amhluadh,confusion,distress:

amhra,wonderful;*dmporios(St.),airetpos.

amhran,song,Ir.amkrdn,abhrdn,M.Ir.ambrdn,Manx,avraiu;
seebran.Cf.Ir.amhra,eulogy,especiallyinverse:amh<t,
famous(Lee.69).

amhsan(ansan),Dial,osan,solangoose;fromLat.anser?

amhuil,like,as,Ir.amhluidh,0.Ir.amail,amal,0.W.amat9
W.?nal,Br.evel;fromaCelticsamali,whichappearsin
samhail,q.v.

amhuilt,atrick,deceit(H.S.D.,M'E.amhuilt):Cf.aithmela.

amhuinn,oven,Ir.olgheann;borrowedfromEng.oven.

amlach,curled,amlag,acurl,M.Ir.amlach,fromtheprep.
ambi,asinmu,q.v.

amraidh,amraidh(M'E.),cupboard,Ir.amri(O'B/),W.almari;
allborrowedfromEng.(GaelicfromSc.aumriet)am'*ryand
M.E.almarie,from0.Fr.aimarie,fromLat.armarium,
placeoftoolsorarms,fromarma,

an,a',the,Ir.an,0.Ir.in(mas.andfern.),an(neut.);af
appearsbeforevowelsinthenom.masc.(antathair),andit
ispartofthearticlestem;aCelticsendos(in.),sendd(f.),.
san(n.).Sendosiscomposedoftwopronominalroots,
dividingintosendo;sen,judgingbytheneutersan,isa
fixedneuternom.orace.fromtheCelticrootsc(I.E..</",
besideso),alliedtoAg.S.se,the,sed,nowshe.The<7oof
sendoshasbeenreferredbyThurneysenandBrugmannto
thepron.rootto(Eng.tkat,Gr.to);itissuggestedthatto
mayhavedegeneratedintodobeforeitwasstucktothe
fixedformsen.Sentocouldnot,onanyprincipleotherwise,
whetherofaccentuationorwhatnot,producethehistorical
forms.Itisbesttoreverttotheolderetymology,and
referdotothepronominalrootappearingintheLatinfixed
cases(enclitic)dam,dem,(qxiidam,\dem,etc.),theGr.8e,
Se(asinoSc,this),Ch.SI.da,he.Thedifference,then,
betweenGr.oe>andGaelicsendo*isthis:theGrinflects

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.17

thefirstelement(6=so)andkeepsthe8efixed,whereas
Gaelicreversesthematterbyfixingthesenandinflectingthe
do;otherwisetherootsarethesameultimately,andused
foralmostsimilarpurposes.

an,in,Ir.an(eclipsing),0.Ir.i,in,W.yn,Br.enJLat.in;
Gr.kv;Eng.in,etc.Generallyitappearsinthelongerform
ann,orevenasannan;seeann.

an,interrogativeparticle,Ir.an,0.Ir.in;Lat.an;Got.an.

an,negativeprefix,Ir.an,0.Ir.,an,in;W.,Cor.,Br.an;
Celtican,I.E.n,Lat.in,Gr.a,dv,Eng.un,Skr.a,an,
etc.Itappearsbeforelabialsandliquids(saven)asam,
aspiratedtoamh;withconsequent"small"vowels,it
becomesain,aim,aimh.Beforeg,itbecomesion,asin
iongantas.Beforec,t,s,theanbecomeseuandthetandc
becomemedials(asinbeud,breug,feusag).Seealsonext
word.

ana,negativeprefix,0.Ir.an,sometimesaspirating;G.
anacreidimh,disbelief,0.Ir.ancretem,butainfhior,untrue;
M.Ir.ainfhir.ThissuggestsaCelticanasforthefirst,and
anaforthesecond,extensionsofthepreviousan;cognate
areGr.avt?,dvev,without;Ger.ohne,Got.inu,without.

ana,an,ain,prefixofexcess;Ir.an,ain,M.Ir.an;Ir.
aspirateswherepossible(nott,d,g),Gaelicdoessorarely.
AlliedareGr.dvd,up,Got.ana,Eng.on.Henceanabarr,
excess;ainneart,violence;ainteas,excessiveheat,etc.

anabas,dregs,refuse,alsogreen,unripestuffcut;fromanabaich.

anabhiorach,centipede,whitlow:

anacail,defend,save;Ir.anacail,protection,E.Ir.anacul(do.).
ThisAscolireferstothesameoriginasadnacul;seeadhlac.

anacair,sickness,affliction,soIr.,anshocair.Ir.Jl.156.See
acarach.

anadas,regret(M'D.):

anagna,irregularity,unusualness(Hend.),ana+gndth.

anail,breath,Ir.and0.Ir.anal,W.anadl,anal,Cor.anal,Br.
alan,Celticanatld;rootan,breathe,Got.anan,tobreathe,
Skr.anila,wind.Seeanamalso.

anainn,eaves,topofhousewall:

anam,soul,soIr.,0.Ir.anim(d.anmin),Cor.enef,M.Br.eneff,
Br.ene,Celticanimon(Stokes);Lat.animus,anima;Gr.
ave[xo<s,wind.

anamaint,lust,perversity(Hend.),ana+rnein.

anart,linen,Ir.,E.Ir.anairt,0.Ir.annart*anarto;rootpan,
pan;Lat.pannus,cloth;Gr.irrjvos,threadonthebobbin;
Got.fana,cloth,Ag.S.fana,smallflag,Eng.vane,fane.

18ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

anart,pride:

anasta,stormy;*anfadhasta;seeanfadh,storm.

ancachd,adversity(Hend.):

aildrasta,now;forantrdthsa,"thetimehere,"q.v.

tanfadh,storm;properG.isonfhadh,q.v.

anfhann,weak,Ir.anbhfann,M.Ir.anbfann,anhand;an+fann,.

"excessivefaint."Seefann.
anlamh,annlamh,misfortune;an(not)+lamh;seeullamhfor
lamh.

ann,there,Ir.,0.Ir.and,*anda(Stokes);CyprianGr.avSa
(=avri],this,she);Lit.andai,newly,ans,ana,ille,ilia;
Ch.SI.onu,that;Skr,ana,this(he).

ann,annan,in,Ir.ann,E.Ir.ind,0.Ir.indium(inme),Celtic
endo(Stokes);Lat.endo,indu,into,in;Gr.eVSov,within,
evSodev;Eng.into.Therootsareen(seean),in,anddo
(seedo),to.Inannan,thetwoprepositionsannandan
areused.Theformannsisusedbeforethearticleand
relative;thesproperlybelongstothearticle;annsan,
inthe,isforannsan.

fannaid,annoid,achurch,M.Ir.annoit,0.Ir.andooit,mother
church.StokesrefersittoL.Lat.antitas,forantiquitasy
"ancientchurch."InScottishplacenamesitappearsas
Annet,GlachnahAnnaid,etc.Cf.annone,church(O'Dav.),
fromHebrew.

annaladh,era,calendar,Ir.analach,chronicle;fromLat.annalia.

annamh,rare,M.Ir.annam,E.Ir.andam;*andam,"non
tame";rootdam,home,etc.;Eng.domestic,tame.Hence
annas,rarity.

annlamh,vexation,etc.;seeanlamh.

annlan,condiment,E.Ir.annland,W.enllyn;possiblyan+leann.

annrach,anrach,wanderer,stranger;eitherfrom*annrethach,.
rootreth,run(seeruith,faondradh),orfrom*anrathack,
"unfortunate,"rootrath,luck,q.v.

annrath,distress,Ir.anrath;an+rath;seerath,luck.The
E.Ir.andrdappearstobeofadifferentorigin.

annsa,dearer,betterliked,soIr.,M.Ir.andsa,preferable:

ao,privativeprefix;foreu,thatis,foran(not),beforecandt.
Seean.

aobhach,joyous;seeaoibhinn.

aobhar,cause,Ir.adhbhar,0.Ir.adbar,*adberon;rootber,I.E.
bher,whenceLat.fero,Eng.bear,etc.

aobharrach,ayoungpersonorbeastofgoodpromise,hobble
dehoy;fromaobhar,material.

aobrann,ankle,0.Ir.odbrann,W.uffarn:*odbronn,*udbrunnt
goutbulge;"ud=Eng.out,andbrunn,seebrie,belly*

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.19

Stokes{Academy,June,1892)makesodtobeforpod,foot,
Gr.novs,7ro8os,Eng.foot,etc.

aodach,clothes,Ir.eudach,0.Ir.etach,*antacos;rootpan,as
inanartq.v.Cf.Lit.pinti,plait,twine,Ch.SI.pti,wind,
Lat.pannus,etc.Strachancfs.Alb.ent,int,weave,Gr.
aTTo/xcu,weave.

aodann,face,Ir.eadan,0.Ir.etan,Celticantano(Stokes);Lat.
ante;Gr.dvri,against;Eng.and;Skr.dnti,opposite.

aodraman,bladder,Ir.iadtromdn;seeaotrom.

aog,death;seeeng.

aogas,aogasg,face,appearance,M.Ir.ecosg(O'Cl.),0.Ir6co&cy
habitus,expression,*incosc;seecasg,check.Cf.0.Ir.
inchosig,significat.

aoghaire,shepherd,soIr.,M.Ir.aegaire,0.Ir.augaire,*ovigar;
forovi,sheep,seedisg.ThegarisalliedtoGr.ayzipoy,
dyopd,meetingplace,market.

aoibh,civillook,cheerfulface,Ir.aoibh,pleasant,humour,E.Ir.
deb,0.Ir.oiph,beauty,appearance,*aibd(Thurneysen),
mien,look,Prov.Fr.aib,goodmanners.Ascolirefersitto
therootofeibheall(q.v.),alivecoal,theunderlyingidea
being"shining,sheen."Thiswouldagreeastotheoriginal
forcewithtaitinn,please,taitneach,pleasant.

aoibhinn,pleasant,joyful,soIr.,E.Ir.dibind,6ibind.Seeabove
wordforroot.

aoideag,hairlace,fillet;fromrootofaodach.

aoigh,guest,Ir.aoidhe,pi.aoidheadha,0.Ir.oegi,pi.6egidy
*(v)oigit;cf.theTeutonic*faigi}>,whenceNorsefeigr,
doomedtodie,Ag.S.fdege,doomed,Eng.fey(Schrader).
StokesgivestheCelticas(p)oik4t,poih,whenceEng.foe
(cf.Lat.hostis,hospes);buttheGaelicghofaoighisagainst
thisotherwisesatisfactoryderivation.AsagainstSchrader's
etymology,mightbeputareferencetotheformfoundin
Gr.oixo/xaL,go,Lit.eiga,going,furtherrootei,go;theidea
being"journeytaker."Commonlymisspeltaoidh.

aoigh,pleasantcountenance,Ir.aoibh.

aoine,fast,Dihaoine,Friday,Ir.aoine,Friday,0.Ir.oine,fast,.
Br.iun;fromLat.jejunium,afast,fastday,Eng.jejune.
StokessuggestsGr.7reivaa>,hunger,ascognate,makingit
native:*poinio.Unlikely.

aoineadh,asteepbraewithrocks,Manxeaynee,steepplace:

aoir,asatire,Ir.aor,E.Ir.der,0.Ir.air.*aigrd,atoxo?,Got.
aivishi:aigh(St.).PrellwitzgivesGr.andGot.androot.
Ascolirefersthiswordand0.Ir.tathdir,reprehensio,to
tctir,q.v.

aoir,sheetorboltropeofasail:

20ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

aoirean,airean,ploughman,herdsman,Ir.oireamh,g.oireamhan,
ploughman,themythicEremon,Airem(on),*arjamon,Skr.
Arjaman,furtherAryan(?);rootar,plough.

aoirneagan.Seeaonagail.

aois,age,Ir.aois,0.Ir.des,dis,6is,W.oes,*aivestu;Lat.
cevum,cetas,Eng.age;Gr.cues,ah'i,always;Eng.aye.From
*aittu,Lat.oitor,utor,Staira(Th.St.Arch.276).

aol,lime,Ir.aol,0.Ir.del:*aidlo,fromaidh,light,fire,Gr.
cutfco,gleam,(St.).SeeMackay.

aolach,dung,Ir.aoileach,0.Ir.ailedu,stercora,W.addall,
eluvies.Ascolicompares0.Ir.dil,probrum,butthisword
isprobablycognatewithGot.agls,aglus,difficult,shameful,
andmaynotbealliedtoaolach.

aolais,indolence:

aolmann,ointment:foundedontheEng.ointment.Cf.iarmailt,
armailt.

aom,incline.Ir.aomadh,inclining,attracting:

aon,one,Ir.aon,0.Ir.din,den;W.,Cor.,Br.un;Lat.unus
(=oinos);Got.ains,Eng.one.

aonach,moor,marketplace,Ir.aonach,fair,assembly,0.Ir.
oinack,denach,fair,*oinacos,fromaon,one,theideabeing
"uniting,reunion."SomehavecomparedtheLat.agoniuni,
fair,butitwouldscarcelysuittheGaelicphonetics.

aonach,panting;seeainich.

aonadh,ascent:

aonagail,aonairt,aoineagan,wallowing(H.S.D.);seeuainneart;
uan=foam.

aonais,want;seeiunais.

aorabh,bodilyormentalconstitution:

aoradh,worship,Ir.adhradh,0.Ir.adrad;fromLat.adoratio,
Eng.adoration.

aotrom,light,Ir.eadtrom,0.Ir.e'tromm;*an\trom,"non
heavy."Seetrom.

ap,ape,Ir.ap,W.ab;fromEng.ape.

aparan,apron,gunwalepatch(N.H.):fromtheEng.

aparr,expert;fromSc.apert,from0.Fr.aparte,militaryskill,
fromLat.aperio,open,Eng.aperient,expert,etc.

aparsaig,knapsack;fromEng.haversack.

ar,arn,our,soIr.and0.Ir.*(s)aron;thisformmay
havearisenfromunaccentednsaron(Jub.),likeGot.unsar
(usofEng.andar),Ger.unser,Eng.our(Thurneysen).
StokesrefersittoaCeltic(n)ostron,alliedtoLat.nostrum.
Seefurtheratbhur.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.21

ar,seems;arlearn,methinks,Ir.,M.Ir.dar,E.Ir.indar,atary

withla,0.Ir.inda,ata,da;whereta,taristheverbtha

(thatkar),is,withprep,orrel.inbeforeit.Thaleamsa

(MrsGrant).Seena,than.
ar,plough,E.Ir.ar,W.ar,ploughedland;Lat.aro;Lit.ariu;

Got.arjan,Eng.ear,plough.
ar,battle,slaughter,Ir.and0.Ir.dr,W.aer,*agro;rootag,

drive;Gr.aypa,chase;seeagh.
ara,kidney,Ir.dra(nn),0.Ir.dru,g.dran,W.aren,*nfron;

Lat.nefrones;Gr.ve^pfc;Ger.nieren.Stokesrefersdrato

adreu,therenbeingthesameasLat.ren.
arabhaig,strife;cf.0.Ir.irbdg,arbag,*'airbag,Norsebdgr,

strife.
arach,rearing;seeairidh,shealing.Itispossibletoreferthis

wordto*adreg,regbeingtherootwhichappearsine'irich.
arachas,insurance,soIr.,E.Ir.arach,bail,contract,*adrig,

rootrig,bind,whichseeincuibhreach.
aradh,aladder,Ir.aradh,E.Ir.drad:
araiceil,valiant,important,Ir.drach,strength,drachdach,

puissant,*adreg,rootreg,rule,direct,
araidh,certain,some,Ir.dirighe,M.Ir.diridhe,*adrei;cf.W.

rhai,rhyw,some,certain,whichRhyscomparestoGot.

fraiv,seed,
aramach,rebellion;for*eirighamach,"outrising."
aran,bread,Ir.,M.Ir.,ardn;rootar,join,Gr.apapmKu,apros.

Seenext,
arbhar,corn,soIr.,E.Ir.arbar;0.Ir.arbe,frumentum;Lat.

arvum,field.AlsoGaul,arinca,"frumentigenusGallicum"

(Pliny),Gr.apaKos,vetch,Skr.arakas,aplant,
arbhartaich,dispossess;*arbert;arforexro?
arc,fungusondecayedwood,cork,arcan,cork,acork,stopple,

Ir.arcan,cork(Lh.):
archuisg,experiment(Sh.):
arcuinn,cow'sudder:

ard,high,Ir.,E.Ir.drd,Gaul.Ardvenna;Lat.arduus;Gr.6p96s.
arddorus,lintel,Ir.ardorus,fardorus;drdhereisapieceof

folketymology,therealwordbeingar,air,upon.Seeair

anddorus.
arfuntaich,disinherit;*arfonn.Seearbhartaich.
argarrach,aclaimant;*air+gar;seegoir.
argumaid,argument,Ir.argumeint,0.Ir.argumint;fromLat.

argumentum.
arias,chimney,E.Ir.fork's,rooflight;air+leus,q.v.
arm,weapon,Ir.,0.Ir.arm,W.arf;fromLat.arma,whence

Eng.arms.StokessaysunlikelyfromLat.

22ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONAEY

armadh,workingwoolinoil,theoilforworkingwool.Cf.
aolmann.

armunn,ahero,Ir.armann,anofficer,E.Ir.armand,froman
obliquecaseofNorsedrmab"r(g.drmanns),harmost,steward.

aroch,hamlet,dwelling:

aros,adwelling,Ir.drus,M.Ir.aros,W.araws,aros;*adrostuj
Eng.restisalliedtorostu.

arpag,aharpy;fromLat.harpyia,Eng.harpy.

arraban,distress:*arreub?

arrabhalach,treacherousfellow;seefarbhalach.

arrachar,rowing,steering(Arm.):*arreg,rootreg,direct.

arrachd,spectre,Ir.,E.Ir.arracht;*arrig;seeriochdforroot.
Ir.hasalsoarrach,contour,spectre.

arrachogaidh,thefirsthoundthatgetswindof,orcomesupto
thedeer(Sh.):

arraghaideach,careless(Sh.):

arraideach,erratic:fromtheEng.1earraid,hermit1

arraidh,farraidh,suspicion(M'D.).

arraing,astitch,convulsions,soIr.;*arvreng1Eng.wrench,etc.

arral,foolishpride:

arronta,bold;seefarranta.

arrusg,awkwardness,indecency,arusg(M'A.):

ars,arsa,quoth,Ir.ar,E.Ir.ar.ThesoftheGaelicreallybelongs
tothepronounseorsi,saidhe,saidshe,"arse,arsi."Of.
M.G.,"arsantresughdarglic"saidthethirdwiseauthor
(sanbeingthefullart.;nowarsan).TheE.Ir.formsbar
and/or,inquit,pointtotherootsver,say,Eng.swear,
answer.Stokesrefersittotherootver,verdh,Eng.word,
adducingE.Ir.fordat,ordat,oldat,inquiunt,fortheverdh
root.Thurneysenobjectsthatolorforisapreposition,the
datbeingtheverbtaonanalogywithotherformsindds,
olddte.Theoriginalisal,propter,"further"(seethall),
likeLat.turn("turnille"thenhe),laterororfor,and
laterstillarallprepositions,denoting"further."

arsaidh,old,Ir.drsaidh,0.Ir.arsid:*arsta;sta,stand.Itwas
notobservedthatStokeshadtheword;butthesamecon
clusionisreached.Hisstemis*(p)arostdt,fromparos,
before,andstdt,Skr.purdstdt,erst.

arsnaig,arsenic;fromtheEng.

arspag,largespeciesofseagull,larusmajor:

artan,astone;seeairtein.

artlaich,baffle;seefairtlich.

aruinn,aforest;*agroni,rootag,Gr.aypa,thechase.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.23

as,a,outof,from,Ir.as,0.Ir.ass,a,W.a,oc,Br.a,ag,Gaul.

ex;Lat.ex;Gr.e,etc.Asisalsousedasaprivative

particle,
asaid,delivery;seeaisead.
asair,alsofasair,theherb"asarabaccafborrowedfromLatin

name,
asair,harness,shoemaker,Ir.asaire,shoemaker,assain,greaves,

etc.,0.Ir.assa,soccus;Gr.7ra,sandal(Hes.),Lat.baxea;

rootpag,fit,Gr.Tnjyvvfxi(Stokes),
asal,anass,soIr.,M.Ir.assal,W.asyn,Cor.asen.G.andIr.

areborrowedfromLat.assellus,theW.andCorn,fromLat.

asinus.
asbhuain,stubble;*asbuain,"outreaping,"q.v.
ascaoin,unkind,wrongsideofcloth(caoinisascaoin);as,

privative,andcaoin,q.v.
ascart,'tow,Ir.asgartack,M.Ir.escart,W.earth,Br.skarz,

*exskarto,*skarto,dividing,rootsker,separate;Gr.okw/o,

dung;Eng.sham;etc.
asgaidh,present,boon,E.Ir.ascad,0.Ir.ascid(Meyer);for

root,seetaisg.
asgailt,aretreat,shelter;seefasgadh,sgail:*adscath,asgaid.
asgall,bosom,armpit,soIr.,Br.aside,W.asgre,bosom.The

sameasachlais(q.v.)bymetathesisofthes.
asgan,agrig,merrycreature,dwarf(Arm.).Seeaisteach.
asgnadh,ascending,soIr.;*adsqendo;Lat.scando,etc.
aslach,request,Ir.,0.Ir.aslach,persuasio,adslig,persuades;for

root,seeslighe,way.
aslonnach,pronetotell(Arm.),E.Ir.asluindim,Irequest;*ad

sloinn,q.v.
asp,anasp,W.asp,fromtheEng.
asran,aforlornobject,Ir.asrdnnach,astrannach,astranger:from

astarl
astail,adwelling;seefasdail.
astail,acontemptiblefellow(MA.):
astar,ajourney,Ir.asdav,astar,E.Ir.astur;*adsod,ron,root

sod,sed,go;Gr.686s,way,Ch.SI.choditi,go;Eng.exodus.

Stokes(Bez.Beit.211134)nowgivesitsCelticformas

*adsitro,rootsaiofsaothair,toil,
asuing,asuinn,asuig,apparatus,weapon;seeasair(1).
at,swell,Ir.at,0.Ir.att,*(jo)atto,rootpat,extend,asin

aitheamh,q.v.StokesgivesCelticasazdo(Got.asts,twig,
etc.);butthiswouldbeinGaelicad.
tatach,request,B.ofDeerattdc,&Ir.atach,0.Ir.ateoch,I
pray,*adtek;Eng.thig.

24ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

atach,castoffclothes(Uist,etc.)=athaodach.

ataig,atuinn,apalisade,stake:

atamach,fondling,caressing(M'A.):

ath,next,again;seeath.

ath,flinch;fromath,back.Henceathach,modest.

ath,aith,re,soIr.,0.Ir.ath,aith,ad,*ati,W.ad,Br.at,

az;Gaul,ate:Lat.at,but,at(atavus);Lit.at,ata,back,

Slav,otu;Skr.ati,over.StokesdividesCelticatiintotwo,

meaningrespectively"over"and"refbutthisseems

unnecessary,
ath,aford,Ir.,0.Ir.ath,*jdtu;Skr.yd,togo;Lit.j6ti,ride

(Stokes).Beulath:
ath,akiln,Ir.dith,W.odyn.StokesrefersthistoapreCeltic

apati,apatino,paralleltoEng.oven,Got.auhns,Gr.mtvos..

BezzenbergersuggeststheZend,dtar,fire,asrelated,
athach,agiant,Ir.fathach,athach;rootpat,extend?
fathach,abreeze,Ir.,0.Ir.athach;Gr.aT/zos,vapour,Kim.

atmosphere;Ger.atem,breath;etc.
athainne,embers,soIr.;*athteine(*?).Seeaithinne.
athailt,ascar;athail;seeail,mark,
athair,father,soIr.,0.Ir.athir;Lat.pater;Gr.7ran)p;Skr.

pitdr;Eng.father.
athairneimh,serpent,Br.aer,azr;fornathairneimh,q.v.
athairthalmhainn,yarrow,milfoil,Ir.andM.Ir.athairtalnuui;

"patertelluris!"Alsoearrthalmhainn,whichsuggests

borrowingfromEng.yarrow.
athais,leisure;ath+fois=delay,q.v.
athar,evileffect,consequence(M'A.,Whyte),*atronfromath,

"re."Seecomharradh.Sc.aur=athailt.
athar,sky,air,Ir.aieur,air,sky,0.Ir.aer,aier,W.awyr;from

Lat.aer,whenceEng.air.SeeSt.foraer,*aver1Cf_

padhal,staidhir,adhal.
atharla,heifer;possiblyatharlaogh,"excalf."Cf.E.Ir.

aithimi,calf.
atharnach,secondcrop,groundcroppedandreadyforploughing

(N.H.)athebrnach1*atharnach,rootar,plough.
athaTrach,alteration,Ir.atharrach,0.Ir.aitherrech,Br.adarre,

afresh,arre,*atiarreg,rootregofeirich.Stokesanalyses

itintoatiexrego,thatis,atheirich.
atharrais,mocking,imitating(M'K.);(Dial,ailis):athaithrisr

"resay,"Ir.aithris,tell,imitation.Seeaithris.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.25

ba!partofalullaby;onomatopoetic.Cf.Eng.baby,Ger.bube,

etc.
ba,bath,foolish,FernaigMS.bah:"deadly,"(talky?),root&&,

kill(speak?);seebas.Cf.Lat.fatuus.
babag,tassle;seepab.

babhd,asurmise(M'A.),aquirk;fromFr.faut.
babhsganta,baosganta,cowardly;seebodhbh;babhsgadh,fright,

shock(Hend.).
babhun,bulwark,enclosureforcattle,Ir.bdbhun.whenceEng.

bawn,M.Ir.bddhiln(AnnalsofLochCe,1199);fromb6and

dun,q.v.
bac,hindrance,Ir.bac,M.Ir.bacaim(vb.).Seenextword.

bac,acrook,Ir.bac,0.Ir.bacc,W.bach,Br.badh,Celticbakkos,
*bagko,Norsebak,Eng.back.Hencebacach,lame,E.Ir.
bacach,W.bachog,crooked.

bacag,afall,tripping;frombac,q.v.

bacmoine,turfpitorbank(N.H.);fromNorsebakki,abank,

Eng.hank.HencealsoplacenameBack.
bacaid,ashholder,backet;fromSc.backet,fromFr.baquet.
bacastair,baker,bacaladh,oven,Ir.bacail,baker;allfromthe

Eng.bake,baxter.
bacan,stake,hinge,Ir.andE.Ir.bacdn.Frombac.
bach,drunkenness,Ir.bach;fromLat.Bacchus.
bachall,shepherd'scrook,crozier,Ir.bachul,0.Ir.bachall,W.

bagl,crutch;fromLat.bacxdum,staff;Gr.fiaKTqpia,Eng.

bacteria.Bachullgille,slovenlyfellow(M'D.).
bachar,acorn,"Moluccabean,"Ir.bachar;borrowedfromor

alliedtoLat.baccar,Gr.ftaKKapts,nard.
bachlag,ashoot,acurl,Ir.bachldg;frombachall(Thurneysen).
bachoid,thebossofashield,Ir.bocoide,bossesofshields;from

L.Lat.buccatus,Lat.bucca,cheek.Seebucaid.

bad,acluster,thicket;cf.Br.bot,bod,bunchofgrapes,thicket;
commoninBretonandScotchplacenames;probablya
Pictishword.Cf.Eng.bud,earlierbodde.Cf.Lat.fascis
(*fat$scis),*badsk,Norse,Eng.bastl

badhal,awandering,badharan;possiblyfromtherootba,go,

asinbothar,q.v.H.S.D.suggestsba+dol.
badhan,achurchyard(Sutherland),ie."enclosure,"sameas

bdbhun.
badhar(H.S.D.),badhar(Carm.),placentaofcow:
bag,abag;fromtheEng.
bagaid,acluster,troop,W.bagad,Br.bagod;fromLat,bacca

(Thurneysen,Ernault).

26ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

bagaire,aglutton;frombaginthesenseof"belly."

bagair,threaten,soIr.,E.Ir.bacur,athreat.TheW.bygwl,a
threat,etc.,isscarcelyallied,foritcomesfrombwg,aspectre,
bogie,whencepossiblytheEnglishwordsbogie,boggle,etc.
G.bagairmaybealliedwiththerootunderlyingbac;pos
siblybaggar,"cryback."

bagaisde,baggage,lumber(ofaperson)(Wh.),frombaggage.

bagh,abay,Ir.bddh;fromEng.bay,Romancebaja.

baghan,astomach(baoghan,withaoshort).Dial,maghan
(Sutherland);cf.Eng.maw,Ger.magen,Norsemagi.

baibeil,lying,giventofables;fromEng.babble.

baideal,tower,battlement,ensign,baidealach,bannered;from
M.Eng.battle,battlement,whichisofthesameoriginas
battlement.

baidh,love,Ir.baidhe,M.Ir.bdid,bade,Hddis(Stokes).Cf.
Gr.4>(otiov,friendly(Hes.),forcfxodiov;rootbhci:bho,whence
Gr.cfxos,man.

baidreag,araggedgarment;seepaidreag.

baidse,musician'sfee;fromtheEng.batch1

baigeir,abeggar;fromEng.

baigileis,looselumberorbaggage(Argyle);frombaggage.

bail,thrift,Ir.bail,success,carefulcollection,M.Ir.bail,good
ness,E.Ir.bulid:<f>v\\a;I.E.rootbhel,swell,increase.
Seebuil,bile.Hencebaileach.Cf.adhbhal,pcXrepos.

bailbheag,acornpoppy;alsobeilbheag,mealbhag,meilbheag.

bailc,aridge,beam,W.bale,fromEng.balk.

baile,seasonablerain,showers:

bailceach,strong,astrongman,E.Ir.bale,strong,W.balch,
superbus,Br.balc'h;Lat.fulcio,support,Eng.fulcrum
(Stokes).LikelyaCelticbalko,rootbal,asinbail.So
Ost.;Skr.balam,strength(adhbhal),Gr./SeArepos;Wh.St.
boliji,greater;Lat.debilis.

baile,town,township,Ir.,E.Ir.baile,*balios,apreCeltic
bhvalio,rootbhu,be;Gr,<wAeos,alair;Norsebdl,a
"bally,"furtherEng.build,booth.

baileach,excessive;seebail.Alsobuileach.

bailisdeir,babbler,foundedonEng.Scandinavianbalderdash.

baillidh,amagistrate,bailie;fromSc.bailzie(Eng.bailiff),Fr.
bailli.

baineasag,aferret,Ir.baineasdg;bdn+neas,"whiteweasel,"q.v.

baillidh,madness,fury,Ir.bdinidhe;Ir.mainigh(O'Br.),from
Lat.mania;seeba.

baillisg,alittleoldwoman,femalesatirist(Carm.)=bane/isg;
fromban,bean,q.v.

bainne,milk,Ir.,M.Ir.bainne;alsoboinne,milk(Sutherland
shire),adrop,Ir.,M.Ir.bainne,milk.0.Ir.banne,drop,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.27

Cor.,Br.banne,guttajrootbha;0.Slav,banja,bathjEng.

bath,etc.
bair,agame,goal,Ir.bdire,hurlingmatch,goal,M.Ir.bdire:

*bagro,rootbag,strive;seearabhaig.baireach,ahall.
baircinn,sidetimbersofahouse(Sh.):
baireachd,quarrelling(Carm.);cf.bairseag.
fbairghin,bread,cake,Ir.bairghean,E.Ir.bargen,W.,Cor.,and

Br.bara,panis,*bargo;Lat.ferctum,oblationcake;Ag.S.

byrgan,totaste,Norsebergja,taste.
bairich,lowing;rootofbo,cow.Cf.buirich.
bairig,bestow;fromEng.ware,asalsobathar.
*.bairleigeadh,bairneigeadh,warning,summons;fromtheEng.

warning.
bairlinn,rollingwave,billow;bairlinn,fromfbair,wave,bor
rowedfromNorsebdra,wave,billow.Forlinne,seethat

word.
bairneach,alimpet,Ir.bdirneach(FoL),W.brenig,Cor.brennic:

fromM.Eng.bernekke,nowbarnacle,fromMed.Lat.bernaca.

Stokestakesbdirnechfrombarenn,rock,asGr.Arrets,limpet,

isalliedtoXkiras,rock,
bairneachd,judgment(Sh.),Ir.,W.,Br.barn,rootberinbrdth,

bairseag,ascold(Sh.),Ir.bairseach,M.Ir.bairsecha,foolish

talk,bara,wrath,W.bdr,wrath.Stokesrefersbaratothe

sameoriginasLat.ferio,Istrike,Norseberja,smite,etc.
baisceall,awildperson(Sh.);M.Ir.basgell(i.geltan),boiscell;

rootinba,foolish1+ciall.
baiseach,aheavyshower,Ir.bdisdeach,rain,bais,water;cf.0.Ir.

baithis,baptism,whichmaybeborrowedfromLat.baptisma

(Windisch).Theroothereisbad,ofbath,drown.Ir.

baiseach,raining(Clare),frombaisteadh,Lat.baptisma(Zim.).
baist,baptise,Ir.baisd,0.Ir.baitsim;fromLat.baptizo,which

isfromGr.fiaTVTLfja,dip.
+baiteal,abattle;fromEng.battle.

balach,clown,lad,Ir.balach,clown,churl;cf.Skr.balakas,a

littleboy,frombdla,young.Butcf.W.bala,budding,root

bhel.RathlinIr.bachlach.
rbalaiste,ballast;fromtheEng.

balbh,dumb,soIr.,E.Ir.balb;borrowedfromLat.balbus.

bale,ridge,etc.;seebailc.Also"calfofleg"(Wh.).

bale,misdeed:

balcach,splayfooted(H.S.D.).Cf.Gr.<j>o\k6s,bandylegged(1).

balg,belly,bag,Ir.bolg,0.Ir.bole,W.lol,boly,belly,Cor.bol,

Gaulishbulga(Festus)sacculus;Got.balgs,wineskin,

Norsebelgr,skin,bellows,Eng.belly.

28ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

balgair,afox:

balgum,mouthful,M.G.bolgama(pi.),Ir.blogam;frombalg.Cf.

0.Ir.boleuisce,abubble,
ball,amember,lr.,0.Ir.ball;Gr.<f>a\\6s;Eng.phallus;root

bhel,swell,
ball,aspot,Ir.,M.Ir.ball,whitespottedonforehead(ofahorse),

Br.bal(do.).TheGaelicsuggestsastembalno,Celticroot

bal,white,Gr.<aAo,shining,cf)d\apos(phalaros),white
spotted(ofanimals);I.E.bhel:bhale,shine;whenceEng.

balefire.StokessaystheIrishballseemsalliedtothe

Romanceballa,aball,Eng.baleandball(?).Henceballach,

spotted.W.bal,spottedonforehead,
ball,aball;fromEng.
balla,wall,Ir.balla(FourMasters),fala(Munster);from

M.Eng.bailly,anoutercastlewall,nowinOldBailey,from

Med.Lat.ballium.
ballaire,acormorant;fromball,spot,
ballan,avessel,tub,Ir.balldn,E.Ir.ballan.Stokescfs.Norse

bolli,bowl,Eng.bowl,andsaysthattheGaelicisprobably

borrowed,
ballart,boasting,clamour;probablyfromNorseballra,strepere,

baldrast,makeaclatter(Eng.balderdash),Ger.poltern.
bait,awelt:seebolt.
ban,white,Ir.,0.Ir.ban;I.E.rootbha,shine;Gr.<]>av6s(a

long),bright;Skr.bhdnu,light;furtherawayisEng.bale

(balet\re).
ban,bana,she,female;seebean.
banabachadh,worseofwear(M'D.):
banachag,dairymaid:
banachdach,vaccination:
banair,sheepfold;seerathermainnir.
banais,awedding,weddingfeast,Ir.bainfheis,weddingfeast,

M.Ir.banais,g.baindse;fromban+feisd?
banarach,dairymaid;frombanandaireach.
fbanbh,apig,Ir.banbh,E.Ir.banb,W.banw,Br.banv,banc,

*banvos.ThewordappearsasBanba,anameforIreland,

and,inScotland,asBanff.M'L.andD.givesthefurther

meaningof"landunploughedforayear."
banc,abank;fromtheEng.
banchuir,squeamishnessatsea(H.S.D.,whichderivesitfrom

banandcuir).
bangadh,abinding,promise(Sh.,H.S.D.),Ir.bangadh.H.S.D.

suggestsLat.pango,whenceitmayhavecome,
bangaid,abanquet,christeningfeast;fromEng.banquet.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.29

bann,abelt,band;fromEng.band.Italsomeansa"hinge."

Dialecticspann.
bannag,aChristmascake;fromtheSc.bannock.Seebonnach.
bannag,cornfan;fromLat.vannus,Eng.fan.
bannal,atroop,gang,Ir.banna;fromEng.band.Cf.E.Ir.

banddl,assemblyofladies.Alsopannail.
bansgal(Dial,banasgal),afemale,ahussy,Ir.bansgal,E.Ir.

banscdl,0.Ir.banscala,servae;rootofsgalag.
bantrach,awidow,E.Ir.bantrebthach,landlady:ban+trebthach,

farmer,fromtrebintreabhadh,aitreabh.
baobh,awickedwoman,witch,Ir.badhbh,hoodiecrow,afairy,a

scold,E.Ir.badb,crow,demon,Badba,theIr.wargoddess,

W.bod,kite,Gaul.Bodv,Bodvognatus,W.Bodnod;Norse

bod",g.bobvar,war,Ag.S.beadu,g.beadwe,*badtva(Rhys).

InStokes'Diet,theSkr.bddhate,oppress,Lit.bddas,famine,

arealonegiven.Alsobaogh.
baodhaiste,illusagefromtheweather:
baoghal,danger,soIr.,0.Ir.baigul,baegul;cf.Lit.baime,fear,

baigus,shy,Skr.bhayate,fear.
baoghan,,acalf,anythingjolly;frombaoth.
baogram,anightyemotion(Dialectic);foundedonbaogadh,a

dialecticformofbiog,q.v.
baoileag,blaeberry;cf.Eng.bilberry,Dan.bollebsdr.
baoireadh,foolishtalk;foundedonbaothaire,fool,frombaoth,q.v.
fbaois,lust,soIr.,E.Ir.baes,*baisso(Stokes);comparedby

BezzenbergertoGr.(ftatSpos,shining,andbyStrachantothe

rootgheidh,desire,Lit.geidu,desire,Ch.SI.zida,expetere,

Goth,gaidw,awant.PossiblyalliedtoLat.foedus,foul,
baois,madness,soIr.,E.Ir.bdis;frombaoth(Zim.Z32229)

bdithas.Cf.sglth,sglos.
baoisg,shineforth:seeboillsg.
baoiteag,asmallwhitemaggot;seeboiteag.
baol,nearnessofdoinganything(M'A.);baoghal1Cf.itsuse

inFern.MS.
baoth,foolish,soIr.,0.Ir.bdith,baeth;rootbai,fear,asin

baoghal;Cor.bad,Br.bad,stupidity,arenotallied,noris

Goth,bauths,dumb,assomesuggest.Hencebaothair,fool,
bara,abarrow,Ir.bara,E.Ir.bara;fromM.Eng.barowe,Eng.

barrow.
barail,opinion,Ir.baramhuil,M.Ir.baramail:bar+samhail;

forbar,seebdirneachd,brdth.
baraill,abarrel,Ir.bdirille,E.Ir.barille,W.baril;fromM.E.

barel,from0.Fr.baril.
baraisd,barraisd,borage;Ir.barraist;fromtheEng.borage.
baran,abaron;Ir.barun,W.barwn;fromtheEng.

30ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

barant,surety,warrant,Ir.,M.Ir.bardnta,W.gwarant;from

M.Eng.warant,nowwarrant.SoSt.
:barbair,abarber,Ir.bearrbdir(Fol.),W.barfwr;fromtheEng.
barbarra,barbarous,Ir.barbartha;fromLat.barbarus,Eng.

barbarous.
barbhrigein,silverweed(Arm.);alsobrisgean(frombrisg):
barbrag,tangletops,barberry;fromEng.barberry.InLewis,

theformeriscalledbragaire.
bare,abark,boat,Ir.bare,E.Ir.bare,W.barg,Br.bare.These

wordsareallultimatelyfromtheLateLatinbarca,whence

throughFr.,comesEng.bark.
bare,rush(aswater),Ir.bdrcaim,breakout;cf.M.Ir.bare,

multitude;Lat.farcio,cram,frequens,numerous,
bard,apoet,Ir.bard,E.Ir.bard,W.bardd,Br.barz,Gaul.

bardos,*bardos;Gr.</>a{co(<f>pa8),speak(Eng.phrase).
bard,dyke,inclosure,meadow,Ir.bard,aguard,garrison;from

Eng.ward,enclosedpastureland(Liddell35).
fbargan,abargain,W.bargen;fromtheEng.bargain.

barlag,arag,tatterdemalion;cf.Ir.barlin,sheet,forbraithlin,

q.v.
barluadh,aterminpipemusic;fromEng.bar+G.luath.
bamaig,asummons;fromtheEng.warning.
barpa,barrow,cairn(H.S.D.,aSkyeword).CapeWrathis

AmParphinGaelic(AnCarbh,Lewis);fromNorseHvarf,

aturning,rounding,Eng.wharf.
barr,top,Ir.bdrr,0.Ir.barr,W.,Cor.bar,Br.barr,*barso;

Norsebarr,pineneedles,Ag.S.byrst,Eng.bristle,burr;Lat.

fastiguim(forfarstigium),top;Skr.bhrshti,apoint.Hence

barrachd,overplus,barrlach,refuse,flotsam(Wh.).
barra,aspike,bar,Ir.bdrra,W.bar,nail,etc.;allfromtheEng.

bar.
barragug,potatobloom,bud.Seegucag.Alsobarrguc.
barraisg,boasting,brag,barsaich,vain,prating;seebairseag.
barramhaise,acornice(A.M'D.);barr+maise.Alsobarr

maisich(verb),ornament(M'A.).
barrlait,acheck(Carm.):
bas,palmofthehand,Ir.,0.Ir.bas,bass,boss,Br.boz,*bosta;

Gr.dyooros.
bas,death,Ir.,0.Ir.bas;Celticrootba,ba,hit,slay,whence

Gaul.Lat.batuere(Eng.battle,etc.);Ag.S.beadu,war.
Ibasaidh,abasin;fromSc.bassie,Eng.basin.
jbascaid,abasket,Ir.basgaod,W.basged;fromtheEng.basket.
basdal,noise,gaiety;fromNorsebasil,turmoil,
basdard,abastard,soIr.andM.Ir.,W.basdardd;allfromthe

Eng.bastard.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.31

basgaire,mourning,Ir.bascarrach,lamentation,clappingwith
thehands,M.Ir.basgaire;bas+gaire,"palmnoise;"for
gaire,seegoir.Alsobasraich.
basganta,melodious:

basgluath,vermilion;fromtheobsoleteadj.basg,red,E.Ir.
base,andluath,ashes,q.v.Stokescfs.basetoLat.bacca
(forbatca),berry.
bat,bata,astick,Ir.bata;fromM.Eng.batte,stick,nowbat,
whichcomesfrom0.Fr.batte,fromGaul.Lat.battuere,as
underbds,q.v.TheBr.bazseemsborrowedfromtheFr.,
thoughitmaybenative.
bata,aboat,Ir.bad,M.Ir.bat,W.bdd;allfromAg.S.bat,Eng.
boat,Norsebdtr(Stokes).K.MeyertakesIr.andG.from
theNorse.
batail,afight;seebaiteal.

bath,drown,Ir.bdthaim,0.Ir.bddud(inf.),W.boddi,Br.beuzi;
I.E.gadh,sink,Gr./3a0vs,deep,/3Svw,sink,Skr.gdhds,the
deep.Gl.fodio(Ern.).
bath,vain,foolish(Hend.);seeba.Skye.

bathaich,abyre,Ir.bothigh,W.bendy;bo+tigh,"cowhouse."
bathais,forehead,Ir.baithis,pate,E.Ir.baithes,crownofthe
forehead;*batesti,frombat,I.E.bhd,shine,Gr.<f>d(ri<$,
appearance,phase.Seebanfurther.Lat.fades,face,
appearance,maybeallied,thoughthelatestauthorities
connectitwithfacio,make,
bathar,wares;fromtheEng.wares.

fbeabhar,beaver,Ir.beabhar(Lh.),Cor.befer,Br.bieuzr,Gaul.
Bibrax;Lat.fiber;Eng.beaver,Ag.S.be'ofor.Gaelicand
Ir.aredoubtful.
beach,abee,soIr.,0.Ir.beck,W.begegyr,drone,*bikos;aroot
hiappearsinEng.bee,Ag.S.bed(=*bija),Ger.biene
(=*binja),Lit.bitis.StokesmakestheCelticstembekos,
butdoesnotcompareitwithanyotherlanguage,
beachd,opinion,notice,Ir.beacht,certain,E.Ir.becht,bechtaim,I

certify;Hhigto;Lat.figo(St.Z.C.P.71).
beadaidh,impudent,fastidious,Ir.beadaidh,beadaidh,sweet
mouthed,scoffing;E.Ir.bet,talking,shamelessgirl(Corm.):
*beddot*bezdo,rootbet,get,asinbeid.
beadradh,fondling,caressing,beadarrach,pampered:
beag,little,Ir.beag,0.Ir.becc,W.bach,Cor.bechan,Br,bic'han,
bian,*bezgo;Lat.vescus(=gvesgus)1Somehaveconnected
itwithGr.[xiKpos,Dor.Gr.jalkkos,andDrCameronsuggested
Lat.vix,scarcely.
beairt,engine,loom:seebeart.
beairtean,shrouds,rigging;seebeart.

32ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

bealach,apass,Ir.bealach,pass,road,E.Ir.belach;cf.Skr.
bila,gap,mouth;bilakon(C.RR.174).Cf.W.bwlch,pass,
etc1Seebile.

bealaidh,broom,Ir.beallyi(Lh.Comp.Voc.);cf.Br.balan,
M.Br.balazn,0.Fr.balain;alsoFr.6afa,olderbalain,a
broom.Thismightbereferredtothecommonroot6Ae,
bloom(prolificasaroot,likethecorrespondingrootofbroom,
asinW.balannu,tobud),buttheW.for"broom"isbanadl,
Cor.banathel,whichM.ErnaulthascomparedwithLat.
genista,broom(rootgen,beget1).Jub.givesBr.asbanadlon
(R.C.18106).TheBr.mightbeametathesisofW.banadl
(cf.Br.alanv.anail).ItispossiblethatGaelicisborrowed
fromthePictish;theworddoesnotappearintheIr.
Dictionaries,saveinLh.'sCelt,part,whichperhapsproves
nothing.

bealbhanruadh,aspeciesofhawk(Sh.,O'R.);forbealbhan,cf.
tbealbhach,abit,frombeul,mouth1?

bealltuinn,Mayday,Ir.bealteine,E.Ir.beltene,belltaine,*belo
te(p)ni&(Stokes),"brightfire,"wherebeloisalliedtoEng.
bale("balefire"),Ag.S.bael,Lit.baltas,white.TheGaul,
godnamesBelenosandBelisamaarealsohence,andShake
speare'sGymbeline.TwoneedfireswerelightedonBeltane
amongtheGael,betweenwhichtheydrovetheircattlefor
purificationandluck;hencetheproverb:"Eadardatheine
Bhealltuinn"BetweentwoBeltanefires.

bean,wife,soIr.,0.Ir.ben,W.bun,benyw,Cor.benen,sponsa,
Celticbend,g.bnds,pi.n.bnds;Gr.yw/j,Boeot.Gr.f3avdj
Got.gino,Eng.queen,Sc.queyn;Skr.gnd.

bean,touch,Ir.beanaim,beat,touch,appertainto,0.Ir.benim,
pulso,ferio,Br.bena,tocut,M.Br.benaff,hit;*bina,root
bin,bi(0.Ir,robi,percussit,bithe,perculsus),fromI.E.bhi,
bhei,hit;Ch.SI.bija,biti,strike;0.H.G.bihal,axe;Gr.
(frirpds,log.Furtherisrootbheid,split,Eng.bite.Usually
beanhasbeenreferredtoI.E.ghen,ghon,hit,slay;Gr.$&>,
slay,eirecf>vov,slew,<j>6vo<s,slaughter,deivu),strike;Skr.han,
hit;butgh=G.bisdoubtful.

beann,top,horn,peak,Ir.beann,0.Ir.benn,pinna,W.ban,
height,peak,M.Br.ban,alsobenny,horn,pipe(music),
Gaul,cantobennicusmons,"whitepeak"mount;protoGaelic
bennd;root,gen,gn,asinEng.knoll,Sc.knowe.InScotch
Gaelic,theobliqueformbeinnhasusurpedtheplaceof
beann,saveinthegen.pi.

beannachd,blessing,soIr.,0.Ir.bendacht,W.bendith;fromLat.
benedictio,whenceEng.benediction.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.33

beannag,askirt,corner,coif,Ir.beanndg;frombeann.

beantag,acornfan;seebannag.

bearach,dogfish(M'A.);0.Ir.berach,verutns,frombior;cf.
Eng."pickedorhorneddogfish";"bonedog.''

bearachd,judgment(Sh.,O'H.);rootbera,bra,asinhrdth,q.v.

bearbhain,vervain;fromEng.vervain,Lat.verbena.

beam,abreach,cleft,Ir.bearna,E.Ir.berna;I.E.bher,cut,
bore;Lat.forare,bore;Gr.<a/oos,aplough,(f>apu>,split;
Arm.beran,mouth;Ch.SI.bar,clip;Eng.bore.Alsobern,
feninE.Ir.

bearr,shear,Ir.bearraim,0.Ir.berraim,W.byrr,short,Cor.
her,Br.berr,short,*berso;Gr.cfxipcros,anypiececutoff;
rootbhera,asinbeam.

bearraideach,flighty,nimble;frombearr1

bearfc,adeed,Ir.bedrt,load,action,E.Ir.bert,bundle,birth;Gr.
(fiopros,burden;root,bher,inheir,q.v.Alsobeairt,engine,
loom.Itisusedinmanycompoundsinthesenseof"gear,''
asincaisbheart,footgear,shoes;ceannbheart,headgear,
helmet,&c.

beartach,rich;fromheart;W.berth,rich,hertheId,riches.

beatha,life,soIr.0.Ir.bethu,g.bethul,Celticstem,bitdt,
dividedintobitdt;seebith(i.e,bitu)forrot.Itisusual
forphilologiststorepresentthestemofbeathaasInvotdt,that
is,bivotdt,thebivopartbeingthesameasthestembivo
ofbed.Whiletherootbliscommontobothbeathaandbed,
theformerdocsnotcontainvo;itisthe0.Ir.nom.beothu
(*bitus)thathassetphilologistswrong.HenceG.andIr.
beathach,animal.Ir.beathadhach,dial,ofbeathach.

beic,acurtesy;fromSc.beck,curtesy,adkdecticuseofEng.
beck,beckon.Hencebeiceis,bobbing,etc.(M'A.).

beil,grind;averycommonformofmeil,q.v.

beil,is;seebheit.

beilbheag,cornpoppy;seemealbhag.Alsobailbheag.

beileach,amuzzle,Ir.beulmhach,abridlebit,mhachfor^ex
terminationfrombongim,beat;frombeul.

beilleach,blubberlipped,b&leach(H.S.D.);frombeul.Thefirst
formsuggestsastembelnac.Cf.b^ilean,apratingmouth.
Alsomeilleach.

beilleag,outercoatingofbirch,rind;alsomeilleag,q.v.

beince,being(H.S.D.),abench;fromSc.bink;Eng.bench.
Cf.Ir.beinse,W.mainc,Br.menk.

beinn,hill,ben;obliqueformofbeann(f.n.),usedasafern,nom.,
forbeannsoundsmasculinebesideceann,etc.Seebeann.

34ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

beinneal,bindingofasheafofcorn,bundle;fromSc.bindle,a
cordofstraworotherforbinding,Eng.bundle\frombind.

beir,catch,bringforth,lr.beirim,0.Ir.berim,W.cymmeryd,to
take,accept,Br.kemeret(comber);I.E.bfier,whence
Lat.fero,Gr.</>e/3o>,Engbear,Skr.bharami.

beirm,bairm(Hend.),barm,yeast;fromSc.barm(pronounced
berm),Eng.6arm;Lat.fermentum,

beisear,platerackondresser(Rob.).

b^ist,abeast,Ir.bias',peist,0.lr.beist,W.bwystjil;fromLat.
bestia(Eng.beast).Alsobiast.

beith,birch,soIr.,O.Ir.bethe,W.bedw,Br.bezuenn,Celticbetvd,
Lat.betala,Fr.6oWe.

beithir,aserpent,anywildbeast,monster,ahugeskate,
Ir.beithir,wildbeast,bear,E.Ir.beithir,g.bethrac/t.In
thesenseof"bear,"thewordis,doubtless,borrowed;but
thereseemsagenuineCelticwordbetrixbehindtheother
meanings,andthebeithirorbeithirbeimneachisfamedin
myth.Of.Lat.bestia,forbettiafNorsebera,bear(fern.),
beirfjall,bearskin,Eng.bear(Zim.K.B.1286).

beitir,neat,clean(M'E.):

bed,living,Ir.,0.Ir.bed,W.byw,Br.beu,*bivos;Lat.vivus,
living,vita;Gr./3iotos,aliving;Eng.quick\Skr.jivd,
living,;I.E.gei,gi,live.Seealsobeatha,bith.

be6ir,beer,Ir.bedr;fromAg.S.bebr,Norsebjdrr(Eng.beer).

beolach,asheswithhotembers(M'A.);frombed+Uat/iach,
"liveashes."Anotherbeolach,livelyyouth,hero,stands
forbeolach;forlach,seeoglach.

beuban,anythingmangled:

beuc,roar,Ir.beic,0.lr.beccivi,W.beichio,baich,*beikkio;Cor.
begy,Br.begiat,squeal,baeguel,bleat,*baikio(Stokes).The
difficultyofthevowelsasbetweenG.andW.(eshouldgive
wy)suggestscomparisonwithcreuchd,W.craith,*crempt
(Strachaii).Thusbeuc,baichsuggestsbenkku,further
guklco,rootgem,Lat.gemo,etc.Thesameresultcanbe
derivedfromtherootgengofgeum,q.v.

bend,mischief,hurt,Ir.bead,E.Ir.bet,*bt?iton;alliedtoEng.
bane

beul,mouth,soIr.,O.Ir.bel,*betlo,I.E.get,whenceEng.
quoth,Got.qithan.Theideaisthe"speaker."Some
connectW.gwejl(=vobel),butthisisprobably*vobyl,byI,
edge(Ernault).

beulaobh,front,E.lr.arbelaib,0.Ir.belib;dat.pi.ofbeul;also
mixedwiththisisthe0.Ir.ace.pi.beulu.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.35

beum,astroke,cut,taunt,Ir.and0.Ir.bdim,nom.pi.btmen,
blow,fromtherootbeng,bong,whichappearsinbuain;cf.ceum
fromcengmen,leumfromlengmen.ThisagreeswithCor.
bom,blow.Somesuggestbeidmenorbeidsmen,rootbheid,
Eng.bite,whichsuitsG.bestastomeaning.Thefavourite
derivationhasbeen*bensmen,rootbenofbean.

beur,beurra,beurtha,sharp,pointed,clear;gibe,jeer(Hend.);
cf.Ir.bearrtha,clipped,frombearr;fromberrtios,withi
regressiveintoberr,givingbeirr.

beurla,English,language,Ir.beurla,speech,language,especially
English;0.Ir.bdlre;bel+re,bet,mouth,andtheabstract
terminationre(asinluibhre,buidhre,etc).

beus,conduct,habit,soIr.,0.Ir.be's,Br.boaz,*bei$su,*beidtu,
rootbeid,I.E.bheidh,Gr.ttuOio,persuade,Lat.fides,English
faith.Othersderiveitfrombhend,bind,givingbhendtuas
theoldeststem.WindischsuggestsconnectionwithGot.
bansts,barn,Skr.bhdsa,cowstall.TheBretonoaseems
againstthesederivations.

bha,bha,was,Ir.dobhdmar,wewere(bha),dobhi,was,M.Ir.
robdi,was,0.Ir.,bbi,bdi,bui,aperfecttense,*bove(t),for
bebove;Skr.babhuva;Gr.Tzk^vKe;I.E.rootbheu,tobe,as
inLat.fui,was(anaoristform),Eng.be.

bhan,abhan,down;byeclipsisfora(n)bhfdn,"intodeclivity,"
iromfcin,adeclivity,Ir.,0.\v.,fdn,proclive,W.gwaen,a
plain,planitiesmontana,*vagno,root,vag,bow,etc.,Lat.
vagor,wander,Ger.wackeln,wobble.Ir.hasalsofan,a
wandering,whichcomesneartheLat.sense.InSuther
landshire,theadj.fan,prone,isstillused.

bheil,is,Ir.fuil,bhfuil,0.Ir,fail,fel,fit,rootvel(val),wish,
prevail,Lat.volo,valeo,Eng.will.

bho,0,fromIr.6,ua,0.Ir.,6,ua,*ava;Lat.omfero,"away"
take;Ch.SI.u;Skr.ava,from.

bhos,abhos,onthisside;fromtheeclipsedforma(n)bhfos,
"instation,"inrest,Ir.abhus,0.Ir.ifoss,here,0.fr.foss,
remaining,staying,rest.Seefois,rest,forroot.

bhur,bhurn,your,Ir.bharn,0.Ir.barn,farn,*svaron
(Stokes),*svesron.Forsves,seesibh.Cf.forformGot,
izvara,Lat.nostrum(nostero,whereteroisafullercom
parativeformthanCeltic(e)ro,roofsvesron,svaron).

bi,bi,be,Ir.bi,bethou,0.Ir.bin,sum,bi,bethou,0.W.bit,
sit,bwyfsim,M.Br.bezaff.ProtoCelticbhvijo,for0.Ir.
bin,Iam;Lat.fio;Eng.be;I.E.rootbheu,be.Seebha.
Stokesdiffersfromotherauthoritiesinreferringbiu,l>ito
Celticbeid,rootbei,bi,live,asinbith,beatha,Lat.vivo,etc.

36.ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

bi,bigh,doorpost,threshold(Hend.),E.Ir.dihi=twoposts.

M'A.hashigh,post,pillar.
biadh,food,soIr.,0.Ir.biad,*bivoton,whenceW.bywyd,vita,

Cor.buit,cibus,Br.boed,food.Bivotouisaderivativefrom

bivoofbed,living,q.v.
bian,ahide,Ir.,E.Ir.bian,*beino;rootbhei,asinEng.bite,

Lat.findo.Forforce,cf.Gr.Scpfia,skin,fromder,split,

Eng.tear.Cf.,forroot,bean,hit.
biasgach,niggardly;frombiast.Insomepartsbiastisapplied

toaniggardlyperson.H.S.D.refersittobiadh+sgathach,

catchingatmorsels,
biast,abeast,worthlessperson;seebe'ist.Thewordbiast,

abuse,isametaphoricuseofbiast.
biatach,araven(Sh.);cf.biatach,biadktach,aprovider,farmer,

frombiadh.
biatas,betony,beet,Ir.biatuis,W.betys;fromLat.betis,beta,

Eng.beet.Alsobiotais.
biathainne,earthworm,hookbait,biathaidh(Dialectic);from

biadh.Cf.Lat.esca,bait,foredsca,ed=eat.Theword

biathadhinmanyplacesmeans"toentice."
biatsadh,provisionsforajourney,viaticum;formedfrombiadh,

with,possibly,aleaningonviaticum.
/bicas,viscount(Arm.).FoundedontheEng.,andbadlyspeltby

Armstrong:eitherbiceasdrbiocas.
bicein,asinglegrain(Arg.).Frombioc,pioc?(Wh.)
*biceir,awoodendish;fromSc.bicker,Eng.beaker.Alsobigeir,

bigein.
Did,averysmallportion,anip,achirp.Inthesenseof"small

portion,"thewordisfromtheSc.bite,bit,Eng.bite,bit.In

thesenseof"chirp,asmallsound,"O'R.hasanIr.word

bid,"songofbirds."Seebiog.Hencebidein,diminutive

personorthing.Cf.W.bidan,oflikeforce.
>bldeag,abit,bittie;fromSc.bittock,dim.ofEng.bit.
bidean,afence(Stew.),bid(Sh.),Ir.bid,bidedn(O'R.),W.bid,

quicksethedge,bidan,atwig;^biddo,root,bheid,split1
bidhis,avice,screw,soIr.;fromEng.vice.
bidse,abitch;fromtheEnglish,
bigh,bigh,pithofwood,gum.Seebith.
bil,bile,edge,lip,Ir.bit,mouth,E.Ir.,bil,bile,W,by/,*bili,

bilio..Rootbhi,bhei,split;cf.Skr.bila,ahole,mouthofa

vessel,etc.;vil,edge:W.alsomyl.
bileag,bile,aleaf,blade,Ir.billedg,bilebg,*bilid,I.E.rootbhela,

bhale,bhle,bhlb,asinMath;Lat.folium;Gr.<f>v\\ov,a

leaf;further,Eng.blade.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.37

bilearach,bileanach,seagrass,sweetgrass;frombile.

bileid,abillet;fromtheEng.

bilistear,amean,sorryfellow,aglutton,Ir.,E.Ir.bille,mean,

paltry.IntheHeb.itmeans,"rancidbutter"(H.S.D.).
binid,alsominid(Arg.),cheese,rennet,bagthatholdstherennet,

stomach,Ir.binid,0.Ir.biuit,rennet;*binenti,"biter"

rootofbean?Cf.muinne,stomach,
binn,melodious,soIr.,0.Ir.bind,*bendi,*bydi;0.Br.banu

(St.);Skr.bhandate,joyful,bhand,receiveloudpraise,

bhanddna,shouting(Stokes,whoacidsLat.jides,lyre).The

ideamay,however,be"high,"rootofbeann,peak,binneach,

highheaded.Seenextalso,
binn,sentence,verdict;*bendi,*benni,;cf.E.Ir.atboind,

proclaims,*bonno,Iban.Cf.Skr.bhan,speak,Eng.ban.

ItisclearthatGaelichasanablautine:oconnectedwith

therootbha,speak,
binndich,curdle;frombinid,q.v.
binnein,pinnacle;frombeann,q.v.
bioball,pioball,Bible,Ir.biobla,W.bebil;fromLat.biblia,

Eng.bible.
biod,pointedtop;rootinbiodag,bidean.
biodag,adagger,Ir.bidedg(O'R.),mioddg,W.bidog,0.Br.bitat,

resicaret,*biddo,biddo,Celticrootbid,beid,I.E.bhid,

bheid,Lat.findo,Eng.bite,Skr.bhid,split.HenceEng.

bodkin,possibly,
biog,biog,astart,lr.biodhg,E.Ir.bedg,0.Ir.dubidcet,

jaculantur,*bizgo,rootbis,gis,rootgiofbed.Consider

biugail,lively,quick.
biog,biog,chirp;onomatopoetic;cf.Lat.pipe,chirp,Eng.pipe;

alsoEng.cheep.Alsobid,q.v.
biogarra,churlish;"cheepish,"frombiog,cheep,
biolagach,melodious(M'F.);fromfbiol,violin;fromEng.viol,

Fr.viole,violin,
biolaire,watercresses,Ir.biolar,E.Ir.biror,W.berwr,Cor.,Br.

beler,*beruro,Lat.berula(Marcellus),Fr.berle,Sp.berro.

PossiblyalliedtotherootofCelticbervo,seethe,0.Ir.tipra,

well,G.tobar,Eng.burn.Cf.Ger.brunnenkresse,water
cress,i.e.,"well"cress.Thedictionariesandoldglossaries

(Cormac,etc.)givebir,bior,aswaterorwell.
biolar,dainty,spruce(Sh.);forbiorar,frombior,"sharp"1
biolasgach,prattling,soIr.(Lh.,O'B.);frombil,lip.
bionn,symmetrical(Carm.):Sc.bien.
bior,stake,spit,Ir.bior,0.Ir.bir,W.ber,Cor.,Br.ber,Celtic

beru;Lat.veru;Gr./Sapves,trees(Hes.);Lit.g\re,forest.

Hencebiorach,sharp.

38ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

biorach,aheifer,colt,Ir.biorach,cowcalf:

bioras,waterlily;sameoriginasbiolar,q.v.

biorg,gush,twitch,tinglejfromtherootsofbiolar(bior)and

bior.
biorraid,ahelmet,cap,Ir.birreud,cap;fromEng.biretta,from

LateLat.birretum.
biorsadh,akeenimpatience:"goading";frombior.
biorsamaid,abalance;fromSc.bismar,Norsebismari.
biorsnaois,bowspritofasailingboat(N.Lochaber),forepartof

vessel:
biota,achurn,vessel;fromNorsebytta,apail,tub,Ag.S.bytt,

Latinbuttis,Eng.butt.
biotailt,victuals,EIr.bitdill,W.bitel,M.Br.bitaill;from0.Fr.

vitaille,fromLat.victualia.Eng.victualsisfromtheFrench,
birlinn,agalley,bark,M.Ir.beirling;formedfromtheNorse

byrtsingr,ashipofburthen,frombyrSr,burden,vb.bera,

Eng.bear.TheSc.bierling,birlinnisfromtheGaelic.Cf.

febirlig=fj6rtSungr.
birtich,stirup;frombior,goad,
biseach,luck;seepiseach.
bith,theworld,existence,Ir.,0.Ir.bith,W.byd,Br.bed,Gaul.

bitu,*bitus;rootbi,bei,live,I.E.gei,gi,whenceLat.

vivo,Eng.be,etc.Hencebeatha,bed,biadh,q.v.
bith,being(inf.ofbi,be),Ir.,E.Ir.beith,0.Ir.buith.The0.Ir.

isfromtherootbhu(Eng.be,Lat.fui)=*butis,Gr.</>ixris.

Theformsbithandbeith,ifderivedfrombhu,havebeen

influencedbybith,world,existence;butitispossiblethat

theyareofthesamerootgiasbith.Stokes,inhistreatise

ontheNeoCelticVerbSubstantive,takesbithandbeithfrom

therootga,go,Gr./3acri?(Eng.base),aroottowhichhe

stillrefersthe0.Ir.aoristbd,fui(seebu).
bith,resin,gum,birdlime,Ir.bigh,0.Ir.bi,pix,adj.bide,*geis,

alongerformofgis,therootofgiuthas,fir(Schrader).

OtherwisewemustregarditasborrowedfromLat.pix,picis,

whenceW.pyg,Eng.pitch,againstwhichbandi(ilong)

militate,
bith,quiet(Arm.):
bith,prefixdenoting"ever,"Ir.,0.Ir.hith,W.byth;from

bith,world,
biuc,difficultutterance:
biuthaidh,foe,Ir.biodhbha,E.Ir.,0.Ir.bidbe,bidbid(gen.)

culprit,enemy,
biuthas,fame,biuthaidh,hero;seeflic,fiubhaidh.

OKTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.39

_^blabaran,stammerer,Ir.blabardn;fromtheEng.blabber,speak
inarticulately.Itisofonomatopoeticorigin.Cf.Eng.
babble.
*bladair,awidemouth,aflatterer,Ir.bladaire,flattererjfrom
theEng.blatterer,bletherer,blusterer,blatter,prate;from
Lat.blaterare,prate.Alsoblad,awidemouth(M'F.).

bladh,fame,Ir.blddh,E.Ir.blad;rootblad,blat,speak,asin
Lat.blatero,babble,Norseblaftr,nonsense,Sc.blether.See
bladair.Cf.glaodh,shout.Hencebladhair,expressive,a
boaster.

bladhail,strong,frombladh,pith,W.blawdd,active;*bldd;
rootbid,swell,bloom,asinbldth,q.v.

bladhm,aboast,etc.;seeblaomadh.

bladshronach,bladspagach,flatnosed,flatfooted;bladisfrom
Eng.flat.

blaisbheum,blasphemy;fromLat.blasphemia,Eng.blasphemy.

blanndaidh,rotten,stale;fromNorseblanda,whey"blend."

blanndar,flattery,dissimulation,soIr.;fromLat.blandiri,
Sc.blander,Eng.blandish.

fblaodh,ashout,noise,Ir.blaodh,M.Ir.blaeded,W.bloedd.
Henceblaodhag,noisygirl,blaoghan,calf'scry,etc.

blaomadh,loudtalking,lr.blaodhmanach,noisyperson;from
*blaidsmen;seeblaodh.

fblaosg,ashell,Ir.blaosc,M.Ir.blaesc,testa,W.blisg;see
plaosg.

blar,afield,battle,peatmoss;frombldr,spotted,theideabeing
a"spot."Seenextword.

blar,havingawhiteface,orwhitespotontheface(ofananimal);
*bldros,rootbid,from1.E.bhale,shine,bhd;Gr.q>a\ap6s
(secondalong),havingawhitepatch(onthehead,asona
dog'shead).Cf.Dutchblaar,awhitespotontheforehead
(whenceFr.blaireau,badger),M.Dutch,blaer,bald.See
forrootsbealltuinn,ban.Welshhasblawr,grey,irongrey,
whichseemsallied.ThiswordenterslargelyintoPictish
topography.ItisnotsousedinArgyle(M'K.)norinIreland.

bias,taste,lr.bias,O.Ir.mlas,W.bids,Br.bias,*mlasto;Czech
mlsati,lick,besweettoothed,Uuss.molsati,suck(Bezzen
berger).Ultimatelytherootseemstobemel,asinmeli,
honey,G.mil,andevenmeil,grind.HenceFr.blasei

blasbheumnaich,blaspheme(Hend.).Seeblaisbheum.

blath,bloom,blossom,lr.,E.Ir.bldth,W.blawd,blodau,Cor.
blodori,M.Br.bleuzenn,*bldton;I.E.rootbhela:bhlo,
blossomforth;Lat.Jlos,flower;Eng.bloom,etc.

40ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

blath,warm,kind,Ir.,E.Ir.bldith,soft,smooth,mldith,*mldti;

rootmela,mid,togrind.Theoriginalideais"groundsoft."

Cf.W.blawd,meal,
blathach,buttermilk,Ir.,M.Ir.bldthach;mldtac,rootmd,mid,

asinblath.Theideais"pounded,soured."Cf.braich,

frommrac,"soured,"andEng.malt,"soured,"frommelt.

HenceSc.bladach.
bleachdair,asoothing,natteringfellow,Ir.bleachdaire,flatterer,

cowmilker;ametaphoricuseofthelastword,"cowmilker,"

frombliochd,milk,q.v.
bleag'h,milk(vb.),Ir.blighim;seebleoghainn.
bleaghan,adibblefordiggingupshellfish,aworthlesstool;

possiblyfromNorseblab",Eng.blade.
bleid,impertinence,solicitation,Ir.bleid,cajolery,impertinence.

Thisseemsanotherwordformedonthewordbladair,Mad,

justlikeEng.blatant,blate(talk,prate),
bleideir,coward;fromNorsebleycS'i,cowardice,andSc.blate(V).
bleith,grind,Ir.bleithim,E.Ir.bleith,inf.to0.Ir.melim,I

grind,W.malu,Br.malaff\rootmel,grind,Lat.molo,Eng.

meal,etc.
bleoghainn,milking,E.Ir.blegon,inf.tobligim,mligim.;Lat.

mulgeo;Gr.dfxekyu);Eng.milk;Lit.melzu.
bliadhna,year,Ir.bliadhain,0.Ir.bliadain,W.blydd,blivyddyn,

Br.bloaz,blizen,*bleidni,*bleido;I.E.ghleidh,whence

Eng.glide:"labunturanni"(Stokes).Itisdoubtfulif

I.E.ghbecomesCelticb.
blialum,jargon;fromtheSc.blellum.
blian,theflank,groin,Ir.blein,E.Ir.blen,0.Ir.melen,formleen,

*mlakno;Gr./xakaKos,soft(Strachan,Stokes).Themean
ing,ifnotthephonetics,isnotquitesatisfactory.
blian,lean,insipid,blianach,leanflesh;cf.W.blin,tired,0.Br.

blinion,inertes.Thesemaybereferredto*gleghno,Lit.

gleznus,tender,weak,Gr.fikrjxpos,languid.See,however,

thederivationsuggestedforblian,above.FortheBrittonic

words,Stokeshassuggestedthestembleno;Skr.gldna,

tired,
bligh,milk;seebleagh.
bliochan,yellowmarsh,asphodel,Ir.bliochan;from*blioch=

*melgos,milk.Forphonetics,cf.teach,fromtegos.
bliochd,milk,Ir.bleachd,E.Ir.blicht,W.blith,*mlctu,root

melg,milk.Seebleoghainn.
bllonadh,basking(Islands):"softening"1Seeblian.
bliosan,artichoke(Sh.,O'B.,O'R.),Ir.bliosdn:*bligsan,"milk

curdlerTItsfloretswereusedforcurdling.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.41

blob,blubberlipped(Sh.);fromEng.blub,puffed,protruding,

blubber,etc.
blocan,alittleblock,blog,block(Dialectic),Ir.bloc,blocdn;from

Eng.block.
bloigh,fragment,half,Ir.blogh,blogh,fragment,E.Ir.blog,pre

Celticbhlog;,'^Eng.block,furtherawayEng.balk,Or.

<aAay.StokesrefersittotherootofEng.pluck.(St.

nowEng.plough,Ger.pflug).
bloin'gein,anyplantwithcrispedleaves,Ir.bloinigain(O'R.);

G.andIr.bloinigeangarraidhis"spinage."Cameron

refersthewordtoblonag,fat,
blomas,ostentation(Sh.).Ir.blomas;seebladhm.Ir.blamaire,

means"boaster."
blonag,fat,Ir.blondg,blainic,blunag,M.Ir.blonac,W.bloneg,Br.

blonek,*b/on,*blen,root,bide,bhel,swelljaveryprolific

root.RhyssaysW.isborrowed.[R.C.17102.]
fblosg,soundahorn,Ir.blosgaidhim,resound,soundahorn,

M.Ir.blosc,voice;W.bloedd,ashout,from*blog&o,for

blotSgo;cf.meag,W.maidd.[Zeit34502.]Cf.Gr.<Aor/3os,

din(=</>Aooyos),Lit.bldzgu,roar.
b6,acow,Ir.,0.Ir.bd,W.buiv,0.Br.bou,Hovs;I.E.gous,

whenceLat.bos,Gr.f3ovs,Eng.cow,Skr.go.
boban,bobug,atermofaffectionforaboy;cf.M.Ir.boban,calf,

boban,frombo.Eng.babe,earlier,baban,ofuncertainorigin,

maybecompared,
boban,abobbin;fromtheEng.bobbin.
bobhstair,bolster;fromSc.bowster,Eng.bolster.
boc,abuck,Ir.boc,hegoat,0.Ir.bocc,W.bwch,Cor.boch,Br.

bouc'h*bukkos;Skr.bukka,goat.Thesemaybeanalysed

intobugko,rootbug,Zend,buza,buck,Arm.buc,lamb,Eng.

buck,Ger.bock.
boc,swell,Ir.hocaim;acf.W'.loch,cheek,fromLat.Lucca,puffed

cheek(Eng.debouch,rebuke).
bocan,hobgoblin,Ir.bocdn,E.Ir.boccdnach.Withtheseare

connectedW.bwg(bwci,Cor.bucca,borrowedfromM.E.%),

Eng.bug,bugbear,bogie;therelationshipisnotclear(Murray).

ForGadelicastembukko,frombugko,woulddo,allied

possiblytoNorsepuki,aPuck,Ag.S.puca,larbula.boc

sithe,apparition,ghost(Perth:Wh.).
bochail,proud,,nimble;cf.theinterjectionfboch,Ir.boch,

heyday!"0festumdiem."
bochuin,swelling,thesea(Carm.),bochthonn(H.S.D.):

42ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

bochd,poor,soIr.,0.Ir.bocht;*bogto,aparticiplefromthevb.

(Irish)bongaim,break,reap,Celticbongo,break;Skr.bhanj,

break,Lit.banga,breaker(wave).Seebuain.
bocsa,abox,soIr.,pronouncedinIr.boscaalso,W.bocys;from

Eng.box.Hencebocsaid,athump,Eng.box.
bodach,anoldman,acarle,Ir.bodach,arustic,carle;*boddqco,

"penitus,"frombod,mentula,M.G.bod(D.ofLismore

passim),M.Ir.bod,bot,*hoddo,*hozdo;Gr.ttooBi],mentula.

Stokessuggeststhealternativeformbuttos,Gr./3vttos,

vulva,buttheG.disagainstthis.Healsosuggeststhat

bodachisformedonthe0.Fr.botte,aclod.
bodha,arockoverwhichwavesbreak;fromNorsebotsi,a

breaker,oversunkenrocksespecially,
bodhag,asealark:
bodhaig,body,corpus;fromtheSc.bonk,body,trunk,Norse

bukr,trunk,Ger.bauch,belly.TheG.wordhasbeencompared

byFickwithEng.body,Ag.S.bodig,andMurraysaysitis

thencederived,butthedwouldscarcelydisappearandleave

thesoftgendingnowsohard,
bodhan,ham,breech,breast:*boudano,*boud,bhud;cf.Eng.

butt,buttock.
bodhar,deaf,soIr.,0.Ir.,bodar,W.byddar,Cor.bodhar,Br.

bouzar;Skr.badhird.
bodhbh,bobh,afright(Perthshire),E.Ir.bodba,dangerous,

*bodvios;frombodvoinbaobh,q.v.
bodht,swampyground:
bog,soft,Ir.bog,0.Ir.bocc,Br.bonk,0.Br.buc,putris;*buggo,

*buggo;I.E.bhug,bend,Skr.bhugna,bent,Got.biugan,

Eng.bow,fromAg.S.boga.
bogha,abow,soIr.,M.Ir.boga;fromAg.S.boga,Eng.bow.

Forroot,seeunderbog.
bdgus,atimbermoth,bug;fromEng.bug,Sc.bog.
boicineach,smallpox;rootinbucaid,q.v.
boicionn,agoatskin,skin;*boccionn,"buckskin";theword

fcionnisin0.Ir.cenni,scamae,W.cen,skin,Cor.cennen,

Br.kenn,pellis;Eng.skinn,Norseskinn.cionn,skin,

Norsehinna,film(Leiden)I.F.5A127.
b6id,vow,Ir.mdid,M.Ir.moit,*monti,rootmon,men,think.

Aborrowingfrom,orleaningon,Lat.vbtumseemspossible

inviewoftheGaelicform.M.Ir.inuoit;fromLat.votum,

asisalsomoid(Stokes).
bdidheach,pretty;forbuaidJieach,"havingvirtues,"frombuaidh,

q.v.
boidheam,flattery(H.S.D.):
b6igear,puffin,ducker;alsobudhaigir,q.v.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.43

boil,boile,madness,Ir.buile,E.Ir.baile:

boilich,talltalk,boasting;cf.Eng.bawl,crylikecows(b6).

boillsg,gleam;Holgscio;Lat.fulgeo,shine,Eng.effulgent,Lit.

blizgii,glance,shine,Eng.blink,I.E.bhleg,*fulgeo.
boineid,abonnet,Ir.boineud;fromEng.bonnet.
boinne,adrop,Ir.bain(d.pi.bainnibh),0.Ir.banne,Cor.,Br.

banne;Celt,bannjd(Stokes).Seebainne.Henceboinneanta,

healthy,wellbuilt,
boirche,abuffalo(Sh.,Lh.),soIr.;perhapsalliedtoLat.ferus,

Eng.bear.
boireal,asmallauger(M'F.);foundedonEng.bore.
boiriche,risingground,bank(M'D.);samerootasGer.berg,

mountain,Eng.iceberg.
boirionn,female,feminine,Ir.bainionn,boinionn;*bani,from

thewordbean,ban,q.v.Hencebiorionnach,afemale,which

ismasc.ingender,havingbeenoriginallyneuter.Cf.

doirionnfordoinionn(Arg.).
bois,thepalm;seebas.

boiseag,slapintheface,palmful,Ir.,M.Ir.boiseog,buffet,
boiseid,abelt,budget;fromtheEnglish,
boisg,gleam;seeboillsg.

boiteadh,boiledfoodforhorses(H.S.D.),Eng.bait:
boiteag,amaggot;seebotus.
boitean,abundleofhayorstraw;forboiteal,fromSc.buttle,

Eng.bottle,bundleofhay,from0.Fr.botte.
boitidh,thecalltoapig,boit,atastefor(Dialectic):
bol,abowl;fromtheEnglish,
boladh,smell,soIr.,0.Ir.bolad,*bulato;Lit.bu'ls,dustyair

(Bezzenberger).StokeshascomparedLit.bulis,buttock,

Skr.buli,vulva,
bolailta,excellent;rootbol,asinadhbhal,q.v.
bolla,aboll;fromSc,Eng.boll.Hencealsobolla,abuoy.
bolt,awelt,Ir.balta,welt,border;fromtheLat.balteus,girdle,

Eng.belt.Cf.Eng.welt,W.gwald.
boma,abomb;fromtheEnglish,
bonn,foundation,soIr.,0.Ir.bond;Lat.fundus;Skr.budhnd;

Eng.bottom.
bonn,acoin,soIr.;possiblyfromLat.pondo.
bonnach,cake,bannock,Ir.boinnedg,oatencake.Thisword,like

theSc.bannock,appearstobefoundedonLat.panicum,

panis,bread.
bonnanach,astrappingfellow(MrsM'Ph.),bonnanaich,active

youngmen(Skye):
borb,fierce,soIr.,0.Ir.borp;alliedto,or,moreprobably,

borrowedfrom,Lat.barbarus.

44ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

borbhan,apurlingsound;*borvo,astemidenticalwithbervo,

seethe,Fr.Bourbon,Lat.ferveo,etc.Henceborbhanach,

base,deep,
bdrc,sprout,swell;seebare.
borclunn,swellwave(Hend.):
b6rd,atable,Ir.,M.Ir.,bord,W.bwrdd;fromAg.S.,Norse

hord.
b6rlanachd,morlanachd,compulsorylabourfortheproprietor;

fromEng.bordland,asunderbbrlum.HenceM'Morland.

Thecairiste,doneforproprietor(M'K.andCarm.).
b6rlum,astripofarableland(Hebrides);afrequentplacename;

fromM.Eng.bordland,mensalland,especiallytheroyal

castlelandsintheHighlands.
b6rlum,asuddenfluxorvomiting,aflux;forbdrclum;seebbrc.
fborr,knob,pride,greatness,great,Ir.,E.Ir.borr,Horso,

bhorso;Lat.fastus(forfarstus),pride;0.H.G.parrunga,

superbia;alliedtobdrr,q.v.Henceborrach,ahaughty

man,aprotrudingbank,amountaingrass.
b6sd,aboast,Ir.bdsd(O'R.),W.,Cor.bost;allfromEng.boast,

itselfofunknownorigin.
b6sdan,alittlebox,Br.bouist;theG.isfromearlySc.boyst,

M.Eng.boiste,from0.Fr.boiste,Med.Lat.buxida(bossida),

whichistheGr.7rvi8a.HeucealsoEng.box,G.bosca.
bosgaire,applause(Sh.);bas+gaire,q.v.,"palmnoise."
bot,amound,riverbank;cf.bught,botach,areedybog.
bdt,aboot;fromM.E.bote,Eng.boot.Alsobdtuinn,fromSc.

booting,Fr.bottine,halfboot,
botaidh,awoodenvessel(size,halfanker);formedfromM.E.

butte,Eng.butt,Fr,botte.
both,perturbation,aplash;seebodhbh.
both,bothan,ahut,bothie,Ir.,M.Ir.bothdn,both,W.bod,

residence,Cor.bod,bos,*buto;Lit.butas,house;Eng.booth,

Norsebud",Ger.bude;rootbhu,be.HenceEng.bothie.
bothar,alane,street(A.M'D.),Ir.bothar(Con.),bbthar,E.Ir.

bbihar,*bdtro,*bdtro,rootba,go;Gr.c/3r)v,went,/3<w(o,

go;Skr.gd,go;Eng.path.
botrumaid,aslattern,(M'F.);seebutrais.
botul,abottle,Ir.buideul,W.potel;fromEng.bottle.
botunn(Lewis),deepwaterpool(inmoors);Norse,botn.
botus,abellyworm;fromM.E.bottes,pi.ofbot,bott,oflike

meaning;Sc.batts.Originunknown(Murray).
bra,brath,aquern,Ir.brb,g.brdn,E.Ir.bro,g.broon,millstone,

*brevon,*bravon;Skr.grdvan;Lit.girnos;Eng.quern.
brabhdchasach,bowlegged:

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.45

ibrabhdadh,bravado,idletalk,brabhtalachd,haughtiness
(A.M'D);fromEng.bravado?

brae,curveasofwavesbeforebreaking,abellow,branchordeer
horn(Carm.),reindeer(Carm.):

bracach,grayish,braclach,brake:seewordsinbrocach,lack.

brachag,apustule;frombrach,rot(vb.);seebraich,malt.
Alsobrachan,putrefaction.

brachd,putrescence,fat,rich:

bradach,thievish,braid,theft,Ir.bradach,thievish,roguish,
E.Ir.broit,g.braite:*mraddo,alliedtobrath,betray1
Scarcelyfrombront,rootbher,carry,Lat.fur,etc.

bradan,salmon,Ir.braddn,E.Ir.bratan.Cf.Lit.bradci,water,
Ch.SI.brozda,wadethrough.

bradan,aridgytumouronthesurfaceofthebody(H.S.D.);
metaphoricallyfromaboveword1

bradhadair,ablazingfire,kindlingofafire(Hebrides).Possibly
braghadair,frombragh,q.v.Cf.braghadaich,crackling.

brag(Lewis),asuddencreekingnoise,Norsebrak.
stbragaireachd,vainboasting,Ir.bragdireachd,frombragaire,
boaster;fromtheEng.brag.

bragh,anexplosion,peal,0.Ir.braigim,pedo;Lat.fragor,crash,
fragrare,Eng.fragrant.Seebram.

braghad,neck,throat,Ir.brdighid,0.Ir.brdge,g.brdgat,W.
breuant,0.Br.brehant,*brdgnt;Eng.craw,Ger.kragen,
collar,M.H.G.krage,neck;Gr.f3p6yx<><$,windpipe,Eng.
bronchitis.Bezzenberger(Stokes'Diet.),refersittotheroot
ofNorsebarH,weazand,Gr.(fidpvy,Eng.phari/nx.Braghad
isreallythegen.ofbrdighe.

bragsaidh,braxy;fromSc,Eng.braxy.

braich,malt,soIr.,E.Ir.mraich,W.,Cor.brag,Br.bragezi,
germinate,Gaul,brace(Plin.),genusfarris:*mraki;Lit.
merhti,macerate,mdrka,flaxholeforsteeping;Lat.marcere,
fade,marcidus,decayed,rotten.FromW.bragod,comes
Eng.bragget.

braid,theft;seebradach.

braid,horsecollar;seebraighdeach.

braighde,captives,pledges,Ir.brdighe,pi.brdighde,E.Ir.braga,
g.bragat,hostage,prisoner,braig,achain;Gr.flpoxos,
noose;Eng.crank,Ger.kringel;I.E.gregh,possiblyallied
toI.E.gregh,neck,asinbraghad.Hencebraighdeanas,
captivity,alsodialecticbraigh,hostage,pledge.

braighdeach,horsecollar,M.Ir.braigdech,olderbrdigtech;from
braghad.Alsobraid.

43ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

braighe,upperpart(ofplaces):thisisthenom.caseofbraghad,

whichalsoappearsinplacenames,asBrdHdAlbainn,Braid

albane.
braile,aheavyrain(Sh.):
braile,braighlich,arattlingnoise(Perth).Sc.bruilze,Fr.

brouille.Seebraodhlach.
brailis,wortofale,Ir.braithlis,M.Ir.braichlis,frombraich.
braim,bram,crepitusventris,Ir.broim,0.Ir.braigim,pedo,W.,

Cor.,Br.bram,*bragsmen,rootbrag,I.E.bkrag;Lat.

fragor,crash,fragrare,etc.Hencebramaire,anoisyfellow,
braisleach,fullformed,bulkyman,M.Ir.bras,great,W.Cor.,

Br.bras,grossus,*brasso;Lat.grossus,Fr.gros,bulky,
braist,abrooch;fromtheEng.
braithlin,linensheet,soIr.:*bratk+l\n;butbrathlM'E.

suggestsplailinn.
braman,misadventure,theDevil;alsodialecticbroman.M.Ir.

bromdnmeansa"boor,"bromdnach,impertinent.Theroot

seemstobebreg,brog,bragofbreun,braim.
bramasag,aclottburr,thepricklyheadofathistle(H.S.D.):
tbran,araven,Ir.,0.Ir.bran,W.brdn,crow,Br.bran,crow;

*brand,forgvrand,withwhichcf.0.Slav,gavranu,raven,

butnotorana(do.),asisusuallydone.Thefurtherrootis

gra,gera,cry,whenceEng.crane,Gr.yepavos,crane,W.and

Cor.garan.Usedmuchinpersonalandrivernames,
bran,bran,Ir.,W.bran,Br.brenn;G.,Ir.,andW.arefromEng.

bran,from0.Fr.bren,bran,whenceBr.
brang,aslipofwoodintheheadstallofahorse'shalter,resting

onthejaw;horse'scollar;brangas,apillory;fromtheSc.

branksfaheadpillory(fortongueandmouth),abridlewith

twowoodensidepieces,brank,tobridle;alliedtoGer.

pranger,pillory,Du.prang,fetter,
branndaidh,brandy;fromEng.brandy,thatis"brandorburnt

wine."
branndair,agridiron;fromSc.brander,frombrand,burn,etc.
braodag,ahuff(Hend),also(Perth):
braodhlach,brawling,braoileadh,loudnoise,Ir.braoilleadh,

rattling;aborrowedword,seeminglyfromSc,Eng.braid,

confusedwithSc.brulye,~E,ng.'broil.
braoileag,awhortleberry,Ir.broiledg,breileog.Sc.brawlins,

brylochs,comesfromtheGaelic.
braoisg,agrin,Ir.braos:
braolaid,raving,dreaming;frombreathal?
braon,adrop,rain,soIr.,O.Ir.broen;cf.Eng.brine.The

attempttoconnectitwithGr.flpeXu),orwithLat.rigare,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.47

Eng.rain,isunsatisfactory.Stokesderivesitfromroot
ver(seefearthuinn),*vroen,butunlikely.

braonan,praonan,anearthnut,buniumflexuosam.Perhaps
frombraon,adrop"abead,nut."

bras,brais,active,rash,Ir.bras,E.Ir.bras,W.brys,haste:
*brsto,I.E.gredh,asingreas,q.v.1Seealsobrisg,active.

brasailt,apanegyric(M'A.);E.Ir.brasscUach,panegyrical;
from0.Ir.bras,great,W.andBr.bras;cf.Lat.grossus,
Eng.gross.Seebraisleach.

brat,amantle,Ir.brat,0.Ir.bratt,W.brethyn,woollencloth,Br.
broz,petticoat,*bratto,*bratto.Forrootbrat,brant,sec
breid.Ag.S.bratt,pallium,isborrowedfromtheCeltic.
Hencebratach,flag.

bratag,thefurryorgrasscaterpillar,Ir.bratog,"themantled
one,"frombrat.Cf.caterpillar="downycat,"byderivation.

brath,information,betrayal,Ir.brath,E.Ir.brath,treason,and
mraihalso,W.brad,treachery,Cor.bras,Br.barat,0.Br.
brat,*mrato;Gr.dfiaprdvo)([xapT),sin,miss,ijpfipoTov(past
tense).Cf.mearachd.M.Ir.maimed,treachery.

brath,judgment,gubrath,forever(pron.gubrack)"tillJudg
ment,"soIr.,0.Ir.brath,judgment,W.brawd,M.Br.breut,
Gaul,bratu,*brdtu;Hrd,*bera,judge,decide,fromI.E.
bher,inthesenseof"say,"asinabair.TheIr.barn,judge,
andW.barn,judgment,arehence,andmaybecompared
toGr.4>prjv,<j6/oeves,soul,phrenology.Hencealsobreathor
breith(*brt),q.v.Thesense"conflagration"giveninthe
Diet,isdueto"Druidic"theorisings,andisimaginary.

brathair,brother,Ir.brdthair,0.Ir.brdthir,W.brawd,pi.brodyr,
Cor.broder,pi.bredereth,Br.breur,breuzr,pi.breudeur,
*brdter;Lat.frdter;Eng.brother;Skr.bhrdta;etc.

breab,akick,Ir.preab,M.Ir.prebach,kicking;perhapsfromthe
rootformofthefollowingword.

breaban,apatchofleather,Irpreabdn,parcel,piece,patch;
from,oralliedto,0.Fr.bribe,apieceofbread,alms,Sp.
briba,alms;also0.Fr.bribeur,mendicant,briberesse,female
vagabondageandharloting;cf.Ir.preabdg,awenchingjade
(O'B.).Eng.bribeisfromtheFrench.

breac,speckled,soIr.,E.Ir.brecc,W.brych,Br.brec'h,smallpox,
*mrkkos,*mrgko,rootmrg;Lit.mdrgas,speckled,piedJ
Gr.'dfiapvoooi,'twinkle.Thereisan0.Ir.mrecht,W.brith,
oflikemeaningandorigin,viz,mvkto,frommrgto.Hence
breac,smallpox,W.brech,andbreac,trout,W.brithyll.
breacan,plaid,Ir.breacdn,W.brecan,rug:frombreac.Rhys

regardsW.asborrowedfromIrish,
breacshianain,freckles:

ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

breacag,apancake,W.brechdan,sliceofbreadandbutter,

brgko,brg,asinbairghin,bread1?(Rev.Celt.17102).See

breachdan.
breachd,seizing=beireachd.
breachdan,custard(Lh.),M.Ir.brechtdn,aroll,W.brithog;from

mrgto,Ir.brecht,W.brith,motley,mixed.Seeunderbreac.
breagh,fine,Ir.breagh,M.Ir.breagha(O'Cl.),*breigavos,root

breig,brigasinbriah,q.v.%Ir.breaghorbreaghda=Bregian,

TirBreg.(Ir.J.No.119).
fbreall,knob,glensmentulse,D.ofLismorebreyl,Ir.breall,

brslo,rootbers,bars,asinG.borr,bdrr,Eng.bristle.Hence

brilleanach,lewd,q.v.breall=bod(Glenmoriston).
breaman,tailofsheeporgoat,podex;cf.Ir.breim,byformof

braim,q.v.
breamas,mischief,mishap,theDevil;anevowelformofbraman?
breanan,dunghill(Sh.);frombreun,q.v.
breath,row,layer:*brtd,aslice,rootbherofbeam.
breath,judgment,soIr.,0.Ir.breth,*brtd,W.bryd,Gaul,vergo

bretus,*brtos.Forroot,seebroth.Speltalsobreith.
breathas,frenzy(M'A.);seebreisleach,
br6"id,akerchief,soIr.,E.Ir.breit,*brenti,rootsbrent,brat;

Skr.granth,tie,knot,grathndti;Ger.kranz,garland,Eng.

crants(Rhys).TheSkr.beingalliedtoGr.ypovdos,fist,

seemsagainstthisderivation(Stokes),nottomentionthe

diificultyofGr.andSkr.thcorrespondingtoCeltict.

Possiblyfromrootbhera,cut,Gr.<f>(ipo<s,cloth(Windisch).

Cf.W.brwyd,braid,
breisleach,confusion,delirium,nightmare,Ir.breisleach(O'R.,

Fol.),breaghaslach(Lh.)frombreith,*bret,*bhret;bhre,

mind,asinGr.<pjv,mind1Cf.E.Ir.BreslechM6r

Murtheimme;brislech,"overthrow."
breith,bearing,birth,soIr.andE.Ir.,*brtis;Skr.bkrti;Eng.

birth;etc.:rootbher,bear;seebeir.
breitheal,confusionofmind;frombreith,asinbreisleach.Also

breathalandpreathal.
breitheanas,judgment,Ir.breitheamhnus,E.Ir.brithemnas;from

brithem,ajudge,stembritheman,towhichisaddedthe

abstractterminationas(=astu).Frombritheamh,q.v
breo,breoth,rot,putrefy:

breochaid,anytenderorfragilething(M'A.);frombreo.
breocladh,clumsypatching,bre6claid,sicklyperson:breodh+

clad(=cailofbuac^a^).Seebreoite.
breoite,infirm,Ir.breoite,breodhaim,Ienfeeble(Keat.),*brivod;

cf.W.briw,break,*brivo,possiblyalliedtoLat.frivolus.
breolaid,dotage,delirium;cf.breitheal,etc.

OPTHEGAELTCLANGUAGE.49

breug,briag,alie,Ir.breug,breag,0.Ir.brec,*brenkd;Skr.
bhramca,loss,deviation.

breun,putrid,soIr.,E.Ir.bren,W.braen,Br.brein;*bregno,
*bragno,foul,fromroot,breg,bragofbraim.Straohantakes
itfrom*mrakno;Lat.marcidus,rancid,asinbraich,q.v.

briagail,prattling:

briathar,aword,soIr.and0.Ir.,*br$trd(0.Ir.isfern.;G.is
mas.,byanalogy1),*bre,ablauttobrdofbrdth,q.v.Bezzen
bergerwouldreferittoO.H.G.chweran,sigh(seegerain)
andevento0.H.G.chrdjan,Eng.crow.

brib,abribe,Ir.brib;fromtheEng.

bricein,aprefixtocertainanimalnames;frombrcac.

fbrideach,adwarf(Arm.,Sh.),Ir.brideach(Lh.,O'B.).See
brideag,littlewoman.Shawalsogivesitthemeaningof
"bride,"whichisduetoEng.influences.

brideag,alittlewoman,Ir.brideag,afigureofSt.Bridgetmade
ontheSaint'sevebymaidensfordivinationpurposes.See
BrighidinthelistofProperNames.Shawgivesbridag,
partofthejaw,whichH.S.D.reproducesasbrideag.

brideun,alittlebird,seapiet(M'A.forlattermeaning):seem
inglyformedontheanalogyofthetwoforegoingwords.

brig,aheap(H.S.D,M'A.):"brigmhoine,"apileofpeats;cf.
Norsebrik,squaretablet,piece,Eng.brick.

brigh,pith,power,Ir.brigh,0.Ir.brig,W.bri,dignity,rank,
Cor.bry,Br.bri,respect,Hrigd,*bi'tgo;Gr.fipt=/3ptap6s,
strong,mighty,jSpifir)(llong),strength,anger;Skr.jri,
overpower,jrayas,extent;anI.E.gri,grl,grei.Bezzen
bergersuggestsGer.krieg,war,striving:*greigh?This
maybefromtherootbriabove.

brilleanach,lewd,briollair,briollan,frombreall,q.v.

brim,pickle(Arg.);fromEng.brine.

briminbodaich,ashabbycarle;forbreimein,asideformof
bramari)rootbreg,brag?Butcf.Norsebrimill,phoca
fetidamas.

briobadh,bribing;seebrib,whichalsohasthespellingbriob.

briodal,lovers'language,caressing,flattery;alsobrionndal,
caressing,brionnal,flattery;possiblyfrombrionn,alie,
dream(Ir.),asinbrionglaid,q.v.M.Ir.brinneallmeansa
beautifulyoungmaidoramatron.Cf.briagadh.Arran
brid,whisper.

briog,thrust,Ir.priocam;fromtheEng.prick.

briogach,meanspirited:

brioghas,fervourofpassion;cf.W.brywus,bryw,vigorous.

briogais,breeches,Ir.brigis;fromtheEng.breeks,breeches.

50ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

briollag,anillusion(Sh.);Ir.brionn,dream,reverie.TheG.
seemsforbrionlag.Seenext.

brionglaid,aconfusion,dream,Ir.brionngldid,adream;from
brionn,adream,alie.Inthesenseof"wrangling,"
brionglaidispurelyaScotchGaelicword,fromSo,Eng.
brangle,oflikeforce.

brionnach,pretty(M'F.),fair(Sh.),glittering,Ir.brinneall,a
beautifulyoungwoman,amatron:

brionnach,brindled,striped;fromtheEng.brinded,nowbrindled.

brios,mockery(A.M'D.),halfintoxication(M'A.):

briosaid,agirdle(Arm.),fromEng.brace?

briosg,start,jerk,soIr.;frombrisg,active,q.v.

briosgaid,abiscuit,M.Ir.brisca(F.M.);foundedonEng.biscuit,
butbyfolketymologymadetoagreewithbrisg,brittle
(Gaidoz).

briosuirneach,ludicrous;cf.brios,mockery,etc.

briot,briotal,chitchat,Ir.\briot,chatter,briotach,astammerer:
*brtto,*brt,rootbar,ber,asinLat.barbarus,Gr./SdpfSapos,
f3epPept(o,Istammer.Thereferenceofbriottothename
BreatnaichorBritonsasforeignersandstammerersisscarcely
happy.

bris,break,soIr.,0.Ir.brissim,*bresto,Ibreak,rootbres,bhres;
O.H.G.brestan,break,Ag.S.berstan,Eng.burst,Fr.briser,
break.Distantlyalliedto*bersos,short,G.bearr.Brug
mannhascomparedtheGaelictoGr.rrepOoi,destroy,from
bherdho,givingaCelticstembrdto,andbrdcoforbrisg.

brisg,brittle,Ir.briosg,E.Ir.b?'isc,Br.bresq:*bresco;rootbres
ofbrisabove.

brisg,lively,Ir.brisc,W.brysg;allfromtheEng.brisk,of
Scandinavianorigin(Johansson,Zeit.xxx.).

brisgein,cartilage;fromNorsebrjdsk,cartilage,bris,Sw.and
Dan.brush;Ger.brausche,alump(fromabruise).

brisgein,brislein,whitetansy;frombrisg,brittle.

britheamh,ajudge,Ir.breitheamh,0.Ir.brithein,g.britheman;
rootbrt,ofbreath,judgment,q.v.

broc,abadger,soIr.,E.Ir.brocc,W.,Cor.,broch,Br.broc'h,
*brokkos:*borkko,"greyone";rootbherk,bhork,bright,
Gr.cf>opKos,grey,Lit.berszti,Eng.bright?Thurneysencfs.
theLat.broccus,havingprojectingteeth,whenceFr.broche
(fromLat.*brocca,aspike,etc.),aspit,Eng.broach,brooch;
hethinksthebadgerwasnamedbroccosfromhissnout,and
heinstancestheFr.brochet,pike,asparallelbyderivation
andanalogy.IfGr./3pvK(o,bite,isalliedtoLat.broccus,the
underlyingideaofbrocmayratherbethe"biter,""gripper."

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.51

BezzenbergersuggestsRuss.barsuku,Turk,porsuk,Magyar

borz;or*brokkos,from*bhrodkos,Skr.bradhnd,dun.
brocach,greyishintheface,speckled,Ir.brocach,broc,W.broc,

grizzled,roanjfrombroc.
brochan,gruel,porridge,Ir.brochan,0.Ir.brothchdn;brothchdn,

*broti,cookery;rootbru,I.E.bhru,whenceEng.broth,

Lat.defrutum,must.Seebruith.
br6chlaid,trash,farrago;rootbhreu,bhru,asinbrochan;bhreu

varieswithbhrou,G.brd.
brocladh,spoiling,mangling;seebrebclaid.
brod,alid;fromSc.brod,sideformofEng.board.
brod,agoad,prickle,Ir.brod,E.Ir.brott,W.brath,Cor.broz,Br.

brout,*broddos,frombrozdo;0.H.G.brort,edge,Norse

broddr,sting,Eng.brod,brad,Ag.S.6rore/,sting.
brod,thechoiceofanything;fromtheabove,inthesenseof

"excess."Cf.corr.
brod,pride,brddail,proud,Ir.brod,etc.IuArran(Sc.)wefind

protail,whichisastepnearertheorigin.FromtheEng.

proud.
fbrodail,mastiff,E.Ir.brotchu,W.brathgi;frombrod,"good."
brdd,acrowd,brood,brodach,incrowds;fromtheEng.brood%
brog,ashoe,Ir.brog,M.Ir.brocc,E.Ir.broc,pi.broca,usedin

compoundsforvariousnethergarments;fromNorsebrdhr,

Ag.S.brdc,pi.brec,Eng.breech,breeks(Zimmer,Zeit.xxx.).

Seebriogais.
brog",stimulate,anawl;fromSc.brog,prog.Cf.W.procio,

thrust,poke,fromM.E.prokien,stimulare.Thurneysen

takesSc.andG.fromFr.broche,Lat.*brocca(seebroc).

Hencebrogail,"active,""ingoodform."
brogach,raboy,younglad,frombrog?
broidneireachd,embroidery,Ir.broidineireachd;fromtheEng.

broider,embroidery.
fbroigheal,cormorant,Ir.broighioll:
broighleadh,bustle;fromSc.brulye(Eng.broil),Fr.brouiller,

It.broglio.Seebraodhlach.
broighleag,whortleberry;seebraoileag.
broigileineach,substantial;frombroigeil,abyformofbrogail;

seebrogach.
broilein,king'shood;pig'ssnout(Badenoch):rootbhru,brow1
broilleach,abreast,Ir.,E.Ir.brollach:Hronlach;for*bron,

seebruinne.
broineag,arag,illcladfemale,bronag,acrum(Dialectic);pos
sibly*fromtherootofbronn,distribute.Shawspellsit

broinnag,M'F.asabove.

52ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

broinn,belly(Dialectic);thedat.ofbriiuseddialecticallyas
nom.;seebru.

broit,thebosom;properlythebreastcovering(H.S.D.,forlatter
meaning)\cf.G.brot,0.Ir.broitene,pallidum.Theword
appearstobefrombrat,mantle,withaleaningformeaning
onbruinne,breast.

brolaich,incoherenttalk(asinsleep),brolasg,garrulity,Ir.
brolasgach,prattling;cf.W.braid,hrol,boasting,Eng.
brawl,Du.brallen,boast.

brolamas,amess(D.C.Mc.Ph.)(Glenmoriston);samerootas
brollach.

broluinn,brothluinn,boiling,"ajstus,"tideboiling;frombroth,
boiling,asinbrollach,etc.

brollach,amess;cf.E.Ir.brothlach,theFeniancookingpit,from
broth,asinbrochan,q.v.

bromach,acolt,Ir.bromach:*brusmo,*brud1*bru,asin
Eng.embryo?

bron,grief,Ir..0.Ir.bron,W.brwyn,smarting,sorrow,*brugnos;
Gr.fipvx*(vlng)>gnashtheteeth;Lit.grduziu,gnaw,
Pol.zgryzota,sorrow.

tbronn,grant,distribute,M.G.bronnagh(1408charter),Ir.
bronnaim,E.Ir.bronnaim,brondaim,bestow,spend:*brundo,
*bhrudno,I.E.rootbhrud;Ag.S.bryttian,dealout,Norse
bryti,asteward(cf.Gr.Ta/xtas,steward,"cutter"),brytja,
chop,Eng.brittle,Teut.brut,chop;perhaps,Lat.frustum,
bit.

brosdaich,stirup,Ir.brosduighim,E.Ir.brostugud,inciting.The
wordisfromtherootbrosinbrosdoofbrod,q.v.,beinghere
brosto,whichbecomesbrosso,andlaterrevertstobrost,
brosd,orremainsasinbrosnaich.Stokessaysitisfounded
onLowLat.brosdus,brusdus,broidery,"donebyaneedle,"
orbrosd,whichisofTeutonicoriginandcognatewithG.
brod,alreadygivenastheroot.Hencebrosgadh,stimula
tion,etc.TheIr.brosna,0.Ir.brosne,faggot,maybehence;
therootbhrud,discussedunderbronn,hasalsobeensuggested.

brosgul,flattery,fawning(especiallyofadog);possiblyfromthe
rootformbrost,inbrosdaich,brosgad/t.

brosnaich,incite;seebrosdaich.ThisisthebestG.form;
brosdaichisratherliteraryandIrish.

brot,broth;fromtheEng.broth.

brot,aveil,uppergarment,0.Ir.broitene,palliolum;G.isaby
formofbrat.

broth,itch,Ir.broth,*bruto;seebruthainnforroot.Also
(rarely)bruth.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.53

broth,lunarhalo(Arg.),orbrogh;of.0.Ir.bruth,heat,under

bruthainn.Sc.broch,UlsterIr.broth.
brothag,thebosom,afoldofthebreastclothes;*broso,root

brusofbruinne,breast.
brothas,farrago,brose,Ir.brothus,fromM.E.brewis,Sc.brose.

Seebruthaist,thebestG.form,
bru,g.bronn,belly,soIr.,0.Ir.bru,brand,W.bru:*brHt

*brusnos,rootbrus,I.E.bhrus,bhreus;Teut.breust,Norse

brjost,Eng.breast,Ger.brust.Stokesicfersittotheroot

bru,toswell,Gr.fipvio,amfull,kpfSpvov,embryo(whence

Eng.embryo),ortoSkr.bhruuci,embryo.Seebruinne.
bruach,abank,brink,Ir.,0.Ir.bruach:*brouko,I.E.Mini,

brow,Gr.6q>pvs,eyebrow,Eng.brow.Lit.bruvh,0.Ir.bmiad,

(dual).AlsoE.Ir.bru,bank,border.Stokessuggests

eithertherootofbruth,bruise,orLit.briauna,edge.
bruachaire,asurlyfellow,onethathoversabout,Ir.bruach

aireachd,hoveringabout;frombruach.
bruadar,bruadal,adream,Ir.bruadair,W.breuddwyd:*braud

or*brav:fraus,fraud?
bruaillean,bruaidlean,trouble,grief;frombruadalabove,
bruais,crushtopieces,gnash(Dialectic):*bhraudso,Lat.fraus,

Eng.brittle.
bruan,thrust,wound;fromtherootofbruth.
bruan,afragment;*bhroudno,from*bhroud,break,Ag.S.

breostan,break,Eng.brittle,etc.,asunderbronn.Strachan

alsosuggests*bhroucno,Lett,bruht,crumple,andStokesthe

rootofbruth.
bruc,seaweedcastashore(Lewis);Norsebruk,driedheapsof

seaweed.
brucach,spottedintheface,smutted,Ir.brocach:"badgerlike";

seebroc.TheSc.broukit,brooked,isofuncertainorigin

(Murray).Hencebrucachadh,irregulardigging,brucanaich,

thepeepofdawn(MA.),etc.
brucag,bruchag,achink,eylet(Sh.),dimcandlelight(H.S.D.).

Sh.givesbruchag,H.S.D.brucag,whichappearsonlytoapply

tothe"dimcandlelight";frombrucach.
bruchd,belch,burstout,soIr.,E.Ir.brdchtaim,eructo,vomo,

W.brytheiro(vb.),brythar(n.).
bruchlag,ahovel;frombrugh,q.v.
bruchlas,theflutteringofbirdsgoingtorest(Sh.):
bruchorcan,stoolbent,heathrush;saidtobederivedfromf/w',

ahind,andcorcan,oats,"deer'soats."Alsobruthchorcan.
brudhach,abrae;seebruthach.
brudhaist,brose;seebruthaist.

54ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

brugh,largehouse,atumulus,soIr.,E.Ir.brug,mrug,land,
holding,mark,W.bro,country,region,land,Cymmro,a
Welshman,pi.Cymmry(*co?)imroges),Br.bro,country,Gaul.
Brogi:*mrogi(forGadelic);Lat.margo;Got.market,
bordercountry,Ag.S.mearc,border,Eng.mark,march.

bruich,boil,cook;gutturalisedformofbruith(cf.brath,brack).
Seebruith.TheIr.bruighimappearsinO'R.,andhasbeen
comparedtoLat.frigo,Gr.<j>pvyo),roast;butitisevidently
abadspellingofbruith.

bruid,captivity,Ir.bruid,M.Ir.*brat,g.braite,E.Ir.ace.broit,
*braddd.Forroot,seebradach.

bruid,bruidich,stab,goad,Ir.bruidighim:theverbfrombrod,
agoad.

bruid,abrute,Ir.bruid;fromEng.brute.

bruidheann,bruidhinn,talk,conversation,Ir.bruighinn,scolding
speech,abrawl(alsobruitheann),0.Ir.frisbrudi,renuit,W.
cyfrau,song,0.Br.cobrouol,verbialia,*mru,say;Skr.bru,
bravati,says,Zendmru,speak.O'Grady(S.Gad.xvi.)
connectsE.Ir.brudin,hospitium;saysmeaningreallyis
"quarrel"HegivesIr.asbruidhen.StokesE.Ir.brudin,
Hrodina,Eng.board(Z.33),

bruidlich,stirup;seebruid,stab,goad.

bruill,bruise,thump;aderivativefrombriith,q.v.

bruillig,apersonofclumsyfigureandgait(H.S.D.,whichrefers
thewordtobru,belly);frombru?

bruimfheur,switchgrass,soIr.:frombraimjheur,atermto
denoteitsworthlessness.

Bruinidh,theBrownie;fromSc.Brownie,thebenevolentfarm
housegoblin,fromEng.brown.Cf.theNorseSvartdlfror
darkelves.

bruinne,breast,0.Ir.bruinne,W.bron,Cor.andM.Br.bronn,
*brusno,rootbhrus,bhreus;Norsebrjdst,Ger.brust,Eng.
breast.Stokesgivestherootasbrend,fromI.E.grendh,
swell,behaughty,Gr./3pevdvonai,strut,bearoneselfloftily,
Lat.grandis,Ch.SI.gradt,breast.Usuallycorrelatedwith
Got.brunjo,breastplate,M.H.G.briinne,N.brynja,coatof
mail,M.Eng.brynie,Sc.byrnie:asatisfactoryenoughderi
vation,andultimatelyfromthesamerootasthefirstone
givenabove(I.E.bhru).IndeedStokessaystheTeut.is
borrowedfromtheCeltic.

bruinneadh,thefront(Dialectic),0.Ir.bruinech,prow,Cor.
brenniat,prow,*bronjo,towhichBez.comparesGer.grans,
prow(I.E.gk=G.b?).Fromrootofbruinne.

bruis,abrush,Ir.bruis(vulg.);fromtheEng.brush.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.55

bruiteach,warm;from*bruth,heat;seebruthainn.

bruith,boil,cook,soIr.,E.Ir.bruith,cooking,*broti,fromthe

rootbru,I.E.bhru;Eng.broth(Teut.brofio.I.E.bhruto),

andbreiv(I.E.bhreu);Lat.defrutum,must;Thrac.Gr.

flpvTov,beer,
brunsgal,rumblingnoise;bronn+sgal?Frombru,inanycase,
brusg,acrumb,particleoffood,Ir.bruscdn,brusgar,brokenware,

uselessfragments,brus,refuseofcorn:from*brus,short

formof*brusinbrilth.
brutach,digging,theactofdigging(N.H.accordingtoH.S.D.):

*brutto,*bhrudto,rootbhrud,break?Seebronn.
bruth,bruise,pound,Ir.bruighim,E.Ir.bruim,*brihs,strike,

graze,pound;Pre.Celt,bhreus;Ag.S.brf/san,bruise,Eng.

bruise(influencedbyFr.);perhaps0.Slav,brusnati,corrum

pere,radere.
bruthach,abrae:*brutacos,rootbru,frombhru,browT;see

bruach.Sc.braeisofasimilarorigin,foundedonNorse

bra,eyelid,brow(Murray),
bruthainn,sultriness,heat,Ir.,0.Ir.bruth,fervor,W.brwd,hot,

Br.brout,hot(fire),0.Br.brot:*brutu.Forfurtherroot

seebruith.WiderareLat.ferveo,fervor,Eng.burn,etc.
bruthaist,brose;fromearlySo,Eng.browes,Sc.brose;fromthe

Fr.,butalliedtoEng.broth.
bu,was,Ir.budh,0.Ir.bu:ProtoGaelic*buforaCelticbut;

Gr.(f>v(vlong),aoristtense;Lat.fuit;Skr.dbhut,was;

I.E.ebhut.Therootisbheu,bhu;Eng.be,etc.BothG.

andIr.aspirate,whichshowsthetofthe3rdsing.

disappearedearly,
buabhall,unicorn,buffalo,M.Ir.buabhall,W.dual;fromLat.

bubalus,buffalo,gazelle,whence(bilfalus)Eng.buffalo.
buabhall,atrumpet,Ir.bubhall,buadhbhall,M.Ir.buaball,W.

bual,bugle;cf.M.Ir.buabhall,horn,W.bual,buffalohorn,

M.Ir.cornbuabhaill;whencethefurtherforceof"trumpet."
buachaill,aherdsman,soIr.,0.Ir.bochaill,buachaill,W.bugail,

Cor.,Br.bugel;Gr./3ovkoAos,cowherd(Lat.bucolicus,Eng.

bucolic),[$ov,cow,andkoAos,attendant,Lat.colo,c^tivate.
buachar,cowdung,Ir.buacar,buachar(Con.),Br.beuzel;forthe

stembeforethesuffixar,cf.W.buwch(*boukkd),though

boucororboukcor,"cowoffcast,"mayproperlybethe

derivationfortheGadelic.Seeboand,possibly,cuir.Cf.

salchar.
buadhghallan,buaghallan,ragwort,Ir.buadhghallan,M.Ir.

buathbhallan,buathfallan:"virtuebearingwort?"More

probablyitisbuafbhallan,"toadwort,"frombuaf,toad,

56ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

reptile,fromLat.bufo.TheWelshcallit"serpent'sweed,"

llysiau'rnedir.Ir.baufananis"mugwort";buadharlann

(Hend.).
buaic,awick,Ir.buaic;fromEng.wick,Ag.S.weoca?
buaic,bleachinglees,Ir.buac;fromM.E.bouken,steepinlye,

Eng.buck,Ger.bauchen;Fr.buer,fromaLat.type^bUcare.

Seefucadh.
buaicneach,smallpox(Snth.);foundedonalaterformofLat.

bucca,asinbucaid,q.v.
buaidh,victory,virtue,soIr.,0.Ir.buaid,W.budd,0.Br.bud,

Gaul,boud,inmanypersonalnames,whetherastheonly

root(cf.Boudicca,"Victrix")orincompounds,eitherinitial

orassecondpart:*boudi;Norsebf/ti,exchange,Ger.beute,

booty,Eng.booty,Fr.butin(do.),
buaidheam,fitsofinconstancy;cf.buathadh.
buail,strike,soIr.,E.Ir.bualaim:*budloor*boudlo,*hmt(l,

PreCelt.bhoud,bheud;Ag.S.beatan,Eng.beat,beetle,Ger.

bcutet,beetle(Strachan).Seebuille.Stokesgivestheform

*buglad,rootbug,bhug,asinGer.pochen,Eng.poke.
buaile,afold,pen,soIr.,E.Ir.buale;Lat.bovile;from*bov,cow.
buaill,placeforrestingandmilking(Lewis).Cf.Norseb6l.
buain,reap,Ir.,0.Ir.buain,inf.ofbongaim,reap,break:*bogni

or*bongni?Forroot,seebocluL
buair,tempt,vex,Ir.buaidhirim,E.Ir.buadraim,0.Ir.buadartha,

turbulentus:*boudro;possiblyfrombhoud,strike,theidea

comingfromaform*boudro,agoad,goading1G.has

buaireadh,buair,arage,
bualchdmhla,sluice(M'L.)(anfhamhbhual,watervole);M.Ir.

bual,flowingsluicewater,E.Ir.rothbuali,waterwheel,

*bogla,Eng.beck,Ger.bach(St.)(Zim.).
bualtrach,cowdung,soIr.buartlach(Dial.Ir.);frombuar,cattle.
buamastair,ablockhead:
buan,lasting,Ir.buan,lasting,fixed,E.Ir.buan:"being,

during,"from*bu,be,I.E.bhu,be;Lit.butinas,being,

during,frombuti,be;Norsebiia,dwell,Got.hauan,etc.

StokesgivestheG.stemasbuvanos,andcfs.Skr.bhuvana,

existence.Hencebuanaich,persevere,
buana,anidlepersonwholivesonthebesthisneighbourscan

afford(Lewis)(M'A.):
tbuanna,amercenary,abilletedsoldier,soIr.:
buannachd,profit;frombuain,reap,withirregularlydoubledn

(seecinne,linn,seann,bannforban,miann)1Cf.Ir.

buannacht,soldiersbilletingfromatenant(Joyce).
buar,cattle,soIr.,E.Ir.biiar,cattleofthecowkind;frombo,

cow:*bovdro:cf.Lat.boarius.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.57

buarach,cowfetter,Ir.,E.Ir.,buarach:forbddrach,"cowfetter,"

drachbeingforadrigos,rootrigofcuibhreach,q.v.
buathadh,arushing,amadfit:
bub,roar,Ir.bub:onomatopoetic.Cf.Lat.baubor,bay,Gr.

l3av(o,bark,Lit.bubauti,roar,
buban,coxcomb,Ir.bubdn;cf.Eng.booby.
bucach,aboy(dial.):"growingoneffoundedonLat.buccaas

inthefollowingword,
bucaid,apustule,Ir.bocbid,aspot,E.Ir.boccdit;fromBrittonic

Lat.buccdtus,frombucca,puttedcheek(Eng.debouch,rebuke).
bucall,abuckle,Ir.bucla,W.bwcl)fromM.Eng.bukyll,Eng.

buckle,fromFr.boucle,fromLat.bucula,cheekstrap,from

bucca,cheek,
buchd,size(Sh.buc)fromSc.bouk,i.e.,bulk.
buchainn,melodious(A.M'D.):
buchallach,nestling(adj.):*buthchal,"housetending?"

buchallach(M'L.Teachd.Gaidh.):
budach,poult(Suth.):seeput.

budagochd,snipe(M'L.),woodcock(H.S.D.).Itseemsareminis
cenceofEng.woodcock.
budhaigir,thepuffin,buigire,(M'A,forStKilda),Sc.bowger,the

coulterneb;somehowfromNorsebugr,curve,"bentbill1"
budhailt,awindowlikerecessinawall;fromSc.bowall,boat,

bole.Originunknown(Murray),
budhag,abundleofstraw:rootbud,whichunderliesFr.botte,

bundleVSeeboitean.
bugha,agreenspotbyastream(Skye),bogha(Rob).
buideal,abottle,cask,Ir.buideul,W.potel;fromEng.bottle.

Seebotul.
buidealaich,aconflagration,Ir.buite,fire,buitealach(Lh.f,O'Cl.,

;B.),bott(O'Cl.):*buddo,rootbhud(Lat.fustis,bhudtis,

Eng.beetle),givingtheideaof"faggot,firewood1?"
buidlie,yellow,soIr.,0.Ir.buide;Lat.badius,Eng.bay.
buidhe,nowbuidheachas,thanks,Ir.buidhe,0.Ir.buide[W.

boddaw,please,bodd,will1],*bitdo,I.E.bhud/i,bheudh;Gr.

7revOofxaL,learnbyinquiry;Ag.S.beodan,command,Eng.

iorbid.
buidhe,gladto,hadto,0.Ir.buithi,participleofnecessity,from

theverbbi,be:"Isamlidisbuithidochach"Thusought

ittobewitheveryone(9thCent,glosses);G."Isbuidhedo

gachneach."
buidheann,acompany,Ir.buidhean,0.Ir.buden,W.byddint

0.Br.bodin,manus,*bodind;0.H.G.chutti,troop,band,

0.Fries,kedde,Ger.kettetcovey;I.E.go:go,drive;cf.Lit.

gutas,herd.

58ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

buidhinn,gain,win,buinnig,actofgaining,gain;fromtheEng.

win,winning.
buil,effect,use,Ir.boil,*bol,*bel:PreCelt.bhel,bhol;Gr.

ofakos,advantage,w^eAew,help,
buileach,total,entirely;anotherformofbaileach.E.Ir.has

bulid,blooming,
buileastair,abullaceorsloe(M'D.,Sh.);fromM.E.bolaster=

bullacetree,frombolace,nowbullace.
builionil,aloaf,Ir.builin;from0.Fr.*boulange,ballshaped

loaf(?),whichDiezsuggestsasthebasisofFr.boulanger,

baker,
buille,ablow,soIr.,E.Ir.bulle,buille=bollia=buslid=bhudslid;

rootbhud,beat,asinbuail,q.v.Stokesgivesthestemas

*boldja,alliedtoLit.beldziu,belsti,giveablow,baldas,a

beetle;Ger.poltern.
buillsgean,centre,Ir.boilscedn,M.Ir.bolscm,middle,midriff=

bolgdn,frombalg,bolg,belly,
buin,belongto,Ir.beanaim.TheIr.isfromtheverbbean,

touch;theG.,whichhastheideaofrelationshipororigin

(Chabhuintdhomh:heisnotrelatedtome),seemsto

confusebeanandbun,stock.
buinne,acataract,tide,Ir.buinne,aspout,tap,E.Ir.buinne,

wave,rushofwater:G.buinneach,flux,diarrhoea,soIr.;

seeboinne.Alsopuinne(Suth.)(W.Ross;.
buinneag,atwig,sprout,Ir.buinnedn,E.Ir.buinne:*busnid;

rootbus,asinEng.busk,bosky,Ger.busch,etc.
buinnig,winning;seebuidhinn.

tbuinnire,afootman,soIr.;frombonn,soleofthefoot,
buir,buirich,roar,bellow(asabull),Ir.buireadh,roaring;E.Ir.

buraim;*buro,I.E.rootgevo,gH,cry;Gr./3oaw,shout;

Lit.gauju,howl;Skr.gu,cry.StrachangivesasG.stem

bucro,rootbuqasinLat.buccina,horn,Gr./3vkttjs,howling,

Skr.bukkdras,lion'sroar,Norwg.bura,tobellow,Shet.

boorik,cow.
buirdeiseach,afreeman,burgess,Ir.buirgeiseach;fromtheEng.

burgess.
buirleadh,languageoffollyandridicule;fromtheRomance

burla,tojest,etc.Seeburraidh.
buirseach,adelugeofrain;arousingfire(Heb.):
buiseal,abushel,Ir.buiseul;fromEng.bushd.
buit,bashful(Badenoch):"fugy,"asafowl;seeput.
buiteach,athreat(Suth.):aformofboidich?
buitseach,awitch,soIr.;fromEng.witch;"buidseachagus

raitseach."

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.59

bulas,pothook;fromtheSc.booh,apothookintwopartsor
"bools,"M.Eng.I>ool,apailhandle,roundpartofakey,
Ger.biigel,arc:fromTent,beugan,bend,Eng.bow.Dialectic
pulas.

bumailear,abungler;fromSc.bummeler,frombummil,bungle,
Eng.bumble;ofonomatopoeticorigin(Murray).Cf.Ger.
bummler,alounger.

bun,root,stock,bottom,Ir.,E.Ir.bun,W.bon,stem,trunk,
0.W.boned;Armen.bun;N.Pers.bun,Zd.buna(Bugge).
RhyshassuggestedaconnectionwithGer.bilhne,astage,
boards.Ag.S.bune,"stalk,reed,"maybeallied.Itcannot
beconnectedwithbonn,forthestemthereisbhudhno,root
bhudh.Theultimaterootofbun,inanycase,issimplybhu,
bhU,grow,swell,Gr.</>ixo,<\>v\ov,atribe,Eng.boil(n.),Ger.
beule,aswelling,Skr.bhumis,earth;bhu,grow,isidentical
withbhu,be.

bunach,coarsetow,refuseofflax,soIr.;fromhun.

bunait,foundation,Ir.bundit:bun{ait.,q.v.

bungald,ahussy(Dial.);fromSc.bungy,pettish.

bunndaist,abounty,grassum,Ir.bunntaiste;fromEng.poundage.

buimlum,steadiness,bunntam,bunntamas,solidity,shrewdness;
frombun,foundation.Cf.Ir.buntomhas,wellfounded
opinion:bim+tomhas,q.v.

bunnsach,atwig,soIr.,E.Ir.bunsach;seebuinneag.

bunnsach,asuddenrush;frombuinne.

bunntam,solidity;seebunnlum.

buntata,potato,Ir.potdta,fataidhe;fromtheEnglish.Itcon
tainsapieceoffolketymologisinginthesyllablebun,root.

buntuinn,belonging;seebuin.

burach,turningupoftheearth,digging;fromtheSc.bourie,
Eng.burrow.TheSc.bourach,enclosure,cluster,knoll,
heap,etc.,istheEng.bower.

burgaid,apurge,Burgadoir,Purgatory;seepurgaid,Purgadoir.

burlam,aflood,rushofwater(Arg.);seebbrlum.

burmaid,wormwood;fromtheEng.M.Ir.inuormoint.

burn,water;fromSc.burn,water,springwater,Eng.bourne,
burn,astream,Teut.brunnon,aspring,Norsebrunnr,well,
Ger.brunnen.

burrachdadh,raging:

burraidh,ablockhead,Ir.burraidh;fromSc.burrio(1535),Fr.
bowrieau,Lat.burrce,nonsense,Eng.burlesque,etc.

burral,ahowl,lamentation,soIr.;fortheroot,whichishere
short(*burro?),seebiiir.Cf.bururus,however.

burras,acaterpillar:

60ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

burr,asinburr'caid,clumsyperson,burr'ghlas,atorrentof

rage,etc,seemsfromborr,great,excessive,q.v.Burr'sgadh,

aburstofpassion,maybefromEng.borasco,squallofwind,
burt,mockery;fromSc.bourd,M.Eng.bourd,jest,Fr.bourde,

alie.
bururus,infantlisping,warbling,purling;cf.Eng.purrandpurl

(Skeat).Evidentlyonomatopoetic.
bus,amouth,kiss,Ir.,M.Ir.bus,*bussu;PreCelt.guss;Teut.

kuss,Ger.kiissen,kiss,Eng.kiss(Kluge).Bezzenbergercfs.

Lit.buczuti,kiss;othersgivebucsa,alliedtoLat.bucca,

cheek,
busgadh,dressingjfromtheSc.,Eng.busk.
busgaid,abustle(M'D.);formedfromEng.busy;cf.Ag.S.

bysgu,business.
bustail,puffing,blowing(Heb.);frombus.
butadh,apush;seeputadh.
butag,oarpin;seeputag.
buth,ashop;fromtheEng.booth,Norsebub',shop,rootbliu,be.

Seebothan.
buthainnich,thump,thrash,bangjfromtherootbhud,beat

(Eng.beat)1Seenext,
buthuinn,longstrawforthatch;cf.sputhainn,strawnot

threshed,butseedless(Arg.),whichseemsfromspoth.
butrais,butarrais,amess:

c',forco,cia,who,what,q.v.

ca,ca,where,Ircd,how,where,who;abyformtocia,ce,q.v.

cab,agap,indentation,mouth,Ircab,mouth,head,gap,cabach,
babbling,indented.ThewordisborrowedfromtwoEnglish
wordsgapandgab(M.E.gabben,chatter);G.hasalsogab,
directlyfromgaboftheSc.Hencecabach,gaptoothed.

cabag,acheese;Sc.cabback,kebbock.Thelatterform(kebbock)
isprobablyfromaG.ceapag,cepac,obsoleteinG.inthesense
of"acheese,"butstillusedforthethickwoodenwheelof
wheelbarrows;itisfromG.ceap.Sc.cabbackisasideform
ofkebbock,anditseemstohavebeenreborrowedintoG.as
cabag.TherealG.wordfor"acheese"isnowmulachag.

cabaist,cabbage,Ir.gabdisde;fromtheEng.

caball,acable,Ir.cabla;fromEng.cable,which,throughFr.,
comesfromLat.capulum.

cabar,arafter,caber,deer'shorn,Ir.cabar,W.ceibr,rafters,
0.Br.cepriou,beams;fromaMed.Lat.*caprio,arafter,
capro,caprones(whichexistsasagenuine8thcenturyword),

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.61

Fr.chevron,rafter.Caprioisfromcaper,goat;Lat.capreoli,
goatlets,wasusedfortwobeamsmeetingtosupportsome
thing,props,stays.

cabasdar,cabstar,abit,curb,W.cebystr,Br.kabestr;fromLat.
capistrum,halter,"headholder,"fromcaput.

cabhag,hurry:

cabhlach,afleet,Ir.cobhlach,cabhlach,E.Ir.coblach;*coblach;
from*kub,*qug,curve,rootofLat.cymba,boat,Gr.ku/xjSi/,
boat,cup,especiallyLat.cybaea,atransport(*Kv/3ata).

cabhladh,ship'stackle,Ir.cdblduiyhe;cf.cabhlach,andEng.
cable.

cabhruich,sowens,flummery,Ir.cdthbhruith;fromcdthand
bruith,q.v.

cabhsair,causeway,Ir.cabhsa;fromEng.causey,causeway,from
0.Fr.caucie,fromLat.caiciata(via).

cabhsanta,dry,snug;fromSc.cosie,colsie,Eng.cosy,whose
originisunknown.

cabhtair,anissue,draininthebody(M'D.,who,ascautair,
explainsitas"anissueorcauter")jfromEng.cauter.

cabhuil,aconicalbasketforcatchingfish;fromM.Eng.cawell,
afishbasket,stillusedinCornwall,Ag.S.cawl.Cf.Br.
kavell,bownet,0.Br.cauell,basket,cradle;fromLat.
cauuella,avat,etc.(Loth,Ernault).

cablaid,turmoil,hindrance,trouble(Wh.):Seecapraid.

cabon,capon(M'D.),Ir.cabun;fromEng.capon.

cac,excrement,soIr.,E.Ir.cacc,Cor.cauyh,Br.kac'h,*kakko;
Lat.caco;Gr.kolkkt);Skr.cdka,g.caknds.

each,therest,others,Ir.,0.Ir.each,quivis,W.pawb,all,Br.pep,
*qdqe;rootqo,qo,qeofcoandgach,q.v.

cachdan,vexation,Ir.cacht,distress,prisoner,E.Ir.cachtaim,I
capture,W.caeth,slave,confined:*kapto,caught;Lat.
capio,captus;Got.hahan,Eng.have.

cachliadh(Arm.),cachaleith(H.S.D.),agate;co+cliath,"co
hurdlej"seecliath,death,hurdle,wattle.Alsocachliag,
(C.S.).Ithasalsobeenexplainedascadhachliath,"hurdle
pass."Carmichaelgivesalternatecliathnacadha.

cadadh,tartancloth,hosetartan,Manxcadee,cotton;Eng.
caddow(16thcent.),anIrishquiltorcloak;doubtlessfrom
Eng.caddis,worsted,crewelwork,etc.,Fr.cadis,woollen
serge.Seealsocatas.

cadal,sleep,Ir.codladh,0.Ir.cotlud,vb.contnlim:*contul,root
tol;Ch.SI.toliti,appease,placare,Lit.tilas,quiet(Persson).
Theroottol,tel,appearsintlath,gentle,Lat.tolerare,Sc.
thole.

62ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cadan,cotton(Sh.);fromEng.cotton.Properlycodan,whichis

theusualdialectform.Seecotan.ForIr.cadds,cotton,

seecatas.
cadha,apass,narrowpass,entry;cf.Ir.caoi,way,road,E.Ir.

cdi,whichStokes,however,referstotherootciasinLat.

cio,move,Gr.klw,go,aderivationwhiclidoesnotsuitthe

G.phonetically.Cae(Meyer),
cadhag,jackdaw,Ir.cabhog,M.Ir.caog;*ca6g,thecaeror

crierofcaycaw;ofonomatopoeticorigin.Cf.Eng.caw;

alsochough,fromaWestTeut.kdwa.
cadhag,awedge(M'A.forSkye):
cadhan,wildgoose,barnaclegoose,soIr.;cf.Eng.caw,forpossibly

thenameisonomatopoetic.Corm.(B)cadan.
cadhluibh,thecudweed(Sh.givescadluibh,andO'B.),Ir.

cadhluibh;fromM.Eng.code,acud.M'A.omitstheword;

itisclearlyIrish.TheGiscnamhlus,whichisitsLat.

nameofgnaphaliuminfolketymology,
cadhmus,amouldforcastingbullets;fromSc.cawmys,cnlmes

(16thcentury),caums,Eng.calm,came.
cagailt,ahearth,Ir.cagailt,rakingofthefire(O'R.):
cagar,awhisper,Ircogar,M.Ir.coccur;cechras,quicanet,

cairche,sound;rootkar,ofLat.carmen,Gr.Krjpv^,herald

(Stokes).
cagaran,darling:*concar;rootcar,dear,asincaraid.
caglachan,somethinggroundtopulpordust(M'D.):
cagnadh,chewing,Ir.cognadh,M.Ir.cocnum,0.Ir.cocnom:

*concndmh;seecndmh.
caibe,aspade,turfcutter,Ir.coibe,cuibe(O'R.,Fob),W.caib,

0.Cor.cep.
caibeal,achapel(M'D.);fromLat.capella.TheG.reallyis

seipeal,q.v.
caibheis,giggling,laughing:
caibideil,caibdeil,achapter,Ir.caibidil,E.Ir.caiptel,W.

cabidwl;fromLat.capitulum,whence0.Fr.chapitre,Eng.

chapter.
caidir,cherish,soIr.Seethenextword,
caidreabh,fellowship,affection,vicinity,soIr.,M.Ir.caidrebh,

CeltiberianContrebia:*contreb;seeaitreabh,treabh.
caig,conversation,claque(Arg.);teaze(Perth):
caigeann,acouple(ofanimals),coupling:*conceann;from

ceann,q.v.
caigeann,awindingpassthroughrocksandbrushwood,arough

mountainpass(Dial.=cadhaeiginn).
caigeann,scrimmage(M'D.):

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.63

cail,condition,vigour,appetite,anything(cdileigin),Ir.cdil,W.

cael,tohave,get,enjoy,*kapli,*kapelo:rootqap;Lat.

capio,Eng.have.
cailbhe,apartitionwall(ofwattleorclay,etc.);fromcalbh,q.v.
cailc,chalk,Ir.,E.Ir.cailc,W.catch;fromLat.calx,calcis,

whencealsoEng.chalk.
caile,girl,wench,Ir.caile,hussy,E.Ir.cail?;cf.Br.plac'h,girl;

Gr.7raAAa/o},concubine,Lat.pellex.Usuallycaileag,girl,
caileach,husks,Ir.cdithleach:cdithlach;seecath.Fromcdth

comesalsocailean,ahusk.
caileadair,philosopher,stargazer;fromtheEng.calender,a

mendicantdervish,fromPers.qalander.
cailidear,snot,rheum(M'F.,cailidhirinSh.).O'R.improves

thisintocailidear.
cailis,chalice,Ir.cailis;fromLat.caiix,cup,Eng.chalice.
cailise,kails,ninepins(M'D.);fromEng.kails,M.Eng.cailis,

fromkeyle,apeg,Ger.kegel,acane,ninepin.
cailleach,oldwife,nun,soIr.,0.Ir.caillech,"veiledone;"from

caille,veil,whichisfromtheLat.pallium,cloak,Eng.pall.
caillteanach,eunuch,soIr.;fromcaill,lose.Seecall.
caimein,amote,Ir.cdim,astain,blemish;fromcam.
caimeineach,saving(Carm.):

caimhleachadh,caingleachadh,restraining(Carm.).
caimir,afold:

caimleid,camlet;fromtheEng.
Cain,atax,atribute,Ir.cdin,E.Ir.cdin,statute,law:*kapni,

rootqap,asincail1Stokesrefersittotherootkds,order,

Skr.cds(do.),Lat.castigare,castus,Got.hazjan,praise.

HenceSc.cain.
cain,white:fromLat.cdnus.
Cain,scold,revile,Ir.cdin,M.Ir.cdined,scolding:*kagnioor

kaknio(?);Gr.Ka\d(o),laugh,Kayxd^w,Lat.cachinnus;

0.H.G.huohon,mock;Skr.kakhati,laugh,
cainb,hemp,Ir.cndib,M.Br.canap;fromLat.cannabis,alliedto

Eng.hemp.
caineal,cinnamon;fromSc.andobsoleteEng.cannel,canel,

cinnamon,from0.Fr.canelle,fromLat.canella,dim.of

canna,cane,
caingeann,afine(Heb.),Ir.caingean,arule,case,compact,etc.:
Caingis,Pentecost,Ir.cingcis,E.Ir.Cingcigais;fromtheLat.

quinquagesima(dies,50thdayfromthePassover),
cainneag,amote:
caiimeag,ahamper(Skye):

64ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cainnt,speech,Ir.caint;fromcan,say,q.v.Stokesgivesthe

stemas*ka?i($)ti,rootkans,Skr.fasti,praise,fromcams,

speak,Lat.censeo.
caiptean,acaptain,Ir.,M.Ir.caiptin;fromM.Eng.capitain,

from0.Fr.capitaine,Lat.capitaneus,caput,head,
cair,ablaze,seafoam,etc.;seerathercaoir.
cair,thegum,Ir.cdir(cairib,Fol.):
cair,apeatmoss,drypartofthepeatmoss(Dial.);fromEug.

carr,boggyground,Norsekjarr,brushwood.Alsocathar,

q.v.
cairb,thebentridgeofacartsaddle(sratkair).Shawgives

Furtherthemeanings"plank,ship,fusee(cairba'ghunna

(Hob),ehariot";Ir.corb,coach.Thewordistheprimary

stemfromwhichcarbad,chariot,springs;seecarbad.As

"fusee"or"fusil,"i.e.,"musket,"itseemsacurtailedform

ofcairbinn.
cairbh,acarcase,carrion;alsocairb(Dial.);alliedtocorpus?
cairbhist,carriage,tenants'rentservice;fromM.Eng.cartage,

inallsenses(Cf.thecharterterms"Areageandcallage

andalldueservice"),nowcarriage.
cairbinn,acarabine;fromtheEng.
cairbinneach,atoothlessperson(Sh.);fromfcairb,ajaw,gum,

Ir.cairb.Seecai^babove,
cairc,flesh,person:
caird,adelay,respite,Ir.cdirde;cf.0.Ir.cairde,pactum.A

speciallegaluseofawordwhichoriginallymeans"friend
ship."Seenext
cairdeas,friendship,soIr.,0.Ircairdes;fromcaraid,q.v.
caireag",apratinggirl(Sh.,whogivescaireog);probablyfrom

cair,gum:"havingjaw.''
caireal,noise;seecoirioll.
fcairfhiadh,ahartorstag,Ir.cdirrfhiadh:*carbhfhiadh.For

*cnrbh,adeer;cf.W.canv,hart,stag,Cor.caruu,Br.earn;

Latcervus;Gr.Kcpaos,horned,
cairich,mend,Ir.cdirighim,E.Ir.c6rai</an,arrange,fromcdir,<|.v.

Cf.cairem,sutor,Z.775.
cairidh,aweir,Ir.corn,M.Ir.coraidhforcora,g.corad,W.

cored,0.W.and0.Br.coret,fromCeltickorjd,Iset,put.

Seecuir.
cairgein,seamoss,Ir.moss.Eng.carrageen,sonamedfrom

Carragheen(Waterford),inIreland.Thisplacenameisa

dim.ofcarraig,rock,
cairis,corpse,carcase;foundedonM.Eng.cors,Sc.corrssya(pi.

inBlindHarry),nowcorse.
cairmeal,wildliquorice;seecarrameille.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.65

cairnean,aneggshell:

cairt,bark(ofatree),Ir.cairt;Lat.cortex;rootqert,cut,Lit.

kertu,cut,Eng.rend.
cairt,acart,soIr.,W.cart;fromtheEng.cart.
cairt,acard,soIr.;G.isfromSc.carte,whichisdirectfrom

theFr.carte.TheEng.modifiesthelatterformintocard.

TheyareallfromLat.charta,paper.E.Ir.cairtmeant

"parchment."
cairt,cleanse,Ir.cartaighim,E.Ir.cartaim,W.cartku,purge,

karto.Therootideaisa"clearingout;"therootker,kar,

separate,isalliedtoskerinascart,andespeciallyinsgar.
cairteal,aquarter;fromLateLat.quartelhts,Norsekvartill,

Lat.quartus,fourth,
caisbheart,cais'eart,footgear(shoesorboots),Ir.coisbheart;

fromcas+beart,q.v.
caisd,listen,Ir.coisteacht,listening,E.Ir.coistim,0.tr.coitsea,

auscultet:coetsim,coande'isd,listen,q.v.O'R.givesthe

modernIr.coisdeachtwitholong,whichwouldseemthe

mostnaturalresultfromcoeisd.
caise,cheese,Ir.,E.Ir.cdise,W.caws,Br.kaouz;fromLat.

cdseus,whenceEng.cheese.
caiseal,bulwark,castle,Ir.caiseal,E.Ir.calsel,caissle;fromLat.

castellum.
caisean,anythingcurled,etc.;fromcas,curled,q.v.
caisg",check,stop,Ir.coisgim,0.If.cose,castigare,W.cosp,*kon

sqo,*seqo,Isay;Lat.insvque;Gr.cvveirc,say,eVio7re,dixit;

Eng.say,Ger.sagen.
Caisg,Easter,Ir.Cdisg,0.Ir.case,W.pasc;fromLat.pascka,

Eng.paschal.
caisilchrd,abier,bedofblood,M.Ir.cosairchrd,bedofblood

todenoteaviolentdeath,E.Ir.cosair,bed.Theexpression

appearsintheOssianicBallads,andfolketymologyis

responsibleformakingG.casairintocaisil,bulwark.The

wordcosairhasbeenexplainedascoster,rootster,strew,

Lat.stemere,Eng.strew.
caisleach,aford,footpath;fromcaslach,ratherthancass/ighe,

footway.
caislich,stirup,caisleachadh,shakingup,etc.;fromcas,sudden,
caismeachd,analarm(ofbattle),signal,marchtune.Thecor
respondingIr.iscaismirt,alarm,battle,M.Ir.caismert,E.Ir.

cosmert.
caisrig,consecrate;seecoisrig.
caisteal,acastle,M.Ir.castel,E,Ir.castiall;fromLat.castellum,

whenceEng.castle.

66ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

caiteach,arushmatformeasuringcorn,Ir.cditeach,winnowing
sheet;fromcaite,w'innowed,fromcath.

caiteag,asmallbit(H.S.D.),abasketfortrouts(M'A.for
Islands),basket(Sh.),aplacetoholdbarleyin(M'L.).For
thefirstsense,cf.W.cat,apiece,Sc.cat,arag.InIrish
Lat.thetroutwascalledcatus(Giraldus).

caiteas,scrapedlinen,appliedforthestoppageofwounds(M'F.);
fromSc.caddis,lintforwounds,M.Eng.cadas,caddis,cotton
wool,flosssilkforpadding,from0.Fr.cadas.SeeG.catas.
caiteas=sawdust,scrapings(M'D.).

caitein,napofcloth,shag,Ir.caitin,catkinoftheosier,little
cat.TheEng.wordscaddis,catkin,andcottonseemtobe
mixedupasthebasisoftheG.andIr.words.Cf.W.ccden,
shaggyhair.

caith,spend,cast,Ir.,0.Ir.caithim,*katjo,Iconsume,castaway;
Skr.Qatayati,sever,castdown,destroy,patana,causingto
fall,wearingout,rootpat.AUiedtotherootofcath,war.

caithear,just,right,Ir.caithear(Lh.),caithfidh,itbehoves,
M.Ir.caithfid;fromcaith,doubtless(Atk.).

caithream,shoutofjoy,triumph,Ir.caithreim;fromcath,battle,
andre'im,ashout,E.Ir.rim.ThislastwordStrachan
referstotherootreq(*recmor*recsm),Ch.SI.reky,speak,
Lith.rekiu.

caithris,nightwatching:

cal,kail,cabbage,Ir.cdl,W.cawl,Cor.caul,Br.kaol;fromLat.
caulis,astalk,whencelikewiseEng.cole(colewort)andSc.
kail.

cala,caladh,aharbour,Ir.caladh,M.Ir.calad.Itisusualto
correlatethiswithIt.cala,Fr.cale,bay,cove(Diez,Thur
neysen,Windisch),andStokesevensaystheG.andIr.words
areborrowedfromaRomance*calatum,It.calata,cala,Fr.
cale,cove.MoreprobablytheCelticrootisgel,gal,hide,as
inEng.hollow,M.Eng.holh,hollow,cave,alsoEng.hole,
possibly.Therootofcladh,hasalsobeensuggested.

caladair,acalendar,Ir.calaindeir;fromM.Eng.kalendar,
throughFr.fromLat.calendarium,anaccountbook,from
calendar,theCalendsorfirstofthemonth.

calaman,adove;thecommonformoftheliterarycolum.an,q.v.

calanas,spinningofwool;seeminglyfoundedonLat.colus,
distaff.Seecuigeal.

fcalbh,head,pate,bald,soIr.,E.Ir.calb;fromLat.calva,
scalp,calvus,bald.H.S.D.givesasameaning"promontory,"
andinstances"Aoineadha'ChailbhMhuilich,"whichsurely
mustbetheCalfofMull;andCalfisacommonnamefor

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.67

suchsubsidiaryislesfromNorsekdlfr,Eng.calf.Cognate
withLat.calva,calvaria(St.Lee).

calbh,ashoot,osiertwig,Ir.colbha,plantstalk,sceptre,hazel
tree,E.Ir.colba,wand;seecolbh.

calbh,gushingofwaterorblood(H.S.D.)fromabove1

calbhair,greedyoffood(Suth.);fromcail?

calc,drive,ram,caulk,Ir.calcaim;fromLat.calco,calx,theheel,
Eng.inculcate.

caldach,sharp,pointed(Sh.,M'L.):

calg,awn,beardofcorn,bristles,Ir.calg,colg,E.Ir.colg,a
sword,O.W.colginn,aristam,W.cola,beardofcorn,sting,
call/,penis,Br.calc'h(do.),*kalgo,*kolgo;Gr.koAo/3os,
stunted;Got.hoiks,poor;furtherisLat.cellere,hit,culter,
knife;etc.Themainrootisqel,qld,hit,break;see
claidheamh,cladh.TheCaledonianheroCalgacosderives
hisnamehence.Hencecalgdhireach,direct,"sword
straight"toaplace.

call,loss,Ir.caill,E.Ir.coll,W.coll,Cor.colled,jactura,M.Br.
coll,*koldo;Eng.halt,Got.halts,0.H.G.halz,lame;root
qel,asaboveincalg,q.v.

calla,callda,tame,callaidh(M'A.,alsoSh.,whogivesthe
meaning"active"tothelastform);cf.W.call,wise;from
Lat.callidus1

callag,calltag,theblackguillemot,diver;compareEng.quail,
Fr.caille.

callaid,apartition,fence;thesameastallaid,q.v.1

callaid,awig,cap(M'F.);fromEng.calotte,skullcap.

callan,anoise,Ir.calldn,caltdich;fromEng.call1

calltuinn,hazel,Ir.,E.Ir.coll,W.collen,Cor.coilwiden.M.Br.
quelvezenn,*koslo;Lat.corylus;Norsehasl,Eng.hazel.
*coll+tann.

Calluinn,NewYear'sDay,Ir.calldin,Calends,orfirstdayofthe
month,E.Ir.callaind,theCalends,particularlythefirst
Jan.,W.calan,Calends;fromLat.calendar(Eng.Calends).

calm,apillar(M'A.),Ir.columhan,colbh;fromLat.columna,etc.

calm,calma,brave,Ir.,E.Ir.calma.Cf.W.celf,skill,art,
celfydd,skilled,0.Br.celmed,efficax.Therootcalistobe
comparedwiththatinGer.held,hero,*halethor*calet.The
I.E.rootisqel,asinLat.celsus,high,columna,column,Eng.
excel.

caiman,dove;seecalaman.

calmarra,thepike(Wh.)%

calpa,thecalfoftheleg,soIr.,E.Ir.calpda,bonuspes(Corm.),
colpa,tibia;fromtheNorsekdlfi,whencealsoEng.calf.

68ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

calpa,principalsettointerest,Sc.calpa,deathdutypayableto

thelandlord,fromN.kaup,stipulation,pay.
calum,hardnessontheskin(H.S.D.;cathluminM'D.);from

Lat.callum,callus.Itisnottheobsoletecaladh,hard,

E.Ir.calad,W.caled,0.Br.calat,*kaleto,rootkal,hard;

Got./callus,stone,Norsehelle,hallr;Skr.gild,stone.
cam,crooked,oneeyed,Ir.cam,O.Ir.camm,W.cam,Br.kam,

Gaul,cambo,rootkemb,wind;Gr.KOjxfios,aband,bond;Lit.

kinge,doorbar.IthasbeenreferredtotherootofGr.

o/ca/x/36s,crooked(seeceum),andtoLat.camera,whenceEng.

chamber.Hencecamag,club,camas,bay.
camaggharuidh,hollowabovetheeye,Ir.camdgara,"thebend

oftheara,"0.Ir.aire,g.arach,tempus;Gr.iraptid,cheek,
camart,wryneck:

camastrang,quarrelsomedisputation(M'D.):
camhach,talkative;*comagach,rootaginadhan?
camhal,acamel,Ir.camhall,E.Ir.camail,W.camyll\fromLat.

camelus.
camhan,ahollowplain,Ir.cabhdn(CountyCavan);fromthe

Lat.cavus.
camhanaich,breakofday,twilight,Ir.camhaoir;(M'A.sgamh

anaich,"lights"):
camlag,acurl:
+camp,campa,acamp,Ir.,M.Ir.campa;fromtheEng.camp.
vcampar,vexation,grief;fromSc.cummar,Eng.cumber.

can,say,sing,Ir.canaim,0.Ir.canim,W.cana,sing,Br.kana;

Lat.cano,sing;Gr.Kavd^a;Eng.hen.s
cana,porpoise,youngwhale,Ir.cana(O'R),cdna(O'B.),whelp,

pup,M.Ir.cana(do.);fromLat.canis?
canach,mountaindown,cotton,lr.canach,0.Ir.canach,lanugo;

Gr.kvtjkos,thistle,kvk)k6<s,yellow;Skr.kdncanas,golden,a

plant;*qonak.Stokesrefersitto*ca$naka,,Lat.cdnus,

white(*casno~),Ag.S.ham,grey,Eng.hare.
canain,language,Ir.cdnamhuin.Seeminglyalongvowelform

oftherootqan,sing,cry.Seecainnt.
canal,cinnamon;seecaineal.
,canan,acannon;fromtheEng.

canastair,acanister;fromtheEng.
+cangaruich,fret;fromSc.canker,fret,Eng.canker.

cangluinn,trouble,vexation;fromSc.cangle.
4canna,acan,soIr.,E.Ir.cann;fromEng.can.
cannach,pretty,kind;*casno,root,(/as,Lat.cdnus,white(cas

nus),Ag.S.hasu,grey,Eng.hazelOritmaybealliedto

Lat.caudidus,white,Skr.cand,shine.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.69

canntaireachd,articulatemusic,chanting,Ir.cantaireachd,sing
ing,cdntaire,asinger;fromLat.cantor,cano,Ising.

canran,wrangling,grumbling,muttering,Ir.cannrdn;fromcan,
say,sing.

cantal,grief,weeping(Sh.,M'L.),Ir.cantlamh:

caob,aclod,abite,Ir.caob,clod,M.Ir.co?p,E.Ir.caip,cdep,
clot,lump,0.Ir.caebboo,jecur.

caoch,empty(asanut),blind,soIr.,0.Ir.caech,W.cony,foolish,
Cor.cuic,*kaikos;Lat.caecus;Got.haihs,oneeyed.

caoch,caothach,rage;seecuthach.

caochan,astreamlet;fromcaoch,blind%

caochail,change,die,caochladh,achange,Ir.caochluighim,
0.Ir.coimchldimc6emchloim:imchloud,imchload,inversio;
forcoimmclbim;fromcloim,muto:seeclaoidh.Theaspira
tionofthemnofimbisunusual,butthehistoryoftheword
isalsounusual,foritactuallyappearsasclaemchlodinE.Ir.
oftenerthanonce,andIr.claochlddh,claochladh.

caodChaluimchille,StJohn'swort(Sh):

caog,wink;apparentlyfromEng.cock(theeye).Cf.Norse
kaga,keek;Sc.keek;Shet.coag,peepslily.

caogad,fifty,soIr.,0.Ir.coica(t),*qe?iqekont;Lat.quinquaginta;
Gr.TrevTrjKovra.Seecoig.

caoidh,lamentation,Ir.caoi,caoidh,E.Ir.cot,cdi,inf.todim,
ploro,*keio,rootqei,wThichappearsincaoin,q.v.,andin
Eng.whine,ivhuper,etc.Bezzenbergersuggests*keipo,and
comparesLit.szeptis,grimace,Ch.SI.osipnyti,raucescere.
AformerderivationofStokes'isrepeatedbyRhys{Manx.
Pray.2,26):*qeri,rootqesasinLat.questus.

caoillean,atwigorosierforwicker,M.Ir.coelacli;fromcaol,
slender.

caoimheach,abedfellow(Sh.),Ir.caoimhthech,E.Ir.comaithech,
neighbour;seeaitheacli.Alsocaomhach,friend,bedfellow
Thelatterseemsfrom,orinfluencedby,caomh.

caoimhceas,kindness.Thiswordissupposedbyfolketymology
tobefromcc.omh,kind,whereasitisreallyalliedtoO.Ir.
coibnes,aftinitas,*covenestu,rootvenoffine,q.v.

caoin,kind,mild,soIr.,0.Ir.chin,kiud,beautiful[W.cainl]:
*koini,rootkoi,keiofcaomh,qv.Stokesgivesbaseas
kaini,andBezzenbergercomparesGr.kolivvoOou,excel,Ch*
SI.slnati,gleamforth.Ifthebaseideawere"beauty,"Eng.
shinemightbecompared.

caoin,theexteriorsurfaceofcloth,rightside,rind,sward;from
caoin,gentle,polished1


70ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

caoin,weep,soIr.,0.Ir.cdinim,cdinim,0.W.cuinhaunt,
deflebunt,Br.couen,queiniff,*koinio;qein,qin;Eng.whine,
Norsehvina,whirr;Gr.Kivvpos,wailing.Seecaoidh.

caoiaich,^dry,makedry(ashaybythesun),caoin,seasoned;
fromtheadj.caoin1

caoir,ablaze,streamofsparks,acoal,Ir.caor,E.Ir.cder,*kairo,
Eng.hoar(*kairo),Teut.roothaiinNorseheift,atmospheric
clearness,0.H.G.hei,heat,Eng.heat;Skr.ketus,light.
MorenearareGr.Kipis(lamp,Hes.),Skr.kirdna,aray,
kirikd,sparkling.TherootskeiofEng.shine,Got.skeirs,
clear,hasbeenalsosuggested,caoran,apeatember.

caoirean,aplaintivesongjalsocaoiran,moaning(H.S.D.).The
rootwordiscaoidh;possiblyran,roar,formsthelatterpart.

caoirnean,adropofsheeporgoats'dung,adroporglobule;cf.
Ir.caoirin,alittleberry,littlesheep,fromcaor,berry,caora,
sheep.ThetwoideasseemconfusedinGaelic.InArgyle,
gaoirnean;(Arg.aohereisnorthernao).Fromskar,sham%

caol,slender,soIr.,U.Ir.cdil,W.,Cor.cul,0.Br.culed,macies,
*koilo;Lett,kails,naked;Lat.caelebs,single1Gr./cotAos,
hollow%Hencecaol;caolas,afirthorKyle.

caolan,gut,intestine,Ir.caoldn,E.Ir.coeldn,0.W.coilion,exta;
fromcaol.

caomh,tender,kind,soIr.,E.Ir.coem,0.Ir.cdim,W.cu,O.W.
cum,Br.cuff,cun,debonnaire,*koimo,rootkei,lie;Gr.
Kot/xaw,puttorest,Kitfxai,lie;Got.hdims,avillage,Ag.S.
ham.Eng.home.Theideaisrtrestful."

caomhach,bedfellow,friend,Ir.caomthach,friend;seecaoimJieach,
andcf.Ir.caomhaighim,Iprotect,cherish,fromcaomh.

caomhain,spare,save,caomhnadh,sparing,Ir.caomhnaim,
preserve,keep,protect,caomhaighim,caomhnuighim,preserve.
Thelastformseemsthemostoriginal,ifwerefertherootto
0.Ir.anich,protegit,aingim,Iprotect(anak),rootnakand
nank,asinadhlac,thig,etc.Theformnakismoreparticu
larlyalliedtoSkrndcati,reach,Lit.neszu,draw.TheG.
verbmayhavebeen*comanich.Itispossibletoderiveit
fromcaomhwithcaomhuinasaninf.formwhichusurpedthe
placeofthepresentstem.

caonnag,strife,tumult,Ir.caonnog,strife,anestofwildbees:
*kaisno,rootkais,kai,heat,Eng.heat,G.caoir%

caor,berryoftherowan,amountainberry,Ir.caor,0.Ir.cder,
bacca,W.cair,berries,ceirion,berry,*kaird.Itisseemingly
thesamewordascaoir,blaze,theideaarisingprobablyfrom
theredrowanberries.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.71

caora,asheep,Ir.caora,g.caorach,0.Ir.cdera,*cairax,from

*ka{p)erax,alliedtoLat.caper,agoat,Gr.Kairpos,aboar,

Kng.heifer.Cf.W.caertwrch,roebuck,
caorrunn,therowantree,Ir.caorthann,E.Ir.caerthann,W.

cerddin,Br.herzin,*cairotann,fromcaor,berry,and*tann,

tree,Br.tann,oak,Cor.glastannen.Theconnectionwith

0.H.G.tanna,fir,oak,M.H.G.tan,wood,Ger.tanne,fir,

Eng.tan,tanner(Gr.0ap.vo<s,bushX)isdoubtful;itwould

necessitatetheideaofborrowing,orthattheCelticwordwas

dann.OgamMaquiCairatini,McCaorthainn.Rhyssays

W.isborrowedfromGadelic(C.F.L.292).
capa.acap;fromtheEng.cap.

capraid,drunkenriotousness(Dial);fromLat.crdpula.
capull,ahorse,mare(morecommonly),soIr.,E.Ir.capall,Br.

caval;fromLat.caballus,whenceEng.cavalry,etc.,caple(M.

Eng.capil,fromCelt.).Norsekapall,nag,seemsborrowed

fromGaelic.TheW.isceffyl,withremarkablevocalisation.

Capalcoille1
car,aturn,twist,Ir.cor,M.Ir.cor(=cuairt(O'Cl),0.Ir.curu,

gyros,W.corwynt,turbo,M.Br.concent,*kuro;Lat.curvus;

Gr.Kvpros,curved.Seecruinn.
car,friendly,relatedto,Ir.cdra(d),afriend.Seecaraidforthe

usualroot,
caradh,condition,usage;fromchirich,mend,
caraich,move,stir,Ir.corruighim,fromcorrach,unsteady.The

G.confusesthiswithcar,turn,
caraid,afriend,soIr,0.Ir.cara,g.carat,*karant;0.Ir.verb

carim,caraim,Ilove,W.caraf,amo,Br.quaret,amare,Gaul.

carantus,Caractacus,etc.;Lat.cdrus,dear,Eng.charity,etc.;

Got.hors,meretrix.
caraid,apair,couple,Ir.cdraid,E.Ir.cdrait:
carainnean,refuseofthreshedbarley,Ir.carra,bran;see

carthuinnich.
caraist,catechism;fromSc.carritch,acorruptionofcatechise.
caramasg,contest,confusion(Arm.M'F.):fromcarandmeasgl
caramh,beside;seecaruibh.
caramh,caradh,condition,treatment:

carathaist,compulsorylabour,cairiste,cairbhist,whichlastsee.
carbad,achariot,soIr.,0.Ir.carpat,W.cerbyd,0.Br.cerpit,

Gaul.Carpentoracte,Carbantia,*karbanto;Lat.corbis,a

basket;Norsehrip,pannierforpeatsonhorseback.Lat.

carpentum(Eng.carpenter,etc.),seemsborrowedfromGaulish.

Therootideais"wicker,"referringtothebasketcharacter

ofthebody4ofthesechariots.

72ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

carbad,jaw,jawbone,soIr.,W.caryren(carofthemouth),Br.

karvan.Theideais"mouthchariot,"fromtheresemblance

betweenthelowerjawandtheoldwickerchariots.Loth

cfs.W.car/an,beam,rail,row.
carbh,engrave,carve;fromtheEnglish,
carbh,aparticularkindofshiporboat(Islay);fromNorse

karji,agalleyforthefiords,
carbhaidh,carrawayseed;fromtheEnglish,
carbhanach,acarp,Ir.carbhdn,Manx,carroo:fromNorsekarji,

Eng.carp.
carcair,aprison,sewerinacowhouse,Ir.carcar,prison,E.Ir.

carcair(do.);fromLat.career,prison,barrier.cacairin

Glenmoriston.
carcais,acarcase;fromtheEnglish.
card,cardwool,Ir.cardaighim;fromtheEng.card.
cargo,acargo,load;fromtheEnglish.
Carghus,Lent,torment,Ir.Corghas,M.Ir.corgus,W.garaivys;

fromLat.quad)agenma.
carlag,alockofwool(Sh.,H.S.D.),carla,awoolcard(Sh.Coneys

forIr.);*cardla,fromcardofEng.Forphonetics,cf.

birleach.
carlas,excellence,Ir.oarlamh,excellent,*coerlam,erlam,

clever,*airlam1Forlam,seeullamh.
cam,heapofstones,cairn,Ir.corn,E.Ir.,W.earn,Br.karri,

*karno,rootkar,behard;Gr.K/oai/aos,rock(xpa,Kap);

furtherEng.hard,harsh.Seecarraig.
cam,ahorning.TheG.seemsaconfusionbetweencorn,horn,

Eng.horn,puttothehorn,andcam.M'F.givesaircham

for"outlawed,"carneaglais,excommunication,
cam,asledge,cart,peatcart,Ir.carr,dray,waggon,E.Ir,carr,

biga,W.carr,biga,0.Br.carr,vehiculum(gl.),Gaul.

carros,Latinisedintocame*(whence,throughFr.,Eng.

chariot,career,carry,cargo,charge);fromCelt,karm;Lat.

currusyguors),fromqrs;Eng.horse,hurry.
carnaid,red;fromEng.carnation.
carnag,(1)asheterrier,(2)asmallfishfoundinstonyshoresat

ebbtide.Thefirstmeaningfromcam,cairn.Terrierswere

usedforcairnhunting,
carr,thefleshofthesealandwhale(Heb.;Carmichael);founded

onobsoletecam,flesh1
carr,theitch,mange,superficialroughness,Ir.carr;carrach,

scabby,M.Ir.carrach,*karsdko,fromkars,berough,hard;

cf.Eng.harsh(*horsqs),andhard,Lit.krasta,theitch

(*korsta);furtherrootkar,tobehard,rough.Forcarr,

rockyshelf,Ir.carr,rock,seecarraig.


OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.73

carrachan,afrogfish,called"cobler,"Ir.carrachdn,therock

fishcalledcobler(Coneys).Fromcarr,arock.Alsothe

wordmeans"thewildliquoriceroot"carrameille,q.v.
carragh,apillarstone,Ir.carrthadh,cartha,E.Ir.corthe.The

root,despitethevocalicdifficultycausedbytheE.Ir.form,

islikelythesameasincarraig;yetcf.korofcuir,set.
carraid,conflict;fromtherootkarsincarr,"roughwork1"
carraig,rock,soIr.,0.Ir.earric,W.careg,0.VV.carrecc,Br.

karrek,*karsekki(soRhys,R.C.17102,whothinksW.

borrowed),fromrootkars,hard,rough;Norwegian,herren,

hard,stiff,harren,hard,Eng.harsh,hard(rootkar).See

carr.
carrameille,wildliquorice,woodpease,Ir.carramhilis.The

nameisexplainedas"knotsofhoney,"thecarrabeingthe

sameascarr,andmeillethegen.ofmil.HenceSc.carmele,etc.
carran,spurrey,spergulaarvensis,Ir.carrdn,scurvygrass.From

therootkarsofcarr.Carranalsomeansa"shrimp,"andis

ofthesameorigin.
carrancreige,theconger;seecarranabove,
carrasan,hoarseness,wheezing,Ir.carsdn;fromtherootkars,be

rough.Seecarr.Cf.Kopva,catarrh,rotz.
cart,aquart,Ir.cart;fromtheEng.quart,Lat.quartus.
cartan,asmallbrowninsectthateatsintotheflesh,Ir.cartdn,a

smallbrowninsectthateatsintotheflesh,acrab.A

Gadelicisedformofpartan,q.v.
carthannach,affectionate,charitable,Ir.carthannach;fromLat.

caritas.
carthuinnich,dwellapartasinacave,separate(M'F.).Cf.

caruinnean,refuseofthreshedcorn,caruinnich,winnow.

Possiblyfromtherootkar,separate,aformoftherootof

sgar,q.v.
caruibh,ancaruibh,beside,near.Thisisthedat.pi.ofcar.
cas,foot,leg,Ir.cos,0.Ir.coss,W.coes,*koksd;Lat.coxa,hip;

M.H.G.hahse,bendoftheknee;Skr.kdkshas,armpit,
cas,steep,sudden,Ir.casach,anascent,M.Ir.cass,rapid,*kasto;

Eng.haste.
cas,curled,Ir.,M.Ir.cas,curly,casaim,flecto;*qasto,rootqas;

Norsehaddr(hasda),hair,Eng.hair;Lit.kasa,hairplait,

Ch.SI.kosa,hair(Kluge).StokescomparesitwithLat.

quasillum,abasket,rootquas.
cas,gnashtheteeth,lr.cais,hate,W.cds,hate,Br.cas,*cadsto;

Eng.hate,Ger.hass,Got.hatis.Ofthesameultimateorigin

ascas,sudden(Strachan).

7fETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cas,fire(asastone)(Suth.),seeminglyfoundedonEng.tost.
Cf.casadkararke'ilemet(It.).

cas,adifficulty,Ir.eds;fromLat.casus(Eng.case).

casach,fishingtackle(partattachedtohook):fromcat.

casad,casd,acough,Ir.casachdach,W.pels,pesweh,Br.pas,
*qasto;Eng.host,Ag.S.hvdsta,Ger.husten;Lit.kdsiu;
Skr.kdsate,coughs.

casag,acassock,Ir.casdg;fromtheEng.TheE.Ir.wordis
casal,fromLat.casula.

casaid,acomplaint,accusation,Ir.casaoid,0.Ir.cossoit.The
wordisacompound,beginningwithcon,andseeminglyof
thesameoriginasfaosaid,q.v.Stokesthinksthattheword
isborrowedfromtheLat.causatio;thisisnotlikely,howr
ever.Rootsen,W.cynhenn,quarrel.

casair,seadrift,Ir.casair,ashower,E.Ir.casair,hail,W.cesair
(do.),Br.kazercli(do.),*kassri,*kadtri;fromrootcadas
inLat.cado,fall.TheIr.andG.(I)casair,phosphorescence,
seemstobethesameword.

casail,apath,Ir.casdn;fromcas,foot.

casan,arafter,rooftree;fromcas1

casgair,slay,butcher,soIr.,0.Ir.coscar,victory,destruction;
*coscar;seesgar.

casnaid,chipsofwood(Arm.),Ir.casnaidh;*co+snaidh,q.v.

caspanach,parallel(Sh.),Ir.cospanach(O'R.);*cospann;see
spann.

castan,achestnut;fromLat.castanea,throughM.Eng.castane,
chesnut.

castaran,ameasureforbutter(\stone);fromtheEng.castor.

castreaghainn,thestrawonakilnbelowthegrain(Arm.,not
H.S.D.):

cat,acat,soIr.E.Ir.catt,W.cath,Cor.kat,Br.kaz,Gaul
Gattos;Lat.catta,perhapsalsocatulus;Eng.cat,Ger.katze,
etc.Itisawordofdoubtfulorigin;possibly,however,
Celtic,andappliedfirsttothewildcat,thentothetame
EgyptiancatintroducedintheearlycenturiesoftheChris
tianera.

cata,cata,sheepcot,pen;fromEng.cot.

catadh,catachadh,taming,catadh(M'F.);cf.tataich.

catag,potatocellar(Dialectic);seecata.

catas,refuseatcardingofwool,Ir.cadds,cotton,scrapingof
linenrags;fromEng.caddis.Seefurtherundercaiteas.

eath,battle,Ir.,0.Ir.cath,W.cad,0.W.cat,Cor.cas,Gaul.
catu;0.H.G.hadu,right,Ag.S.heado,Ger.hader,con
tention;Skr.catru,enemy;Gr.kotos,wrath.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.75

cath,chaff,husksofcorn,lr.,O.Ir.caith,W.coden,abag,husk,

pod(1),*kuti,rootkdt,/cat,asincaith,spend,cast,
cathachadh,provoking,accusing,fighting,Ir.cathaighim;from

cath,fight,
cathadh,snowdrift,Ir.cdthadh,snowdrift,seadrift;cf.M.Jr.

ciia,gen.ciiadh,W.cawod,0.Cor.cowes,nimbus,Br.Jcaouad,

*kavat(Stokes);alliedtoEng.shower.Itispossibleto

refertheG.wordtotherootofcaith,cath.
cathair,acity,Ir.,E.Ir.cathair,0.Ir.ciihir(*kastrex),W.

caer,Br.kaer,*kastro;Lat.castrmn,fort(Stokes).The

rootseemstobecat,cats;thephoneticsarethesameasin

piutharforthefinalpartoftheword,
cathair,achair,Ir.cathaoir,E.Ir.cathair,W.cadair,Br.kador;

fromLat.cathedra,whencealso,throughFr.,Eng.chair.
cathan,awildgoosewithblackbill(Heb.);seecadhan.
cathanaodaich,aweb(M'D.):
cathar,mossyground;seecair.
cathlunn,acorn(Sh.;notinH.S.D,);formedonLat.callum.

Seecalum.
catluibh,cudwort;seecadhluibh.
ce,ceath,cream,M.Ir.ceo,milk;cf.Br.koavenn,whichsuggests

aformkeivo(cf.gtefromgleivo),rootkei,skei,shade,cover,

asinGr.oKia,shadow,Ger.schemen(do.)1TheBr.koavenn

hasbeenreferredto*co+hufen,W.hufen,cream..Cf.ceo,

mist,"covering."
c6,theearth,usedonlyinthephraseancruinnece,the(round)

earth,Ir.,E.Ir.ce,forbitheke,onthisearth.Theceis

supposedtobefor"this,"fromthepronominalrootkei,Gr.

kcivos,he,Lat.ce,cis,Eng.he.Therootkei,go,move(Lat.

cio,Gr.Ktw),hasalsobeensuggested,
ce,give%

ce,spouse(Carm.),Ir.ce:
eaba,ceibe,theironpartofaspadeorotherdelvinginstrument;

seecaibe.
ceabhar,afinebreeze(Heb.):
ceabhar(Carm.),sky,(Prov.)ci'ar:
ceach,aninterjectionofdislike;seethenextword,
ceacharra,dirty,mean,obstreperous(Carm.),Ir.ceachair,dirt,

M.Ir.cecharda,*kekari;fromkek,theeformoftheroot

kakseenincac,q.v.
ceachladh,digging,Ir.ceachlaim,0.Ir.rocechladatar,suffoderunt,

*ceclad,areduplicatedorperfectformoftherootcladofG.

cladh,q.v.
cead,permission,soIr.,0.Ir.cet,*cesdo;Lat.cedo,Iyield(for

cesdo).

76ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ceadan,bunchofwool,Ir.ceadach,cloth,coarsecloth,W.cadach,
clout.RhysregardsW.asborrowedfromIr.Forall,cf.
cadadh,caiteas.

ceadha,thepartoftheploughonwhichtheshareisfixed.Also
ceidhe.BothwordsareusedforEng.quay.

ceafan,afrivolousperson(Dialectic):

ceaird,atrade,E.Ir.cerd;seeceard.

ceal,stupor,forgetfulness,Ir.ceal,forgetfulness;fromtheroot
qelofceil,conceal.Cf.E.Ir.eel,death,ceal,end(Carm).

fceal,same,similarhue(Carm.):

cealaich,thefireplaceofakiln:

cealaich,eat(Kirk),Ir.cealaim;rootqelasinLat.colo?

cealaich,conceal:

cealair,avirago(Badenoch):

cealg,guile,treachery,soIr.,E.Ir.celg,*kelgd;Arm.ke\chc,
hypocrisy.Thefurtherrootisgelofceil.

ceall,g.cille,achurch,soIr.,E.Ir.cell;fromLat.cella,acell,
ahermit'scellespecially,whencetheGadelicuse.Hence
cealloir,superiorofacell,andthenameMackellar."A
retiredspot"(Hend.).

cealtar,broadcloth,Ir.cealtair,clothes,E.Ir.celtar,celt,raiment;
fromqel,cover,asinceil,q.v.

ceana,whither,forc'iona,c'ionadh?Cf.Ir.cdhionad.See
ionadh.

ceanalta,mild,kind,soIr.;from*cen,asincion,jcean,love,
desire.Seecion.

ceangal,atie,binding,soIr.,E.Ir.,cengal,W.cengl;fromLat.
cingulum,vb.cingo,Ibind,Eng,cincture.

ceann,head,soIr.,0.Ir.cend,cenn,W.,Bi.penn,Gaul,Fenno,
*qenno.Perhapsforqenno,rootqen(labialised),begin,
Ch.SI.koni,beginning,asinceud,first.Thedifficultyis
thattheotherlabialisinglanguagesandtheBrittonicbranch
otherwiseshownotraceoflabialisationforqen.Windisch,
followedbyBrugmann,suggestedastemkvindo,I.E.root
kvi,Skr.cvi,swell,Gr.UivSos,PindusMount;buttheroot
vowelisnoti,evengrantingthepossiblelabialisationofkn\
whichdoesnotreallytakeplaceinGreek.Henceceannag,
abottleofhay,ceannaich,buy(="heading"orreckoning
bythehead;cf.Dial,ceann,sumup),ceannaidh,head
wind(Hend.),ceannas,vaunting(Hend.).

ceannach,apurchasing,soIr.,E.Ir.cennaigim,1buy,O.Ir.
cennige,lixa,caingen,negotium.

ceannairc,rebellion,turbulence,soIr.;*ceann+arc;forroot
arc,seeadharc.Formeaningcf.Eng.headatvou^,W.
^eraffest(do.).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.77

ceannard,commander,chief,Ir.ceanndrd,arrogant,commanding,
"highheaded,"fromceannandard;M.kinnoort,Ir.ceann
phort,commander,authority,headpostorcity:ceann+port.

ceannrach,ceannraig(Cam.),abridleorhorse'sheadgear,'Ir.
ceannrach;fromceann+rack.Forrack(rootrig),see
cuibhreach,arachas.

ceannsaich,subdue,tame,Ir.ceannsaiyhim;fromceannas,superi
ority,"headness,"fromceannandtheabst.terminationas.
Similarlyceannsal,rule.

ceap,ablock,shoemaker'slast,soIr.,E.Ir.cepp,W.cyff,Br.kef;
fromLat.cippus.

ceap,catch,stop.ThiswordseemsborrowedfromtheSc.kep,of
likemeaning,abyeformofEng.keep.TheIr.ceap,bound,
bind,stop(I),seemsfromceapabove.

fceapach,atillageplot,Ir.ceapach.ThisStokesreferstoa
Celtickeppo,garden,rootkep,kap,Lat.campus,Gr.K?J7ros,
garden,Ger.hube,pieceofland.Satisfactorythoughthe
meaningbe,thederivationisdoubtfulasinvolvingthepre
servationofp,eventhoughflankedbyasecondp(orno,
i.e.,kepnb,whichisstillmoredoubtful).Perhapsfrom
ceap,ablock,inthesenseofa"holding."Hencethecommon
placenameKeppoch.

ceapag,averse,animpromptuverse,carelesslysungverse,E.Ir.
cepoc,achorussong:a.rarewordinIr.,andsaidtobeSc.
GaelicforIr.aidbsi,greatchorus.Fromceap,catch1cf.
Eng.catch,achorusverse.Zimmersuggeststhatitstands
forCePoc,"kisshere,"(!)sungbythegirlsasarefrainat
gatherings!

ceapaire,breadcoveredwithbutter,etc.,Ir.ceapaire;fromceap,
ablock.Cf.ceapag,awheelbarrowwheel.

cearb,piece,articleofclothing,soIr.,E.Ir.cerj),cutting,cerbaim;
*krbhtskrbh;Gr.Kapfos,twig,Eng.shfub;*(s)kei%cut,
divide.Cf.W.carp,rag,cerpyn.Bezzenbergercfs.M.H.G.
herb,asper.St.nowskerb,Eng.sharp.

cearc,ahen,soIr.,M.Ir.cere,*cercd;fromI.E.qerqo,tosound,
hence"anoisemakingbird";Gr.KepKos,acock,Kpe,a
fowl;Lat.querquedida,ateal,0.Prus.kerko,adiver;Skr.
krkavdkus,acock.

cearcall,ahoop,soIr.;fromL.Lat.circtdus,circidlus,ahoop,
fromcirculus,acircle.

ceard,acraftsman,Ir.ceard,E.Ir.cerd,W.cerdd,art;Lat.cerdo,
craftsman;Gr.KepSos,gain.

ceardach,asmithy,Ir.ceardcha,0.Ir.cerddchae;fromcerd+cae,
thelatterwordcaemeaningahouseinIr.,aCeltickaion,
alliedtoEng.home.

7SETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cearddubhan,scarabseus,dungbeetle,hornet(H.S.D.forfcrm),
ceardaman(M'A.);seecearnabhan.cearrdubhan(Carm.),
"wrongsidedlittleblackone."

cearmanta,tidy(Arm.);cearmanaich,maketidy(Perth.):

ceam,acorner,quarter,Ir.cearn,cearua,angle,corner,E.Ir.cern;
evidentlyaneformofthestemfoundincorn,horn,q.v.

cearnabhan,ahornet,Ir.cearnabhan;from*cemo.Cf.Eng.
hornet(*krsen),Lat.crabro.

cearr,wrong,left(hand),E.Ir.cerr,*kerso;Lat.cerritas,crazed;
Gr.eyK(ipoios,slantwise;Lit.skersas,crooked.

cearrach,agamester,Ir.cearrbhach,agamester,dexterous
gambler.Cf.G.cearrbhag,cearrag,thelefthand,theuse
ofwhichwasconsideredinplaysofchanceas"sinister."

ceart,right,soIr.,E.Ir.cert;Lat.certus,certain,sure,cerno,
discern;Gr.Kplvio,judge,KpLn'js,ajudge,Eug.critic.

ceasad,acomplaint(M'F.),Ir.ceasacht,grumbling,M.Ir.
cexnaighim,complain,ces,sorrow,*qesto;Lat.questus,
queror,Icomplain,querela,Eng.quarrel.

fceasg,floss(Carm.),animalwithlongflossyhairorwool,Ir.
ceaslach,longhairorwoolonfleecelegs.SeeCeus.

ceasnaich,examine,catechise,Ir.ceasnuighim;fromLat.qumstio,
quaistionis,Eng.question.Stokes(Bk.ofLis.)liassuggested
thattheLat.andGadelicarecognate;thoughpossible(qais,
qismaybecomebyumlautcesinG.),itisimprobablefrom
thestemforminnpersistingintheG.verb.

ceathach,mist;thisisreallytheoldstemofceo,mist,E.Ir.
ciach,q.v.Ir.ceathach,showery,isfromcith,ashower.

ceathairne,yeomanry,theportionofapopulationfitforwarfare;
seeceatharn.

ceatharn,atroop,soIr.,E.Ir.ceithem,*keternd;Lat.caterva,
troop,catena,achain;0.SI.ceta,company(Stokes).It
hasalsobeenregardedasborrowedfromLat.quaternio,
whichintheVulg.meansa"bodyoffoursoldiers,"quater
nion.HenceEng.caterau.kern.

ceidhe,quay,coulterplace,Ir.ceigh,quay.Seeceadha.

ceig,amassofshag,clot,ceigein,atuft,afatman.From
Scandinaviankagge,roundmuss,keg,corpulentmanor
animal,whenceEng.keg;Norse,kaggi,cask,Norwegian,
kagge,roundmass.

ceig,akick;fromtheEng.

ceil,conceal,Ir.,ceilim,0.Ir.celim,\\.celu,I.E.qel;Lat.celo,
Eng.conceal\Ag.S.helan,hide,Eng.Hell;Gr./caAiVrw,
hide:Skr.kdla,darkness.

ceile,spouse,fellow,soIr.,0.Ir.cele,socius,W.cilydd(ygilydd
=acheileofG.=eguilleofBr.),*keiljo,"wayfarer,"from

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.79

kei,go(Lat.cio,move,Gf.kicd,go,Kevt>,move,kinetics).
Theideaisthesameasinlr.srlig,wife,fromset,way.
StrachanthinksthatG,andW.demandastemceglio;and
DvStokesthinksthat,ifcele,servus,isdifferentfromcele,
fellow,itmustcomefromkaklio(betterkeklio),andbe
alliedtoLat.cacula,aservant.Henceceilidh,agossiping
visitormeeting.

ceileach,martial(H.S.D.),lr.ceallach,war,M.Ir.cellach,war;
Teut.hildi,war,Lat.percellere,hit.

ceileir,chirpingofbirds,Ir.ceileabhar,ceileabhrach,musical,
M.Ir.ceilebradheoin,singingofbirds,E.Ir.celebrad,a
celebratingorobservance,awelcomeofjoy;fromLat.
celebratio.

ceillidh,wise,sober,Ir.ceillidhe;fromciall.

ceilp,kelp;fromEng.

cein,remote;reallytheobliqueformofcian,q.v.

ceir,wax,Ir.,M.Ir.ceir,W.cwyr,0.W.kuyr,Cor.coir,Br.ccar;
fromLat.cera,wax.

ceir,ceire,thebuttock;seepeire.

ceireanaich,fondle,makemuchof(Perth);cf.ceirein,plaster.

ceirein,aplaster,a"clout,"Ir.,M.Ir.,ceirin,aplaster;from
ceir,wax.Eng.cerate.

ceirtle,aclew,ballofyarn,Ir.ceirsle(soG.too),ceirtlin,0.Ir.
certle,glomus,*kertillid;fromI.E.qert,wind,bend;Skr.
kart,spin;Lat.cartilago,Eng.cartilage;Gr.KapTaXos,
basket;Eng.hurdle.

C^is,acase,hamper;fromEng.case.Ir.ceis,basket,M.Ir.ceiss,
isadifferentword,possiblyalliedto,ifnotborrowedfrom,
Lat.cista(Stokes).FromIr.ceiscomesceischrann,poly
pody,giveninH.S.D.fromO'R.Cf.0.Ir.cass,basket,
Lat.quasillus.

ceisd,aquestion,soIr.,E.Ir.ceist;fromLat.quoestio.Hence
ceisdein,asweetheart,foundedon"ceisdmochridhe"
darling(i.e.,question,anxiety)ofmyheart.

ceiseach,large,corpulentwoman;seecebs.

Ceitein,May,0.Ir.cetam(g.cetaman),cetsoman(cetshaman)in
Cor.Gl.,whereitisexplainedascetsamsin,thefirstweather
motionofsamorsummer.Thewordmeansthe"firstof
summer"cet+sam,thesamofsamhradh,q.v.Thetermi
nationispossiblyinfluencedbyothertimewords.See
Samhainn.

ceithir,four,Ir.ceathair(m),ceithre(adj.),0.Ir.cethir,W.
pedwar,Cor.peswar,Br.pevar,Gaul,petor,*qetveres,I.E.
qetvdr;Lat.quatuor;Gr.rcTTa/oes;Got.fidvor,Eng.four;
Lit.keturi:Skr.catvdras.

80ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ceo,mist,Ir.ceo,E.Ir.ceo,g.ciach,*cevox,g.*cevocos,I.E.
sqevo,Lat.obscurus,Norseskp,cloud,Eng,sky.Theidea
is"covering."

cedb,adarknook,corner:

ceoban,smalldrizzle;ced+boinneorbainne,"mistdrop."The
Ir.iscebbhrdn,forceo+braon.ThislastisG.ciuran,q.v.
Henceceopach(forceobnach?)Alsocebpan.Ir.ciabkr&n,
drizzle,fog,M.Ir.ciabor,mist.

ceol,music,Ir.,E.Ir.ceol,g.ciiiil,*kipolo,aGadeliciseclformof
*pipolo;onomatopoeticrootpip,Lat.ptpilo,chirp,pipilum,
ontcry,pipo,chirp,Ag.S.pipe,Eng.pipe(henceW.pib,G.
piob,etc).StokesandRhyshavegivenaCelticqeqlofor
stem,alliedtoW.pib,pipe.Forphonetics,seefebil.Stokes
nowsuggestsalliancewithGer.heulen,hoot,howl,0.H.G.
hiuwilon.

ceds,thehip,podex;seeceus,poples.Hencecedsach,broad
skirted,bulky,clumsy.

ceosan,burrorlightdownoffeathers;seeceus,wooloflegs,etc.

ceud,first,Ir.cead,0.Ir.ce't,W.cynt,formerly,cyutaf,first,Br.
kent,kenta(do.),Gaul.Cintu,*kentu;alliedtoW.cann,
withGr.Kara,down,against(=knta),Lat.contra.Further
alliedispossibly(andthisistheusualderivation)I.E.qen,
begin,Lat.recms,Eng.recent;Gr.kcuvos(=Kavios),new;
Skr.hand,young;Ch.SI.koni,beginning.Someagainhave
comparedTent,hindasinEng.hindmost.

ceud,ahundred,soIr.,0.Ir.ce't,W.cant,Cor.cans,Br.kant,
*knton;Lat.centum;Gr.ckoltov(=seknton);Got.hund,
Eng.hundred;Lit.szimtas;Skr.gatdm.

ceudfadh,sense,Ir.ceadfadh,0.Ir.cetbaid,W.canfod,toperceive,
*cantbuti,"withbeing,"fromceud,with,first,andba,be.

ceudna,thesame,soIr.,0.Ir.cetna,*centinios;fromceud,first.

ceum,astep,Ir.ceim,0.Ir.ceimm,W.,Cor.cam,0.W.cemmein,
gradibus,Br.kam,*higmen,verb*kengo,Igo,Ir.cingim,
Gaul.Cingetorix,"kingofmarchingmen"ofwarriors:
I.E.kheng,limp;Ger.hinken,limp;Skr.hhanj,limp

ceus,ham,poples:*cencso;Lit.kenkle,hough,bendoftheknee,
kinka,kneejoint;Ag.S.hoh(=Ax),Eng.hough(Strachan
forLit.).Thegen.isceois,whenceceds,etc.

ceus,thecoarsepartofthewoolonsheep'slegs(Heb.),M.Ir.
ceslach;fromceus,ham.

ceus,crucify,Ir.ceasaini,ceusaim,0.Ir.cessaim,suffer,*kerds6,
suffer:I.E.qentho;Gr.irkvdos,7rd6o<s,suffering,Eng.pathos;
Lit.kenczu,suffering.

eeutach,becoming:Beeciatach.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.81

cha,cha'n,not,Jr.nocha,<)Ir.niconaspirating.The

particlenoornuisnopartofthisnegative:onlyniandcon,

"nonquod,"conbeingthesameasguyn.Aspiratingpower

ofitisasyetunexplained.UlsterIr.cha.
Chaidh,went,ivit,Ir.dochuaidh,0.Ir.dochdid,hewent,*coudj

Skr.codati,makehaste,codavail,drive,coda,agoad;Eng.

shoot.Seedeach.
chaoidh,forever,Ir.choidhche,E.Ir.chaidche,coidchi;forco

aidche,guoidhche,"tillnight."
cheana,already,Ir.cheana,E.Ir.chena,insooth,quidem,jam,

olchena,archena,0.Ir.cene,olchene;fromcene,"without

this,"rootingun,without,cion,want,
chi,willsee,Ir.chidhim,chim,0.Ir.atchi,videt,*adcesio,

*kesid;Skr.caksh,see,for*cakas;Lat.canus(*casno1),

grey;Ag.S.ham,grey,Eng.hare.Seechunnaic,faic.The

aspirationofchiisduetothelostadinitial,whichis

confusedwiththeverbalparticledo,a.
cho,CO,as,so,Ir.comh,W.cyn;fromcom,with.Seecomh.

Gaelic"Chodubhrifeannaig"=Welsh"Cynddueda'rfran."
chon,to;dialecticformofgu.Thenbelongstothearticle.

Alsothun;q.v.Comparechugadandthugadtochonand

thuninphonetics,
chuala,heard,Ir.dochuala,0.Ir.rochtiala,W.cigleu,*kuklova;

rootkleuasincluinn,q.v.
chugad,towardsthee,soIr.,0.Ir.chucut,*cucut,wherethe

prep,cuorgu,to,isreduplicated.Seegu.Thetorutis

fortu,q.v.Sowithchuga,chuige,etc.
chum,chum,achum,to,for,inorderto,Ir.chum,dochum,0.Ir.

dochumn,dochomn;anidiomaticuseofcom,side1Cf.

Eng.side,beside.
chuil,to,until;seechon.
chunnaic,saw,Ir.choncadar,theysaw,0.Ir.conaca,vidi;from

con+faic;forcon,seecomh,andseefaic.Theoldpastwas

chunnairc,stillusedinIr.aschonnairc,fromcon+dearc,q.v.
cia,who,what,Ir.cia,0.Ir.cia,W.pwy,Cor.pyu,Br.piu,*qei;

Lat.qui(OldLat.quei).Seefurtherunderco.
ciabh,alockofhair,soIr.,E.Ir.ciab:*kesabu,kesofcas?
Ciadaoin,Diciadaoin,Wednesday,Ir.Ceadaoin,0.Ir.cetdin,

firstfast,"DayoftheFirstFast."Thefirstweeklyfast

wasthelatterhalfofWednesday,thenextwasFriday

Dihaome.Thursdayistheday"Betweentwofasts"

Diardaoin,q.v.SeefurtherunderDi~.
ciagach,slyhumoured(Dialectic):
cial,sideorbrimofavessel;secciohhull,

82ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ciall,sense,understanding,Ir.,0.Ir.ciall,W.pwyll,Cor.pull,
Br.poell,*qeisld:I.E.qei,observe,see,shine;Or.ttlvvtos,
wise;Skr.crtati,perceive,cittam,thought,cinoti,discover;
furtherGer.heiter,clear.

ciamhair,sad(Sh,,Arm.),Ir.ciamhair,ciamliaire(O'Cl.,O'Br.):

cian,remote,soIr.,0.Ir.cian,*keino;fromthepronominal
rootkei,there,Gr.klvos,ille,Lat.cis,citra,Eng.lie.Others
havereferredittorootqei,qi,Skr.ciras,long,Got.hveila,
time,Eng.while.Hencecianail,sad,lonesome,Ir.cia
amhuil.

cianog,asmallmeasureofarableland(Heb.:H.S.D.);seecionag.

ciar,dusky,Ir.,E.Ir.ciar,*keiros,"shadowy";rootsqhei,Gr.
aKip6<s,shady,rata,shadow,Skr.chdya,shadow,Ag.S.
scimo(do.).IthasbeencomparedtoEng.hoar,Norsehdrr,
butthevowelsdonotsuit.

cias,g.ceois,border,skirt,fringe:

ciatach,ciatfach,elegant,becoming,Ir.ce'arifadhach,discreet,
belongingtothesenses;fromceudfadh,q.v.

cibein,rump(ofabird,M'D.),Ir.cibin,therump(Con.).Cf.Ir.
yiob,atail.

cibeir,ashepherd;fromSc,Eng.keeper.

cibhearg,arag,alittleraggedwoman(Sh.):

cidhis,amask,vizard(M'D.),luchdcidhis,mas(jueraders;from
Sc.gyis,amask,gysars,masqueraders,M.Eng.gisen,to
dress,Eng.gid&e,disguise;allfrom0.Fr.guise,modus,
desguiser,disguise.TheSc.wasdirectlyborrowedinthe
Stuartperiod.

cigil,tickle(Sh.);seeciogail.

cileag,adiminutive,weaklyperson(Arg.):

cilean,alargecodfish;fromNorsekeila,gaduslongusor"long
cod."Alsocilig(Sutherland).

cill,achurch;locativecaseofceall,q.v.,usedforthemostpart
inplacenames.

cillein,aconcealedheap,repository,Ir.cillin,apurseorstoreof
hoardedcash(O'B),dim.ofceall,cell,church,q.v.

cineal,offspring,clan,Ir.cineul,0.Ir.cenel,W.cenedl,0.\\'.
cenetl,Cor.kinethel,*kenetlon:I.E.qen,begin;Gr.kcuvos,
new(kolvjos);Lat.vecens,Eng.recent;Ch.SI.koni,begin
ning;Skr.kand,young.

cinn,grow,increase,springfrom,Ir.,E.Ir.cinim,springfrom,
descendof;rootqenofcineal,q.v.Alsocinnich,grow,
increase.

cinneadh,cinne,tribe,clan,Ir.cineadh,cine,E.Ir.ciniud
(g.cineda);fromrootqenincineal,q.v.Hencecinnich,
gentiles,Ir.cineadhach,agentile.


OPTHEGAELICLANGtTAGB.83

cinneag,aspindle(Sutherland):

cinnseal,need,desire(Ann.;,contact,origin(M'A.).Inthefirst
sense,thewordisfromcion,want;inthesecond,fromcinii.
inthesenseof"contact,"asexemplifiedbyM'A.,theSc.
kinches,correspondence,etc.("tokepkincheswi'one"),has
toberemembered,awordapparentlyfromkin.

cinnte,certain,soIr.,0.lr.cinnim,definio,ecintechinhnitus;
fromceann,head,q.v.

Ciob,bite,wound(Bib.Gl.);seecaob.cibidk(Hend.).

Ciob,coarsemountaingrass,tow,lr.ciob,coarsemountaingrass,
scirpuscsespitosus.Clubrush,flakypeat(Carm.).

ciobhull,thejaw(M'D,whowrites"naciobhuill"),ciobhal
(Sh.),moreproperlygiall(Arm.),q.v.H.S.D.givesthe
pi.ascibhlean.

cioch,awoman'sbreast,lr.clock,E.lr.etch;cf.W.cig,flesh,
M.Br.qttic(do.),*k$kd(kekd1).Bez.suggests(withquery)
connectionwithBulg.cica,teat,Polisheye.

ClOCras,hunger,longing,Ir.ciocras,hunger,greed,ravenousness:

ciod,what,Ir.cad,0.Ir.cate,cote,lit."quidest/'co+ta,q.v.
Ir.caide(Northgoide),0.Ir.cate,whatisit,0.Ir.ite,itis.

ciogail,tickle,Ir.giglim;seediogail.IntheHeb.ciogailt,
tickling,alsosignifiesterror,acrisisoftimorousdetermina
tion(H.S.D.).

ciom,acomb,woolcard,Ir.ciomam,Icomb(O'B.,Sh.):from
M.Eng.kemb,tocomb.H.S.D.hasnottheword.

ciomach,aprisoner,Ir.cimidh,0.Ir.cimbid,*kinbiti(Stokes),
rootkemb,wind;Lat.cingo,surround;Gr.ko/x/?os,band,
Norwegianhempa(do.).See.ceangal,fromthesameI.E.
rootqeng.

ciombal,bell,cymbal,soIr.;fromLat.cymbalum,Eng.cymbal.

ciomboll,abundleofhayorstraw(Heb.);fromNorsekimbill,a
bundle,kimbla,totruss,Sc.kemple,fortybottlesofhayor
straw,kimple,apiece(Banffshire).

cion,want;fromtherootkenofgun,without,
cion,love,esteem,Ir.cion,cean,M.Ir.cen,0.Ir.fochen,welcome;
rootqino,qi,I.E.qei,notice,asinciall.Further,Gr.rip},
honour,too,honour,rivoi,paypenalty.Thesenseofhonour
andpunishmentiscombinedinthesameword.Seeciont.
cionag,asmallportionofland,onefourthofacleitigorone
eighthofa"farthing"land(Heb.),Ir.ciondg,asmallcoin,a
kernel;cf.W.ceiniog,apenny.
cionar,music(Arm.;Sh.hascionthar;H.S.D.hascion'thar

fromA.M'D.,querulousmusic):
cionn,oscionn,etc.;thisistheolddat.ofceann,head(*(/mw).

84ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cionnarra,identical,idem;Ir.cionda(dial.Gaeliccionda),for

ceudna,bymetathesisofthen.TheG.arraisanadjectival

formofthearinaonar,etc.
cionnas,how,Ir<cionnus,0.Ir.cludas=co\iudas;seecoand

ionnas.
ciont,guilt,Ir.cionnta,0.Ir.cintach,injustice,cm,guilt

(*cinat),dat.pi.cintaib;alsoG.fcion;I.E.qin,Gr.

Ttw/xai,punish,Troivrj,punishment,Lat.poena,punishment,

Eng.pain.Seecion.
ciora,apetlamborsheep,cireag,apettedsheep,ciridh,the

calltoasheeptocometoone:allfromashorterformof

therootka'erorkair(i.e.,kir)ofcaora,q.v.
cioralta,cheerful,ciorbail,snug;fromEng.cheerful.Cf.itorail.
ciorram,hurt,damage,wounding,Ir.ciorrbhadh,E.Ir.eirriud,

cirud,*cirthu,rootleer,destroy,Lat.caries,decay,Gr.Ki)p,

death,Skr.crndti,smash,rocirrad,wasmutilated,
ciosaich,subdue:"maketributaryffromcis,tribute,tax.
ciosan,abreadbasket,cornskep(M'D.),Ir.cisean,cis,basket,

M.Ir.ceiss,possiblyalliedto(ifnotborrowedfrom)Lat.cista

(Stokes).Seeceis.Sc.cassie.
ciotach,lefthanded,sinister,soIr.,W.clnvith,*sqittu(Stokes),

*sqittu,andsqitisanextensionofsqi,sqaiinGr.okollos,

Lat.scaevas(*sqaivo),left.
ciotag,alittleplaid,shawl,0.Ir.cetaig,ace.case(Bk.ofArmagh);
Cir,acomb,Ir.dor,Ir.cir,*kensrd;cf.Gr.ktls,g.ktcvos,

(fromskens),Ch.SI.ceslu,Lit.karf/ti,scratch(Stokes,

Strachan),rootqes,shave,scratch;cf.Gr.to>,vpov.Zimmer

refersittotherootgers,tofurrow,Skr.kartha,ascratch,

etc.;butqerswouldgiveaG.cerr.ACelticcerawouldbe

theidealform,suggestingLat.cera,wax,"honeycomb."
Cir,cud,Ir.,E.Ir.cir,Manxkeeil,W.cil,Br.daskiriat,ruminer.

Perhapsidenticalwiththeabove(Windisch).cir,ciridh,

sheep(Carm.).
cis,tribute,tax,Ir.cios,0.Ir.cis;fromLat.census,whenceEng.

census.
cisd,cist,achest,Ir.cisde,M.Ir.ciste,W.cist;fromLat.cista,

Ir.cis,pieceofbasketworkofosiers.Cf.0.Ir.cass,bask<t,

Lat.quasillus.
cisean,hamper(Islay);fromceis.
ciseart,alighttweed(N.Lochaber).
cistin,akitchen;fromtheEng.
cith,ashower,Ir.cith,a'oth,g.ceatha,E.Ir.cith,0.Ir.cithech,

flebilium;*citu:

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.85

cith,rage,ardour;*ketu.cf.cutkach:ancith,attuned,where

cith.seemsfromEng.key,mood.
Citheau,acomplaining;seecaoin.
cithrischaithris,confusion(M'L.):"hurlyburly;"anonomato

poeticword,
ciubhran,ciuran,ciurach,smallrain,drizzle,Ir.ceobhrdn.See

ceoban.M.Ir.ciabor,mist,
ciuchair,beautiful,dimpling(Sh.,Arm.;notH.S.D.):
ciucharan,ciucran,alowvoicedplaint:fromNorsekj'Okra,

whine,kjokr,avoicestifledwithtears.
ciuin,mild,Ir.chii?i,*kivoni,I.E.,kivo,keivo,akin,dear;Lat.

civis,Eng.civil;Norsekf/rr,mild,Ag.S.kedre,Ger.geheuer,

safe;Ch.SI.pocivii,benignus;Skrcivd,friendly,
ciurr,hurt,Ir.ctorrbhaigim,Imaim,wound:seeciorram.Cf.,

however,0.Ir.dujiurrsa,adteram,dufurr,attriveris,

ifhihund,tohurt,rootorgasintuaryan.
clab,anopenmouth,Ir.dab;fromEng.clap,aclap,noise,the

humantongue.Henceclaban,amillclapper,
claban,topofthehead,brainpan(H.S.D.);cf.W.clopen,G.

claigionn,q.v.PossiblyPictish?
clabar,filth,mire,clay,Ir.c/dbar(whenceEng.clabber);cf.Idban.
clabarnasg,theclaspofwoodencowcollar(Arg.):
clabog",agoodbargain,greatpennyworth:
clacll,astone,Ir.,E.Ir.clock,W.clwg,arock,detachedrock,

clog,arock,clogav,alargestone,*klukd;root/ad,kl,hard;

Got.hallus,stone,Norsehella,flatstone,Skr.cild,astone.

UsuallycorrelatedwithLat.calculus,apebble,Eng.calculate.
clachan,kirkorkirktown,Ir.clochdn,monasticstonecellssingly

oringroup;alsoG.andIr."steppingstones."
clad,combwool,clad,awoolcomb;fromSc.claut,c/.auts,wool

comb,alsoa"clutchinghand,ahoeorscrajjerffromclaw.
cladach,ashore,beach,soIr.,*claddo,"ascore,shore;"from

cladofcladh,q.v.
cladan,aburr,athingthatsticks,Ir.claddn,burr,flake;from

clad.
cladh,achurchyard,Ir.cladh,abank,ditch,E.Ir.clad,aditch,

W.cladd,clawdd,fossa,Cor.cledh(do.),Br.cleuz(do.),

*klado,*klddo;rootkela,kla,break,split,hit;Gr.

KkaSapds,easilybroken;Lat.clddes;Kuss.kladu,cut.See

furtherclaidheamh,sword.Hencecladhaich,dig.
cladhaire,apoltroon,soIr.;"digger,clodhopper,"fromcladh1
dag,abell,Ir.clog,0.Ir.clocc,W.,Cor.clock,Br.kloc'k,*klokko,

*kloggo;root,klog,klag,sound;Lat.chingo,Eng.clang;

Gr.KA.afco,KAayy/},clang;Lit.klageti,cackle.Bez.suggests

86ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Bul.klucam,hit,givingthestemofdagas*klukko.Hence
Eng.clocksetc.

claideag,alock,ringlet;seeclad,clddan.

claidheag,thelusthandfulofcorncutonthefarm,the"maiden"
(Badenoch);Sc.claaiksheaf(Aberdeen,etc.),fromcfaaick,
theharvesthome;thestateofhavingallthecornin.

claidheamh,asword,Jr.claidheamh,0.Ir.claideb,W.cleddyf,
Cor.cledhe,Br.kleze,*kladebos;rootklad,Skr.kladga:
Gr.k\ol8os,atwig;Ch.SI.kladivo,ahammer.Furtherroot
kela,kid,hit,split;Lat.Miter,\>evcellere,etc.Seecladh.

claidhean,betterclaidhean,theboltofadoor,Ir.claibin;from
thesamesourceasclaidheamh.H.S.D.givesitinsupp.as
claimhean.

claidreach,adamaging,shattering:*claddo;rootcladofclaidh
eamh.

claigionn,askull,Ir.cloigionn,M.Ir.cloiceud,W.clopen,Br.
klopenn,*cloccenn,fromdagandceann,"bellhead,dome
head."StokesconsiderstheIr.borrowedfromtheWelsh.
Cf.claban.

clais,afurrow,ditch,soIr.,E.Ir.class,W.dais,*cladsti;from
*cladofcladh.Br.kleus,pit.

claistinn,hearing,listening;from*clostd,ear;seedittos.

claiteachd,gentlerain(Arran):

clambar,wrangling,Ir.clampar;fromLat.clamor.

clamhan,abuzzard:

clamhradh,ascratching,soIr.:*clamrad;seecloimh,itch.

clamhsa,analley,close,soIr.;fromEng.close.

clamhuinn,sleet:

clann,children,clan,soIr.,0.Ir.eland,YV.plant,*</lanatd:I.E.
rootqel;Gr.rkkos,company;O.Slav,celjadi,family,Lit.
kiltis=\j<dtt.zilts,race,stock;Skrhula,race.Somehave
addedLat.populus.Usuallyregardedasborrowedfrom
Lat.planta,asprout,Eng.plant,whenceG.clannach,
comatus.

claoidh,vex,oppress,Ir.daoidhim,0.Ir.cl6im,\V.duddio,over
whelm,*cloid;I.E.klei,incline,asinclaon,q.v.Windisch
andStokesreferitto*clovio,rootqlov,(/lav,qlu,shutin,
Lat.claudo,close,claudus,lame,Gr./cAet's,kXzlSos,key.
claoil,inclining,squint,oblique,Ir.claon,0.Jr.cl&in:*kloino\
Lat.c/lno,accllitis,leaning,Eng.incline:(Jr.kXiv(o(llong),
incline;Eng.lean;Lit.szleti,incline;Skr.crayati(do.).
clap,clapartaich,clap,clapping;fromtheEn.(/<>/>.

clar,aboard,tablet.Ir.,0.Ir.ddr,W<hivr.0.W.claw.;Gr.
Kkrjpos(fortcXapos),alot,kAuw,break;rootgela,qla\break

OFTBBGAELICLANGUAGE.87

etc.,asinclaidheamh,collie,q.v.Hence,interalia,clarach,

awomanofclumsyfigure,"boardbuilt."
clarsach,aliarp,[r.cldirseach;fromc/dr.Of.formeaning

fiodhcheall,chessplay,"woodintelligence."
clasp,claspa,aclasp,Ir.claaba;fromtheEng,
clatar,mire(Dial.);fromScdart.
clathnaire,bashfulness(M'l>.,whowritesclathnaire.H.S.I).

givestheforminthetext):ctath+naire;seenaire.C/at/t

seemsfromtherootqel,hide,asinceil,q.v.(H.S.D.).
cleachd,apractice,custom,lr.cleachdadh,E.Ir.clechtaim,Iam

wont,*klcto,rootqel,asinLat.colo,Eng.cultivate,Gr.

TrkXojxaL,go,be,etc.Of.,however,cleas.
Cleachd,aringlet,afilletofwool,E.Ir.clechtaim,1plait(Cam.),

W.pleth;fromLat.plecto,Eng.plait.
clearc,acurl,lookofhair:
cleas,aplay,trick,feat,soIr.,E.Ir.cless,*clessu,*clexu;root

klek,klok,asincluich,q.v.
death,concealment,hiding;alsocleith(*k/etis)inf.toceil,

hide,q.v.
cleibe,aninstrumentforlayingholdoffish,orofseafowls,Ir.

clipe;fromEng.clip,agafforcleek,afastener,Norseklf/pa,

topinch,0.H.G.chluppa,tongs,
cleir,theclergy,Ir.cleir;fromLat.clerus.Seethenextword,
cl^ireach,aclerk,acleric,0.G.clerec(Bk.ofDeer),Ir.cleireach,

E.Ir.clerech,Br.Moarek;fromLat.clericus,aclerk,cleric,

fromGr.K\ypu<6$(do.),fromkA^/oo?,alot,office:"thelot

(Kkrjpov)ofthisministry"(Actsi.17).
cleit,aquill,feather,down,Ir.cleite:
cleit,arockyeminence;fromNorseklettr,rock,cliff.Common

inNorthernplacenames.
cleit,bar,ridge(Carm.).
cleith,astake,wattle,Ir.cleith,death,E.Ir.cleth,tignum.\V.

clyd,sheltering,M.Br.clet,warm(place);rootgleit,qlit,

0.Sax.hhlidaji,cover,Got.hleitSra,hut,Ch.SI.kleti,house.

Hencecleith,roof;theE.Ir.cleihe,roof,roofpole,appears

tobeforkleitio,thesamerootinitsfullvocalicform

(Schrader).
cleith,concealing,0.Ir.cleith;seedeath.

cleitig,clitig,ameasureoflandan8thofthe"penny"land:
cle6c,acloak,Ir.cldca;fromtheEng.
cleuraidh.onewhoneglectswork(Arran):
cli,vigour:
cli,left(hand),wrong,Ir.cli,E.Ir.cli,clc,W.ddd,0.W.del,

Br.kleiz,*k/ijo;rootklei,incline,Got.hleiduma,left,etc

Seefurtherunderclaon.

88ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cliabh,abasket,hamper,thechest(ofaman),Ir.cliabh,0.Ir.
cliab,corbis,*cleibo.Rootkleiasincliath.

cliadan,aburr;cf.cladan.

cliamhuinn,soninlaw,Ir.cliamhuiu,G.andIr.cleamhnas,
affinity;rootklei,lean,Lat.aliens,Eng.client,mcline,lean.

cliar,apoet,heroorheroes,Ir.,E.Ir.cliar,society,train,clergy;
fromLat.clerus,asincleir,q.v.Hencecliaranach,abard,
swordsman.TheCliarSheanachain(Senchan'sLot)was
themythicbardiccompany,especiallyonitsrounds(Gaelic
FolkTales).Hencecliarachd,singing,feats.

cliatan,alevelplotofground:*cliathtan,aparticipialformation
fromcliath,harrowfharrowed,level."

cliath,harrow,hurdle,Ir.cliath,E.Ir.cliath,0.Ir.Vadumdied
(Adamnan),Dublin,W.clwyd,hurdle,Cor.cfuit,Br.Honed,
Gaul.*cleta,whenceFr.claie,hurdle,*kleitd;rootklei,
lean;Lett,slita,woodfence,Lit.szlite,arack(ofavvaggon).

cliath,treadhens,ascock:

cliathach,side,thesideoftheribs,Ir.cliathdn,side,l)reast,
*kleito,"slope,"rootklei,incline;NorsehlitS,aslope,
mountainside,Gr.kXltvs(llong),aslope,hillside.

clibeag,atrick,wile(H.S.D.);fromcleibe,clip,ascllchdfrom
cleek.

clibist,amisadventure;seeclioh.

clic,ahook,gaff:seethenextword.

clichd,anironhook;fromSc.cleik,Eng.cleek,click.

clichd,acunningtrick;fromtheabove.Sc.cleiky,readytotake
theadvantage,tricky,cleek,inclinationtocheat:"There'sa
cleekin'im"(Banffshire).

cliob,tostumble,cliobach,stumbling,awkward.Cf.Sc.clypock,
afall.Seenext.

cliob,anythingdangling,excrescence,cliobain,adewlap,Ir.
clioh,clibin:alsoIr.cliobach,hairy,shaggy,diobdg,a
(shaggy)colt,etc.Cf.Sc.clype,anugly,illshapedfellow:
originunknown(Murray);clip,acolt,Ger.Mepper,palfrey.
Rootqlg,stumpy,Gr.ko\o/36s.

cliopach,haltinspeech(H.S.D.):cf.Eng.clipwords.

ciiostar,aclyster;fromtheEng.

clip,ahook,clip,Ir.clipe,agaff;fromtheEng.clip.Seecleihe.

clipe,deceit(H.S.D.);seeclibeag.

cli8,active,Ir.,M.Ir.cliste,ready,quick.Cf.W.cly.%impulse:
*clsto;root,kel,asinLat.celer,swift,etc.1?"Nafirchlis,"
theMerryDancers.Fromelects.Cf.Ir.andE.Ir.deiMis,
staffsling.

clisbeach,unsteadyoffoot,cripple;fromdis.Alsoclisneach.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.89

clisg,start,Ir.cliosg(MeathDial.,clist);fromclis.

clisinnean,boatribs,clisneach,rib:

clisneach,thehumanbody,carcase,outwardappearance(Arm.;

notH.S.D.):
clisneach,abargate(H.S.D.),arib(Wh.):
cliu,renown,praise,Ir.,0.Ir.clu,W.elyw,senseofhearing,clod,

praise;Gr./cAeos,fame;Skr.pravds,I.E.kleu,hear.See

furtherundercluinn.
cliuchd,mendnets:
cliud,aslapwiththefingers;fromtheSc.clout,Eng.clout,a

cuff,"clout."
cliud,asmallordisabledhand;fromCe,cloot,hoof,halfhoof1
clo,cldth,broadcloth;fromEng.cloth,clothing,etc.
eld,aprint,printingpress,M.G.clo(Carswell),Ir.eld,clodh
(clodhuighim,Coneys;E.Ir.clod,mark1);cf.thenextword.

Alsoclodh.
feld,anail,Ir.,E.Ir.clo,W.clo,key,Br.Mao,tool,*klavo;

Lat.cldvus,nail,clavis,key;Gr.xkeis,key,etc.Seeclaoidh.
cldchadail,slumber;seecloth.
clobha,apairoftongs;fromNorseklufi,afork(ofariver),a

forkedmast,snuffers,klof,forkofthelegs,"cloven,cleft."

TheIr.clobh(a)inCon.andFol.,andtheclomhofLh.,seems

aScottishimportation,forConeyssaysthevernacularis

tlobh.Infact,theIr.wordistlu,tlugh:"lifter";roottl

asinLat.tollo?
clobhsa,aclose,lane,farmyard,Ir.clamhsa,W.claws;fromEng.

close.Also,clamhsa,q.v.
clochranaich,wheezinginthethroat(M'F.;Sh.hasclochar,and

clochan,respire);fromSc.cloche?%wheezing,cloch,cough

feebly.Itisanonomatopoeticword,likeEng.cluck,clock.
clod,aclod,turf;fromtheEng.
clogad,clogaid,ahelmet,Ir.clogad,M.Ir.clogat,atchluic,E.Ir.

clocatt;fromad,hat,q.v.,andfclog,head,whichseein

claigionn.
clogais,awoodenclog;fromEng.clogs.
cloidhean,thepitchoftheboxtreeoranyshrubtree(Arm.;not

H.S.D.).Cf.glaoghan.
cloimh,scab,itch,Ir.clamh,scurvy,E.Ir.clam,leprosus,W.

clafr,,leprosy,claf,diseased,Cor.claf(do.),M.Br.claff(do.),

Br.klanv,*klamo,sickjSkr.klam,weary;Gr.K\aixapo<s,

weak(Hes.);Lat.clemens.
cloimh,wool,downoffeathers,Ir.clumh,down,feathers,E.Ir.

clum,pluma,W.pluf,plumage;fromLat.pluma(Eng.

plumage).

10

90ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cldimhdich,ruborscratchasitchy;sameasclamhradhinmean
ingandroot,
cldimhein,icicle,snot;fromclbimh.
clois,theherb"stinkingmarsh,horsetail,"Ir.cldis,clouisge

(O'R.),"waternail"(Cameron),
cluitheag,ashrimp,prawn(M'D.),Ir.cloitheog.Possiblyfor

claidh,*cladi,rootcladofcladh:"adigger."M'L.has

insteadcloidheag,asmallshorefish.
clomh,counteract,subdue(Carm).Seecaochail.
clomhais,cloves;fromtheEng.

clos,rest,sleep,stillness;*cludto,rootklu,klav;seeclaoidh.
closach,acarcase;fromclos,q.v.
cldsaid,acloset,Ir.closeud;fromtheEng.
cldth,mitigate,still;fromtherootklav,ofclaoidh,q.v.
cluain,agreenplain,pasture,Ir.andE.Ir.cluain:*clopni;Lit.

szlapti,becomewet,szlapina,awetspot;Gr.KkkTtas(Hes.),

awetmuddyplace(Strachan).
cluaineas,cluain,intriguing,deceit,Ir.cluainearachd,cluain,

*clopni;Gr.kAc7ttco,steal;Eng.lift,cattlelifting(Strachan).

Cluain=sense(Glenmoriston).
cluaran,athistle;cf.W.cluro,whisk,
cluas,ear,Ir.,0.Ir.cluas,W.dust,*kloustd,rootkleus,klus,

Men,hear;0.Sax.Must,hearing,Eng.listen,etc.Seecluinn.
clud,apatch,clout,Ir.clud,W.clwt,;fromtheEng.clout,Ag.S.

clut,(Rhys,Murray),
cluich,play,Ir.cluiche,agame,E.Ir.,clnche,agame,0.Ir.

cluichech,ludibundus:*klokjo;Got.hlahjan,Eng.laugh,

Ger.lachen(Windisch,Stokes),placere?
cluigein,alittlebell,anythingdangling;fromclag.
cluinn,hear,Ir.,E.Ir.cluinim,W.clyivedhearing,Cor.clewaf

audio,Br.klevet,audire,*klevo,Ihear;Lat.ctueo,am

reputed,inclutus,famous;Gr.kXvw,hear;Eng.loud,listen;

Skr.$ru,hear,crdvas,sound.Hencecliu,cluas,etc.
cluip,cheat:hardly*kloppi;Gr.kActttw.
clupaid,theswollenthroatincattle:
cluthaich,cover,clothe,Ir.cluthmhar,sheltered,warm.Cf.E.Ir.

clithaigim,Ishelter,clith,clothing,W.clyd,sheltering;root

qelofceil,q.v.Ir.cludaim,Iclothe,cover,fromEng.clothe,

haspossiblyinfluencedthevowelbothinG.andIr.
cluthaich,chase,Ir.cluthaighim:*kluto,*klu;seeclaoidh?
cnab,pull,haul;seecnaj>.
cnabaire,aninstrumentfordressingflax,Ir.cndib,hemp;see

cainb.
cnag,acrack,Ir.cnag;fromtheEng.crash

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.91

cnag,apin,knob,Ir.cnag;fromtheEng.knag,apeg,Dan.

knag,apeg,Sw.knagg,aknag,
cnaid,ascoff,Ir.cnaid:
cnaimh,bone,Ir.cnaimh,0.Ir.cndim,*kndmis;Gr.kv^jxtj,leg;

Eng.ham.
cnaimhseag,apimple,bearberry:
cnamh,chew,digest,Ir.cnaoi,cnaoidhim,E.Ir.cndm,gnawing,

W.cnoi;Gr.kvwSwv,atooth,Kvdta,scrape;Lit.kandu,bite;

Skr.Tchad,chew.Rootqne,qnd,qen.Hencecnamhuin,

gangrene,
cnamhaiche,maturedperson(M'D.):
cnap,aknob,Ir.cnap,E.Ir.cnapp;fromNorseknappr,aknob,

M.Eng.knap.HencealsoG.andIr.cnap,ablow,Sc.knap,

Eng.knappe,blow,
cnapach,ayoungster;fromcnap.Butcf.Norseknapi,boy,

varlet,Eng.knave.
fcnarra,aship,Ir.cnarra;fromNorseknorr,g.knarrar,Ag.S.

cnear.
cnatan,acold:*krodto,Ger.rotz,catarrh;Gr.Kopva(do.).

Alsocneatan.
cnead,asigh,groan,soIr.,E.Ir.,cnet;fromtherootcanofcan,

say,sing.
cneadh,awound,soIr.,E.Ir.cned,*knidd;Gr.Kvltju,sting,

kvlSi],nettle;Ag.S.hnitan,tundere.Cf.Teut.hnit,hit;

Gr.kvl(d,stick,cut;cneidhghalar,painfulcomplaint,
cneap,abutton,bead;seecnap.
cneas,skin,waist,Ir.cneas,E.Ir.cnes;fromcenofcionn,skin;

seeboicionn;Corn,knes,body,W.cnawd,humanflesh,
cneasda,humane,modest,Ir.cneasda;fromcenasincineal,kin.
cneatag,fircone,shintyball:
cneisne,slender(M'D.);fromcneas.
cniadaich,caress,stroke:
cno,anut,Ir.end,0.Ir.cnu,W.cneuen,pi.cnau,Cor.cnyfan,

Br.knaouenn,*knovd;Norse,hnot,Ag.S.hnutu,Eng.nut,

Ger.nuss.
cnoc,ahillock,Ir,cnoc,0.Ir.cnocc,0.Br.cnoch,tumulus,Br.

kreac'h,krec'henn,hill,*knokko;fromknogko,Norseyhnakki,

napeoftheneck,Ag.S.hnecca,neck,Eng.neck.Some

havegiventhestemas*cunocco,andreferredittotheroot

ofGaul,cuno,high,W.cwn,height,rootku,bestrong,

great,asincuraidh,q.v.Cf.Ag.S.hnoll,O.H.G.hnol,

vertex,head.Seeceann.
cn6caid,aycungwoman'shairboundupinafillet.Foundedon

theSc.cockernoiuiy.

92ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cnod,aknot,Ir.cnota;fromtheEng.

cnod,apatch,pieceonashoe;cf.Sc.knoit,knot,largepiece.

cnddaich,acquire,layup,Ir.cnodach,acquiring(O'E.);seecnod.

cnodan,thegurnet,Ir.cnuddn(Fol.);cf.Sc.crooner,socalled
fromthecroonornoiseitmakeswhenlanded.TheG.seems
borrowedfromSc.crooner,mixedwithSc.crout,croak.

cnoid,asumptuouspresent(Heb.);cr6id:

cnoidh,toothache,severepain;seecnuimh.

cnomhagan,alargewhelk,buckie;cf.end,nut.

cnot,unhuskbarley;fromcnotag,theblockorjointofwood
hollowedoutforunhuskingbarley.ThewordistheEng.
knot?

cnuachd,head,brow,temple,Ir.cruaic(O'R.);cf.W.enuweh,
bushyheadofhair,enweh,knuckle,cnuch,joint,*cnoucco,
"aprominence";rootkneu,knu;Norsehnukr,hnjukr,knoll,
peak,hnutSr,aknob.Hencecnuachdach,shrewd:"having
ahead."

cnuas,gnash,chew,crunch;forcruas,cruais,foundedonEng.
crush,crunch?

cnuasaich,ponder,collect,Ir.cnuasuighim,cnuas,acollection,
scrapingtogether,G.andIr.cnuasachd,reflection,collection,
*knousto;rootknu,knevo,scrape,Gr.kvvo>,scratch,Norse
hnoggr,niggard,Eng.niggard,Ag.S.hnedw,sparing.The
ideais"scrapingtogether":aniggardis"onewhoscrapes."
Stokes(Diet.)givestherootasknup,andcomparesLit.
knupsyti,oppress.St.now,possibly,*knoudto,Norse,
knub"r,ball.Cf.cruinnich,forforce.

cnuimh,aworm,;wrongspellingforcruimh,q.v.

cnumhagan,ahandful(Heb.);forcrobhagan,fromtcrobh,the
hand1Seecrbg.

CO,CO,who,0.Ir.cote,nowG.ciod,q.v.;W.pa,Cor.py,pe,Br.
pe,quia,rootqo,qa,qe;Lat.quod;Gr.irodi,etc.;Eng.who.

CO,cho,as,so;seecho.

cob,plenty(Sh.);fromLat.copia.Ir.coib,party,followers.

cobhair,assistance,soIr.,0.Ir.cobir,*cobris,co+her,rootbher,
carry;seeheir;andcf.formeaningGr.ovfi^epeL,itisofuse.

cobhan,acoffer,box,Ir.cofra;fromEng.coffin,coffer.

CODhar,foam,Ir.cubhar,E.Ir.cobur:co+bur;forbar,seetobar,
well.

cobhartach,spoil,booty:

cobhlach,fleet.Seecabhlach.

COC,cock,tocock;fromtheEng.

cocaire,acook,Ir.cbcaire,M.Ir.cocaire,Cor.peber,pistor;from
theLat.coquo,Icook.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.93

COChull,alsoCOich(Carm.),husk,hood,Ir.cochal,0.Ir.cochull,

W.cwcwll,hood,cowl;fromLat.cucul/us,Eng.coral.
COCOntachd,smartness(A.M'D.);seecoc,gog.
codaich,share,divide;fromcodach,gen.ofcuid.
c6dhail,ameeting;seecomhdhail.

COgadh,war,soIr.,0.Ir.cocad:*concath,"cobattle";seecath.
COgais,conscience,Ir.cogus,0.Ir.concubus:con+cubus;and

0.Ir.cubus,conscience,isforconfis,coandfios,knowledge,q.v.
cogan,aloosehusk,covering(H.S.D.),asmallvessel;seegogan

forlatterforce.
COgull,tares,cockle,Ir.cogal;borrowedfromM.Eng.cockel,

cokkul,nowcockle.
coibhneas,properspellingofcaoimhneas,whichsee.
coibhseachd,propriety,soIr.coibhseach,becoming;cf.M.Ir.

cuibdes,fittingness,fromcubaid;seecubhaidh.
coicheid,suspicion,doubt:
cdig,five,Ir.cuig,0.Ir.cdic,W.pump,E.W.pimp,Cor.pymp,

Br.pemp,Gaul,pempe,*qenqe;Lat.quinque;Gr.Trevre;Lit.

penki;Got.fimf;Skr.pdiica.
coigil,spare,save,soIr.,E.Ir.coiclim,cocill(n.);*coneel,root

qel,asinLat.colo,etc.Alsocagail.TheE.Ir.cocell,

concern,thought,isforconciall;ciall,sense.
COigreach,astranger,Ir.coigcrigheach,coigcrioch,*concrichech,

"provincial,"E.Ir.cocrich,province,boundary.Seecrioch.

Themeaningis,"onethatcomesfromaneighbouring

province."
coilceadha,bedmaterials,fcoilce,abed,Ir.coilce,abed,E.Ir.

colcaid,flockbed,0.W.cilcet,nowcylched;fromLat.

culcita,apillow,Eng.guilt.
coilcheail,alittlecock,waterspouting;fromcoileach,q.v.
coileach,acock,soIr.,0.Ir.cailech,W.ceiliog,Cor.celioc,Br.

kiliok,*kaljakos,the"caller";rootqal,call;Lat.calare,

summon,Eng.Calends;Gr.KaAew,call;Lit.kalba,speech,

etc.
coileag,acoleofhay;fromtheSc.cole,acoleorcoilofhay.

Seegbileag.Cdileag(Perth.),
coileid,astir,noise(Heb.);cf.Eng.coil,oflikeforce.TheG.

seemsborrowedtherefrom,
coileir,acollar,Ir.coilear;fromtheEng.
coilionn,acandle;seecoinneal.
coi'lige(Dial.),race,course(Hend.):coimhliong.
coiliobhar,akindofgun;seecuilbheir.
coille,coill,wood,Ir.coill,0.Ir.caill,W.celli,Cor.kelli,*kaldet,

Gr./cAaSos,atwig;Eng.holt,Ger.holz.Furtherrootqla,

qela,split,hit,asincladh,claidheamh,q.v.

94ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

coilleag,acockle(M'D.),Ir.coilhog(O'R.),Cor.cyligi:

Coilleag,aruialsong,ayoungpotato,asmartblow:

coilleag,coileig(accentonendsyllable;Perth.),asmartstroke:

coilpeachadh,equalizingcattlestock(Heb.);seecolpach.

coilpein,arope:

coimeas,comparison,coequal,Ir.coimheas,E.Ir.coimmeas:

com+meets.Seemeas.
coimh,co;seecomh.
COimheach,strange,foreign,cruel,Ir.coimhtkeach,coimhthigheach,

cdimhightheach,strange,M.Ir.comaigthe,foreign,0.Ir.

comaigtech,alienigena;forcomaitche(Stokes).Seetathaich.
fCoimhdhe,God,Ir.Coimhdhe,God,theTrinity,0.Ir.comdiu,

gen.comded(Bk.ofDeer),Lord,*commedios,"Providence,"

rootmed,think,asinG.meas,esteem,Lat.modus,meditor,

meditate.Seemeas.Thefanciful"Coibhi,theCelticarch

druid,"isduetoaconfusionoftheobsoleteCoimhdhewith

theNorthumbrianCoinofBede.
coimhead,looking,watching,Ir.cdimke'ad,0.Ir.come't,*com

entu.Forentu,seedidean.
coimhearsnach,aneighbour,Ir.comharsa,gen.cdmharsan,E.Ir.

comarse;fromcomandursainn,adoorpost(Zimmer).See

ursainn.
coimheart,acomparison;*combert,rootber,ofheir.Cf.Lat.

confero.
coimheirbse,wrangling:com+farpui$,q.v.
coimhirp,rivalry,striving(Arg.);samerootasoidhirp.
coimhliong,arace,course,alsocoi'lige(Dial.);Ir.cdimhling;

fromcomandlingim,Ileap.Forroot,seeleum.
coimsich,perceive,Ir.coimsighim:commeas;seemeas.
COimirc,mercy,quarter,soIr.;seecomairce.
coimpire,anequal,match;fromEng.compeerorLat.compar.
4COimrig,trouble;fromSc,Eng.cumber,cumbering.
coimseach,indifferent(Sh.);fromcoimeas,coequal.
coindean,akit(Arm.:notH.S.D.):
cdineag,anestofwildbees(M'L.);fromcdinneach,moss.See

caonnag.
coinean,arabbit,coney,Ir.coinin,W.cwning;fromM.Eng.

cunin,from0.Fr.connin,connil,fromLat.cuniculus,whence

Eng.coney,throughFr.
COingeis,indifferent,sameas,nomatter;congeas,fromgeas,

desire,etc.Cf.ailleas,fromailges.
coillgeal,awhirlpool(H.S.D.):

coingheall,aloan,Ir.coinghioll,obligation;con+giall,q.v,
coingir,apair(Sh.);

ofTheGaelicLanguage.95

coinlein,anostril;seecuinnean.
COinn,fitofcoughing;anostril(Hend.):

coinne,asupper,apartytowhicheveryonebringshisownpro
visions(Heb.).Cf.E.Ir.coindem,coinmed,coigny,conveth,

quartering,*kond,eat,asincuamh,q.v.
COinne,woman(Hend.);fromN.kojia,Jcvenna(gen.pi.),woman,

Eng.queen.
coinne,coinneamh,ameeting,Ir.coinne,E.Ir.conne,*connesid;

rootnes,come,dwell,Gr.veo/^at,go,va'ua,dwell;Skr.nas,

joinsomeone.Stokesseemstothinkthatkondeisthe

ultimateformhere,debeingtheI.E.dhe,set,Gr.tlOtj^l,etc.

Coinneamh,whenusedasadverb=coinnibh,dat,plur.1
coinneach,moss,Ir.caonach,M.Ir.ciinnach,0.Ir.coennich,

muscosi:
COinneal,candle,soIr.,E.Ir.candel,W.canwyll,0.W.cannuill,

Cor.cantuil;fromLat.candela,whenceEng.candle.
coinneas,aferret;*conneas,"dogweasel"1Seeneas.
coinnseas,conscience(Hend.):
coinnlein,astalk,Ir.coinlin,M.Ir.coinnlin,0.Ir.connall,

stipula,*konnallo;Lat.,canna,areed,Gr.Kavva.Stokes

alsojoinsW.cawn,reed,*kdno.
cdir,just,right,Ir.,0.Ir.coir,W.cywir:*kovero,"cotrue,"

fromverojnowfior,q.v.Hencecdir,justice,right,share.

Alsointhephrase'nancoir,intheirpresence;seecomhair.
coirb,cross,vicious,Ir.corbadh,wickedness,E.Ir.corpte,wicked;

fromLat.corruptus.Alsoseecoiripidh.
coirceag,abeehive(Sh.,O'R.):
coire,fault,soIr.,0.Ir.caire,0.W.caied,W.cerydd,Br.carez,

*karjd;Lat.carinare,blame,abuse;Let.karindt,banter,

Ch.SI.karati,punish,
coire,acauldron,soIr.,E.Ir.core,coire,W.pair,Cor.,Br.per,

*qerjo;Norsehverr,kettle,Ag.S.hwer;Skr.caru;Gr.

Kepvos,asacrificialvessel,
coireal,coral,fromtheEng.
coireall,aquarry,Ir.coireul,coiler(F.M.);fromFr.carrier?,

withdissimilationofr's(Stokes).
coireaman,coriander,soIr.;foundedontheLat.coriandrum,

Gr.Kopiavvov.
{coirioll,acarol;fromtheEng.

coiripidh,corruptible;fromLat.corruptus.
vcoirneil,acolonel,Ir.curnel,corniel(F.M.);fromtheEng.
coirpileir,acorporal;fromtheEng.
coiseunuich,bless(Sh.);con+seunorsian,q.v.*
coisich,walk,Ir.coiseachd(n);fromcas,coise,q.v.

96ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

coisinn,win;seecosnadh.

coisir,afestiveparty,chorus,Ir.coisir,feast,festiveparty,coisir

(O'R.,O'B.,andKeat.),feasting,"coshering":
coisrigeadh,consecration,0.G.ccnsecrad(Bk.ofDeer),Ir.cois

reagadh,0.Ir.coisecrad;fromLat.consecratio.
coit,asmallboat,Ir.coit,E.Ir.coite.Cf.Lat.cotta,species

navis,Norsekati,asmallship,Eng.cat.Stokessuggests

thattheG.andIr.arefromtheLowLat.cotia,navislnclica.

HenceEng.cot.Nowfrom*quontio;Gaul,ponto,whence

Eng.punt.
coitcheann,common,public,soIr.,0.Ir.coitchenn:*contechen?
coiteir,acottar,Ir.coiteoir;fromtheEng.cottar.
coitich,pressonetotakesomething:*contec,roottek,ask,Eng.

thig;seeatach.
col,animpediment,Ir.colaim;root,qela,qld,break,split%See

call;andcf.Gr.kcoXvio,hinder,whichisprobablyfromthe

sameroot,
col,sin,Ir.,E.Ir.col,W.cwl,0.Br.col,*kulo;Lat.culpa,colpa,

fault.Stokeshesitatesbetweenreferringittotherootof

Lat.cidpaortothatofLat.scelus,Got.skal,Eng.shall,Ger.

schuld,crime.
icolag,asmallsteakorcollop(Arg.);fromEng.collop.
colaiste,acollege,Ir.colaisde;fromtheEng.
colamoir,thehake(Sh.,O'B.),Ir.colamoir;cf.Sc.coalmie,

colemie,thecoalfish,
colan,afellowsoldier,companion;cf.comhla,together.The

Ir.comhlachisforcomlach,thelackofdglach.
colann,colainn,abody,soIr.,0.Ir.colinn,gen.colno,W.celain,

carcase,0.W.celein,cadaver,*colanni(Brugmann);root

qela,break,theideabeing"deadbody"?Cf.formeaning

Gr.veKvs,corpse,fromnek,kill,
colbh,pillar,Ir,colbh,E.Ir.colba,W.celff,Br.keif;Lat.columna,

Eng.column;rootqel,high.G.colbh,plantstalk,Ir.colmh,

isalliedtoLat.culmus.TheCelticwords,ifnotborrowed

from,havebeeninfluencedbytheLat.
cole,aneiderduck(Heb.);fromSc,Eng.colk,E.Fris.kolke,the

blackdiver.
CClg,wrath,Ir.,colg;ametaphoricaluseofcalg(i.e.colg),q.v.
eolg,sword(ballads).Seecalg.
collachail,boorish(H.S.D.;O'R.quotedasauthority),Ir.collach

a.mhuil;fromIr.collach,boar.Seecullach.
collaid,aclamour,Ir.colldid;seecoileid.
collaidh,carnal,sensual,soIr.,E.Ir.collaide;forcolnaide,from

colann,body,flesh.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.97

collaidin,codalan,whitepoppy(H.S.D.;O'R.onlyquoted),Ir.

collaidin,codalan;fromcolladh,codal,sleep,
collainn,asmartstroke;alsocoilleag.
colman,adove;seecaiman.
colpach,aheifer,steer,Ir.colpach,M.Ir.calpach;apparently

foundedonNorsekdlfr,acalf.HenceSc.colpindach.
coltach,like;forcoamhuiltach.Seeamhuil,samhuil.
coltar,acoulter,Ir.coltar,E.Ir.coltar;fromM.Eng.cultre,

Lat.culter.
columan,adove,Ir.and0.Ir.colum,W.colomen,cwlwm,Corn.

colom,Br.coulm;fromLat.columbus,columba.
com,thecavityofthechest,Ir.com,coim,chestcavity,waist,

body.TheG.isalliedtoW.cwm,avalley,"ahollow,"

*kumbo;Gr.kvcj>os,ahump,Lat.cumbere;Ger.kaube,hood;

rootkdbho,bend.The0.Ir.coim,covering,isfromthe

rootkemb,wind,asincam,q.v.
coma,indifferent,soIr.,E.Ir.cuma,0.Ir.cumme,idem,iscumma,

itisallthesame;fromrootme,measure:"equalmeasure."
comaidh,amessing,eatingtogether,E.Ir.commaid,*kombutis,

"cobeing,"from*butis,being.Seebi,be.
COmain,obligation,Ir.comaoin,0.Ir.commdin:*commoini;Lat.

communis.Seemaoin.
fcomairce,protection;seecomraich.
comanachadh,celebrationoftheLord'sSupper;fromcomannor

comunn,society,Lat.communio,Eng.communion.
comannd,acommand;fromtheEng.
tcomar,aconfluence,Ir.comar,cumar,E.Ir.commar,W.cymmer,

Br.kemper,confluent,*kombero;Lat.confero.Bootbher,

asinbeir.
comas,comus,power,Ir.cumas,E.Ir.commus,*commestu,

*mestu,frommed,asinmeas(Zimmer,Brugmann).
combach,acompanion;ashortenedformofcompanach.
combaid,company(Dial.):

COmbaiste,compaiste,acompass,Ir.compds;fromtheEng.
comh,prefixdenoting"with,com,con,"Ir.comh,0.Ir.com,

*kom;Lat.cum,com,con,Eng.com,con,etc.Itappears

ascoimh,com(beforemandb),con(befored,g),etc.
COmhach,prize,prey:*comagos;rootag,drive%
comhachag,owl,W.cuan,Br.kaouen,0.Br.couann;L.Lat.

cavannus(fromtheCelticErnault),Fr.chouette,0.Fr.

choue.Cf.Ger.schuhu,uhu.Anonomatopoeticword

originally.
COhad,acomparison(Sh.);co?nh+fada,q.v.
COhail),contentionaboutrights(M'A.):

11

98ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

comhaich,dispute,assert,contend:

comhailteachd,aconvoy,Ir.comhailtim,Ijoin;fromcomhal,a

joining,soIr.,E.Ir.accomallte,socius,0.Ir.accomol,con

junctio,W.cyfall,*adcomol.Forol,seeundertional,alt.
comhair,presence,eregione,etc.,Ir.comhair,E.Ir.comair,AV.

cyfer,0.W.civer:com+air,theprep,comhandair,q.v.

(Asc).Cor.kever.Cf.comhgharofIr.
Cumhairc,anoutcry,appeal,forewarning,Ir.comhairce,E.Ir.

comaircim,Iask:com+arc.Forarc,seeiomchorc.
pomhairle,advice,Ir.cdmhairle,0.Ir.airle,counsel,air+le.

Thisleisusuallyreferredtotherootlas,desire,Skr.lash,

desire,Lat.lascivus,wanton.Ascolisuggeststherootlaof

0.Ir.Idaim,mittere,Gr.eXavvio.
comhal,ajoininganIr.word;seecomhailteachd.
COmhalta,afosterbrother,Ir.cdmhalta,E.Ir.comalta,W.cyfaillt,

friend,*komaltjos,rootal,rear,Lat.alo,etc.Seealtrum.
comharradii,amark,Ir.cbmhartha,0.Ir.comarde;fromcomand

0.Ir.airde,signum,W.arwydd,M.Br.argoez,*arevidio;

rootvid,asinLat.video,hereprosvideo,etc.
comhart,thebarkofadog;fromcomhandart,0.Ir.artram,

latratus,W.cyfarih,arthio,tobark,0.Br.arton.Cf.Ir.

amhastrach,barking,
cdmhdach,clothing,covering,Ir.cumhdach,veil,covering,defence,

E.Ir.comtiich,cumtach,covering,"shrine":*conudtog;

rootteg,tog,asintigh,q.v.Cf.cuintgim,peto:*comdi

segim.
cdmhdaich,allege,prove:*comatach;seeatach1
cdmhdhail,ameeting,Ir.cdmhd'hail,E.Ir.comddl:com+dail;

seedail.
Cdmhla,together,Ir.comhldmh:com\ldmh,"cohand,athand."

Seelamh.
comhla,door,doorleaf,Ir.cdmhla,E.Ir.comla,gen.comlad:

*comld,root{p)ld,fold,groove(cf.Lat.simplus,O.H.G.

zwifal,twofold);rootpal,pel,asinalt,joint.
COmhlann,acombat,Ir.comhlann,E.Ir.comlann:*com+lann;

seelann.
COmhluadar,conversation,colloquy,Ir.cdmhluadar,company,

conversation;fromluaidh,speak(*comluadtro).See

luaidh.
cdmhnadh,help,Ir.cungnamh,0.Ir.congnam,inf.tocongniu,I

help:com+(g)iu,"codoing."Seenl,do,gniomh,deed,
comhnard,level,Ir.cdmhdrd'.com+drd,"cohigh,equallyhigh.''
comhnuidh,adwelling,Ir.cdmhnuidhe,atarrying,dwelling,E.Ir.

comnaide,awaiting,delay,(alsoirnaide):*comnaide;root

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.99

nes,nas,dwell;Gr.vai(a,dwell,reo/uu,go,i/aen/s,inhabitant;

Skr.nas,joinanyone.
cdmhradh,conversation,Ir.cdmhrddk;com+radii;Beeradh.
cdmhrag,aconflict,Ir.cdmhrac,E.Ir.comrac,battle,O.Ir.

comracc,meeting,W.cyfranc/,rencounter,*komranko;root

renk,assemble;Lit.rinkti,assemble,surinkimas,assembly,
comhstadh,aborrowing,loan:*comiasad;seeiasad?Cf.E.Ir.

costud,consuetudo.
compairt,partnership,Ir.compdrtas;fromcom&n&pctirt,q.v.
companach,companion,Ir.companach,M.Ir.companach;from

E.Eng.compainoun,throughFr.,fromL.Lat.compdnio,

"cobreadman"frompdnis,bread.Dialecticcombach.
comradh,aid,assistance:
COmraich,protection,sanctuary,Ir.comairce,comruiyhe,E.Ir.

comairche,M.Ir.comairce;fromtherootarc,defend,asin

teasairg,q.v.
comunn,society,company,Ir.cumann;fromLat.communio,Eng.

communion.
con,with;seecomh.
COna,cat'stailormosscrops(Sh.);seecanach.Cf.gonan,grass

roots.
COnablach,acarcase,soIr.;forconablach;seeconandablach.

"Dog'scarcase"(Atkinson),
conachag,aconch(M'A.);fromtheEng.
COnachair,asickpersonwhoneithergetsworsenorbetter(M'A.),

uproar(M'F.):
conaghaothach,tempest,raginggale(Hend.):
conair,apath,way(Sh.,O'B.),soIr.,0.Ir.conar:
conaire,theherb"loosestrife,"Ir.conair(O'R.);seeconas.
conal,love,fruitage(Carm.):
conalach,brandishing(Sh.;notH.S.D.);cf.thenameConall,

*Cunovalos,rootskuno(seecuraidh)andval,asinflath,q.v.
COnaltradh,conversation,Ir.conaltra(O'R.;Sh.):*conaltradh?

Foralt,seealt,joint,
conas,awrangle,soIr.(O'R.,Sh.)\fromcon,thestemofcu,

dog:"currishness"1
conas,conasg,furze,whins,Ir.conasg(O'R.,Sh.):cf.conasabove.

Manxconney,yellowfurze,
condrachd,contrachd,mischance,curse,E.Ir.contracht;from

Lat.contractus,ashrinking,contraction.
confhadh,rage,Ir.confadh,M.Ir.con/ad:con+fadh;forfadh,

seeonfhadh.
cdnlan,anassembly,Ir.conldn.HS.D.givesasauthoritiesfor

theGaelicword"Lh.etC.S,"

100ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

conn,sense,soJr.,E.Jr.cond:*cosno,rootkos,kes,asinG.cM,
see;Gr.Ktweco,understand,koct/xos,array("whatisseen"),
world.Seefurtherunderchifor&es.Stokesequatescond
withGot.handngs,wise;butthisismerelytheEng.handy.
Ithasbeensuggestedasanablautformtoceann,head.Got.
hugs,sense,hasalsobeencompared;*cugsnoispossible.

COnnadh,fuel,soIr.,0.Ir.condud,W.cynnud,Cor.cunys,
*kondutu;rootkond,hid;Lat.candeo,incendo;Gr.
KavSapos,coal.

connan,lust:

CCnnlach,straw,stubble,soIr.,0.Ir.connall,stipula:konnallo;

Lat.cannula,canna,areed,canalis,Gr.kolvvol,reed.See

coinnlein.
connsaich,dispute;seeunderionnsaich.
connspair,adisputant:*condeasbair;seedeasbair.
CCnnspeach,awasp,Ir.coinnspeach(Fol.);seespeach,wasp.
COnnspoid,adispute,Ir.conspdid;fromaLat.*consputatio,for

*condisputatio.Seedeasbud.
connspunn,conspull,cdnsmunn,ahero,Ir.conspullach,heroic

(O'E.):
constabal,thetownship'sbailiff(Heb.);fromEng.constable.
COntraigh,neaptide,0.Ir.contracht;fromLat.contractus,

shrinking(Zeuss,Meyer).Seecondrachtandtraogh.
COntran,wildangelica,Ir.contran(O'R.):
conuiche,ahornet(H.S.D.),cdnuich(Arm.),conuibhe,connuibh

(M'L.,M'A.);usedbyStewartintheBibleglosses.Same

rootasconas.
cop,foam,M.Ir.,E.Ir.copp;fromAg.S.,M.Eng.copp,vertex,

top,Ger.kopf,head,
copag,docken,Ir.copog,cap6g;M.Ir.copdg.Foundedonthe

Eng.cop,head,headdress,crest,tuft;W.copog,tufted.

Thesameascop,q.v.
copan,aboss,shieldboss,cup;fromtheNorsekoppr,cup,bell
shapedcrownofahelmet,Eng.cup.
.copar,copper,Ir.copar;fromtheEng.
COr,state,condition,Ir.cor,0.Ir.cor,positio,"jactus,"*koru,

vb.*korio,Iplace.Seecuir.
coram,afaction,aset(M'A.);fromtheEng.quorum.
core,acork,soIr.;fromtheEng.
core,aknife,gully,dirk,Ir.core:*1corko,*qorqo,rootqor,qer,

cut;Lit.kirwis,axe;Gr.Kepfia,achip,Ktipta,cut.Allied

totherootsqerofsgar,q.v.
core,oats,Ir.coirce,M.Ir.corca,W.ceirch,Br.kercli,*korkjo.

BezzenbergersuggestsconnectionwithLettickurki,small

corn.Possiblyforkorko,wherekor,keristherootwhich

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.101

appearsinLat.Geres,Eng.cereal,Gr.ko'/oo?,satiety,Lit.
szerti,feed.ThemeaningmakesconnectionwithGr.
KopKopos,pimpernel,doubtful.

eorcur,crimson,Ir.corcur,scarlet,0.Ir.corcur,purple,W.
porphor;fromLat.purpura(Eng.purple).
*Cdrd,arope,Ir.corda;fromEng.cord,Lat.corda.
vCdrd,agree,Ir.cord;fromobsoleteEng.cord,agree,bringtoan
agreement,fromLat.cord,thestemofcor,heart,whence
Eng.cordial,etc.TheSc.hasthepart,ascordyt,agreed.

COrdaidhe,spasms(Sh.):"twistings,"fromcord.

cdrlach,bran,refuseofgrain(M'D.;O'R.hascorlack),cdrrlach,
coarselygroundmeal,overplus.Acompoundofcorr.
"whatisover"?

C6rn,adrinkinghorn,Ir.,E.Ir.corn,W.corn,Br.horn,Homo;
Lat.cornu;Eng.horn;Gr.Ktpas,horn.

cdrnuil,retching,violentcoughing:*korsno?Forkors,see
carrasan.

COron,acrown,Ir.,E.Ir.cordin,cordn,W.coron;fromLat.
corona(Eng.crown).

COrp,abody,Ir.,0.Ir.corp,W.corff,Br.korf;fromLat.corpus
(Eng.corpse,Sc.corp).

COrpag,tiptoe(Arm.);seeminglyfoundedoncorrofcorrag.

COrr,acrane,Ir.,E.Ir.corr,W.crychydd,Cor.cherkit,0.Br.
corcid,ardea,*korgsd,korgjos;Gr./<e/)Xw>Dehoarse,Kepxvy,
ahawk,0.SI.kraguj,sparrowhawrk.Cf.W.cregyr,heron,
"screamer,"fromcregu,behoarse;Ag.S.hrdgra,Ger.
reiher,heron,Gr.Kpt^a,KpUe,screech.

cdrr,excess,overplus,Ir.corr;G.corr,odd,Ir.cor,corr,odd;
alsoIr.corr,snout,corner,point,E.Ir.corr,rostrum,corner.
TheE.Ir.corr,rostrum,hasbeenreferredbyZimmerand
Thurneysentocorr,cranethenameof"beaked"birddoing
dutyalsofor"beak."Themodernmeaningsof"excess,
odd"(cf.oddofEng.,whichreallymeans"point,end")
makesthecomparisondoubtful.Referitrathertokors,stick
out,point,head;Gr.Koporj,head;stemkeras;Lat.crista,
Eng.crest;furtherisGr.Ktpas,horn,Lat.cerebrum,Norse
hjarsi,crownofthehead;andalsocorn,horn,q.v.Hence
corran,headland.

CCrrabiod,anattitudeofreadinesstostart;fromcorr,point,
andMod=biog,start,corrabeaga(M'A.).

CCrrach,abrupt,steep,Ir.,M.Ir.corrach,unsteady,wavering;
"onapoint,"fromcorr,point,odd1

corrachagailt,glowwormlikefiguresfromrakedembers,Ir.
corrchagailt;fromcdrr,apoint,andcagailt.

02ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

corradhuil,firsteffortofanInfanttoarticulate.Anonomato
poeicword.

corrag",aforefinger,finger;fromcr)rr,point,etc.

corraghriodhach,aheron,(.'rune,lr.corrghrian,heron;from
cbrr,and(E.Ir.)grith,acry,scream,*grtu,rootgar,of
goir,q.v.

Corran,asickle,Ir.corran,carrdn,M.Ir.corran,*korso,root
kors,Jeers,anextensionofIE.qero,Gr.Kipo>,etc.,asincore,
q.v.Cf.I.E.qerpo,cut,fromthesameroot,whichgives
Lat.carpo,cull,Gr.Kapiros,fruit(Eng.harvest),Lit.kerpu,
cut,Skr.krpaua,sword.Gr.maybefromakorpso,korso.
TheGaelichasalsobeenreferredtotherootkur,round,as
incruinn,Ir.cor,circuit(O'CL).

corran,headland;seecbrr.

corran,aspear,barbedarrow(OssianicPoems);fromcorr,a
point,q.v.

corranach,loudweeping,"coronach,"Ir.cordnach,afuneralcry,
dirge:co+rdnach,"coweeping";seeran.

corrghuil,amurmur,chirping(Heb.);seecorradhuil.

cdrrlach,coarselygroundmeal,overplus;seecbrlach.

COrruich,anger,rage,Ir.corruighe,vb.corruighim,stir,shake;
fromcorrach.ThestrikingresemblancetoM.Eng.couroux,
0.Fr.couroux(fromLat.corruptus),hasbeenremarkedby
DrCameron(Rel.Celt.II.,625).

c6rsa,acoast;fromtheEng.course.Cf.cbrsair,acruiser.

corshiomain,thrawcrook;fromcororcar,q.v.,andsioman,q.v.

COS,afoot,leg;seecas.

c6s,acave,Ir.cuas,topographicallyCoos,Coose,M.Ir.cuas,a
cave,hollow:*cavosto,fromcavo,hollow;Lat.cavus.Itis
possibletoreferitto*coudto,koudh,hide,Gr.Kevdto,Eng.
hide,hut.TheNorsekjds,adeeporhollowplace,isnot
allied,butitappearsinLewisintheplacenameKeose.

cosanta,industrious;seecosnadh.

COSd,cost,Ir.cosdus(n),M.Ir.costus,W.cost;from0.Fr.cost,
Eng.cost.

COSgairt,slaughtering;seecasgairt.

cosgaradh,valuationofthesheepandcattlewhichacrofteris
entitledto;NorsekostgortS,stateofaffairs(Lewis).

COSgus,cost;abyformofcost.

coslach,like,coslas,likeness,Ir.,cosmhuil,like,0.Ir.cosmail,
cosmailius(n.):con+samha.il,q.v.

cosmhail,like;seetheabove.

COSmal,rubbish,refuseofmeat,etc.(M'A.):

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.103

COSnadh,earning,winning,Ir.cosnamh,defence,0.Ir.cosnam,
contentio,*cosen,rootsen,Skr.san,win,saniyas,more
profitable,Gr.tvapa,booty.M.Ir.aisne,gain,*adsenia,
Skr.sanati,Gr.aw/XL.
^COStag,costmary;fromtheEng.

cot,acottage;fromEng.cot.

cota,acoat;Ir.c6ta;fromtheEng.

cotaban,agroat:
icotan,cotton,Ir.cotun;fromtheEng.

COthachadh,earningsupport,Ir.cothughadh,M.Ir.cothngud,
support;fromteg,tog,asintigh?

cothaich,contend,strive;fromcath,battle1

COthan,pnlp,froth;seeomhan.

cothar,acoffer,Ir.cbfra;fromtheEng.

COthlamadh,thingsofadifferentnaturemixedtogether:

cothrom,fairplay,justice,Ir.cdmhthrom,equilibrium,E.Ir.
comthrom,par:com+trom,q.v.

crabhach,devout,Ir.crdbhach,0.Ir.crdibdech,crabud,fides,W.
crefydd,*krab,religion;Skr.vi^rambh,trust.
icrabhat,acravat,Ir.carabhat;fromtheEng.
cracas,conversation;fromSo.,Eng.crack.

cradh,torment,Ir.crddh,E.Ir.crdd,crdidim(vb.).Ascolihas
compared0.Ir.tacrdth,exacerbatione,whichhereferstoa
stemacrad,derivedfromLat.acritas.Thiswillnotsuitthe
dofcrddh.Possiblyithasarisenfromtherootker,cut,
hurt,(ker,Tcrd).

cradhearg,bloodred,E.Ir.croderg;seecro.

crag,crac,afissure;fromtheEng.crack.

crag,knock;fromtheEng.crack.

craicionn,skin,Ir.croiceann,0.Ir.crocenn,tergus,Cor.crohen,
Br.kroc'hen,*krokkenno,W.croen,*krokno(^).From
^krokkenn:krokisalliedtoGer.rilcken,back,Eng.ridge,
Norsehryggr;andkennisalliedtoEng.skin.Forit,see
boicionn.

craidhneach,askeleton,agauntfigure,craidhneag,adriedpeat;
forroot,seecreathach,crion,(*kratni).

craigean,afrog,fromcrag,crdg,q.v.:"thewellpawedone."

craimhinn,cancer,Ir.cnamhuinn;fromcndmh,qv.

crain,asow,Ir.crdin,M.Ir.crdnai(gen.case;:*crdcnix,
"grunter,"rootqreq,asinLat.crocio,croak,Lit.krbkti,
grunt.

craiteag,aniggardwoman;likelyfromcrddh.

cralad,torment;forcrddhlot,crddhandlot,q.v.

cramaist,acreasebyfolding(Skye):

104ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cramb,acrampiron,Ir.crampa;fromtheEng.

crambadh,crampadh,aquarrel:

cralaidh,crawl,crawling;fromtheEng.

crann,tree,aplough,Ir.crann,atree,lot,0.Ir.crann,W.and

Br.prenn:*qrenno;cf.Gr.Kpdvov,cornel,Lat.cornus,Lit.

keras,treestump,0.Pruss.kirno,shrub(Bezzenberger).

WindischcorrelatedLat.quernus,oaken,butthisform,

satisfactoryasitisinviewoftheWelsh,ratherstandsfor

quercnus,fromquercus,oak.
crannadh,withering,shrivelling,Ir.crannda,decrepit;from

crann:"runningtowood."
crannag,apulpit,awoodenframetoholdthefircandles,Ir.

crannog,ahamperorbasket,M.Ir.crannoc,awoodenvessel,

awoodenstructure,especiallythe"crannogs"inIrishlakes.

Fromcrann;thewordmeansmanykindsofwooden

structuresinGadeliclands,
crannchur,lot,castinglots,Ir.crannchar,0.Ir.cranchur;from

crannandcuir.
crannlach,theteal,redbreastedmerganser;fromcrannandlack,

duck,q.v.
craobh,tree,soIr.,E.Ir.crdeb,crdeb,*croib?"thesplittable,"

rootkrei,kri,separate;astreeofEng.anditsnumerous

congenersinotherlanguagesisfromtherootdtr,split;and

someothertreewordsarefromrootsmeaningviolenceof

rendingorsplitting(k\ol8os,twig,e.g.).Forrootkri,see

criathar.
craoiseach,aspear,E.Ir.croisech;fromcraobh?
craoit,acroft;seecroit.
craos,awide,openmouth,gluttony,soIr.,E.Ir.croes,crdes,

0.Ir.crois,gula,gluttony.Zimmercfs.W.croesan,buffoon.

PossiblyaCeltickmpestu,alliedtoLat.crdpula,ortoGr.

Kpanrakrj,headachefromintoxication,
crasgach,crossways,crasg,anacrossplace;forcrosg,fromcros

ofcrois,across,q.v.
crasgach,corpulent(Sh.;H.S.D.forC.S.);fromobsoleteeras,

body(O'Cl.),Ir.eras,for*crapso,*krps,rootkrpofLat.

corpus?
cratach,backofperson,side(Skye):crot?
crath,shake,Ir.crathadh,0.Ir.crothim,*krto;perhapsalliedto

Lit.kresti,kratyti,shake.Butitmaybealliedtocrith,q.v.

IthasbeencomparedtoGr.KpaSdw,brandish,whichmaybe

foroKapSono,rootskerinwKatpio,spring,Ger.scherz,joke.

ThiswouldsuitG.crith,W.crydandysgryd.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.105

ere,clay,!r.,0.Ir.ere,g.rriad,W.pridd,Cor.,Br.pry.Its
relationtoLat.crSta,whichWhartonexplainsasfromcretus,
"sifted,"fromcerno,isdoubtful.Ifcernobefor*crino,Gr.
KpLvw,weshouldhavetherootkri,krei,separate,asin
criathar,anditisnotlabialisedinanylanguage(notqrei).
TheCelticphoneticsarenoteasilyexplained,however.
Stokesgivesthestemasqreid,butthemodern(J.liasthe
peculiaresoundwhichwefindingne,ce.Thispointstoa
stemqrejd,rootqre,whichisinagreementwithLat.arita
withoutdoingtheviolenceofsupposingcrinotogivecerno,
andthisagaincretus.Cf.0.Ir.cle,left.

ere,creubh,body;seecreubh.

creabag,aballforplaying,fircone:

creach,plunder,soIr.,E.Ir.crech,plundering,hosting;c\'.Br.
hregi,seize,bite,catch(asfire).Fromtherootker,cut,
ultimately.Seecore,knife,andcreuckd.

creachag,acockle,Ir.creach,scollopshell(O'll.);cf.\V.cragen,
ashell,Cor.crogen,Br.krog.

creachan,creachann,baresummitofahillwantingfoliage,a
mountain:"bared,"fromcreach?

creachan,puddingmadewithacalf'sentrails(M'L.):

creadhonadh,atwitching,piercingpain(Heb.);possiblyfor
cneadhghonadh,"woundpiercing."

creag,arock,soIr.;acurtailedformofcarraig.Also(Dialecti
cally)craig.HenceEng.crag.

creamh,garlic,Ir.creamh,earliercrem,W.craf;Gr.Kp6\xvov,
onion;Ag.S.hramse,Eng.raimons;Lit.kermiiszr,wild
garlic.

crean,crion,quake,tearup(Carm.)

creanair,sedition(Arm.;notH.S.D.),soIr.(O'R.):

creanas,whettingorhackingofsticks(M'F.;H.S.D.considersit
Dialectic),neathanded(M'L.):

creapall,entangling,hindering,soIr.;itisanIr.wordevidently,
fromLh.;foundedonEng.cripple.

creapall,agarter,creapailld(Skye);(Arm.creapidl):

creathach,(faded)underwood,firewood,Ir.creathach,hurdle,
brushwood,faggots(O'R.):*krto;cf.crion.

creathall,cradle,fromNorthernM.Eng.credit,Sc.ereddle,Eng.
cradle,Ag.S.cradol.Furtherderivationatpresentuncertain
(Murray).

creathall,alamprey:

creatrach,awilderness,soIr.(Lh.,etc.);M'A.givestheword,
butitisclearlyIr.Cf.creathach.

106ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

creic,sell,M.Ir.creicc,sale,E.Ir.creic,buying,0.Ir.crenim,I

buy,W.prynn,buy;Skr.krinami(do.).Thereseemsa

confusioninG.andE.Ir.withthewordrei<,sell.q.y.
creid,believe,Ir.creidim,0.Ir.cretim,W.credu,Cor.crest/,Br.

cridiff,*kreddio;Lat.credo;Skr.craddadhdmi.From

creddo,"Igiveheartto."
creigeir,agrapple(M'D.)fromsomederivativeofNorsekntkja,

tohook,krceki/l,acrookedstick,Eng.crook?
creim,creidhm,gnaw,chew,nibble,Ir.creimim,creidhmim,M.Ir.

creim.Ir.isalsocreinim,W.cnithio,cnoi(whichalsomeans

"gnaw"):fromknet,knen,kno,ken,bite,scratch,asin

cnamh,q.v.Thenofknearlybecomesrbecauseofthem

ornafterthefirstvowel,
crein,sufferfor(W.H.).Alliedtothe0.Ir.crenim,buy:

"Youwillbuyforit!"Seeundercreic.
cr^is,grease;fromSc.creische,from0.Fr.craisse,cresse,from

Lat.crassa,crassus,thick.Eng.greaseisoflikeorigin,
creithleag,agadfly,soIr.(Fob),M.Ir.crebar,\Y.creyr,root

creb)scratch?Cf.Lett,kribindt,gnawoil'.Ir.creabhar,

horsefly.
cre6th,wound,hurt(Dialectic),Ir.creo,awound(O'li.);creonadh,

beingpained:*krevoasinera,blood.
creubh,creubhag",ere,thebody;cf.M.Ir.cri,*kreivio,flesh,

body;Got.hraiva,Norsehrae,body,0.H.G.lireo,corpse.

Itispossibletorefercri,ereto^kre/ri,Lat.corpus,0.H.G.

href,Ag.S.hrif,body,Eng.midriff.Stokes:cri,krpes.
creubh,dun,crave;fromtheEng.crave.
creubhaidh,tenderinhealth;seeminglyfromcreubh.
creuchd,wound,Ir.creachd,0.Ir.crecht,W.craith,scar,creithen,

M.Br.creizenn(do.),*crempto;rootkerp,ker,Lit.kerpii,

cut,Skr.krpana,sword(Strachan).StokesgivestheCeltic

askrektos,andBez.cfs.Norsehrekja,worry.Thisneglects

theeofGadelic.
creud,what,Ir.creud,cread,E.Ir.cret;forceret.Seecoand

rud.
creud,creed,Ir.creidh,M.Ir.credo,W.credo;fromLat.credo,I

believe;thefirstwordoftheApostles'CreedinLat.
creutair,creature,Ir.creatur,W.creadwr;fromLat.creatura.
criadh,clay,soIr.Reallytheobliqueformofere,q.y.
criathar,asieve,Ir.,0.Ir.criathar,0.W.cruitr,Cor.croider,

M.Br.croezr,*kreitro;Ag.S.hridder,hriddel,Eng.riddle,

Ger.reiter;furtherLat.cribrum(*kri6ron);rootkri,krei,

separate,whenceGr.Kpivm,Eng.critic,etc.
criachadh,proposingtooneself;fromcrioch,end.Cf.Eng.

define,fromfinisandend,usedfor"purpose."


OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.107

cridhe,heart,Ir.croidhe,0.Ir.cride,W.craidd,Br.kreis,middle,
*krdjon;Gr.KpaSia,KupSia;Lat.cor%cordis;Eng.heart,

Ger.Aer.i;Lit.szirdis.

crilein,asmallcreel(M'E.),abox,smallcoffer(H.S.D.),crilein
(Arm.,ML.),abox,Ir.criliu,E.Ir.criol,coffer,*krSpolo.
criol(Arran,Perth).Stokesgivesthestemaskrepo,
andBez.addsSkr.fjdrpa,winnowingbasket(Cf.for
phoneticslion,andSkr.puma,full).So.,Eng.creel,which
appearsabout1400,isusuallyderivedhence;butasthe
G.formitselfisdoubtful,and,fromallappearance,taken
fromLh.,itisbesttolookelsewhereforanetymologyfor
creel,as,throughFr.,fromLat.craticula.TheG.criol
existsonlyinSh.,whofounditinLh.Seecroidhltag.

crioch,end,Ir.crioch,0.Ir.,crich,*krika,fromtherootkre'i,
separate,asincriathar,q.v.StokesandBezzenbergerjoin
W.crip,acomb,andcompareLit.kreikti,strew,and,for
sense,appealtotheGer.,Eng.strand,"thestrewed,"
0.Slav,strana,side.Ithasalsobeenreferredtotheroot
ofLat.circus,circle,Gr.KpUos.

criom,nibble,criomag,abit;seecreim.

crion,little,withered,Ir.crion,E.Ir.crin,VV.crin,fragile,dry,
Br.krin,*krenos;therootkreappearstobelongtorootkcr,
kera,destroy,Skr.crndmi,break,rend,Lat.caries,decay,
Gr.aK'ijpaTos,pure,untouched,Got.hairus,sword.Stokes
alliesittoSkr.era//a,cooked,<;ra,cook,possiblyaformof
therootkera,mix,Gr.Kepajxac,mix.

crioncanachd,astrife,quarrelsomeness,Ir.crioncdnachd:anIr.
wordfromLh.,apparently.Perhapscrioncdn,"small
reviling."

crionna,attentivetosmallthings,prudent,soIr.(crlonna,Con.);
alsodialecticcrionda,whichshowsitsconnectionwithcrion.
Cf.W.crintach,sordid.

criopag1,awrinkle,Ir.criopog;foundedonEng.crimp,crumple.
M'A.hascriopag,aclewofyarn.

crios,abelt,girdle,soIr.,0.Ir.criss,fochridigedar,accingat,W.
crys,shirt,E.W.cry8,belt,M.Br.crisaff,succingere,Br.
kreis,middle.Bez.suggestscomparisonwithLit.skritidys,
circle,kneecap,skreisie,mantle.Ithasbeenreferredalso
totherootkridofcridhe,heart.

Criosdaidh,aChristian,Ir.Criosduighe,M.Ir.cristaige;from
theG.Criosd,Ir.Criosda,Christ;fromLat.Christus,Gr.
Xpurros,theAnointedOne.

criostal,acrystal,soIr;fromtheEng.

criot,anearthenvessel(Dialect,H.S.D.),Ir.eriotamhail,earthen,
madeofclay(O'B.),criot,anearthenvessel(O'R.):

108F/LYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

criotaich,caress;seecniadaich.

criplich,acripple;fromtheEng.cripple.

crith,shake,quiver,Ir.,E.Ir.crith,W.cryd,0.W.crit,*kritu;
Ag,S.hri&a,fever,Ger.ritten,fever.Seecrath,towhich
crithhasbeensuggestedascognate(rootkrt,krot,kret).

critheann,critheach,theaspentree,lr.cranncritheach;from
crith.

cro,asheepcot,pen,Jr.cro,M.Ir.eracaerach,ovile,crbuamuice,
pigstye,W.craw,hovel,pigstye,Br.kraon,crou,stable,
*krdpos,astye,roof;Ag.S.hrof,Eng.roof,Norsehrof,a
shed(Stokes).TheNorsekrd,smallpen,Sc.croo,seem
borrowed.

cro,theeyeofaneedle,Ir.,E.Ir.cro,W.crau,M.Br.crcio,Br.
kraouenn.

fcrd,blood,E.Ir.cro,cru,W.crau,Cor.crow,*krovos;Lat.
cruor,gore;Lit.kraujas,blood;Skr.kravis,rawflesh;Gr.
K/oeas,flesh;Eng.raw.

fcro,death,Ir.,E.Ir.cro.Fromthesameoriginascro,blood.
ThisistheSc.cro,theweregildofthevariousindividualsin
theScotoCelticKingdom,fromthekingdownwards.

croc,beat,pound(Dialectic,H.S.D.):

croc,abranchofadeer'shorn;cf.Norsekrokr,Eng.crook.

crocan,acrook;fromtheNorsekrokr,Eng.crook.

croch,hang,Ir.crochaim,croch,across,gallows,E.Ir.croch,cross,
W.crog;fromtheLat.crux,cruris.

croch,saffron,Ir.croch;fromLat.crocus,fromGr.KpoKos,crocus,
anditsproductsaffron.

crodh,cattle,Ir.crodh,adowry,cattle,M.Ir.crod,wealth
(cattle):*krodo,I.E.qordh,qerdh\Eng.herd,Ger.herde;
Lit.kerdzus,herd(man),Ch.SI.creda,aherd;Skr.cardhas,
atroop.

crddha,valiant,Ir.crddha,E.Ir.crdda,valiant,cruel,*croudavos,
"hardy";rootcroudofcruaidh,q.v.

crodhan,hoof,partedhoof,Ir.crobhdn,alittlehooforpaw.See
cndJi.

crog,anearthenvessel,crogan,apitcher,Ir.crogdu,pitcher,
E.Ir.crocann,olla,W.crochan,*krokko;Gr.Kpaxraos,
pitcher(^Kpw/cjos);towhichareallied,byborrowingsome
how,Eng.crock,Ag.S.crocca,Norsekrukka,Ger.krug.G.
andW.phonetics(G.g=W.ch.)areunsatisfactory.Schroder
derivesthesewordsfrom0.Ir.crocenn,skina"skin"
vesselbeingtheoriginal.

crog,anagedewe;fromtheSc.crock;cf.Norw.krake,asickly
beast,Fries,krakke,brokendownhorse,etc.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.100

Grog,largehand,handinpawform,*crobhag,lr.crobh,hand
fromwristtofingers,paw,hoof,0.lr.crob,hand.Seccrubk.

crogaid,abeastwithsmallhorns(M'A.);fromcrogt

crogan,agnarledtree(Arg.);cf.crdcan.

crogan,thornbush(Arg),fromcrog,W.crafanc,claw.

croic,foamonspirits,rage,difficulty,castseaweed:

croich,gallows,lr.crock,gallows,cross,E.Ir.crock,cross,\Y.
crogbren,gallows;fromLat.crux,crwU.

croid,asumptuouspresent(Heb.);seecnbid.

croidh,pencattle,housecorn;fromcrb.Dialectictorlatter
meaningiscrodhadh.

croidhleag,abasket,smallcreel;seecrilein.

croilean,alittlefold,agroup;fromcro.

crois,across,solr.,E.Ir.cross,W.croes;fromLat.crvx.

croistara,cranntara,alsotara,tarra,thefierycross:crois+
tara;seecroisabove.Astotara,cf.theNorsetara,war
(Cam.).

croit,ahump,hillock,lr.croit,W.crwth,ahiuich,harp,croih,a
protuberantpart(ascalfofleg),*crotti;fromhrot,hurt,
roother,round,asincruinn,emit,q.v.

croit,acroft;fromtheEng.croft.Inthesenseof"vulva,"cf.
W.rroth,Br.courz,whichStokesreferstoemit,harp;but
theG.maybesimplyametaphoricaluseofcroit,croft.

crolot,wounddangerously;cro+lot,q.v.

crom,bent,lr.,E.Ir.crom,0.lr.cromm,W.crwm,Br.krom,
0.Br.crum,^krumbo;fromthesamerootascruinn?The
Ag.S.crumb,crooked,Eng.crumple,Ger.krumm,havebeen
compared,andborrowingalleged,someholdingthatthe
TeutonsborrowedfromtheCelts,;ndviceversa.DrStokes
holdsthattheCeltsaretheborrowers.TheTeutonicand
Celticwordsdonotseemtobeconnectedatallinreality.
Itisanaccidentalcoincidence,whichisboundtohappen
sometimes,andthewonderisitdoesnothappenoftener.

cromadh,ameasurethelengthofthemiddlefinger,Ir.cruma,
cromadli;fromcrom.

croman,kite,hawk,fromcrom.

cron,fault,harm,Ir.cronaim,Ibewitch;cf.M.Ir.cron,rebuking.
Theideaisthatofbeing"forespoken"bywitchcraft.Sec
next.

crcDaich,rebuke,Ir.cronaighim,M.Ir.cronaigim,cron,rebuking,
E.Ir.airchron(do.),*/cruno;cf.Teut.hru,noise,Noise
rbmr,shouting,Ag.S.hream,adin.

dirge,croon,purring,lr.,E.Ir.crondn.O'Curry
(Mann,andCust.111.,246)writestheIr.ascrondn,and
definesitasthelowmurmuringorchorustoeachverseof

110ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

theaidbsiorchoralsinging.Sc.croon,croyn(15thcentury),

correspondstoJ>u.kreunen,groan,M.Du.kronen.,lament,

M.LowG.kronen,growl,O.H.G.chronau,M.L.G.kroenen,

chatter(Murray,whothinkstheSc.camefromLowGer.

inM.Eng.period).ItseemsclearthattheGadelicarid

Teutonicarerelatedtoeachotherbyborrowing;seemingly

theGadelicisborrowed,
cropan,deformedperson(Suth.);fromNorsekroppwm,deformed.

Seeundercrub.
crosach,crossing,thwarting,Ir.cromnta;alsoG.crosan(and

crostan),apeevishman;allfromeras,thebasisofcrois,

cross,q.v,
crosanachd,fromcrosan,poet,chorister,
crosda,perverse,irascible,soIr.;fromtheG.basecroxofrrois,

cross,
crotal,lichen,especiallyfordyeing,cudbear:*crottal;*krotto,

fromkrot;cf.Gr.KpoTom),anexcrescenceonatree.Hence

Sc.crottle.M.Ir.crotalmeans"husk"(whichmaybeG.

crotalabove),"kernel,cymbal."Inthelasttwosensesthe

wordisfromtheLat.crotalum,arattle;theIrishuseda

smallpearshapedbellorrattle,whencetheIr.Eng.crotal

(Murray),
cruach,apile,heap,Ir.,E.Ir.cruach,W.erug,Cor.cruc,0.Br.

cruc,*kroukd;Lit.krduti,topile,kricvi,heap;NorseJvrtiga,

heap.OthershavecomparedtheNorsehraukr,asmall

stack,Ag.S.hredc,Eng.rick.
cruachan,cruachainn,hip,upperpartofthehip,E.Ir.cruachaU;

fromcruach,heap,hump.StokestranslatestheIr.as

"chine,"andconsidersit,likethecorrespondingGer.kreuz,

derivedfromLat.criicem,cross.TheGaelicmeaningis

distinctlyagainstthis,
cruaidh,hard,Ir.cruaidh,0.Ir.cruaid,*kroudis;rootkreva,to

bebloody,raw,whencecro,blood,q.v.;Lat.crUdvs,Eng.

crude.Hencecruailinn,hard,rocky,
crub,squat,crouch,Ir.crubadJi,tobend,crook;alsoG.crubach,

cripple,Ir.do.;fromNorsebrjupa,tocreep,kneel(Eng.

creep,etc.),kroppiriu,crippled,roothrev/p,krup,asinEng.

cripple,Sc.cruppeuthegether,contracted,bowed.Cf.W.

rrwb,bent.
crub,bedrecess(Carm.):

cruban,thecrabfish,Ir.criiban,W.crwban.Fromcrhbabove,
crubh,ahorse'shoof,Ir.crobh,paw,hoof,E.Ir.cru,*kruvo,

hoof;Zend<;rva,puva,nail,horn;furtherGr.Kepas,horn,

andcorn,q.v.(Stokes).
crudha,horseshoe,Ir,erddh:seeminglyfromtheaboveword.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.Ill

crtiidein,thekingfisher,Ir.cruidin:

cruidhean,paw(Arm.)=craibhean.

cruimh,aworm,Ir.cnuimh,0.Ir.cruim,W.,Cor.pryf,Br.prenv,

*qrmi;Lit.farmis,Lett,sdrms;Skr.krmis,krimis.
cruinn,round,soJr.,0.Ir.cruind,W.crvm,Br.krenn,*kru?idis;

rootkuro,circle,turn,asincar,q.v.Cf.Lat.curvtu;Gr.

KvpTos,bent,Kopiovr),ring,Lat.corona,Eng.crown.Be/.zcn

bergercfs.theformcrundifromfotrtoLat.rotundusfrom

ror/.
cruisgein,alamp,jug,Ir.cruisgin;fromM.Eng.cruskyn,from

0.Fr.creusequin,fromTent.&rtfc,whenceEng.crwse.
cruisle,cruidse,mausoleum,hollowvaultofachurch;from

M.Eng.cruddes,vault,crypt,crowd,byformofEng.crypt,
cruit,aharp,soIr.,0.Ir.crot,\V.crwth,fidicula,I.ateLat.(600

a.d.)chrotta,*krotta:krotta,fromkrot,kurt,rootkur,asin

G.cruinn,round,q.v.,Gr.Kvpr6s(do.):"thecurved

instrument."Stokesrefersittotherootkrot,strike,asin

Gr.KpoTtu),rattle,clap.HenceEng.crowd.
cruithneachd,CTuineachd,wheat,Ir.cruitlmeachd,0.Ir.cruith

necht:*krton,root/cert,her,cut,"thatwhichiscut'';Lit.

kertu,cut;Gr.Keipio,Lat.curtns,etc.(Rhys).Ithasbeen

comparedtotheLat.Ceres,Eng.cereal,andLat.cresco,creo,

asincruth.
crulaist,arockyhill(H.S.D.,fromMSS.);fromcruaidh?Cf.

cruailinn.
crumag,theplantskirret;Sc.crummock.FromGaeliccrom

(Cameron),
cruman,thehipbone,Ir.crumdn,hipbone,crookedsurgical

instrument;fromcrom.
crun,crown,Ir.crun;fromM.Eng.crime,from0.Fr.coronne,

fromLat.corona.
crunnluadh,aquickmeasureinpipemusic:cruinnviuath.
crup,crouch,contract,Ir.crupaim;foundedontheM.Eng.

cruppel,cripple,arootcrup,appearinginSc.cruppen,

contracted.Seecrubach.
crusbal,crucible(Hend.).
cruscladh,wrinkling:

cruth,form,figure,Ir.,0.Ir.cruth,W.pryd,*</rtHs,rootqer,
make;Lat.cerus,creator,creo,Eng.create;lat.kuriit,build;
Skr.kar,make,krtas,made,
cruthach,placentaofmare:

cu,adog,Ir.,0.Ir.en,g.con,W.ci,pi.cwn,Cor.,Br././,pi.Br
koun,*kuo,g.*kuno&;Gr.K\mv;hat.canis;Eng.hound
Skr.cm,g.cduas.

112ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

cuach,acup,bowl,Ir.cuachog,0.Ir.cuach:Lat.caucus,Gr.

KavKa;Skr.horn.Itisgenerallyheldthatcuachisborrowed

fromtheLat.,thoughphoneticallytheymaybecognate.

TheW.eawgiscertainlyborrowed,
cuach,curl,soIr.;fromtheabove.
cuag,anawkwardcurve,kink,anexcrescenceontheheel;also

guag(Dialectic):*kouggd,*koukgd;rootqeuq>bend;Skr.

hue,bend.Lit.kuku,hook?
cu'ag,cubhag,cuckoo,Ir.cuach,0.Ir.cuach,W.cog,ofonomato

poeticoriginfromthecuckoo'scryofkuku,whenceEng.

cuckoo,Latcuculus,Gr.k6kkv,Skr.kdkilas,koka.
cuailean,thehair,alock,curl,Ir.cuailen(Stokes).ThisStokes

referstoastem*koglenno~,andcfs.Gr.koxAos,aspiral
shelledshellfish,KOxAias,spiralshelledsnail,Lat.cochlea.

AstheGr.maybeforxX^0S>thederivationisuncertain.

Ir.cuailin,abundle,faggot,suggeststhatasimilarderivation

fromcwdwasusedmetaphoricallyfora"bundleorcordof

hair."
cuaille,aclub,bludgeon,Ir.,E.Ir.cuaille,*kaullio;Gr.Kav\6<s,

stalk;Lat.caulis,stalk;Lit.kdulas,abone(Stokes).It

may,however,befor*coudslio,fromqoad,Lat.cudo,strike,
cuairsg,roll,wreathe,soIr.;fromcuairt,withthetermination

sqo.
cuairt,circuit,soIr.,0.Ir.cuairt.Stokesgivesthestemas

kukrti,fromkur,circle,asincruinn.
cual,afaggot,burdenofsticks,Ir.cual,M.Ir.cual,heap,*kuglo,

rootkug,qeug;Eng.heap;Lat.cumulus(=cuhdus?);Lit.

kicgis,heap,
cuallach,herdingortendingcattle:
cuallach,society,family,IrcuallaidheacM,society,cuallaidhe,a

companion:
cuan,theocean,Ir.,M.Ir.cuan,harbour,*copno;Norsekbfn,

Ger.hafeu,Eng.haven.
cuanal,cuantal,acompany,abandofsingers,flocks(Carm.),

E.Ir.cuan,host,*koupn,Lit.kupa,heap,Eng.heap(?).
cuanna,cuannar,handsome,line,Ir.cuanna;alsocuanta,robust,

neat:*kaunuavos,fromkaun,skaun;Ger.schbn.
tcuar,crooked,Ir.cuar,E.Ir.cuar,*kukro,rootkuc,bend;Ski1.

kucati,bend,Lit.kuku,hook(Strachan).Butcf.cuairt.
cuaradh,paining,tormenting;cf.W.cur,pain,care,curio,beat.

TheDictionariesreferthewordtociurr,asaDialecticform.
cuaran,abrogue,sock,Ir.cuarbg,M.Ir.cuardn,W.curan,a

coveringforthefootandleg,*kourano,"mocassin":*keu

ro;rootken,ku,asinLat.cutis,skin,Eng.hide,Ag.S.

hgd(*kuti).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.113

cuartach,afever(Arg.);fromcuairt.

cuartag,ringworm(Heud.):

cuas,acave;seecos.

cuat,sweetheart(Carm.):

Cub,atumbril,boxcait;fromSc.coop,coup,boxcart,etc.,

probablythesameasEng.coop,basket.Dialecticcoba.
Cllb,crouch,Ir.rubaim;foundedonLat.cubo,lie.
Cubaid,pulpit;ultimatelyfromLat.pulpitum,aspeakingplat
form,whenceEng.pulpit,Sc.poopit.Dialecticbubaid.
cubair,acooper;fromtheEng.
cubhag,cuckoo;seecu'ag.
cubhaidh,fit,soIr.,0.Ir.cobaid,fit,cubaithiu,concinnior:*cou

vedo,"suiting";rootved,bind,asinfeadhainn.
cubhraidh,fragrant,Ir.cumhra,cumhra,M.Ir.cumra,cumrae,

E.Ir.cumrai(inaballgortchumrai);*comrae:
cubhraig,cubhrainn,acoverlet;foundedontheEng.cover,

coverlet.Dialecticcuibhlig.
cuchailte,aresidence(Arm.;notH.S.D.),Ir.cuclaidke',*con

eladh;fromcladh,q.v.
cudaig,thefishcuddy,youngofthecoalfish,Ir.cuddg,codog,

haddock,*coddo;Eng.haddock?Sc.cuddy,cudden,may

beofG.origin(Murray).Alsocudainn.
Cudainn,alargebushelortub;cf.Norsekiitr,cask,Sc.coodi",

quiddie,smalltub.M.Ir.cuidin,coithin,catinus,is

probablyfromaCelt,kotino,Gr.kotvXi],cup,Lat.catinus,

adeepvessel.
cudrom,cudthrom,weight:*controm,"coheavy";0.Ir.

cutrumme,similis.Seetrom.Dialecticcuideam.
cugainn,delicacy,"kitchen,"E.Ir.micen;fromLat.coguina.
CUgail,food(Carm.):
cugar,mab,orwildcat(Carm.):
Cugullach,precarious,unstable(Carm.):
cuibheas,sufficiency:
cuibheasach,tolerable,middling,Ir.cuibheasach,decent,pretty

good,fairlygood(inhealth),cuibheas,decency,cuibhe,decent.

Seecubhaidhforstem.TheIr.cuibheshowsthatitis

possibletoderivethewordfrom*convesu,rootvesuof

feabhas.
cuibhle,cuibhill,awheel;fromEng.wheel.
cuibhne,deer'shorn(Arm.,M'L.),deer'stibia(H.S.D.):
CUibhreach,abond,chain,soIr.,0.Ir.cuimrech,vb.conriug,ligo,

W.rhwym,vinculum,Br.rum,kevre,*komrigon;rigo,a

bond;Lat.corrigia,shoelace;M.H.G.ric,band,string.

13

I1IIIVMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Stokes(rightly)nowgivesrootasrek,bind,Skr.rarana,
cord,rope,racmi(do.).

cuibhrig,cover,coverlet;seecubhraig.

Cllibhrionn,portion,soIr.,E.Ir.cuibrend,W.cyfran:*comrann;
seerami.

cuicheineach,coquetting,secretlyhobnobbing(Arg):coceann.

cuid,share,part,Ir.cuid,g.coda,0.Ir.cuit,W.peth,res,pars,
Cor.peth,Br.pez,*qezdi,*qozdi;qes,qos,seeminglyfromthe
pron.rootqo,qe(seeco).Cf.Lat.quotidie,quota,Br.ped,
howmuch.BezzenbergercomparesLit.kedeti,burst,SI.
csti,part;rootqed.HenceEng.piece.Somehave
suggestedcomparisonwithLatcosta,rib,Eng.coast.

cuideachd,company,Ir.cuideachda,0.Ir.cotecht,coitio,conventus:
*contecht;seeteacht.

cuideag,aspider(H.S.D.),Ir.cuideog(O'R.):

cuideal,pride(Arm.),cuidealas(M'A.);fromcuid?

cuideam,weight;seecudrom.

cuidh,cuith,inclosure(Barra);fromNorsekvi,Orkneyquoy,a
pen,OrkneyandShetlandquey,quay,enclosedland.

cuidhe,wreathofsnow;seecuith.

Cuidhtich,quit,requite,Ir.ciiitighim;fromEng.quit?

cuidich,assist,Ir.cuidighim,M.Ir.cuitigim,share;fromcuid.

cuidridh,common(Sh.;notH.S.D.),Ir.cuidri(dh),entertain
ment,commons:*contrebi,asincaidreabh?

cuifeiu,thewaddingofagun;fromSc.colfin.

Cuigeal,adistaff,soIr.,M.Ir.cuigel,W.cogail,Corn,cigel,Br.
kegel;fromM.Lat.conucula,forcolucula,fromcoins.From
Lat.conuculacomesGer.kunkel,Fr.quenouille.

cuil,corner,recess,Ir.edit,0.Ir.cuil,W.cil,*kuliSeecid.

cuilbheart,awile,trick;fromcuilfbeart.

cuilbheir,agun;fromtheEng.culverin.

Cllilc,reed,cane,Ir.cuile,*kolki;rootkol,asinLat.culmus,
stalk,Gr.KuAa/xos,reed,Eng.haulm.

cuile,anapartmentwherestoresarekept,0.Ir.cuilefinda,
vinaria,*kolid;Gr.Kakia,hut,Skr.kuldya,hut,nest
(Stores);from*kolio,rootqelofceil.

cuileag,afly,Ir.andE.Ir.cuil,W.cylion,flies,Cor.kelionen,Br.
quelyenen,*kuli$,kulidnos;Lat.cv.le.r.

cuileagan,feast(inacorner)(Carm.).

cuilean,awhelp,Ir.cuiledn(OB.),cnilearm(O'R.),E.Ir.culen,
W.colwyn,Cor.colovn,catulus,Br.kolenn,youngofquadru
peds;Gr.Kv\\a=oKvka{,whelp(Bez.).Itmaybefromcu,
*kun,doo.Ernault,*culenos:rootofkvosM.Br.colen,so
D'Arbois.RhyssaysW.borrowed.

OFTHKGAELICLANGUAGE.115

Cuilidh,cellar,secretplace,treasury;seecuile.

cuilionn,holly,soIr.,E.Ir.cuilenn,W.celyn,Cor.celin,Br.

kelenn(pi.),*kolemw;Eng.holly,Ag.S.holegn.
cuilm,afeast;Dialecticforcuirm,q.v.
cuimein,theplantcumin,[r.cuimin;fromLat.cummum,Eng.

cumin.
cuimhne,remembrance,soIr.,0.Ir.cuman,cuimnech,memor,W.

cof,Cor.coy,M.Br.coup,^comen;rootmen,asinLat.

memini,Iremember,Eng.mention,mind,etc.
cuimir,brief,handsome,soIr.,E.Ir.cumbair,*comberr<h;for

/><??/,seebearr.
cuimrig",trouble;seecoimrig.
cuimse,amark,aim,moderation,Ir.cuimse;fromcom+meas;

seemeas.Cf.eirmis.
cuin,when,E.Ir.cuin,W.,Br.pan;Lat.o^ra;Eng.when;see

co.TheIr.can(O'Cl.)isalliedtoLat.quando,andmore

nearlythancuintoW.,Br.pan.
cuing,ayoke,Ir.,E.Ir.cuing:*conjungiirootJung,jug,asin

Lat.jungo,Eng.joke.Forphonetics,seenext.Stokes

sincegivesthestemaskojungi.
cuinge,narrowness,0.Ir.cumce;seecumhang.
cuinn,coin;fromtheEng.
cuinneag,apail,milk*pail,Ir.cuinnedg,M.Ir.cuindeog,W.

cunnog,cynnog;cf.Lat.congim,aquart,
cuinnean,anostril:
cuinnlein,astalkofcorn,anostril;forthefirstmeaning,see

connlach;forthesecond,cuinneanabove.
icuinnse,aquince;fromtheEng.
cuinnsear,adagger,sword;fromtheEng.whinger.
cuip,awhip;fromEng.whip.
cuir,put,Ir.,E.Ir.cuirim,ir.cairiur,W.hebyor,putaside,

*korio,Iput.Therootislikelyher,kor,ofcruth,q.v.

Formeaningcf.Lat.facioandGr.tlOy][xl.Bezzenberger

comparesittoSkr.kal&yati,drive,bear,do,Lit.karta,

position,lie.
cuircinn,aparticularkindofheaddressforwomen,Ir.cuircin,

head,crest,comb(Oil.);fromcurrachd?Sc.courche,curges

(pi.),acoveringforawoman'shead,Eng.kerchief.E.Ir.

cuirce,bow,knot;whichmakestheSc.andEng.comparison

doubtful,
cuireadh,aninvitation,soIr.;fromcuir,q.v.
cuireall,akindofpacksaddle(H.S.D.fromMSS.):
cuireid,cuirein,turn,wile;fromcar,q.v.
cuirinnein,thewhitewaterlily(H.S.D.,whichquotesonlyO'R,),

Ir.cuirinin(O'R.):

116KTY.MOl.OOICALDICTfONAHY

cuirm,afeast,soIr.,E.Ir.coirm,cuirm,M.W.cwrwf,W.cwrw,

beer,Cor.core/,Gaul.Kovpfit,cervisia*kurmen;Lat.cremor,

broth(Eng.cream);Gr.Kepdwvpi,mix;Skr.pr<2,gr,cook;

I.E.kera,kra,mix.
cuirnean,asmallheapofstones,dewdrop,ringlet,Ir.cuirnedn,

headofapin,brooch,ringlet.Inthefirstsense,itisfrom

earn,andpossiblyalsointheothertwosenses,theidea

being"cluster,heap."
cuirpidh,wicked,corrupt;seecoirbte,coirb.
cuirt,court,Ir.ctiirt;fromtheEng.
cuirtein,acurtain,cuirteir,plaiding(Dialectic);formedonEng.

curtain.
cuis,cause,matter,Ir.,E.Ir.cuis,0.Ir.cois;fromLat.causa.
cuisdeag,thelittlefinger(Sh.,H.S.D.),Ir.cuisdeog(O'R.):
cuiseag,astalk,kindofgrass,Ir.coisin,astem,stalk,littlefoot;

fromcas,foot.Butseenext,difetchoisig,"bypiping."
cuisle,pulse,vein,pipe,Ir.enisle,E.Ir.cuisli,g.pi.cuisleud,a

pipeformusic,0.Ir.cusle,g.cusleti,cuislennach,apiper.It

hasnoconnectionwithLat.pulsus,anditsetymologyis

obscure(Stokes).Cf.Eng.hose.
cuiste,acouch,Ir.cuiste,cuiste(O'B.);fromEng.couch.
cuith,awreathofsnow,apit,Ir..,B.Ir.cuithe,apit,W.pydew;

fromLat.puteus,Eng.pit.
cuithe,penforsheep(Carm.);seecuidh.
cuitich,quit,requite;seecuidktich.
cul,back,Ir.,0.Ir.cut,W.cil,Cor.chil,Br.kit,*kulo;Lat.

cHlus.Hencecidaist,recess.
culadh,agoodconditionofthebody,culach,fat,sleek:"well
covered,"fromculofculaidh?
culaidh,apparel,soIr.;rootqel,qol,cover;Ger.halle,a

covering,Lat.occulo.Seeceil.
culaidh,boat(Suth.):
culag,turfforthebackofthetire,sittingbehindanotheron

horseback,acollop;allfromct/l.
culan,tresses,hair;fromcut.
ctllaobh,behind,theback;E.Ir.ctUaih(dat.pi.),cCdu(ace.pi.);

fromcitl.Thedat.(andace.)pi.ofculusedlocativelyfor

rest(andmotion).Comparebeulaobh.
cularan,acucumber,Ir.cidardn,YV.cylor,earthnuts,Br.coloreu,

earthnut.ErnaultmakestheCelticwordtobe*carulan,

andcomparesGr.xdpvov,nut.
cullach,aboar,Ir.,E.Ir.cullack,O.Ir.callach,cullach,caullack,

Br.kallocli,"entire,"f/ellecq,epithetforstallionsandhoars,

*haUudko8,from*kalljo,testicle,YV.caill,testiculus,Al.Br.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.Il7

quell;rootkal,hard,asinclack,q.v.,Norsehella,flatstone,
etc.(Bezzenberger).Cf.Lat.culleus,bag,scrotum,whence
0.Fr.couillon,Eng.cullion,testicles,Sc.culls.Hence
cullbhoc,wethergoat,Ir.culbhoc.

cullachas,impotence,cullach,eunuch;fromcoll,call;seecall.

culraoinidh,goalkeeper(Suth.);fromciilandraon?

culuran,birthwort,cucumber;seecularan.

cum,keep,hold,Ir.congbhaighlm,inf.congmhail,0.Ir.congabin;
fromconandgabh,take.TheG.cumisforcongvorcongbh,
andthegvbecomesmasin\m,ciomach,turn,etc.

cuma,cumadh,shape,form,Ir.cuma,E.Ir.cumma,vb.cummaim:

cumail,keeping,Ir.cumail,congmhail;inf.tocum,i.e.,cum

cuman,amilkingpail;Gr.KvpfSy,KVfifSos,cup;Ger.humpen,
bowl.

cumanta,common,Ir.cumann;fromtheEng.common.

cumha,mourning,soIr.,E.Ir.cuma:I.E.rootqem,qom;Eng.
hum,Ger.hummen.

cumha,astipulation,Ir.cumha,E.Ir.coma,bribe,gift,condition:
*comajo,"cosaying,"O.Ir.di,asaying,Lat.ajo?See
adhan.Cf.cunnradh.

cumhachd,power,solr.,().Ir.cumachte,W.cyfoeth,power,riches,
*komakto,rootay,drive,carry,Lat.ago,Gr.ayw,Eng.act,
etc.(Stokes).The0.lr.cumang,potestas,isdoubtlessa
nasalisedformoftherootag(=ang);ithasbeenreferred
totherootany,Lat.angere,etc.,asincumhangbelow,but
themeaningisunsatisfactory.Thewordcumhachdhasalso
beenanalysedascomagtu,wheremagliasbeenvariously
referredtoI.E.meg,great(G.ptyas,Eng.much),orI.E.
megh(Eng.may,Lat.maohina,machine).

cumhang,narrow,Ir.cdmhang,Ir.cumang,W.cyjyug,*kom
angos;rootang;Gr.yyw,choke,cty^i,near;Lat.ango,
angustus;Ger.eng.

cumhlaidean,stipulations(Hend.):

cumhnant,covenant;fromM.Eng.,Sc.conana\couenant,Eng.
covenant,from0.Fr.convenant,Lat.convenire.M.Br.has
comanant,W.cyfammod.Dial,pluralsarecumhlaicheau
andcumhlaidean.

cumraich,cumber;fromtheEng.

cunbhalach,constant,steady,Ir.cungbhailteach,firm,miserly;
fromcungbhail,keeping,Ir.inf.ofcum,q.v.

cungaidh,instrument,accoutrements:*c<m*genirootgenof
gniomh,deed.Seenext.

118fiTYMOLOGlCALDICTIONARY

cungaisich,help,cooperate,Ir.cunghas,cooperation,vb

cungnaighim,Ihelp,cungantach,helpful,E.Ir.cungnam,

assistance:*con+gniom;seecbmhnadk.
cunnart,danger,M.G.cunntabhart(M'V.),Ir.cuntabhairt,con

tabhairt,danger,doubt,0.Ir.cumtubart,cundubart,con

tubart,doubt,*contobart,roother,ofbeir,q.v.(Cam.).
cunnradh,cunradh,bargain,covenant,Ir.connradh,cunnradh,

0.Ir.cundrad,cunnrath,Manxcoourey:*conradh;seeradh,

say.Corm.derivesfromrath,surety,
cunnt,count,Ir.cunntas,cuntas,reckoning,cuntaim,Icount;

fromtheEng.
cunnuil,anobjection(Sh.),Ir.cunuil(Lh.):
cup,boxcart,coup;seerub.
cupa,acup,Ir.ciipdn,W.cib;fromLat.cdpa,tub,Eng.cup,

coop,etc.
*cupull,acouple,Ir.cupla,cupall,W.cwpl;fromM.Eng.couple.
cur,aplacing,setting;inf.tocuir,q.v.
curach,aboat,coracle,Ir.,E.Ir.curach,IrishLat.curucis,<l;tt.

pi.(Adamnan),W.corwc,cwrwg,civrwgl,*kuruko(Stokes);

Armen.kur,aboat,0.SI.horici,akindofvessel.TheLat.

carinahasbeencompared,butthevowelsareunsuitable

HenceEng.coracle.
curadh,affliction,obstacle,curabh(Lh.),obstacle.\\\thesense

ofaffliction,cf.cuaradh.
curaideach,frisky,cunning;seecuireid.
curaidh,achampion,Ir.curadh,E.Ir.cur,g.curad,caw,W.

cawr,Cor.caur,gigas,Gaul.Ko,vapos(Polyb.),Cavarillus,etc.,

*lavaros,ahero,mighty,rootkeva,ku,bestrong;Skr.

cavira,mighty,cura,hero;Gr.Kvptos,lord,Kvpos,might,
curaing,curainn,acoverlet(Dialectic,H.S.D.);foundedonEng.

covering.M'A.hascurainn,plaiding(felt);ofthesame

origin,
curam,care,Ir.curam;fromLat.euro.
curcag,sandpiper,M.Ir.cuirrcech,plover;fromcurrech,amarsh

(K.Meyer).Seenext,
curcais,bulrush,soIr.(O'B.,etc.),E.Ir.curcas,0.Ir.curchas,

0.W.cors,cannulos,W.corsen,reed,Br.corsenn,reed,

*korokasto,korkasto;Lat.eclrex(Stokes,Ernault).The

E.Ir.currech,amarsh,isallied,*grsiko,Gaul.*parriko,

A.S.pearroc,Fr.pare(St.),Lat.cursua.PerhapsEng.

hurst(St.).
curr,corner,pit,Ir.curr,Keat.eurr,pit,corr,well,cistern:cf.

W.cwr,corner,
curracag,abubbleontin*surfaceofliquids;seecurrachd.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.119

currachd,hood,cap,nightcap,Ir.currach(O'R.),M.Ir.curracach,
cuculatus(Stokes,Ir.Gl.598,whosuggestedconnection
withW.pyrchivyn,crestofahelmet).So.cwrch,courchie,
Eng.kerchief,seemtobetheoriginoftheG.word.

currachdag,peatheap(M'A.);of.gwrracag.

curradh,acrowdingtogether(Macpherson'sOssian):

curraidh,exhausted(HS.D.),currtha(Sh.,O'B),Ir.currtha;of.
ciitii\

curran,curral,acarrot,root,radish,Ir.currdn,anykindoftap
rootedplant(O'R.,Sh.):*cors,head,asincorr1Cf.Eng.
carrot,ultimatelyfromGr.Kapiorov,carrot,fromKapa,head,
top;*corsandkarofKapaareultimatelyfromthesame
source.

curran,curral,horsepanniersforheavyloads;cf.Sc.currock,
corrack(do.),Eng.crooks.

currucadh,cooingofpigeons,Ir.curriicadh(O'R.),Sc,Eng.curr,
curring.Thewordisonomatopoetic.

currucag,thelapwing:seecurcag

currusan,amilkpail:

cursa,course,manner,Ir.ciirsa,fromtheEng.course.

curta,bad(Sh.;notH.S.D.),curtsa(O'R);fromEng.curst,
cursed.

cus,sufficiency,overplus:

CUSag,awildmustard(Sh.,Arm.;notH.S.D.):

cusp,akibe:

cuspair,anobject,mark,Ir.cuspoir,M.Ir.cuspoir(Keat.,Oss.:{
296).Dialecticcuspair,acustomer(seecuspunn).

cuspunn,custom,tribute,alsocusmunn;foundedonEng.custom.

cut,hankofyarn,Ir.cuta,onetwelfthofahankofyarn;from
Eng.cut.

cut,togut(fish);fromEng.gut.

cutach,bobtailed,soIr.,E.Ir.dochotta,theycutshort,W.civta.
Therelationship,ifany,existingbetweencut,cutach,and
Eng.cut,isoneofborrowing;thehistoryofEng.cutis
obscure,andtheCelticwordsmean"short,shorten,"not"to
cut"withaknife.Besides,theE.Ir.appearsacenturyand
ahalfearlierthantheEng.(1139v.1275).Stokeshas
suggestedaborrowingfromFr.couteau(=cultellus,knife)for
theE.Ir.form.RhyssaysW.isEng.cutty,borrowed.

cuthach,caothach,rage,Ir.cuthach,*kotiaca;rootkot,Gr.
kotos,wrath.Seecath.StokessaysPict.Skr.kvdthati,
seethe,Got.hvapjan,foam.

120ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

da,two,Ir.da,0.Ir.da(m.),di(J..),dan(n.),W.dau(m.),
dwy(l.),Cor.clou,diu,Br.c/ao?*,diou,(f.),*</,*dvda(ni.),f/wi
(f.),dvahin(dat.);Skr.dvau,dvd,dve(f..n.):Gr.Si'wjLat.
duo:Got.toai,Eng.two.

dabhach,avat,ameasureofland(eitheroneorfourplough
gates,accordingtolocalityandland),0.G.dabach(Bk.of
Deer),Ir.dabhach,avat,*dabdkd;Gr.OdnTOi,bury,ra<os,
grave;rootdhabh,dhobh,deepen,digout.Cf.Lit.dfilth,
hollowout.BezzenbergersuggestsalliancewithEng.top,
Ger.top/.Eng.tub,ifalliedtotheGer.zuber,isfromthe
rootoftwo,"atwoeared"vessel.Alsodabhoch,andin
placenamesDoch.

dacha,morelikely;seedacha.

dachaidh,home(adverb),ahome,Ir.dothigh,M.Ir.dintig,
home,E.Ir.diathaig;fromdoandtigh.TnIr.thephrase
isaprepositionaladverb;inGaelicitceasestobeaphrase
andbecomesaweldednoun.

dad,anything,aught,tittle,M.G.dad,mote(insunbeam),Ir.
dadadh,dadamh,aught,ajot,etc.,*dazdho,rootda,divide,
Lit.dalis,part,Gr.Sacrfxos,division?Seefdail.Eence
dadmun,amote,anddadum=dad.
ldag,apistol;fromM.Eng.dag,apistol,fromFr.dague,a
dagger,whenceBr.dag.Thechangeofmeaningfrom
"dagger"to"pistol"isonewhichoccursinthehistoryof
"pistol"itself,foritoriginallymeant"dagger."Eng,
daggerisallied.

daibhir,poor,Ir.daidhbhir,M.Ir.daidber:*doadberi,fromdo
andadber,*adbhero,Lat.adfero.Seesaoibhir.

daicheil,handsome,Ir.doigheamhuil,wellappointed,decent;see
dhcha,dbcha,ddigh.

daidein,daddy,Ir.daidin,daid,M.Ir.datdn,fosterfather,datnait,
fostermother,W.tad,Cor.tat;Lat.tata;Gr.Terra;Lit,
tetf/tis,Ch.SI.teta;Skr.tatds.Eng.dadisborrowedfrom
theWelsh(Skeat).

daigeil,firmorwellbuilt(ofaman)Arg.Cf.daingean.

dail,awoodencollarforcattle;cf.W.dal,ahold,catch,Br.dal,
aholding;rootdhe,dho,set1Cf.Gr.dr']Kr),repository,
Tidy/xL,place,Lat.facto,etc.Butseedail,delay.

dail,adale,meadow,fromNorsedalr,Eng.dale.

dail,delay,credit,Ir.ddil,M.Ir.dal,gen.dala,respite,*ddli;
fromdvdl,dvel,whenceEng.dwell,Norsedvol,delay.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.1*21

dail,ameeting,soIr.,0.Ir.ddl,0.W,dail,forum,W.dadl,
sermo,0.Br.dadlou,curiae,Br.duel,*datld,rootdha,dhe,
set,asindail(Ernault).Stokessuggestsconnectionwith
0.SI.de,dicere.

fdail,fdal,portion,tribe,[r.and0.Ir.dail,ddl,Bededaal=
part,Dalreudiui,laterDdlriata,Dalriada,theearlyScotic
kingdomofArgyle.etc:*ddlo,rootdd,divide,Gr.Sareo/xcu,
divide,Sacr/xos,division,Lit.dalis,apart,Skr.ddti,cutoff,
dalas,part.Theverbdailich,distribute,isgiveninH.S.D.
asadialecticform;theIr.isddilim.Zimmerthinksdail,
meeting,anddail,part,areoriginallythesame.

dailgneachd,propheticvision.Seetairgneachd.

daimh,relationship,Ir.ddmh,tribe,family,E.Ir.dam:*ddmd,
tribe,company;Gr.8^/xos,Dor.8a[ios,people,tribe,Eng.
democracy.Itisusualtocompare0.W.daau,cliens,W.
date(daw/),soninlaw,M.Brdeuff,Br.den(do.);butthese
wordsmaybealliedtoGr.Sdfiap,spouse,andbefromthe
rootdam,dam,house.

daingeail,strong,firm,soIr.,OIr.daingen,\V.dengyn,barbarous,
*dangeno,firm,hard,verb*dengd,E.Ir.dingim,press.
BezzenbergercomparesNorsetengja,fasten,tietogether,
Ag.S.tengan,press,0.H.G.gizengi,conjunctus.Thurneysen
comparesW.tengyn,obstinate,andFr.tangoner,press.It
ispossibletoconnectdaingeanwithNorsedyngja,heap,
women'sapartment,Ag.S.ding,career,Lit.dengiu,cover;
perhaps0.H.G.tunc,earthhouse,Eng.dung.

dair,inirevaccam,Ir.ddir,M.Ir.dair,*ddro,rootdkf,dhoro,
Gr.BpoxTKU),spring,Oopos,semenviri,Skr.dMra,stream,
seed.

dairireach,rattlingnoise,E.Ir.derdrethar,cries,W.ddr,noise,
daredd,tumultuousnoise,rootder,dher,asinGr.dprjvos,
dirge,Skr.dkran,sound,Eng.drone.Seedhrdand
stairirich.

dais,aheapofhayorpeats,0.Ir.dais,aheap,VV.dd,<,O.W.
das,M.Br.dastum,tomass,*dasti(forG.andW.);Ag.S.
tass(whenceFr.tas).BezzenbergerandStokescorrelateit
withNorsedes,hayheap,Sc.doss.

dais,dois,ablockhead(H.S.D.),daiseachan,insipidrhymer
(Arm).;seeminglyborrowedfromtheSc.dawsie,stupid,
dase,stupefy.Forroot,seedaeachd.Norsedasi,lazyfellow.

dais,amusicalinstrument:
4daithead,adiet;fromtheEng.Secd\ot.

dala,oneoftwo;seeunderdura.

14

122ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

dall,blind,Ir.,E.Ir.dall,W.,Br.dall,Cor.dal,*dvalno,I.E.

dhvlno;Got.dvals,foolish,Eng.dull;Lat./alio,cheat,

(=dhalnd);Gr.Ookepos,turbid.Henceinteralia,dallag,

afieldshrew,amole,Ir.dallog.
dallanach,awinnowingfan;fromdall.

dalma,bold,forward,obstinate:"vigorous1"rootdidinduille.
dalta,fostersou,godson,O.G.dalta(Bk.ofDeer),Ir.dalta,

U.Ir.dalte,*daltaios,rootdhe,dhU,suck;Gr.Oykvs,

female;Lat.f$lo,suck,femina;etc.(Stokes,Strachau).See

deoghail.Ithasbeenusualtoreferdaltatotherootalof

altram,thedbeingconsideredastheremainsofde,the

prepositionalprefix(*dealtjos).
.dam,adam;fromtheEng.
damais,draughts,borddamais,draughtboard;fromtheSc.

dams,dambrod,Ger.dambrett,fromFr.dame,dame,draughts,

Lat.domina.
damh,ox,stag,soIr.,0.Ir.dam,Cor.da,daina,M.Br.daual,

sheep,Br.danvad,sheep,demm,roe,*damos;Lat.ddma,

damma,deer;Gr.SafxaXys,astier,SdfxaXis,acalf;Skr.

damya,untamedstier.AlliedisEng.tame,Lat.domare,

Eng.domestic,etc.
damhair,ruttingtime;fordamhdhair,fromdamhanddair

(H.S.D.).
damhair(H.S.D.),damhair(Sh.,Arms.),earnest,keen:
damhanallaidh,spider,Ir.dam/idnalla,O.Ir.damannallaid

(g.pi.),"wildlittledeer";seedamhandallaidh.
damnadh,cursing,condemnation,soIr.,M.Ir.damnad;from

Lat.damnatio.
dan,fate,destiny,Ir.dan;cf.M.Ir.dan,gift,W.dawn,gift,

talent,Lat.donam,rootdo,Gr.8i6w/xi,give,Skr.dd,give,
dan,apoem,lr.dan,song,0.Ir.dan,g.ddno,ars,*ddsnu,root

das,know;Gr.8jvea,plans,arts,Say/xov,skilful;Ch.SI.

danhanh,wisdom;Skr.damsdna,miracle(Stokes),
dan,bold,Ir.ddna,O.lr.ddne,ddna,*ddsnavos,fromtheroot

ofdanabove(Stokes).
danns,dance(thou),dannsa,damhsa,adance,Ir.damhsa,W.

dawns;fromtheEng.
dao,obstinate,0.Ir.doe,g.doi,tardus,*dausios;Ag.S.dysig,

foolish,Eng.dizzy,0.H.G.tustc,stultus,Ger.thor,foolish

(Stokes,Windisch).
daobhaidh,wicked,perverso(Heb.);seedao.
daoch,strongdislike,horror,daochan,anger(Sh.):
daoi,wicked,awickedman,Ir.daol,awickedorfoolishperson;

oppositeofsaoi(withdo,*du),whichseeforroot.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.123

daoimean,adiamond;fromtheEng.

daol,daolag,abeetle,Ir.daol,E.Ir.dael,doel,dail:*doilo,root
frs*'dei,di,asindian,q.v.StokesconnectswithM.Ir.daelt

frightsomeness,rootdvei,fright,Gr.Scos,afright,Ski.

dvis,hate,
daolair,alazyman,aniggard,Ir.daol,lazy(O'li.):
daonnan,daondan,continually,always,*d}aontan(']),"fromone

time."Cf.greis.
daor,enslaved,soIr.,0.Irdbir;oppositeofsaor(withnegative

do,*du),whichseeforroot,
daor,dear,Ir.daor,daoradk,makingdear(FourMasters);from

M.Eng.deere,deore,dear(Stokes).
daorach,intoxication;cf.Sc.deray,mirthfulnoiseatabanquet,

M.Eng.derai,disorder,fromFr.desroi,dwarray.
dar,when(conj.),Northernformfor'nuair;probablyd%imir=

douair.
dara,second,soIr.;M.G.darle(Oss.Ballad,FernaigMS),

*indaraile,"theother,"fromind=an,the,and0.Ir.araile,

alius=ar+aile,air+eile,q.v.,alalijos,Br.avail.Alsoan

dala,theoneoftwo,0.Ir.indala,fromindandaile,that

is,anandeile.Further,dama(=dala),E.Ir.indarua,

*indarailenai,theoneofthem(two),0.Ir.indalanai,

wheredi,eorum,isthepi.ofa,his.
darach,oak,Ir.dair,darach,E.Ir.dair,gen.darach,W.,Cor.

dar,*darik;Lat.lari.v,Eng.larch;Gr.(Maced.)apv\\o%

oak,8pvs(do.),86pv,spear;Eng.tree,etc.Hencedarach,

bodyofaboat,
darean,thehollowofthehand(Dialectic,H.S.D.);cf.dehrna.
darcan,ateal:

dama,oneoftwo;seeunderdara.
Jdarnaig,darn,darning;fromtheEng.darning,whichisitself

fromW.darn,piece,patch(rootdera,split,Eng.tear).
dasachd,rage,madness,M.G.ddsacht(M'V.),Ir.ddmchd,0.Ir.

ddsacht,insania;Ag.S.dwdes,foolish,Sc.dawsie,\)u.dwaas,

senseless(Strachan).
dath,colour,Ir.,E.Ir.dath,*datu;fromtherootdka,dhi,

place,asindail,etc.1
dath,singe,Ir.doghaim,E.Ir.doihim,inf.doud,daif(n.),Br.

deuiff,toburn,*david,Iburn;Gr.Saiio,burn;Skr.dn,

dundli,burn,davas,abrand,
dathas,fallowdeer;damhasg,dabhasg;fromdamh+seasg(l).
dc,of,Ir.de,0.Ir.de,di,0.W.di,W.y,Cor.the,Br.di,*de,

*di,*de;Lat.de;fromdve,acaseformfromdvo,two.

GaelicandIrishconfusethisprep,withdo,to;aconfusion

L24ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

whichevenextendsto0.Ir.inpreaccentnaldecompounds.

Hencedoofthepasttenses:dochaidk,went,i.e.,rfeach;do

rinn,did,fromdogniu,Ido,etc.
d6,what;alsogude;acurtailedformofciode,"whatisit";

fromciodande,q.v.Ir.caide,Galwaygode.
de\ande\yesterday,Ir.ane,(ande),0.Ir.indhe,W.yddoe,Br.

deac'hyM.Br.deck,*sendigesi,art.anand*(/m;Lat.heri

(=*hesi);Gr.x^s>Eng.yesterday.TheCelticformsare

allinfluencedbythewordfor"today,"G.andin,0.Ir.

indiu,W.heddyiv,dyw;fromcfo'w,*divOyday,q.v.Zimmer

infactrefersthewordtotherootofdin(Zeit.3017).*jesi,

ghjesiyheri,etc.(St.).
&6:teinede\M.Ir.tenediait,lightning;*deia,shinewithanti

oranta(n.)(St.).
deabh,drain,dryup,deabhadh(pronounceddeu),shrinking(as

thestavesofawoodenvessel),Dialecticdeo';I.E.dhevoy

run,Eng.dew,Gr.9eio,run,Skr.dhav,run,flow,
deacaid,boddice,jacket;fromEng.jacket.
deacair,difficult,surly,Ir.deacair,0.Ir.deccair;fordiacar:

prep,deandacar,asinsocair,q.v.
deach,went;thepostparticleorencliticformofdochaidh,q.v.,

Ir,deachaidhy0.Ir.dechud.
deachd,dictate,soIr.,deachdadh(n.);fromLat,dicta,dicteUio,

whenceEng.dictation.
deadhan,adean;fromtheEng.
deagh,good,Ir.deagh,0.Ir.deg,dag,W.c?a,Cor.da,bonum

(gl.),Gaul.Dago,*dago,*dego,"good,acceptable;"Gr.

Sex^odai,receive.FurtheralliedtoGr.Seios,right,SeKOfxai,

receive;Lat.dexter,right,decu.%doceo;Gaelicdeas,0.Ir.

deck,best(superlativetodeaghormaith).
deag'had,living,diet,morals(Uist);seediot.
deaghaidh:secdetdh.
deal,friendly(li.S.D.,M'E.);seedlleas.
deal,deala,aleech,Ir.deal,abloodsucker(O'R.);fromI.E.

rootdhe,suck,asindeoghail,q.v.Cf.Lit.dele,leech;also

Ir.(andG.inDiet,therefrom)deala,teat,E.Ir.del.
dealaich,separate,Ir.dealuighim,E.Ir.deligim,deil,separation;

I.E.delo,tosplit,Skr.dalitas,split,Gr.SeAros,tablet,Lit.

datisypart.Cf.jdail,part,
dealan,dealanach,lightning,Ir.dealdn,aspark,flamingcoal,

*dilo:rootdi,dei(dei),deya(Fick),shine;Gr.SeeAos

(=8e/Aos),conspicuous,8qXos,clear;Skr.di,shine;further

is*deivos,whenceG.dia,etc.M.Ir.tenegelain,"lightning,"

now"willo'thewisp";tenegelan,fireflanght.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.125

dealande,butterfly,\v.d<tldnde,dealdnde.TheG.alsomeans
thephenomenonobservedbywhirlingasticklightedat
theend.Apparentlythemeaningis"God'sfire."For
de,seedia.

dealandoruis,doorbolt(Sh.,O'R.);seedeil.

dealas,zeal,dealasach,zealous;fromtheEng.zeal,zealous.

dealbh,form,soIr.,0.Ir.delb,W.dehv,Br.delu,*delvo,root
del;Lat.dolare,hew,dolo,apike;Gr.SaiSaAAoj,embellish,
workcunningly;0.H.G.zol,log;Ch.SI.dely,vat.

dealg,apin,skewer,soIr.,0.Ir.delg,M.W.dala,sting,fang,
W.dal,acatch,Cor.dele,monile,*delgos\Ag.S.telgan,
virgultum,twig,Du.telg,M.H.G.zelge,Norsetjdlgr,a
prong;Lit.dalgis,scythe(?).BezzenbergercomparesNorse
ddlkr,acloakpin;cf.Ag.S.dale,buckle.

dealradh,brightness,soIr.,E.Ir.dellrad,jubar;fromdeal,as
indealan,q.v.

dealt,dew,Ir.dealt,M.Br.,Br.delt,moist,damp:

dealunn,loudbarking(H.S.D.);seedeileann.

deamhan,ademon,soIr.,0.Ir.demon;fromLat.daemon,from
Gr.8ai[A(i>v,Eng.demon.

deamhais,deimheis,shears,Ir.deimheas(pronounceddios),E.Ir.
demess,*dimess,"twoedged";fromdiofda,two,andE.Ir.
mess,edge(Cormac'sGl.),"cutter,"fromrootmet,mow,cut,
asinmeath,meith,cut,prune,Lat.rneto.Cf.Gaul,mataris.

dean,do,Ir.dean(imper.),0.Ir.den,denim:encliticorpost
particleformof0.Ir.dogniu,G.?ii,Ido;fromde,of,and
gniofgwiomh,q.v.Inf.deanamh(=degnimu).

deann,haste,speed;cf.E.Ir.denmne,haste,whichCormac
explainsasdiainmne,"nonpatience,"fromainmne,patience;
rootmen,wait(Lat.maneo,etc.).

deannag,asmallpinch,agrain,deannach,milldust,Ir.deandg,
apinch,grain:

deannal,conflict,stir,soIr.(O'R.);fromdeann.Inthesenseof
"flash"(H.S.D.),deannalseemsametatheticalformof
dealan.

deanntag,anettle,Ir.neantog,M.Ir.nenntog,E.Ir.nenaid,
*nenadi,for*nenadi,areduplicatedform;Ag.S.netele,
Eng.nettle;Lit.nendre,pipe,tube.ThetofG.andIr.is
duetothesamephoneticlawthatgivesteinethepi.teintean.

dearail,poor,wretched,Ir.deardil,E.Ir.derdil,feeble,0.Ir.
derdil,penuria,fromder,privativeprefix(seedeargnaidh),
andoil,abundance,whichWindischhasreferredto*p(1/i,a
formoftherootpi,pel,full,asinIdn.

dearbadan,dearbadand6,butterfly(M'D.,H.S.D.):

126ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

dearbh,certain,soIr.,0.Ir.derb,*dervo;I.E.drevo,whence
Ag.S.treowe,Eng.true,Ger.treu.

dearc,dearcag,aberry,soIr.,0.Ir.derc,*derkes,Skr.drdkshd,
grape,vine(Stokes);rootderk,see,theideabeing"con
spicuous."Of.Gr.8paK0)v,dragon,8opi<ds,gazelle,fromthe
rootderk,see.Seedearc,behold.The0.Ir.derucc,g.
dercon,glans,is,likeGer.eichel,glans(fromeithe,oak),from
therootofdararh,oak(Zimmer).

dearc,dearcluachrach,alizard,Ir.earcluachra,the"earcofthe
rashes,"M.Ir.ere,speckled,red,Ir.earc,salmon,W.erch,
fuscus,darkish,*erkos,for*perko;Gr.7repKv6s,darkblue,
7TpK7],aperch;Skr.prcnis,speckled;Ger.forelle,atrout,

0.H.G.forhana.Formeaning,cf.breac,atrout,"the
speckledone."ThedofG.dearcbelongstothearticle.

fdearc,aneye,acave,hole,Ir.dearc(do.),0.Ir.derc(do.);from
therootderk,behold.Seeverbdearc:"eyepit"givesthe
meaning"cave."Shawhasdeircfor"pit"inEngl.Gael.
section.

dearc,behold,see,Ir.dearcaim,0.Ir.dercaim,video,derc,eye,
*derko,Isee,perfect*dedorka(cf.chunnairc=condare);

1.E.derk,see;Gr.ScpKOfxat,SeSopKa,haveseen;0.H.G.
zoraht,bright;Skr.dare,see.

dearg,red,soIr.,0.Ir.derg,*dhergos;Eng.dark,Ag.S.deorc.
deargad,deargant,aflea,Ir.deargdn,dreancuid,deargnuid,E.Ir.

dergnat:*dergnat,"reddener,"fromdearg,red?
deargnaidh,unlearned(Arm.;M'A.says"Irish"),Ir.dtargnaidh,

*dergnadi;fromder,privativeprefix(di+air,seedeand

air),androotynd,gen,know,asinaithne.
dearlan,brimful;*derldn;fromintensiveprefixder(=de+7n)

andIan,full.
dearmad,neglect,forgetfulness,soIr.,0.Ir.dermet,*dermet;

fromder,priv.particle(seedeargnaidh)andmet,*mento,

mind;rootmen,think;Lat.mens,mentio,commentum;Eng.

mind;etc.
dearmail,anxiety(M'D.),anxious(H.S.D.):
dearn,do,Ir.dedrnaim,0.Ir.derninn,facerem,*dirogni,aside

formofdeanwithinfixedro.Seedean.
deama,thepalmofthehand,Ir.dearna,E.Ir.derna;cf.Gr.

Sw/oov,palm,handbreadth,Sdpcs,thedistancebetweenthe

thumbandlittlefinger,aspan(Hes.),Saptlp,thedistance

betweenthebigandlittlefingers(Hes.).Itisfurther

referredtotheI.E.rootder,split,open(Fick,Frellwitz).

Hencedearnagan,asmalloatenorwheatencake,ahand,
dearras,keenness,obstinacy;seediarras.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.127

dearrsach,aswigofliquor(Wh.):

dearrsadh,radiance,effulgence,Ir.dearsgaim,dearsgnaim,1
polish,burnish,M.Ir.derscnaigim,explain,makeclear,
*derosec,rootsec,see,Eng.see?Hencedearrsgnuidh,
burnished,brilliantThewordfdearsgnaidh,excellent,is
alliedto0.Ir.dersigem,pr;ecellimus,dirosci,excels,doroscai,
prsestet,*di7*oscag(Tliur.),*roscagroodsec,rootsec,pass,
asinseach?E,Ir.dersciagthech,splendid.

deas,right,south,Ir.deas,0.Ir.dess,W.deheu,Cor.dyghow,
M.Br.dehou,*deksos,*deksivos(Stokes);Lat.dexter;Gr.
8efcos;Got.iaihsva;Lit.deszine(n.),Ch.SI.desinu,right;
Skr.daksinas.

deasbair,adisputant,deasbaireachd,disputation,Ir.deaspoirim
(O'R.,Sh.);cf.cuspair.

deasbud,adispute;fromtheEng.dispute,Lat.dispmto.

deasg'ainn,rennet,barm,deasgadh,lees,yeast,Ir.deasgadh,lees,

0.Ir.descad,faex,fermentam,leaven,*descdtu(Z.803):
*discatu;cf.Latfaex,for&aix.Gaelicrootdik,whence
diksko,thendesc.

deasgraich,aheterogeneousmass(^dreamsgal,H.S.D.):
deasmaireas,curiosity,deasmas(Sh.),Ir.deismireach,deismis,

curious(O'B.,O'R.):
deasoireach,spicy(Sh.,H.S.D.):
deat,anunshornyearoldsheeporwedder,deathaid,*detanti~,

"suckingone";fromdet,de,suck.Seedeoghail.
deatam,anxiety;cf.0.Ir.dethitiu,dethiden,care.Forroot,see

didean.M'A.hasalsodeatamach,necessary,whichseems

allied,
deathach,deatach,smoke,Ir.,M.Ir.deatach,0.Ir.de,g.diad,

E.Ir.dethach,detfadach,smoky,W.dywy,vapour.From

1.E.rootdheu,dheic,dhu,dhve,smoke,air;Lat.fumus,
smoke;Gr.Ovfxido),tosmoke;Ch.SI.dymu(n.);Skr.
dhilmds.Ir.d&isfordiva,fromdheuordhev;thegen.diad
isphoneticallylikethenom.Had,food(*bivoton).The
formdeatachisprobablyfor*dettacos,dettbeingfromdhve
(cf.Gr.6e6s,for#ecros,fromdhves).Thet(=tt)ofdeatach
isdifficulttoaccountfor.Forphoneticscf.beathach.

deibhleid,afeebleorawkwardperson,M.Ir.deblen,E.Ir.dedbleu,

weakling,fromdedlml,weak;theoppositeofadhbhal,q.v.

(diadbid).Stokesallowsthealternatepossibilityofits

beingfromLat.debilis;seediblidh.
deic(chadeic),convenient;cf.0.Ir.tecte,becoming,anast<ch,

quoddecet:

128ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONAB?

deich,ten,soIr.,0.Ir.chickn,0.W.dec,W.deg,Cor.dek,Br.
dec,*dekn;Lat.decern:Gr.Se#ca;Got.taihun,Eng.ton;
Skr.ddpan.Deicheamh,tenth,0.Ir.dechmad,W.decvet,
Cor.degves,Br.decvet,*dekrp,meto8(Brug.),anextension(by
thesuperlativesuffixto)of*dekmmo8fLat.decimux.

deide,deideadh,toothache,Ir.deideadh.Seee/e^/.

deideag",apebble,toy;cf.eiteag.

deidh,desire;anounformedfromtheadverbialphraseande'idk,
after.

deidh,andeidh,after,Ir.andiaigh,0.Ir.indead,post,E.Ir.
indiaid,from0.Ir.dead,finis,W".diwedd,finis,Cor.deweth,
Br.r/itciz,*devedou(Stokes);fromtherootved,lead,asin
toiseach,q.v.(Stokespreferswedoffeadhainu).Alsodeidh,
deigh,thelatterabadformetymologically.The0.Ir.had
alsotheformdegaid(=diagaid),theoppositeofinag/'d,
nowanaghaidh,against,adversus.

deidhinn,mudheidhinn,concerning,of;cf.E.Ir.ddgin,daigind,
imddgin,becauseof,because,ddig,dAig,forthesakeof,
because(prep,andconj.),0.Ir.deg,quia.Seedbigh.

deifir,haste,speed,Ir.deifir,deithfir,M.Ir.deilhbhireach(O'Cl.),
speedy,busy;towhichStokesandErnaultcompareW.
difrif,serious,NLBr.adevry,seriously.

deigh,ice,Ir.oighear,snow,leacoighir,ice,0.Ir.aig,g.ega,
aigred,W.la,Cor.iey,glacies,Br.yen,cold,*jagi,ice;
Norsejaki,pieceofice,jbkull,iceberg,Ag.S.gicel,pieceof
ice,Eng.icicle(=isgicel);Lit.izas,icelump.Thedof6.
isprothetic,arisingfromtheart.:<).Ir.indaig.

deighlean,aquireofpaper(Sh.,O'B.),Ir.deighledm:

deil,anaxle,Ir.deil,anaxle,rod,turner'slathe,0.Ir.deil,rod,
Cor.dele,antempna,0.Br.deleiou,antemnarum,Br.delez,
*deli,*deljo;I.E.rootdel,split.Secdealaich.Stokes
refersittotherootdhel,whenceGer.dolrfe,umbel,0.H.G.
tola,racemus,Gr.BdXos,ashorttwig;asinduihug,q.v.

deil,dil,keen,diligent(Arg.);formedfrom<l<<ihis,zealous.

deil,leech;Dialecticfordeal.

deilbh,aforming,warping(forweaving),soIr.:seedealbh.

de'ile,aplank,deal;fromtheEng.deal.

deileann,loud,sharpbarkings,E.Ir.deilm,stemdelmen,noise,
alarm:

deileas,agrudging,eagerness;seed<'<tl<i*.

deilgneach,thorny,prickly,Ir.deilgneack,thorns;fromdealg.
Cadaldeilgneach,thepricklysensationinanumbedlimb.

deilig,dealwith,adealing;fromEng.dealing.

deillseag,aslapwiththeopenhand,deiseag:

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.129

deiltreadh,gilding,lacquering;*deiltrad,fromfdeilt,separa
tion,rootdelofdealaich?

deimheis,ashears;seedeamhais.

deimhinn,certain,lr.deimhin,0.Ir.demin,demnithir,certius,
*demeui,I.E.rootdhe,set,fix,dhemeu,setting,Gr.
defxevat,set,Oe/xa,apledge,theme,#e/us,law,"something
laiddown";Eng.doom,deem;etc.

deine,eagerness;seedian.

deir,adeir,says(said),inquit,Ir.deirim,0.Ir.adbeir,dicit;deir
istherootaccentedformi^adbero)ofabair(thepreposi
tionalaccentedform,*ddbero).Seeabair.Theaofa
deirimbelongstothead,whilethedofittakestheplaceof
bintheroot(ber).

deirc,alms,soIr.,M.Ir.dearc,desheirc,0.Ir.dearc,deircc,
desercc,(caritas),fordeshercc;seesearc,love.

deireadh,end,soIr.,0.Ir.dered,0.G.derad(Bk.ofDeer):
*dervedon,rootvedasindeidk,q.v.1Ascolisuggeststhat
deristhebasis,theoppositeofer,front,fromtheproposition
air(*pare).Hencedeireas,injury.

deis,andeis,after,soIr.,0.Ir.die'is,retro,0.G.daneis,after
them(*dia7ie'is),0.Ir.eis,footstep,track,^iiisti,rootsto,
sta,stand,Lat.instare?Strachangivesthestemas*encsi,
fromeng,footstep,asineang,q.v.;Stokestakesitfrom
*pendti,rootped,asineadh,Eng.foot.

deisde,asanctuary,haltingplace,halt(Wh.);dessde\"God's
righthand"(K.Meyerin"KingEochaid").

deisciobul,adisciple,Ir.deisciobal,0.Ir.desciptd,W.dysgybl,
Br.diskibil;fromLat.discipulus.

deise,asuitofclothes;fromdeas.Ir.,M.Ir.deise,arobe;E.
Ir.deis,entourageofchief.Cf.formeaningEng.suit.

deiseag,aslap;seedeillseag.

deiseil,southward,sunward,E.Ir.dessel;fromdeasandset
(*svel),W.chwyl,versio.Seedeasandseal.

deismireach,curious;seedeasmaireas.

deistinn,d^isinn,disgust,Ir.deistion,edge(settheteethon
edge),disgust.Cf.M.Ir.deistiu,refuseofeverything,
posterity,fromdeis?

deithneas,deithneamhach,etc.;fromdeine,fromdian.

deo,breath,Ir.deoingudeo,ever,*dveso;I.E.dhves,breathe;
W.dywy?Lit.dvesti,breath,dvdse,spirit,breath,Iluss.
dvochati;Gr.Oeos,god(=0eo6$);M.H.G.getwds,ghost.

deoch,adrink,Ir.deoch,g.dighe,0.Ir.deug,g.dige,*degu.
TodeguBezzenbergercfs.Lit,dazyti,dip,wet,tinge.W.

15

130ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

diod,M.Br.diet,arereferredbyStokestotherootdive,

suck,asindeoghail,orto*depatu(Lat.potus).
deddhas,debthas,eagerness,desire(deothas,M'F.,O'li.);from

dhevo,Gr.dew,run,0u/aos,soul,etc.Seedeathach.
deoghail,suck,Ir.diuilim,deolaim,M.Ir.diul(n.,dat.),*delu,

rootdelasindeal,leech;I.E.dhe,suck;Lat.felare,suck,

Jemina,woman,"suckgiver";Gr.6f}\vs,female,0qX/j,teat,

07/Aaa>,suck;Skr.dhdyati(do.).TheBretonformsshow

n;Br.dena,suck.SeeoVvonag.
deoidh,fadhedidh,atlast,finally,Ir.fdd/ieoidh,0.Ir.fodiud,

postremo;dat.caseof0.Ir.dead,end.Seedeidhfor

derivation,
dedin,assent,Ir.,E.Ir.deoin,*degni;I.E.rootdek,degh;Gr.

Soko>,seem,Sofa,opinion,8tSax>i,teaching,Lat.doceo,

doctrina,etc.Seedeagh,good.
de6radh,analien,Ir.debraidh,astranger,exile,M.Ir.deorad.

StokesthinksthewordisborrowedfromBrittonicBr.

devroet,depayse,"discountrified"(dibrog,seebrugh),Cor.

diures,exul.debradh:oppositeofurradh,guarantor,=di

urradh(Jub.).airrad(Meyer).HencethenameDewar.
detheine,aheatedboringiron:*detheine,theaccentbeingon

thesecondportionteine,fire.Forde,seedealande.
detheoda,henbane(M'D.):
detiach,deteigheach,thegullet,weasand(M'D.,Sh.,etc.):

peculiarasaccentedoniach,properlydetiacfi;Dial,itioch,

epiglottis(Arg.).
deubh,shrink;seedeabh.
deubhann,afetterforahorse:
deuchainn,diachainn,atrial,attempt,Ir.d)fheachain,tosee.

Seefeuch,feuchainn.
deud,atooth,Ir.dead,0.Ir.det,W.dant,Cor.dans,Br.dant,

dntd(Stokes);Lat.dens{dentis);Gr.oSovs(g.oSovtos);Eug.

tooth,Got.tunfrus;Lit.dantks;Skr.dant.
deug,diag,teen,e.g.,cdigdeug,fifteen,Ir.deag,0.Ir.dec,

deac,W.deng,ten(?).Theexactrelationshipofdeagto

deichisdifficulttodecide.TheotherI.E.languages,as

arule,make13to19bycombiningtheunitnumeral

with10,asGer.drtizehn,Ag.S.tSriUne,Lat.tridecim.

*dveipenge(St.).
deur,diar,atear,drop,Ir.d4ar,deor,0.Ir.dcr,W.,Cor,dagr^

0.Br.doer,M.Br.dazrou,tears,*dakru;Gr.Sa/c/w;Lat.

lacrima,fordacrima\Eng.tear,Got.ta<7r.
Di,day;theprefixinthenamesofthedaysoftheweek,Ir.,

0.Ir.dia,die(0.Ir.),W.dydd,Cor.det(fordedh),Br.dtz,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.131

*dijas(*dejes?);Lat.dies;Skr.dydds,day,sky;Gr.Zev<$,
Atos,Jove.Alliedtodia,god.Diddmhnuich,Sunday,Ir.
Domhnach,E.Ir.domnach,fromLat.(dies)dominica,Lord's
daydominus,lord;Diluain,Monday,Ir.Dialuain,M.Ir.
luan,W.DyddLlun,fromLat.diesLunce,"dayofthe
moon";Dimairt,Tuesday,Ir.Diamairt,E.Ir.mdirt,W.
Dyddmawrth,fromLat.diesMartis,"dayofMars";Di
ciaduinn,Diciadaoin,Wednesday,Ir.Diaceadaoine,0.Ir.
cetdin,cetoin,decetain(de=dia=L&t.die),diacetdine,from
ceud,first,andaoine,fast,q.v.,E.Ir.dine:"dayofthefirst
fast,"Fridaybeingthesecondandchiefday;Diardaoin,
Thursday,Ir.Diadhardaoin,E.Ir.dardden=etardadin,
"betweentwofasts"thedaybetweenthetwofastsof
WednesdayandFriday;Dihaoine,Friday,Ir.Diaaoine,
Diahaoine,E.Ir.dine,diadine,0.Ir.diaoinedidine(day
ofthelastfast):"dayofthefast,"fromaoin,fast,q.v.;
Disathuirn,Saturday,Ir.Diasathuirn,M.Ir.satharn,dia
sathairn,fromLat.diesSatumi,dayofSaturn.Thedays
oftheweekwereoriginallynamed(inEgypt)aftertheseven
planetsoftheancientsSun,Moon,Mars,Mercury,Jove,
Venus,Saturn.

di,negativeprefix,Ir.di,dio,0.Ir.di,W.di,*de;Lat.de,
of.Seede.Alsodim,&iom(dimeas,dimbrigh,diombuaidh,
diomal).

dia,agod,soIr.,0.Ir.dia,W.duw,0.W.duiu,Cor.duy,Br.
doe,Gaul,devo,Aetovoi/a=Divona,*deivos;Lat.divus(for
deivos),deifiedone,deus;Gr.Sios,divine;Norsetivar,gods,
Eng.Tuesd&y,"dayofTiw,"thewargod;Lit.d'evas,Pruss.
deiwas;Skr.devd.Hencediadhaidh,pious,Ir.diadha,
0.Ir.diade,divinus.

diabhol,devil,Ir.diabhal,0.Ir.diabul,W.diawl,Br.diaoul;
fromLat.diabolus,whencealsoEng.devil.

diachadaich,especially(Heb.):

diallaid,asaddle,soIr.,M.Ir.diallait,cloak,0.Ir.dillat,
clothes,W.dillad,M.Br.dillat.

dialtag,abat,Ir.ialtog.Seeialtag.

diamhain,idle;seedlomhainrather.

diamhair,secret,Ir.diamhair,M.Ir.,E.Ir.diamair,0.Ir.
diamair,dimair.Rootmar,remain;dimar,disappear1

dian,keen,hasty,soIr.,0.Ir.dian,*deinos;rootdei,di,hasten;
Gr.SUfioLL,hasten;Skr.di,diyati,hurry,alliedtotheroot
di,div,shine.

dianag,atwoyearoldsheep;cf.0.Ir.dinu,lamb,fromtheroot
dhe,suck.Seedeoghail.ButSc.dinmont?

132ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Diardaoin,Thursday;seeDi.

diardan,anger,Ir.diardain,E.Ir.diartain;fromdi,intensive

prefix(E.Ir.di,,asindimor,excessivelygreat),from<h\and

ardan,pride.Of.andiaraid,wrathful.
diarras,diorras,stubbornness,vehemence,Ir.diorruisg,fierce
ness,rashness:diri'idh?
dias,anearofcorn,*soIr.,0.Ir.dias,W.tivys(pi.):*steij>s(},

rootsteip,stiff,Lat.stipes,stake,stipula,Eng.stiff?Cf.

geugandW.cang,ysgainc,forphonetics,
dibheach,anant(H.S.D.quotesonlyO'R.,whileArms,makesit

obsolete;M'A.hasit),Ir.dibheach:*de+beach?
dibhfhearg,vengeance,indignation,Ir.dibhfhearg,dibhfearg

(Keat.),E.Ir.diberg;fromdimandfearg;seediof

diardan.
dibhirceach,diligent(Sh.;H.S.D.,whichreferstoC.S.,but

neitherinM'A.norM'E.),Ir.dibhirceach,diligent,violent

(O'B.,etc.):
dibir,forsake;seedlobair.
dibith,dimbith,luckless,lifeless(Carm):
diblidh,abject,vile,Ir.dibligh,0.Ir.diblide,senium;seemingly

fromLat.debilis,weak,feeble(Eng.debilitate,etc.).Zim.

(Zeit.24)hassuggested*diadbul,"ungreat,"fromadbul,

i.e.adhbhal,q.v.
dibrigh,dimbrigh,contempt,Ir.dimbrigh;fromdim,di,and

brlgh,q.v.
dlchioll,diligence,Ir.dithchioll:*dicell;forcell,seetimchioll.

Orfromciall,sense;"attentionto"?
Diciadaoin,Wednesday;seeDi.
did,apeep;anonomatopoeticword,
dldean,protection,afort,Ir.didean,0.Ir.ditiu,g.diten,*di

jemtion(Stokes);rootjem,cover,protect,Lett,ju'mju,ju'mt,

coveraroof.The0.Ir.verbisdoemim,tueor.Ascoli

makestherootem,asinLat.emo,buy.Cf.eiridinn.
Diddmhnuich,Sunday;seeDi.
difir,difference,Ir.difir,dithfir,M.Ir.dethbir;fromLat.differo,

Eng.differ.
dig,awallofloosestones,adike;fromtheSc.dike,Eng.dike.
dil,eager,keen.Seedeil.
dil,dile,dilinn,aflood,Ir.dile,pi.dileanna,E.Ir.dili,g.dilenn,

diluvium;fromLat.diluvium(Stokes),whenceEng.deluge.
dile,dill(M'D.);fromtheEng.
dileab,alegacy,Ir.dilb(O'R.):
dileag,asmalldrop;fromdile,flood.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.183

dileas,dear,faithful,Ir.dileas,0.Ir.diles,proprius,own,*dSle&to,

del,I.E.dhel,dhe,suck,Lat.filingfemina,etc.Seedeogkal.

Zeusshassuggesteddi+les,fromteas,advantage.
dileigh,digest,dileaghadh,digesting,Ir.dileaghadh,from

dileagh,rootofleagh,melt.
dileum(accentonleum),ashackle;di+leum,q.v.
dllinn,leacdhilinn,astoneinsitu,arockappearingabove

ground:"natural,"fromd\lasindileas.
dilleachdan,anorphan,Ir.dilleachda,0.Ir.dilechtu,orfani:

"derelict,"fromdiandleig,letgo(dilec,letgo).
dimbrigh,contempt;seedibrigh.
dimeas,contempt,Ir.dimheas,0.Ir.dimess;fromdi,dim,and

meas.
dinn,press,forcedown,squeeze,Ir.dingim,ding,awedge,E.Ir.

dingim,perf.dedaig,*dengo;Ag.S.tengan,press,Norse

tengja,fasten(Bezzenberger).Seedaingean.Brugmann

refersitto*dhingho,Lat.Jingo,mould,feign,I.E.dheigh,

Eng.dough.
dinnein,asmallheap,Ir.dinn,ahill,fortifiedhill,E.Ir.dinn

dind(do.),*dindu;Norsetindr,spike,peak,Ger.zinne,

pinnacle,Eng.tine.Butcf.Gr.Sis,Oivos(tlong),aheap,

Skr.dhanvan.
dinneir,adinner,Ir.dinnear;fromtheEng.
ydinnsear,ginger,Ir.gingsear,M.Ir.sinnsar;fromM.Eng.

ginger,Lat.zingiber.
diobair,forsake,Ir.dibirim;fordk+wbair,q.v.diudber(St),
diobhail,loss,Ir.dioghabhail,0.Ir.digbail,*deminutio;d\and

gabhail,q.v.
diobhargadh,persecution,diobhargach,fierce,keen,Ir.dibhear

gach,vindictive;seedibhfhearg.
diobhuir,vomit:*de+beir,Lat.defero;fromdeandheir,
diocail,lower,diminish(H.S.D.,whichquotesMSS.only);

di+adcal;fromcail?
diochain,forgetfulness;Dialecticfordichuimhne,thatisdiand

cuimhne.
diod,diodag,adrop;fromtheEng.jet?jot?
diog,asyllable,Ir.digim,diugam,cluckasahen:G.diug,the

calltohens.Onomatopoetic.
diogail,tickle,Ir.gigUrn,0.Ir.fogitled(forfogicled?).TheG.

seemsborrowedfromtheEng.tickle,kittle;andpossiblyall

areonomatopoetic,andreshapedinlatertimes.Cf.Eng.

giggle,Lat.cachinnus.
diogair,eager,Ir.diogar(O'R.),E.Ir.digar(1):
diogan,revenge,Ir.diogan(O'B.,etc.);thewordisIrish(notin

M'A.;M'E.marksitdoubtful):

134ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

dioghail,diol,avenge,pay,Ir.dioghalaim,diolaim,0.Ir.digatl

(n.),W.,Cor.dial,*degald.Seegal,valour,etc.
dioghluim,glean,dioghluim,agleaning,Ir.diophluim(n.):

*deyluim;forgluim,seefoghlum.
diol,pay,Ir.dtolam,M.Ir.dilaim;secdwglmil.
diolan,illegitimate,M.G.diolain(M'V.),Ir.diolanlas,fornication

(O'B.):*dildnamuas,"nonconjugium"?Seelanain.
diomadh,discontent,pain,Ir.diomadh,dlomdha;seediitmach.
diomarag,cloverseed:
diomasach,proud,Ir.diomus,pride,M.Ir.diumus,pride,"too

greatmeasure":diodmess,rootmessofcomus(Zimmer).
diombach,diombuidheach,displeased,Ir.diornbuidheach,unthank
ful;fromdiom,dim,un,andbuidheach,thankful,q.v.

Confusedwithdiiimach,q.v.
diombuaidh,unsuccessfulness,diombuan,transitory:negative

compoundsofbuaidhandbuan,q.v.
diomhain,idle,Ir,diomhaoin,0.Ir.dimdin;frcmdiandmaoin,

"officeless";seemaoin.
diomhair,secret;seediamhair.
dion,protection,Ir.dion,E.Ir.din,g.dina,*denu;rootdhe,

setl
diong,match,equal,pay,E.Ir.dingbain,wardoff,dingbdla,

worthy:*dingab,"offgive."Seegabh.
diongmhalta,perfect,Ir.diongmhalta,perfect,sure.Seediong

above,
dionnal,ashot,fight;seedeannal.
diorachd,ability(H.S.D.):Cf.Ir.dir,proper,*der.
diorras,vehemence,vehementanger;seediarras.
diosd,ajump,kickwiththeheels(Dialectic);fromSc.jisk,

caper,
dlosg,barren,diosgadh,barrenness,notgivingmilk,Ir.diosc,

diosg:disesc;seeseasg.Foritscomposition,seede'irc.
diosg,adish;fromLat.discus,Norsediskr,Ag.S.disc,Eng.dish.
diosgan,acreakingorgnashingnoise,Ir.diosgdn.Seegiosgan.
diot,ameal,diotmhor,dinner,M.Ir.diet,diit,E.Ir.dithait;

fromLat.diaeta,Eng.diet;dithit,feastduringday(Meyer),

dithait(t)(Tain),
dipin,adeepening(inanet),acertainmeasureofanet;from

Sc.deepin,anet,Eng.deep.
dir,ascend;curtailedfromoVtrich.
direach,strait,Ir.direach,0.Ir.direch,*dereg,rootreg,stretch;

Lat.rego,directus,Eng.direct,etc.Therootisfoundalso

ineirigh,rach,etc.Hencedirich,straighten,ascend,
dis,susceptibletocold,Ir.dis,poor,miserable,E.Ir.diss,dis,

weak,*desti?Rootsta.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.135

dlsleach,stormy,uncouth,straggling,Ir.disligheach,deviating,
dislighe,slighe,path,q.v.Inthesenseof"stormy,"the
derivationisdoubtful.

disne,adie,dice,Ir.disle;fromM.Eng.dps,dice.

dit,condemn,Ir.diotach,condemnatory,diotdil,anindictment;
fromtheM.Eng.diten,indict,Sc.diteaparallelformto
indict,endite,fromLat.indicto,dido,dictate,dico,say.
FurtherSc.dittay.

dith,presstogether,dithimh,aheap(Sh.):

dith,want,defeat,Ir.dith,0.Ir.dith,destruction,*deto,fromdc
(asinde,of,di,un);Lat.letum(=detum),death(Stokes).

dithean,daisy,darnel,blossom,M.Ir.dithen,darnel,Manxjean

.<do)=
dithis,apair,two,Ir.dis,0.Ir.dias,g.desse,dat.andace.diis

(alsodias,diis),duitas,*dveistd,fromthefern.*dvei,0.Ir.

di,two.Seeda.0.Ir.dias,*dveiassa:cf.Lat.bes,bessis,

from*bejess(St.).
dithreabh,adesert,Ir.dithreabh,0.Ir.dithrub;fromdiand

treb;seetreabh,aitreabh.
diu,diugh(to)day,andiu,today,Ir.andiu,aniu,0.Ir.indiu,

W.heddyw,M.Br.hiziu,Br.hirio,*divo(Stokes);Skr.

diva;Lat.diu.SeeDi,day.Thean(0.Ir.in)isthe

article,
diu,worthwhile:*dofiu;seejiu.
diubhaidh,diugha,refuse,theworst,diu(M'F.,M'E.),Ir.

diogha;oppositeofrogha.Seeroghainn.
diubhail,mischief,loss;seediobhail.
ditibhras,difference,diubhar(Arm.):*divr,*difr,fromdifferof

Lat.differo.Seedifir.
diuc,thepip,asicknessoffowls:

diuc,aduke,Ir.diubhee,diuic(Keat.);fromtheEng.duke.
diucair,aducker,abladderforkeepingnetsattheproperdepth

underwater;fromtheEng.ducker.
diuchaidh,addled:
diudan,giddiness,diudan(Arm.):
diug,aninterjectiontocallhens,cluck,Ir.diugam,cluck:

onomatopoetic.Seediog.
diugan,mischance(H.S.D.,whichmarksitasDialectic):
diugh,today;seediu.
diuid,tenderhearted,aspiritlessperson,Ir.diuid,0.Ir.diuit,

simplex:
diulanas,bravery,Ir.dioldntas,earlierdiolmhaineach,soldier,

mercenarius;fromdlol,pay.


136ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

diult,refuse,Ir.diiUtaim,E.Ir.diultaim,0.Ir.diltuch,refusing,

doriltiset,negaverunt,*diilt(Thu.).Zimmcrsuggests"the

rootofLat.lateo,lurk,Stokesgives*delaudi("Celt.Dec."),

andAscolihesitatesbetween*dila(la,throw,Gr.eAawio)

and*dishlond.Possiblyanactiveformoftill,return.

diltud,v.n.ofdosluindi.
diumach,displeased,Ir.diomdhach,M.Ir.dimdach,dimmdach:

*dimmed,rootmed,mind,asinmeas.
dleas,dleasnas,duty,Ir.dlisdeanas,legality,E.Ir.dlestanas(do.),

*dlixo,*dlgso,right;seedligheadh.
dligheadh,law,right,Ir.dligheadh,0.Ir.dliged,W.dyled,died,

debt,*dligeton,Cor.dylly,debere,Br.die,debt,*dlgo,1

owe;Got.dulgs,debt;Ch.SI.dlugu(do.).
dlo,ahandfulofcorn,did(M'L.,M'E.),Ir.dlaoigh,alockofhair

oranything,E.Ir.dlai,awisp;cf.W.dylivf,wisp,andLat.

Jloccus?
dluigheil,handy,active(Dial.),Ir.dluigh,active(O'B.),M.Ir.

dluigh,service,E.Ir.dluig,service,*dlogi;samerootas

dligheadh.
dluth,close,Ir.dluth,E.Ir.dluith,0.Ir.dlutai,(pi.),dluthe,

adhaerendi,*dluti.Cf.Gr.0Aaw,crush,dm?
dluth,thewarpofaweb,Ir.,0.Ir.dluth,stamen,W.dylif

(*dldmi?);fromtheaboveroot(did).
do,to,Ir.do,0.Ir.do,du,Cor.dhe,0.Br.do,Br.da;Eng.to,

Ag.S.t6,Ger.zu;Lat.do(endo,indu);Gr.8e.Stokes

derivestheprep,dofromtheverbalparticledo,to.Seethe

nextword,
do,averbalparticledenoting"to,ad,"Ir.do,0.Ir.do,du,also

to,whenitcarriestheaccent(e.g.dobiur,Igive,*dobe'r6,

buttabair,give,*tobere);W.du,dy,y.Cf.Got.du,to

prep,andprefix,for*}>u?
do,thy,Ir.do,0.Ir.do,du,W.dy,E.W.teu,Cor.dhe,Br.da,

*tovo;Lat.tuus;Skr.tdva,etc.Seetu.
do,du,prefixofnegativequality,Ir.do,dd,O.Ir.do,du,

*dus;Skr.dus;Gr.<W;Got.taz,Ger,zer.Itsopposite

isso,q.v.Followingtheanalogyofso,itaspiratesthe

consonantsthoughoriginallyitendedins.
dobair,aplasterer(M'D.),Ir.ddbadoir,W.dwbiwr;fromM.Eni>.

dauber,Eng.daub.
d6bhaidh,boisterous:*duvati,rootvet,asinonfhadh,q.v.
fdobhar,water,Ir.dobhar,E.Ir.dob/a;W.dw/r,Cor.rfq/5?r,Br.

oto^r,Gaul,dubrum,*dubron,*dubro,rootdub,deep,asin

domhain,q.v.Cf.Lit.dumblas,mire,Lett.c^6/i(do.);Lit.

duburys,aplacewithsprings,dumburf/s;Ger.tiimpel,adeep

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.137

placeinflowingorstandingwater.Hencedobharchu

("waterdog")anddobhran,theotter,
docair,grievous,hard,trouble,E.Ir.doccair,uneasiness,trouble.

Seesocair.
docha,preferable,isdocha,preferseetoigh.
ddcha,morelikely,Ir.docha,0.Ir.dochu;comparativeofdoigh,

0.Ir.ddig,likely,*dougi,*douki;Gr.SevKet,thinks,

d8evK7)s,unseemly;Ger.zeuge,witness;furtheralliedisLat.

duco.ConnectionwithGr.Sokccdhasbeensuggested,and

Zimmerhasanalyseditinto'*doech,*dosech,rootsec,say

(asincasg,etc.:Cam.),citingthebyformtoich(G.toigh),

whichisadifferentword.Henceddchas,doigh.
dochair,dochar,hurt,damage,soIr.,E.Ir.dochor;fromdoand

cor,i.e.,cor,state:dochar,"badstate."Seecor,sochair.

Hencedochartach,sick.
dochann,injury,hurt,M.Ir.dochond,illfortune,0.Ir.conaichi,

felicior,from*cuno,high,roothu(asincuraidh)1
dochas,hope,Ir.ddchas,M.Ir.ddchus;seedocha.
docran,anguish(Sh.,Arm.;notH.S.D.);cf.docrach,hard,from

docair.
dod,atantrum,fret,Ir.sdoid(n.),sdodach(adj.),ddiddeach,

quarrelsome(Con.).Cf.Sc.dod.
dddum,ateetotum(Dialectic);fromtheEng.
dog,abit;fromtheEng.dock.
dogadh,mischief(Sh.),0.Ir.dodcad(Str.).
dogail,cynical,doganta,fierce;fromtheEng.dog.
dogan,asortofoath(Dialectic,M'L.);Sc.daggand,Eng.doggonit,

Amer.doggond.
dogha,aburdock,Ir.meacandogha;Eng.dock,Ag.S.docce.
doibhear,rude,uncivil,soIr.(Lh.,whichH.S.D.quotes,O'B.,

etc.):"illbearing";fromdoandheir?
doibheas,vice,Ir.ddibheus;fromdoandbeus.
doicheall,churlishness,Ir.doicheall,g.doichle;E.Ir.dochell,

grudging,inhospitality:opposedtoE.Ir.sochell,meaning

"kindness,"soichlech.Rootisthatoftimchioll.Gaul.

Sucellos,agod'sname.
ddidthehand,grasp,Ir.ddid,E.Ir.ddit,0.Ir.innandoat,

lacertorum,*dousenti;Skr.dos(*daus),doshan,forearm,

Zenddaosha,shoulder.Strachan,whocitesthemeanings
'hand,wrist,"suggestsastem*doventi,fromI.E.dheva

(moveviolently),comparingGr.Kapiros,wrist,fromqrp,turn.

Henceddideach,muscular.
ddid,asmallfarm:"aholding";fromddid,hand.Cf,

d6ideach,firmlygrasping.

16

138ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY'

ddideach,frizzledup,shrunk(ofhair);fromdath,singe.

doigh,manner,trust,Ir.ddigh.Forroot,seedbcha.

doilbh,difficult(H.S.D.),dark(Sh.,O'B.),Ir.doilbh,dark,gloomy:

cf.suilbh.
doileas,injury;fromdoandleas.
doilgheas,sorrow,soIr.;fromdoiligh,sorry,theIr.formof

duilich,q.v.
doilleir,dark,Ir.doileir;seesoilleir.

doimeag,aslattern;cf.Ir.doim,poor,andforroot,seesoimeach.
doimh,bulky,gross;seedbmhail.

doimh,doimheadach,vexing,galling:*doment,"illminded."
doimheal,stormy(Sh.;notH.S.D.):
ddineach,sorrowful,baneful(Arm.,whohasdoineachwithshort

o),0.Ir.doinmech,ddinmidh.DrN.M'L."fateful."dan?
doinionn,atempest,Ir.doineann,0.Ir.doinenn.Seesoineann.
doirbeag,aminnow,tadpole,Ir.dairb,amarshworm,murrain

caterpillar,E.Ir.duirh(ace),worm,*dorbi:I.E.derbho,

wind,bend,Skr.darbh,wind,M.H.G.zirben,whirl,
doirbh,hard,difficult,soIr.,0.Ir.doirb;seesoirbh.
doire,grove,Ir.doire,daire,0.Ir.daire(Adamnan),Berry,W.

deri,oakgrove;seedarach.
doireagan,peewit;Dialecticformofadharcan.
doireann,doirionn(Arg.),tempestuousweather;seedoinionn.

Forphonetics,cf.boirionn.
doirionta,sullen,soIr.;cf.theaboveword,
dbirling,ddirlinn,isthmus,beach,Ir.doirling,promontory,

beach:*doairling(forling,seeleum)1Formeaning,see

tairbeart.
ddirt,pour,Ir.doirtim,dortadh(inf.),E.Ir.doirtim,0.Ir.

do/ortad,effunderet,dorortad,waspouredout,*fort,root

vor,ver,pour,E.Ir.feraim,Ipour,give;Lat.Urina,urine;

Gr.ovpov;Norselir,drizzlingrain,Ag.S.var,sea;Skr.vtiri,

water.TothisStokesrefersbraon(forvroen,verdend?).
doit,foul,dark(H.S.D.only):

ddit,asmallcoinlessthanafarthing;fromtheSc.doit.
dol,going,Ir.dul,0.Ir.dul,inf.todoluid,dolluid,ivit,from

luid,went,*ludo,fromI.E.leudho,go,Gr.cActxto/zcu,will

come,rjkvBov,came.StokesandBrugmannreferluidto

*(p)ludo,rootplu,plouofluath,q.v.
ddlach,destructive:"grievous";fromfdol,grief,Sc.dool,from

Lat.dolor.
dolaidh,harm,soIr.,E.Ir.dolod,0.Ir.dolud,damnum,0.G.

dolaid,burden,charge;itsoppositeisE.Ir.solod,profit:

*doludi"misgo";fromludofluid,go(Ascoli).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.139

d61as,grief,Ir.ddlas:formedfromsolas,consolation,onthe
analogyofotherdoandsowords.Seesolas.

ddlum,mean,surly,wretchedness,poverty.Cf.dblach.

dom,thegall,gallbladder;seedomblas.

domail,damage;apparentlyfoundedonLat.damnum.

domblas,gall,bile,Ir.domblas,M.Ir.domblasae,i.e.,"bitterness
oftheliver";fromM.Ir.domblas,illtaste;fromdomlas.
Seebias.

domhach,asavage;seedoimh.

domhail,bulky:M.Ir.dergdomla,pi.,from*domail,rootof
meall:*dofomell?

domhain,deep,soIr.,0.Ir.domain,W.divfn,Br.don,*dubnis,
*dubnos;Eng.deep,Got.diups;Lit.dubus,deep,dumburys,
aholeinthegroundfilledwithwater,dauba,ravine,Ch.SI.
dubri,ravine:I.E.dheub.Seealsodobhar.

domhan,theUniverse,soIr.,0.Ir.domun,Gaul.Dubno,Dumno
(inmanypropernames,asDubnotalus,Dumnorix,"World
king,"GaelicDomhnall,*Dumnovalos,W.Dyfnual),Celtic
*dubno,theworld,the"deep";anotherformofdomhain
above.Cf.Eng.deepforthe"sea."D'ArboisdeJubainville
explainsDubnoofGaulishnamesas"deep,"Dumnorix,
"deepking,""highking";andhehassimilarlytoexplain
Biturixas"kingforaye,"not"worldking":allwhich
seemsalittleforced.

Domhnach,Sunday,soIr.,E.Ir.domnach;fromLat.dominica,
"theLord's."SeeunderDi.

don,evil,defect,Ir.don;seenextword.

dona,bad,soIr.,E.Ir.donae,dona,wretched,bad;oppositeto
sona,son,happy.Seesona.

dongaidh,moist,humid;fromtheSc.donk,Eng.dank.

donn,brown,Ir.,0.Ir.donn,W.dwn,Gaul.Donnus,Donno;
*donnos,*dusno;Lat.fuscus;Eng.dusk,dust.Eng.dun
maybehence.

donnal,ahowl,complaint;*donno,I.E.dhven,whenceEng.din,
Skr.dhvana,sound.Meyersays:"Betterdonal,fern."G.
ismasc.

dorbh,dorgh,ahandline,Ir.dorubha;alsodrogha,q.v.

dorc,apiece(Dialectic):*dorco,rootder,split,Eng.tear;N.dorg.

dorch,dark,Ir.dorcha,0.Ir.dorche;opposedtosorcha,bright,
*doregio,rootreg,see,Lit.regiu,Isee.Seerosg.The
rootreg,colour,Gr.pe(o,colour,epe/3os,Erebus,Norserokr,
darkness,Ragnarokr,twilightofthegods,isallied.Ascoli
andZiminerreferittotheGadelicrootrich,shine,0.Ir.
richis,coal,Bret,regez,glowingembers,Skr.ric,re,shine.

140ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

d6rlach,ahandful,quantity:*domlach,fromdom,alist.
d6rn,afist,Ir.dom,O.Ir.darn,W.dwm,Cor.dom,0.Br.dom,

Br.dourn,hand,Gaul.Dumacos,*durno;Gr.Siopov,palm,

Sdpeip,Sdptv,aspan;Letticdure,fist;I.E.rootder,split.

*dver,*dur,strong,
dorra,moredifficult,Ir.dorrach,harsh,M.Ir.dorr,rough,

*dorso;Czechdrsen,rough(Stokes,Strachan).
dorran,vexation,anger,Ir.dorrdn,M.Ir.dorr,*dorso;see

aboveword.
d6ruinn,pain,anguish,Ir.ddghruing.Cf.E.Ir.dogra,ddgra,

lamenting,anguish,dogar,sad,fromdoandgar,q.v.
dorus,adoor,Ir.,0.Ir.dorus,W.drws,Cor.daras,0.Cor.dor,

Br.dor,*dvorestu;Lat.fores;Gr.Ovpa;Eng.door;Lit.

durys;Skr.dvdr.
dos,abush,tuft,Ir.dos,0.Ir.doss,*dosto,rootdus;Lat.dumus

(=dusmus),thicket;Eng.tease,teasel.
j>dosdan,akindoffoodgiventohorses;fromEng.dust.
dosgadh,dosgainn,misfortune;cf.Ir.dosgathach,improvident.

Fromdoandsgath,q.v.Ir.dosguidhtheach,morose,

extravagant,
dotarra,sulky;seedod.

doth,adoatingonone;cf.Sc.daut,dote,M.Eng.doten.
Xdrabach,dirty,slovenly,Ir.drabaire,drabdg,slut,drab,astain;

fromEng.drab.Seedrabli.Hencedrabasda,obscene.
>drabh,dissolve,drabhag,dregs,drabhas,filth,E.Ir.drabarslog,

rabble;fromEng.draff,alliedtoGer.treber,Norsedraf.

StokesthinksthattheG.isalliedto,notderivedfrom,the

Eng.TheEng.worddrabisalliedtodraff,andsoisdregs.
drabli,scatter,dissolve(M'A.,Arg.),notdrabli(H.S.D.,which,

however,hasdrabhach,rifted),drabhach,widesutured,

rifted(Arg.):
adrac,adrake;fromtheEng.Seerac.
dragh,trouble,0.Ir.g.mordraige,roughness:*drago,I.E.

dregho,Ag.S.trega,vexation,Norsetregr,dragging,

slovenly,trega,grieve;Skr.drdgh,pain;Gr.*Tapax?},

T/oax^s(St.).
4dragh,pull,draw,Ir.dragdil;fromtheEng.drag,draw,Norse

draga.
dragon,adragon,Ir.dragun,E.Ir.drac,g.dracon;fromLat.

draco(n),Eng.dragon.
draichd,aslattern(Arm.):
draighlichd,atrollop,draggletail(Arg.);fromEng.draggletail?

Cf.draghlainnunderdraoluinn.
draillsein,asparklinglight(Sh.,H.S.D.);seedrillsean.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.141

draimheas,afoulmouth;cf.Ir.drabhas,awrymouth,dramhaim,
Igrin.TheG.seemsfromdrabhabove.

draing",asnarl,grin;seedranndan.

dram,dram,adram,Ir.dram;fromtheEng.

dramaig1,afoulmixture,crowdie(Sh.,H.S.D.);fromtheSc.
dramock.

drannd,dranndan,ahum,snarl,Ir.draiut,dranntdn,M.Ir.
drantaigim,Isnarl;fromaCeltic*dran,1.E.dhreno,
sound,drone;Eng.drone;Gr.Opyjvos,dirge;Skr.dlira?},
sound,murmur.

drann,dranna,aword(M'A.,Arg.);sameasdrannd.

draocn,afretfulorghastlylook,hairstandingonend,Ir.driuch,
fretfulness,angrylook:rootdhrigh;Gr.dpl,rptxos,hair.
Formeaning,cf.snuadh,hue,hair.

draoi,draoidh,druidh,amagician,druid,Ir.draoi,gen.pi.
druadh,E.Ir.drai,druijg.druad,Gaul,druides(Eng.
druid).Itsetymologyisobscure.Stokessuggestsrelation
shipwithEng.true,G.dearbh,q.v.,orwithGr.Opkopai,cry
(asindrannd,diird),orGr.aOpew,looksharp,Pruss.dereis,
see.Thurneysenanalysesthewordasdru,high,strong,
seetiuaill.BrugmannandWindischhavealsosuggested
therootdru,oak,asPlinydidtoo,becauseoftheDruids'
reverencefortheoaktree.Ag.S.dry,magus,isborrowed
fromtheCeltic.draoineach,druineach,artisan,"eident"
person(Carm.);draoneach,"anypersonthatpracticesan
art"(Grant),agriculturist;druinneach,artist(Lh.).Ir.
druine,artneedlework;dpova,flowersinembroidery,
drugs.

draoluinn,delay,tediousness,drawling;fromtheEng.drawling,
Sc.drawl,tobeslowinaction,drawlie,slowandslovenly.
Dialecticdraghlainn,aslovenlyperson,amess.

drapuinn,tape;fromtheEng.drape.

draos,trash,filth,Ir.draos.Cf.Eng.dross.

drasda,andrasda,now,Ir.drdsda,M.Ir.trasta,forantrdthsa,
thistime.

drathais,drawers;fromtheEng.

dreach,aspect,Ir.dreach,E.Ir.drech,W.drych,M.Br.derch,
*drka,*drkko,rootderkasindearc,q.v.

drfcachd,dreuchd,duty,office,Ir.dreaclit,song,0.Ir.drecht,
portio,*drempto,rootdrep,Gr.Speito),pluck,cull(Strachan).

dreag,dr^ag,ameteororportent;fromtheAg.S.dreag,
apparition,Norsedraugr,ghost.Alsodriug.

dreall,dreoll,doorbar,dreallag,aswingletree:drslo,rootder,
split,Eng.tree?Cf.W.dryll,*dhruslo,dpavo).

142ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

dreallaire,anidlerjseedrollaire.

dreallsach,ablazingfire;seedrillsean.

dream,atribe,people,Ir.dream,E.Ir.dremm;fromdream,
bundle,handful,manipulus,Br.dramm,asheaf,*dregsmo;
Gr.Spay/ia,ahandful,Spacroo/zai,grasp;Ch.SI.drazhaiti,
grasps;Skr.dark,makefast,I.E.dergho,fasten.Hence
dreamsgal,aheterogeneousmass.dreg:dreng,tramp'I
Cf.drong.

dreamach,peevish,dream,snarljcf.Ir.dreamhnach,perverse,
E.Ir.dremne,fierceness,fromdreamh,surly,*dremo,from
drem,drom,rush,Gr.Spo/ios,arace.G.dreamachmaybe
for*dregsmo,rootdregasindreangan.

dreangan,asnarler,Ir.drainceanta,snarling,drainc,asnarl,also
draint,W.drengyn,asurlychap,dreng,morose,*drengo,
rootdreg,fromdhreofdranndan.

dreas,bramble,bramblebush,Ir.dreas;seedris.

dreasair,adresser(housefurniture).

dreathandonn,wren,Ir.dreadn,drean,W.dryw,*drivo,*drvo,
rootder,d/ter,jump1?Seedair.Cf.forsenseGr.T/aox^Aos.
Orfromdhrevo,cry,Gr.dpeofxai,G.drannd,q.v.%

dreigeas,agrin,peevishface,E.Ir.dric,wrathful;*dreggo,root
dregasindreangan.

dreimire,aladder,Ir.dreimire,E.Ir.dreimm,ascent,vb.dringim,
W.dringo,scandere,*drengo.Bezzenbergercomparesthe
Norsedrangr,anupstandingrock(cf.cliffandclimb).The
rootdregofdreimirehasalsobeencomparedtoGer.treppe,
staircase,Eng.tramp.Seedream,people,"goers."Ir.ag
dreim,advancing.

dre"in,agrin:*dregni,rootdregofdreangan.

dre6chdam,thecryingofthedeer;fromdhrevo,dhre,cry.

dre61ail,awren,Ir.dreoldn:*<lrivolo;seedreathan.

dre61an,asillyperson,Ir.dreoldn,W.drel,aclown;fromEng.
droll?Thurneysenpreferstoconsiderthesewordsborrowed
fromEng.thrall,Norsefircel.Thewordappearsasdre6lan,
dreallaire,drollaire.Inthesenseof"loiterer,"thesewords
arefromtheNorsedrolla,loiter,Eng.droil.

dreds,ablaze:

dreugan,adragon(Dialectic);seedragon.

driachan,plodding,obstinacy,Ir.driachaireachd:*dreiqo;cf.
Eng.drive,fromdhreip.

driamlach,afishingline,Manxrimlagh,E.Ir.riamnach:
*reimmen;seereim.

driceachan,tricks(M'D.).

drifeag,hurry(Heb.);seedrip.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.143

dril,aspark,sparkle,Ir.dril,drithle,pi.drithleanna,M.Ir.
drithle,dat.drithlinn,alsodrithre,*drithrenn(forrenn,
seereannag),*drith.Hencedrillsean,sparkles,from
drithlis,aspark.Drillsean,rushlight,rushusedaswick.

driodar,dregs,lees,Ir.driodar,gore,dregs:*driddo,*drddo,
rootder,Eng.tear.Cf.Sc.driddle.

driog,adrop,Ir.driog(driog,Con.),driogaire,adistiller;seem
inglyborrowedfromNorsedregg,M.Eng.dreg,dregs.

driongan,slowness,Ir.driongdn,aplaything,worthlesspastime:

drip,hurry,confusion,Ir.drip,bustle,snare:*drippi,*dhribh,
Eng.drive?N.drepa,hit.

dris,abramble,brier,Ir.dris,0.Ir.driss,0.W.drissi,W.
dryssien,Cor.dreis,Br.drezen,*dres$i.Bezzenberger
suggestsastem*drepso,M.H.G.trefs,Ger.trespe,darnel,
M.Eng.drauk{=dravickofDu.),zizanium.Itmustbe
keptseparatefromdroighionn,0.Ir.draigen,Celticroot
drg,thoughG.drismightbefor*drgsi,fortheW.would
beinch,not*.Seedroighionn.

drithlean,arivet:

drithleann,asparkle,Ir.drithlinn;obliqueformofdril.

driubhlach,acowl,soIr.(O'R.);Sh.hasdribhlach.

driucan,abeak,Ir.driuch.M'A.givesalsothemeaning,"an
incisionunderoneofthetoes."Seedraoch.

driuch,activity(M'A.):

driuchan,astripe,asincloth(M'A.):

driug,ameteor,portent;seedreag.

drdbh,adrove;fromtheEng.

drobhlas,profusion,soIr.:

droch,evil,bad,Ir.droch,0.Ir.droch,drog,W.drwg,Cor.drog,
malum,M.Br.drouc,*druko.UsuallycomparedtoSkr.
druh,injure,Ger.trug,deception.Stokeshassuggested
dhruh,whenceEng.dry,andBezzenbergercomparesNorse
trega,grieve,tregr,unwilling(seedragh).

drochaid,abridge,Ir.droichiod,0.Ir.drochet:

drog,aseaswellatitsimpactonarock(Arg.):

drogaid,drugget,Ir.drogdid(O'R.);fromtheEng.

drogha,ahandfishingline;alsodorgh,dorbh,Ir.dorubha,
drubha;Norsedorg,anangler'stackle.

droich,adwarf,Ir.droich,*drogi,alliedtoTeut.dwergo,Ger.
zwerg,Norsedvergr,Eng.dwarf.

droigheann,bramble,thorn,Ir.droigheann,0.Ir.draigen,W.
draen,Cor.drain,drein,Br.drean,*dragino:cf.Gr.Tpaxvs,
rough,dpdarcroi,confuse,Eng.dregs.Bezzenbergercompares
Lit.drignes,blackhenbane,Gr.8pd/3rj,aplant.Ebelreferred

144ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ittothesameoriginasGr.repxvos,twig.Alsodroighneach,

(1)thorn,(2)lumber,"entanglement."
droillip,tackle:
drola,apothook,Ir.drol,droltha,M.Ir.drol,drolam,handle,

E.Ir.drolam,knocker,ring:
droll,ananimal'stail,adoorbar,unwieldystick;cf.dreallagfor

thelasttwomeanings.
droll,drollaire,alazyfellow;seedreblan.
droman,thealdertree;seetroman.
drong,droing,people,tribe,Ir.drong,E.Ir.drong,0.Br.drogn,

droq,factio,Gaul,drungus,whenceLat.drungus,atroop

(4thcentury),*drungo;Got.driugan,serveasasoldier,

Ag.S.dryht,people,Norsedrdtt,household,people,
drongair,adrunkard;fromtheEng.

dronn,theback,Ir.dronndg:*drosno,rootdrosofdruim,q.v.
dronng,atrunk;fromtheEng.
drothan,abreeze(M'D.):
druabag,asmalldrop,druablas,muddywater,druaip,dregs,

lees.ThefirstisfromEng.drop;druablasisfromM.Eng.

drubli,turbid,Sc.droubly;anddruaipisfromNorse

dijupa,drip,drubhaganddruigean(Wh.).
drub,awinkofsleep,amouthfulofliquid;fromNorsedrjupa,

drip.Seetheabovewords.
druchd,dew,Ir.druchd,E.Ir,drdcht,*drubtu,rootdhreubj

Ag.S.dreapian,trickle,Eng.drip}drop,Norsedrjupa,drip,

Ger.trie/en.
drudh,penetrate,pierce,druidh;seethenext,
drudhadh,oozing,soaking;cf.Skr.dru,drdva,melt,run,Got.

ufartrusian,besprinkle.Cf.Gaul.Druentia(GaelicDruie,

ariverinStrathspey),
drugair,adrudge,Ir.drugaire;fromM.Eng.druggar,adragger,

Eng.drudge.
dmid,close,Ir.druidim,E.Ir.druit,close,firm,trustworthy:

*druzdo,*drus,W.drws,door.Seedorus.Stokesnow

refers*druzditothesamesourceasEng.trust.
druid,astarling,Ir.druid,E.Ir.truid,Manxtruitlag,W.drudwy,

Br.dred,dret:*struzdi;Lat.turdus,thrush;Lit.strdzdas

(Bohemiandrazd),thrush,Eng.throstle.
druidh,amagician;seedraoi.

druidh,penetrate;seedrudh.Cf.Ir.treidhim;treaghaim(Sh.).
druim,back,ridge,soIr.,0.Ir.druimm,pi.dromand,W.trum,

*drosmen;Lat.dorsum.
druis,lust,druiseach,druth,lecherous,Ir.driiis,adultery,E.Ir.

druth,lewd,aharlot,*druto.Cf.M.Eng.drub",darling,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.145

0.Fr.drud(do.),druerie,love,whenceM.Eng.druerie,Sc.

drouery,illicitlove.MayhewreferstheFr.andEng.to

0.H.G.driit,dear(alsotrut,drud):aTeut.dreuft?Cf.

Ger.traut,beloved(Kluge).
idruma,adrum,Ir.,M.Ir.druma;fromtheEng.
druman,elder;seetioman.

drumlagan,acrampinback,wrists,etc.(M'D.):
du,meet,proper,Ir.,E.Ir.du.ThisStokesregardsasborrowed

from0.Fr.du(=debntus),whenceEng.due.Butsee

duthaich,dual.
du,do,prefixdenotingbadnessofquality,Ir.,0.Ir.du,do,

*dus;Gr.8vs;Got.tuz,Norsetor;Skr.dus.Seedo.
duaichnidh,gloomy,ugly,Ir.duaichniughadh,todisfigure.See

suaicheantas.
duaidh,ahorridscene,afight,Ir.duaidh,evil(O'B.):*duvid?
duairc,uncivil,Ir.,E.Ir.duairc:oppositeofsuairc,q.v.
duaireachas,asquabble,slander:duaireachas.Seeeireachdail.
duairidh,dubharaidh,adowry;fromtheEng.
duais,areward,soIr.,E.Ir.duass,gift:*dovestd;Gr.8ovvai,to

give(=dovenai):Lit.duti(do.),dovana,agift;Lat.duint

(=dent).Rootdo,give.
dual,alockofhair,Ir.,E.Ir.dual,*doklo;Got.tagl,hair,

Ag.S.taegl,Eng.tail,Norsetagl,horse'stail.
dual,hereditaryright,soIr.,M.Ir.dtial,*dutlo;seeduthaich.

StokesrefersittoFr.dH,ashedoesdu,q.v.Ir.dual,just,

proper,mightcomefrom*duglo,rootdhugh,fashion,Gr.

Tvx*w,Got.dugan,Eng.do.
duan,apoem,song,soIr.,E.Ir.duan,*dugno;Letticdugdt,

cryasacrane(Bez.)Stokesderivesitfromdhughabove

underdual.
duarman,amurmur;cf.tormanfromtoirm.
dubailte,double,Ir.dubdilte;fromM.Eng.duble,0.Fr.doble,

Lat.duplex.
dubh,black,Ir.dubh,0.Ir.dub,W.du,0.W.dub,Cor.duv,

Br.du,*dubo;Gr.TV(f>\6<s(=6v(j>\6<;),blind;Got.daubs,

deaf,Ger.taub,Eng.deaf,alsodumb.Cf.Gaul,rivername

Dubis,nowDoubs.
dubhach,sad,Ir.dubhach,0.Ir.dubach;seesubhach.
dubhailc,wickedness,Ir.dubhailce;seesubhailc.
dubhailteach,sorrowful;foundedondubh.
dubhairt,said;seethubhairt.
dubhaith,apudding:
dubhan,ahook,Ir.dubhdn,M.Ir.dubdn:
dubhchlMn,theflank(H.S.D.fromMSS.):

17

146ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

dubhdan,asmoke,strawcinders,soot;fromdubh.Cf.Ir.

diibhaddn,aninkstand,
dubhlaidh,gloomy,wintry;cf.dubhla,adarkday,dayoftrial.

Fromdubh.
dubhlan,achallenge,Ir.dubhshldn;fromdubhandslan;Ir.sldn,

defiance,
dubhliath,thespleen,0.Ir.lueHad,lualiath,Cor.lewilloit,W.

lleithon,miltoffish.Cf.Lat.lien.
dubhogha,thegreatgrandson'sgrandson;fromdubhandogha:

dubhisusedtoaddasteptofionnogha,thoughfionnhereis

reallyaprep.,andnotfionn,white.Seefionnogha.
due,ducan(Perth),aheap(Arm.);*dumhacdn,E.Ir.duma,

mound,heap.Rootofdun.
duchas,hereditaryright;seeduthaich.
dud,asmalllump(M'A);seetudan.
dud,atinglingintheear,ear,Ir.dud.Seenextword.
dudach,atrumpet,M.G.doytichy(D.ofLis.),Ir.duddg:

onomatopoetic.Cf.Eng.toot.
dudlachd,depthofwinter:
duldseag,aplumpwomanoflowstature(Perth);"Myold

Dutch;"duitseach(Arm.).Dutchman,dockedcock.
duil,expectation,hope,Ir.duil,*dMi,rootdu,strive,Gr.dvfios

soul;Lit.dumas,thought(StokesforGr.)
duil,anelement,Ir.dUil,0.Ir.diiil,dul,*dilli;Skr.dhUli,

dust;Lit.dulkes(do.);Lat.fuligo,soot.Stokes(Diet.)

refersitto*dukli,rootduk,fashion;Ger.zeugen,engender;

furtherLat.duco.HencedialecticNaduil,poorcreatures!

Ir.dUilmeans"creature"also.Hencealsoduileag,aterm

ofaffectionfcragirl,
duileasg,dulse,Ir.duileasg,M.Ir.duilesc,W.dylusg,whatis

driftedonshorebyfloods.HenceSc.dulse.Jamieson

suggeststhattheG.standsforduilVuisge,"waterleaf."
duilich,difficult,sorry,Ir.doiligh,E.Ir.dolig;cf.Lat.dolor,

grief,
duille,aleaf,Ir.,M.Ir.duille,W.dalen,M.Br.del;Gr.BvXka,

leaves,6dXX(o,Ibloom;Ger.dolde,umbel:rootdhl,dhale,

bloom,sprout.Gaul.7Tfxire8ovXa,"fiveleaved,"isallied,
duillinnean,customs,taxes(M'D.):
duin,shut,Ir.dunaim,"barricading;"fromdun,q.v.
duine,aman,Ir.,0.Ir.duine,pi.doini(=*dvdnji),W.dyn,pi.

dyneddon,Cor.,Br.den,dunjds:"mortal;"Gr.daveiv,die,

Odvaros,death,dvqros,mortal;Eng.dwine;Skr.dhvan,fall

topieces.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.147

duircein,theseedsofthefir,etc.,duircdaraich,acorns.See

dorc.0.Ir.derucc,glans,isreferredbyWindischtothe

rootofdarach,q.v.
duiseal,awhip;fromM.Eng.duscken,strike,ofScandinavian

origin,nowdowse.
duiseal,dusal,slumberjfromNorsedusa,doze,Eng.doze.
duisleannan,illnaturedpretences,freaks(Dialectic,H.S.D.),

duisealan(M'E.);fromduiseal:"dreaming?"
duisg,awake,Ir.duisgim,duisighim,0.Ir.diusgea,expergefaciat,

*deudsec,rootsecasincaisg,q.v.
dul,dula,anoose,loop,Ir.dul,dot,snare,loop,W.dol,noose,

loop,doli,formaringorloop;Gr.SoAos,snare;Lat.dolus,

etc.
dula,apin,peg,Ir.dula;cf.Lat.dolo,apike,M.H.G.zol,alog.
duldachd,amistygloom;seedudlachd.
dumhlaich,increaseinbulk;seedbmhail.
dun,aheap,afortress,Ir.,0.Ir.dun,W.din,Gaul,dunum,

Sovvov,*dunon,*dunos;Ag.S.tun,Eng.town,Ger.zaun,

hedge,Norsetun(do.);Gr,8vvao6ac,can.Rootdeva,du,to

bestrong,hard,whencealsodur.
dunach,dunaidh,woe;fromdona?
dur,dull,stubborn,Ir.,E.Ir.dur,W.dir,force,Br.dir,steel,

Gaul,durum,fortress,*dilro,Lat.durus.Forfurther

connectionsseedun.
durachd,duthrachd,goodwish,wish,diligence,Ir.duthrachd,

0.Ir.duthracht,*devotraktus,*trakko,press;Ag.S.

thringan,Ger.dringen,pressforward,Eng.throng(Stokes).

WindischhascomparedSkr.tark,think,whichmaybethe

sameastarkoftarkits,spindle,Lat.torqueo.Verbduraig.
duradan,durradan,anatom,mote,Ir.durddn;fromtheroot

durasindurabove:"hardbit?"
dure,alumpishperson:
durcaisd,turcais,pincers,nippers,tweezers;fromSc.turkas,

fromFr.turquoise,nowtricoises,"Turkish"orfarrier's

pincers,
durd,asyllable,sound,humming,Ir.,E.Ir.ddrd,dordaim,mugio,

W.dwrdd,sonitus,tordd,*dordos,rootder,sound,I.E.dher;

Letticdardet,rattle.FurtherGr.Opyjvos,dirge,rovOpvs,

muttering,Norsedrynr,roaring,Eng.drone;rootdhre.
durga,surly,sour,Ir.durganta.Cf.Ir.duranta,morose.G.

seemstobefromNorsedurga,sulkyfellow,Eng.dwarf.
durlus,watercress;fromdur=dobharandlus,q.v.
durraidh,pork,apig,durradh!grumphy!Cf.dorra.
durrag,aworm:

148ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

durrghail,cooingofadove,Ir.durdail\alsocurrucadh,q.v.

Onomatopoetic.
durrasgach,nimble(Dial.,H.S.D.):
dursann,anunluckyaccident,Ir.dursan,sorrowful,hard(O'R.);

fromthestemofdorra.
>dus,dust,duslach;fromEng.dust.
dusal,aslumber;fromtheEng.doze.Seeduiseal.
duslainn,agloomy,retiredplace:
duth,hereditary;seedu.
duthaich,acountry,district,Ir.ddthaigh,0.Ir.duthoig,

hereditary(M.Ir.duthaig),G.duthchas,hereditaryright:

rootduasindun?Cf.du.
duthaich,greatgut(M'Lagan):
duthuil,fluxusalvi=dubhghalar;fromdubhandtuil.

e,accentede,he,it,Ir.e,0.Ir.e,*eis:rootei,i;0.Lat.eis

(=is,he,that),ea,she(=eja);Got.is,Ger.er,es;Skr.

ayam.The0.Ir.neuterwased,noweadh(asinseadh,ni

headh).
ea,ea,privativeprefix;seeeu.
eabar,mud,puddle,Ir.abar,marshyland,Adamnan'sstagnum

Aporicum,Lochaber,E.Ir.cannebor(seeInnear),^exbor,

*ad:bor,theboroftobar,q.v.
eabon,ebony,soIr.;fromLat.ebenum,Eng.ebony.
eabur,ivory,soIr.;fromLat.ebur.
each,ahorse,soIr.,0.Ir.ech,W.ebol,colt,Br.ebeul,Gaul.Epo,

*ekvos;Lat.equus;Ag.S.eoh,Got.aihva;Skr.acvas.
eachdaran,eachdra,apenforstrayedsheep;seeeachdranach

forroot,
eachdraidh,ahistory,Ir.eachdaire'achd,history,eachdaire,

historian,E.Ir.echtra,adventures;fromE.Ir.prep,ecktar,

without,*ekstero,W.eithr,extra;Lat.extra,extemus;from

ex(seea,as).
eachdranach,aforeigner,Ir.eachdrannach,0.Ir.echtrann,exterj

Lat.extraneus,Eng.strange.Fromechtar,asineachdraidh.
eachrais,confusion,mess;cf.Ir.eachrais,afair,E.Ir.editress,

horsefight.Seeeachandtreas.
ead,jealousy;seeend.
eadar,between,Ir,eidir,0.Ir.eter,iter,etar,W.ithr,Gor.yntr,

Br.entre,Gaul,inter,*enter,i.e.,enter,prep,en;Lat.inter;

Skr.antdr,inside,
feadh,it,seadh,yes,0.Ir.ed;seee.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.149

eadh,space,E.Ir.ed,rootped;Gr.tt&iov,aplain;Lat.op

pidum,town;Ch.SI.pad,tread.Rootpedo,go,asinEng.

foot,Lat.2^s,pedis,etc.
eadha,thelettere,anaspentree,Ir.eadhadh:
eadhal,abrand,burningcoal(Bibl.Gloss.);seeeibheall.
eadhon,towit,namely,viz.,soIr.,0.Ir.idon,*idsouno,"this

here";forid,seeeadh,andsounoisfrom*sou,*soasinso.

Cf.Gr.ovtos.Stokes(Celt.DecL)takesidfromit,is,goes,

rooti,go,ofLat.eo,Gr.ct/u,etc.;heregardsidaspartof

theverbsubstantive.
eadradh,milkingtime,Ir.eadarthra,noon,milkingtime;from

eadar+trdth.
eadraig,interpose,eadragainn,interposition,Ir.eadargdn,

separation;fromeadar.
eag,anick,notch,Ir.feag,Manxagg,W.ag,cleft,*eggd:peg?
eagal,feagal,fear,Ir.eaguil,eagla,E.Ir.ecla,0.Ir.ecal(adj.),

*exgal;seegal,valour,
eagan,perhaps;Dialecticfortheagamh.

eagar,order,row,soIr.,E.Ir.ecor,*dithcor;fromaithandcuir.
eaglais,achurch,Ir.eagluis.0.Ir.eclais,W.eglwys,Br.His;

fromLat.ecclesia,Eng.ecclesiastic.
eagna,wisdom,soIr.,0.Ir.ecne,*aiihgen;seeaithandgenof

aithne.Infactaithneandeagnaarethesameelements

differentlyaccented(*aithgen,dithgen).
eairlig,want,poverty,airleig;cf.airleag,lend,borrow,
eairlin,keel,bottom,end:*airlann;seelann,land,
eairneis,furniture;seeairneis.
eala,aswan,soIr.,M.Ir.ela,W.alarch,Corn,elerhc,*elaio,

*elerko^s;Gr.eAea,reedwarbler,JAaoas,grosbeak,lAeas,owl,

eAetds,falcon;Lat.olor,swan.Gr.ireketa,wilddove,Lat.

palumba,dove,0.Prus.poalis(do.),havebeensuggested.
ealach,ealachainn,apegtohangthingson,E.Ir.alchuing,

elchuing,dat.alchaing,pi.alchningi.
ealadh,learning,skill,ealaidh,knack,Ir.ealadh,E.Ir.elatha,

gen.elathan,W.el,intelligence:rootel::al(ofeilean)1
fcaladh,euladh,acreepingalong(astocatchgame),Ir.eidoighim

stealaway,E.Ir.elaim,Iflee,0.Ir.elud,evasio;Ger.eilen,

hasten,speed;rootei,i,go,Lat.ire,etc.Henceealaidhneach,

creepingcold.Strachanderivesitfrom*exldjo,rootla,ela,

go,Gr.cXavvo(asineilid,etc.).Stokesnow*assbuim.
ealag,ablock,hackingstock;seeealach.
ealaidh,anode,song,music;seeealadh.
ealamh,eathlamh,quick,expert,Ir.athlamh,E.Ir.athlom,

athlam,*aithlam;*lamisalliedtolamh,hand("handy"is

theidea).Seeullamhfordiscussionoftherootlam.

150ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ealbh,abit,tittle,Ir.ealbha,amultitude,adrove,W.elw,goods,

profit,*elvo;cf.Gaul.Elvetios,Elvio,etc.;*pelvo,root

pel,full1
ealbhar,agoodfornothingfellow(Suth.);fromNorsedlfr,elf,a

vacant,sillyperson,
ealbhuidh,StJohn'swort,Ir.ealabhuidh(O'R.):
fealg,noble,soIr.,E.Ir.elg:InnisEalga=Ireland.Cf.Elgin,

Glene/y.
ealla,nothingado("Gabheallaris"havenothingadowithhim):
eallach,aburden,soIr.,M.Ir.ellach,trappingsorload;cf.Ir.

eallach,adrove,0.Ir.ellach,conjunctio,*atislogos(Zimmer),

fromsluagh.Seeuallachandealt.
eallach,cattle(Arran),soIr.:cf.0.Ir.ellach,conjunction,*ati

slogos(Zimmer).
eallsg,ascold,shrew:
ealt,ealta,acovey,drove,flock,Ir.ealta,E.Ir.elta:*elltavo,

frompeslo,abrute,Cor.ehal,pecus;0.H.G.,fasal,Ag.S.

fad,proles(StokesforCor.).Seeal.Ascolijoins0.Ir.

ellach,union,andIr.eallach,adrove,cattle,withealt.See

eallach.
ealltuinn,arazor,Ir.ealtin,0.Ir.altan,W.ellyn,0.Cor.elinn,

0.Br.altin,Br.aotenn,*(p)altani;Ger.spalten,cleave;Skr.

pat,split;Old.SI.xv&platiti,cutintwo.
eaman,tail;seefeaman,q.v.
eanach,honour,praise,E.Ir.enech,honour,alsoface;hence

"regard"(Ascoli):*aneqo,W.enep;rootoqofLat.oculus,

etc.
eanach,dandriff,scurf,down:

eanachgarraidh,endive,Ir.eanachgarraidh;evidentlyacor
ruptionofLat.endiva(Cameron),
eanchaill,eanchainn,brains,Ir.inchinn,E.Ir.inchind,W.

ymmenydd,Cor.impinion(=in+pen),in+ceann,"whatis

inthehead."
eang,foot,footstep,track,bound,Ir.eang,E.Ir.eng,track;cf.

rootonggivenfortheagamh.
eang,agusset,corner;cf.Lat.angulus,Eng.angle.
eangach,afetter,net,Ir.eangach,anet,chainofnets.From

eang,foot.
eangarra,crosstempered(H.S.D.):"havingangles";fromeang.
eangbhaidh,highmettled,M.Ir.,engach,valiant;fromeang,

astep,
eangladh,entanglement;possiblyfromtheEng.tangle;not

likelyfoundedoneangach.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.151

eanghlas,gruel,milkandwater,Ir.eanghlais,E.Ir.englas(fern.

astem),milkandwater,greenwater(Corm.),frominand

M.Ir.glas,milk,*glagsa;Gr.ykdyos,yaAa(KTos),milk,

Lat.lac(=*glakt).Cormacsaysitisfromen,water,and

glas,grey.en=water,*pino(St.).
eanntag,nettles;seedeanntag.
eanraich,eanbhruith,soup,juiceofboiledflesh,Ir.eanbhruithe,

E.Ir.enbruthe,frominandbruith,boil.Corm.andO'Cl.

haveanobsoletebroth,bruithe,flesh,andexplainitas"water

offlesh."Foren,water,seeeanghlas.Mostdialectsmake

it"chickensoup,"asfromeun+bruith.
ear,anear,theeast,fromtheeast,Ir.soir,eastern,anoir,from

theeast,0.Ir.anair,aboriente;really"frombefore,"the

prep,an(*apo7ia)ofanail(seea,from),andair(=*ari),

before.Theobserverissupposedtofacethesun.The

oppositeisiar,aniar,fromiar,behind,q.v.
earail,anexhortation,0.Ir.erdil,irdil,*airdil;fromaill,

desire.Henceearal,provision,caution,
earar,anearar,thedayaftertomorrow,Ir.oirthior,eastern,

dayfollowing,dayaftertomorrow,0.Ir.airther,eastern,

*ariteros,*pareiteros(Gr.Trapoirepos),comparativeofair,

before,
eararadh,aparchingofcorninapotbeforegrinding:*airaradh,

rootar,asinLat.aridus,arid1
earasaid,asquareoftartanwornovertheshouldersbyfemales

andfastenedbyabrooch,atartanshawl:*airasaid?Cf.

asairforroot,
earb,aroe,soIr.,E.Ir.erb.0.Ir.heirp,*erbis,Gr.e/o/>os.
earb,trust(vb.),earbsa(n.),Ir.earbaim,0.Ir.erbaim,nom

erpimm,confido,*erbio,let,leave;M.H.G.erbe,bequeath,

Ger.erbe,heir,Got.arbja,heir:allalliedtoLat.orbus,Eng.

orphan.
earball,atail,soIr.,E.Ir.erball,*dirball;fromair(=*ari)

andball,q.v.urballinArranandtheWest,
earc,heifer(Carm.),cow,Ir.earc,E.Ir.ere,cow(Corm.):
earchall,earachall,misfortune:^aircall;fromairandcall,q.v.
earghalt,arableland;air+geadhail,whichsee.
eargnaich,inflame,enrage:*dirgon;fromairandgon?Also

feargnaich,whichsuggestsfeargasroot.
earlachadh,preparingfood(Suth.);fromoldadj.erlam,ready.

Seeullamh.x

earlaid,expectation,trust:*arilanti,rootlamoflamh*
earlas,earnest,arles;seeairleas.
earnach,murrain,bloodyfluxincattle:

152ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

earr,end,tail,Ir.earr,E.Ir.err,*ers&;Gr.oppos,rump;Ag.S.

ears,Eng.
earr,ascar(Lewis);Norseorr,arr(do.),
earrach,spring,soIr.,0.Ir.errech,*persdko,frontiers,whichis

fromper,aseks,(=ex)isfromek;per,before,Lat.per,proe,

Eng.for,fore,;asinair,(=ari).Theideaisthe"firstof

theyear."Cf.Ger.frihhling,spring,oflikedescent.Such

isStokes'derivation.Anotherviewisthatearrachisfrom

earr,end(cf.forformtbsandtoiseach,andearrach,lower

extremity)meaningthe"endoftheyear,"theceitein,

May,"firstofsummer,"beingthebeginningoftheyear.

NotalliedtoLat.ver.
earradh,clothes,soIr.,E.Ir.errad,eirred,*dirred,*arireidon;

fromreidofreidh.Eng.arraycomesfromtheGaul.

equivalent("*:adredare),andEng.readyisallied.Hence

earradh,wares,
earradhubh,thewane,thewraneofthemoon:earr+dubh?
earrag,ataunt(ablow,Arms.):
earrag,ashift,refuge,attempt(H.S.D.,fromMSS.):
earraghl6ir,vainglory:*ergloir;theeristheintensiveparticle;

Lat.per.
earraid,atipstaff,tearraid,tarraid(Dial.):fromEng.herald?
earraigh,acaptain(H.S.D.);seeurra.
earrann,aportion,Ir.earrunn,M.Ir.errand,*dirrann;from

rann,portion,
earras,wealth;seeearradh.

earrlait,groundmanuredoneyearandproductivenext(Oarm):
earrthalmhuinn,yarrow;seeathairthalmhuinn.
eas,awaterfall,Ir.eas,g.easa,E.Ir.ess,g.esso,*esti*pesti;

Skr.dpatti,mishap("misfall");Lat.pessum,down,pestis,

apest;Slav,napasti,casus(Bez.).
eas,privative,prefix,Ir.eas,0.Ir.es,W.eh,Gaul,ex,*eks.

Seea,as,out.
easach,thinwatergruel;fromeas.
easag,apheasant,asquirrel(M'D.),Ir.easbg,pheasant(Fol.),

weasel,squirrel.Forthe"squirrelweasel"force,seeneas,

nios.As"pheasant,"itmaybefoundedontheM.Eng.

fesaunt,0.Fr.faisan.
easaraich,boilingofapool,ebullition,bustle;fromG.andIr.

easar,acataract,fromeas.*essrad1
easarchasain,thoroughfare;cf.aisir.
easbalair,atrifling,handsomefellow(M'A.):
easbaloid,absolution,Ir.easbaldid;fromLat.absolutio.
easbhuidh,want,defect,soIr.,E.Ir.esbuid,*exbutis,"being

out"ofit;fromrootsofasandbu,q.v.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.153

easbuig,abishop,Ir.easbog,0.Ir.espoc,epscop,W.esgob,Br.

eskop;fromLat.episcopus,whenceEng.bishop.
feasg,aditch,fen,Ir.easgaidh,quagmire,ease,water,E.Ir.esc,

water,fenwater,0.British'loKa,theExe,[ScotchEsks],

*iskd,water,*(p)idsk,d;Gr.7rtSa,well,ttlSvoo,gush.The

W.wysg,stream,0.W.uiscrequires,*eiskd,frompeid,pid.
easg,easgann,eel,Ir.eascu,g.eascuinne,0.Ir.escung,"fen
snake,"i.e.,esc,fen,andung,snake,Lat.anguis.Seeeasg,

ditch,
feasga,themoon(anameforitsurvivinginBraemarlast

century),0.Ir.esca,esce,msca,*eidskio;fromrooteid,id,

asinLat.idus,theides,"fulllight,"i.e.,fullmoon(Stokes):

*encscaio,Skr.pnjas,light,Gr.$kyyo<$,light(Strachan).
easgaid,hough;betteriosgaid,q.v.
easgaidh,ready,willing,Ir.easguidh,E.Ir.escid,W.esgud,Br.

escuit;fromeuandsgith,q.v.
easgraich,atorrent,coarsemixture;seeeasg.
easp,doorlatch(Lewis);Norse,hespa(do.).
easradh,fernscollectedtolittercattle,E.Ir.esrad,strewing,

*exsratu,rootster,strew,Lat.sternere,etc.Seecasair,bed,

undercaisilchrb.
easraich,boilingofapool,bustle;seeeasaraich.
eathar,aboat,Ir.eathar,ship,boat,0.Ir.ethar,aboat,*itro,

"journeyer";fromethaim,Igo,*itdo,go,rootei,i;Lat.

eo;Gr.ItfXL;Lit.eimi;Skr.e'mi.
eatorra,betweenthem,soIr.,0.Ir.etarro,*etrso,*entersos.

Forso",seesa.
ibh,cry;seeeigh.

eibheadh,theaspen,lettere,Ir.eadha;alsoeadhadh,q.v.
^ibheall,6ibhleag,alivecoal,spark,Ir.eibhledg,E.Ir.oibell,

spark,fire,W.ufel,fire,*oibelos,fire,spark(Stokes).
6ibhinn,joyous;seeaoibhinn.
eibhrionnach,eirionnach,ayounggeldedgoat;fromSc.aiver

(do.),withG.terminationoffirionnach,etc.Aiverisalso

aver,worthlessoldhorse,anyproperty,Eng.aver,property,

fromLat.habere.
ideadh,6ididh,clothing,asuit;seeaodach.
eidheann,ivy,Ir.eidhean,E.Ir.edenn,W.eiddew,Cor.idhio,

*(pjedenno,rootped,fasten,holdon;Lat.pedica,&fetter;

Eng.fetter,etc.Forsense,cf.Lathedera,ivy,fromghed,

catch,proehendo,Eng.get.
eididh,aweb;apparentlyashortenedformofeideadh.
^ifeachd,effect,soIr.fromLat.effectus.
eige,aweb,eididh(onanalogyofEididh),*veggid,rootofjigh.

18

154ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

eigh,ice;seedeigh.Henceeighre,oighre,Ir.oidhir,E.Ir.

aigred,W.eiry,snow.
eigh,afile,Ir.oi^Ae:*agi&;root(/ofEng.axe,Got.a^m.
6igh,acry,Ir.eigheamh,0.Ir.egem,Celticrooteig;Letticigt.

Cf.alsoLat.aeger(Stokes,Zim.).
eighreag,acloudberry;seeoighreag.
iginn,necessity,Ir.eigin,0.Ir.ecen,W.angen,*enknd(Stokes);

Gr.dvdyKr)(=dvay/o?).Alliedbyroot(ank:enk)tothig,

etc.
4eildeir,anelderjfromtheScotch,Eng.elder.

eile,other,another,Ir.eile,0.Ir.cw7e,W.aill,all,Br.ei/,a^/,

Gaul,alio,*aljo,~*allo;Lat.alius;Gr.aAAos;Eng.else.
eileach,millrace,milldam,embankment;fromail,stone,

"stonework."
eilean,anIsland,Ir.oilean,E.Ir.ailen;fromNorseeyland,Eng.

island.
eilean,training;seeoilean.
eileir,thenotchonthestavesofacaskwherethebottomis

fixed.(InArg.earrach):
eileir,adeer'swalk,eileirig,wheredeerweredriventobattue

them.HencethecommonplacenameElrick.Bk.ofDeer

indelerc1
eileir,sequesteredregion,etc.;seeeilthir.
eilgheadh,levellingofafieldforsowing,firstploughing;cf.Ir.

eillgheadh,burial,towhichStokescfs.Umbrianpelsatu,Gr.

ddrrTCLv,pelsans,sepeliundus.H.Macleancomparedthe

Basqueelge,field,
eilid,ahind,soIr.,0.Ir.elit,W.elain,cerva,*elintis,*elani,

Gr.eAAos,fawn,e'Aa^os(=eXvcjios),stag;Lit.elnis,stag;

Arm.eXn;etc.
eilig,willowherb,epilobium;fromLat.helix.
eilitriom,abier(H.S.D.forHeb.),Ir.eletrom,eleaihrain,M.Ir.

eilitrum;fromLat.feretrum(Stokes).
eilthir,aforeignland,eilthireach,apilgrim,Ir.oilithreach,0.Ir.

ailithre,pilgrimage;fromeileand'tir,q.v.
eiltich,rejoice:
eineach,bounty,Ir.oineach.Cf.0.Ir.ainech,protectio,root

nak,attain,asintiodhlac.HencetheH.S.D.eineachlann,

protection(fromIr.).
eirbhe,dykeorwallbetweencroplandandhillland(M'F.).:
eirbheirt,moving,stirring;E.Ir.airbert,use,airbiur,dego,

fruor:airandheir,q.v.
eirbhir,askingindirectly:"sidesay";air+heir;cf.abair.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.155

eirbleach,slackjointedorcrippledperson;cf.Sc.hirplock,lame

creature,hirple.Thepossibilityofairablach(cf.conablach)

shouldbekeptinview,
eircchomhla,portcullis(M'D.):
eire,aburden,Ir.eire,E.Ir.ere,0.Ir.aire:*pario,rootofair.

Cf.Lat.porto.
eireachd,anassembly,Ir.oireachdus,E.Ir.airecht,0.Ir.aired,

*airecht,echtbeingfromtherootofthig.Stokesrefersitto

thesameoriginasW.araeth,speech,rootreq,asin0.Slav.

reka,speak,Lat.raccare,cryasalion,
eireachdail,handsome,0Ir.airegde,prsestans,fromaire(ch),

primas.Seeairidh.
eireag,apullet,younghen,Ir.eireog(Fol,O'R.),M.Ir.eirin,W.

iaren,Cor.yar,gallina,Br.iarik,*jari,hen;Lit.jerube,

heathcock,N.Slav,jertu,nuthatch(Bez.).
eireallach,amonster,clumsyoldcarle(Dial.,H.S.D);from

eire.
eiriceachd,heresy,soIr.,E.Ir.eres,0.Ir.heretic,hereticus;

fromthe0.Ir.formsomehow,whichitselfisfromLat.

haireticus.
6irich,rise,6irigh,rising,Ir.eirighim,eirglie,E.Ir.erigim,

eirgim,inf.0.Ir.eirge,erge,*eksrego;Lat.erigo,erect,Eng.

erect,rego,Igovern;Gr.o/aeyw,extend;Eng.right;I.E.

rootreg.Seera.ch.
eiridinn,attendance,patience,0.Ir.airitiu,g.airiten,reception,

airema,suscipiat,*ariemtin,rootem,grasp,take;Lat.emo,

buy;Lit:imu,hold.
6irig,ransom,Ir.eiric,E.Ir.eric,eiricc:*esrecc,"buyingor

sellingout,"fromreic.Vb.asrenim,reddo,encliticernim,

impendo.
eirmis,hit,findout,0.Ir.ermaissiu,attaining,irmadatar,intelli

gunt,irmissid,intelligatis,^airmess,*airmed;root,med,

asinmeas,judgment,q.v.
6is,delay,impediment;foundedondeis?
6isd,listen,hear,lr.eisdim,0.Ir.etsim.Ascolianalysesitinto

*etiss,*aithdoiss,animuminstare;theisshedoubtless

meansasfromthereduplicatedformoftherootsta(cf.0.Ir.

airissim,Istand),antus,greatsilence!Cf.Ir.eistdo

bheal=hush!Rootoftosd.
eisg,eisgear,satirist,Ir.eigeas,pi.eigse,alearnedman,E.Ir.

ecess:*ddgensto?Seeeagna.
eisimeil,dependence,obligation,M.Ir.esimol,anesimul,*exem

molo,rootemofeudail.Cf.Lat.exemplum.
eisiomplair,example,Ir.euiompldir,M.Ir.esimplair;fromLat.

exemplar.

156ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

eisir,eisiridh,oyster,Ir.eisir,oisre;fromM.Eng.oistre,from

Lat.ostrea.
eisleach,thewithethattiesthetailbeamtothepacksaddle,

crupper:
6islean,grief:*anslan;cf.Ir.eislinn,weak,E.Ir.eslinn(do.):

*exslan;seeslan.
eislinn,boardsonwhichthecorpseislaid,ashroud(H.S.D.,from

MSS.;M'E.):
eite,unhuskedearofcorn(M'E.):
6ite,eiteadh,stretching,extending:
eiteach,burntrootsofheath:
eiteag,whitepebble,preciousstone;fromEng.hectic,lapis

hecticus,thewhitehecticstone,usedasaremedyagainst

dysenteryanddiarrhoea(Martin,West.Isles,134).Seeeitig.
eitean,akernel,grain,Tr.eitne,eithne,E.Ir.eitne(n.).
eithich,false,perjured,Ir.eitheach,alie,perjury,0.Ir.ethech,

perjurium;rootpet,fall?Cf.Ir.dithech,denialonoath,

fortach,admissiononoath,ditongari.sentar,fortoing,

provedbyoath:*tongd,swear.Seefreiteackforroot,
eitich,refuse,Ir.eitighim.Forroot,etc.,seeunderfreiteack.
eitigh,fierce,dismal,0.Ir.etig,turpe,adetche,abomination.

Scarcely*anteg,"unwonted,unhouse\ike"(Zim.),forG.

wouldbeeidigh.ThisStokes(Bez.Beit21)makes*antekis,

notfair,W.teg,fair,Gr.tlktco,produce,tckvov,child,Eng.

thing.StillG.shouldbeeidigh.
eith,go(Sutherland),dh'eithinn,wouldgo,Ir.eathaim,E.Ir.

ethaim,*itdo;rootei,i;Lat.ire,itum;Gr.et/xt,etc.
eitig,consumption;fromSc.etick,fromFr.etique,hectique,Eng.

hectic.
eitreach,storm,sorrow:*aithter?Seetuirse.
eoisle,acharm;ametathesisofeblas.
e61,edlas,knowledge,Ir.ebl,eblas,E.Ir.eolas,0.Ir.heulas,

deulus:*ivolestu?
e6ma,barley,Ir.eorna,E.Ir.eorna,*jevornio,*jevo;Gr.eia,

spelt;Skr.ydva,corn,barley;Lit.jawai,corn,
eothanachadh,languishing(H.S.D.givesitasDial.;M'E.);see

feodhaich.
eu,negativeprefix,Ir.ea,eu,0.Ir.e~.Itstandsforanbefore

c,t,p,ands.Seean.
eucail,disease:an+cdil,q.v.
euchd,afeat,exploit,Ir.eachd,feat,covenant,condition;E.Ir.

4cht,murder,slaughter,fromec(St.).
euchdag,afairmaid,acharmer:"featsomeone,"fromeuchd.
eud,jealousy,zeal,Ir.ead,0.Ir.et,W.addiant(=addiant),

longing,regret,Gaul,iantuinlantumarus,*jantu;Skr.

CETHEGAELICLANGUAGE.157

yatnd,zeal;Gr.f^rew,seek,(t/Aos,zeal,Eng.zeal;rootjd,

jat,strive,
eudail,treasure,cattle,Ir.eaddil,euddil,profit,prey,E.Ir.Hail,

treasure,booty,E.Ir.e't,herds,riches:*emtdli,rootem,

hold,asinLat.emo(seeeiridinn).Alsofeudail.ed=dirneis

nospreidh,O'Cl.
eug,death,Ir.eug,0.Ir.6c,W.angeu,Cor.and0.Br.ancou,

*enkus,*enkevo;Lat.nex,death;Gr.vzkvs,corpse;Skr.

nag,perish,
eugail,disease;seeeucail.

eugais,eugmhais,aseugais,without,Ir.eagmhuis,want,dis
pensation,E.Ir.ecmais:*ancomas,"nonpower"1
eug,negativeprefix,asineugsamhuil=anconsamuil;see

cosmhail.
euladh,creepingaway;seeealadh.
eumhann,apearl(H.S.D.fromMSS.),0.Ir.ne'm,g.nemann,

pearl,niam,sheen,niamda,bright,W.nwyf,vigour,

nwyfiant,brightness,vigour:*neim.Cf.neamhnuid.
eun,abird,Ir.eun,0.Ir.en,0.W.etn,W.edn,Cor.hethen,Br.

ezn,*etnos,*petno,rootpet,fly;Gr.TreTo/xcu,fly,Trerrjvd,

fowls;Lat.penna,wing;Eng.feather;Skr.pdtati,fly.

Henceeunlaith,birds,E.Ir.enlaith.
eur,refuse,Ir.eura,refusal,E.Ir.era,eraim,*exrajo(n.),root

rd,give,W.rhoi,give,Cor.ry,Br.reiff,give;Skr.rati,

give,Zendrd.Seerath,luck,favour.

fa,under,Ir.fa,E.Ir.fa(asindistributivenumbers);aside
formof/o,q.v.,usedinadverbialexpressions.

ffa,was(pastofis),M.G.fa(D.ofLis.),Ir.fa,fah(Keat.),
M.Ir.fah,E.Ir.bah,*bdt,*(e)bhvdt;Lat.bat,bamus,
ofregebam,etc.;rootbheu,tobe.Seebu,theformnowused.

fabhairt,fadhairt,forging,moulding(betterfaghairt,"tem
pering"(Wh.),whichsuitsthepronunciationbest);Ir.
faghairt,tempering(Keat.);foundedonLat.faber,smith,
whence,throughFr.,Eng.forge.

fabhar,favour,Ir.fdbhar,W.ffafr;fromLat.favor.

fabhd,afault;fromSc.faut,fromFr.faute.

fabhra,fabhrad,abhra,eyelid,eyebrow,Ir.abhra,fabhra,eyelid,
E.Ir.abra,n.pi.abrait,Cor.abrans,Br.abrant,eyebrow,
Mac.Gr.d/Spovres;further6(f>pv<s,brow,Eng.brow.Thereis
anE.Ir.bra,pi.brdi,dualbruad,*bruvat.Thephonetics
arenotclear.StokeshassuggestedLat.frons,frontis,as
allied,*bhrontwiththeprep.a(p)o(=E.Ir.a),ab.

158ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

fabhradh,swirl,eddy(Carm.).Cf.0.Ir.fobar(St.).

facal,focal,word,Ir.focal,0.Ir.focul,fromLat.vocabulum

(through*focvul,Giiterbock).StokesandWind,takeit

fromLat.vocula.
fachach,thepuffinawaterfowl(Sh.);rootva,blow1Ono

matopoetic:fahah,callofbird1
fachail,strife(Sh.;H.S.D.marksitDialectic);cf.Ir.fachain,

striving,
fachant,puny(H.S.D.forN.High.):
fachaint,ridicule,scoffing;fromfocainnt,"subspeaking."Cf.

W.gogan,satire,Br.goge,*vocan,rootcan,sing,say.
fad,fada,long,Ir.fada,0.Ir.fota,longus,fot,length,*vaddho

orvazdho,Lat.vastus,vast%Hencefadal,delay,desid

erium,Keat.fadddil,"longdelay,"from/adandddil.
fadadh,fadadh,kindling,Ir.fadadh,fadaghadh,faddgh(Keat.),

Mid.Ir.fatod,E.Ir.dtud,whichZimmeranalysesas

*adsoud(soudofiompaidh),butunsatisfactorily;E.Ir.

adsuitenid,kindles,adsuithe,kindled(Meyer).Cf.fdd.
fadharsach,trifling,paltry,fagharsach:
fadhbhag,cuttlefish:
fafan,abreeze:
fag,leave,Ir.fdgaim,0.Ir.foacbaim,fdcbaim,*foadgab;root

gabofgabh,q.v.
fagus,faisg,near,Ir.fogus,E.Ir.focus,ocus,0.Ir.accus,W.

agos,Br.hogoz,*aggostu.Seeagus.
faic,see,Ir.faic,0.Ir.imaci,videsne,*ddc%,seechi.The/is

prothetic.
faich,faiche,agreen(bythehouse),Ir.,E.Ir.faithche,thefield

nearestthehouse,E.Ir.faidche,*adcdio,"bythehouse,"

Celtickaion,house;seeceardach.Ascolirefersitto0.Ir.

aith,area(animaginaryword),andJubainvillealliesitwith

W.gwaen,plain,Ger.weide(seebhanforW.).
faiche,acrab,orlobster's,burrow(M'A.);seeaice:
faichd,hidingplace,den,mole'sburrow;seeaice.
faicheil,stately,showy;cf.Ir.faicheallach,luminous:
faicill,caution,guard,E.Ir.accill,preparation,watch:*ddciall;

fromciall,sense?Cf.dichioll.
faidh,aprophet,Ir.fdidh,0.Ir.faith,*vdtis;Lat.vates;Norse

6tSr,sense,song,M.Eng.wood,Sc.wud(=mad),Ger.wuth,

rage.W.hasgwawd,carmen:*vdto.
faidhbhile,abeech,Ir.feagha,faghvile(Lh.,Comp.Foe),W.

ffawydden,Br.fao;fromLat.fagus.G.addstheoldword

bile,atree,whichisthesameinoriginasbile,leaf.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.159

faidhir,afair,Ir.faidhrin;foundedonEng.fair,/aire(from
Lat.ferid).Forphonetics,cf.paidhirfrompair,and
staidhirfromstair.

faidseach,lumpish(Sh.);faidse,lumpofbread(M'A.):

faigh,get,Ir.faghaim,E.Ir.fagbaim,0.Ir.nifogbai,non
invenis,fromfogabim,rootgabofgabh,q.v.

faighe,begging,etc.;seefaoighe.

faighnich,foighnich,ask:*vogen,rootgen,know,asinaithne.
Cf.E.Ir.immafoacht,asked.Windischreferstoiarfaigim,
iarfacht,Iasked,=iarmifoacht,rootag,say.iarmifosiag
(St.R.C.^lTT).

fail,foil,corrupt,putrefy,parboil;rootvel,bubble,boil;Norse
vella,boil,Eng.well,Ger.wallen,bubble.

fail,foil,astye,Ir.fail,0.Ir.foil,muccfoil,hara,tretfhoil,W.
gwdl,couch,*vali,rootvel,cover,encircle;Gr.el\vw,
envelop(*velu),tlXap,shelter;Skr.vald,cave,vali,pro
jectingthatchedroof.Inthesenseof"encircling,rolling,"
addLat.volvo,volumen,Eng.volume,wallow,etc.Further
alliedisG.olann,wool,Eng.wool,Lat.Idna,etc.

fail,fail,aring,Ir.fail,0.Ir.foil,g.falach,*valex;Gr.eAif,
atwist,spire,vinetendril;rootvel,"circle,"asaboveinfail.
Cf.forvowelJal,dike;Br.gwalen,"baguesanschaton."
Alsofailbhe,Ir.failge,forfailghe;fromthestemfalachor
falaghcondensedtofalgh.

failc,bathe,lave,Ir.folcadh,0.Ir.folcaim,W.golchi,Br.goalc'hi,
wash,*volko;Letticicci'lks,damp,wa'lka,flowingwater,
swampishplace.FurtheralliedisG.fliuch,q.v.Possibly
hereplaceVolcae,theRhineGauls,afterwhomtheTeutons
namedtheCelts;whenceWales,Welsh,etc.

failcin,potlid(Arran),failceann(Rob.);hornfail,ring(Rob.).

faile,smell,savour;seedile.

faileag,dogbrierberry(=mucag):

faileagan,littlelawns(Carm.):cf.dilean.

faileas,shadow,aileas(Dial.);fromfoUus?oralliedtoail,
mark1

failleagan,ailleagan,faillean,rootorholeoftheear,faillean,
suckerofatree:*alnio~,rootal,nourish1

faillig,failnich,fail,faillinn,failing,Ir.faillighim,E.Ir.faill,
failure,W.gwall,Br.goall,*valni;rootvaloffeall,q.v.
BorrowingfromEng.fail,fromLat.fallo,is,however,
possibleinthemodernlanguages.

failm,ahelm;fromtheNorsehjdlm,Eng.helm.

failmean,kneepan(M'A.);fromfail,ring(Rob.).Seefalman.

failt,failte,welcome,hail!Ir.,0.Ir.fdilte,*vdletid,rootvdl,vel,
glow;W.gwawl,lumen;Gr.aAea,warmth,sun'sheat;Got.

160ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

mdan,behot,0.H.G.walm,heat(Bez.).Cf.Caesar's
Valetiacus.BorrowingfromLat.valeteseemstobeZimmer's
view(Zeit.3028).RhyssuggestsVV.gwell;Hend.,Eng.
wealth.

fainear,underconsideration,Ir.fadedra,remark,fendedr,f
ndeara(Munster).Foleygivestabhairfad'aire="observe."
"Thoirfainear"=observe,consider.Theabovemaybea
fixedfad'aire=fadeara,withnfromthepluralan,their.

fainleag,ainleag,aswallow,Ir.dinleog,0.Ir.fannall,W.
gwennol,Cor.guennol,Br.gwenneli,*vannello.Cf.Fr.
vanneau,lapwing,It.vannello,Med.Lat.vannellus,whichis
usuallyreferredtoLat.vannus,fan.*vatnallos(Holden).

fainne,aring,Ir.fdinne,dinne,0.Ir.dnne,*dnnid;Lat,dnus,
Eng,annular.

fair,fair,far,fetch,bring;acurtailedformoftabhairthrough
thabhairor(tha)bhair?Cf.thoir.

fair,dawn,E.Ir.fair,W.gwawr,Br.gouere,morning,gwereleuen,
morningstar,*vdsri,Lit.vasard,summer,Skr.vdsard,
earlyshining,morning(adj.),Lat.ver,spring,Gr.cap,
spring(Stokes).

fair,faire,ridge,skyline;fromfair,dawn%Cf.,however,Ir.
fairedg,hillock,andfaireag,below.

fairc,bathe;seefatkraig.

fairc,links,landssometimescoveredbythesea(M'A.,whosays
thatinIslayitmeans"hole");fromEng.park?

fairce,fairche(M'D.),amallet,Ir.farcha,farcha,farca,M.Ir.
farca,E.Ir.forchatened,thunderbolt;rootarkasinadharc?

faircill,acaskorpotlid,E.Ir.farcle:*vorcel,rooteel,cover.

faire,watching,Ir.,E.Ir.faire;seeaire.

faireag,agland,swollengland,Ir.fairedg(Fol.,O'R.);cf.W.
chwaren,gland,blotch,rootsver,hurt,Ger.schwer,difficult.
TheW.precludescomparisonwithLat.varus,pimple,varix,
dilatedvein,Eng.varicose.

fairge,theocean,Ir.fairrge,0.Ir.fairgge,Ptolemy'sVergivios,
theIrishAtlantic;fromthesamerootasfmrg.InSuther
land/ain/*meansthe"oceaninstorm."Usuallypronounced
asiffairce.W.MorWerydd,theAtlantic.

fairgneadh,hacking,sacking:

fairich,perceive,feel,Ir.airighim,0.Ir.airigur,sentio;same
rootasfaire(Stokes,Beit.8341).

fairleas,anobjectontheskyline(H.S.D.fromMSS.j;*fair
leus;fromleus,light.

fairmeil,noisy:alliedtoseirm.Seefoirm?

fairsing,wide,Ir.,0.Ir.fairsing,W.eang(=*exang,ehang),
*farexang:"unnarrow,"rootang,narrow(StokesforW.).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.161

fairtlich,fairslich,baffle;*vortl,"overbear,"roottel,tol,bear

(Lat.tolero,Eng.tolerate)?
faisg,pickoffvermin:forrootseecaisg
faisg,near:seefagus.
faisg,squeeze,wring,Ir.fdisg,E.fr.faiscim,W.ytvasgu.

premere,0.Br.guescini,Br.goascaff,stringere,*vak*hd;Skr.

vdhate,press;Eng.wedge;fartherLat.vexu.*foadsech

(Abo.).
faisne,apimple,weal(H.S.D.,Dial.):
faisneachd,laistine,prophecy,omen,Ir.fdisdineachd,fdisdine,

0.Ir.fditsine;forfditksin',wheretitisdeaspiratedbefores;

hornfaith,withtheterminationsine(stitief)Zeuss2777.
faisneis,speaking,whispering,Ir.fdisneis,rehearsal,M.Ir.faisneis,

E.Ir.aisne'is,vb.aisnedim,narrate,*asinfeid,infiadim,

root,veid,vid,know;seeinnis.
faite,asmile,Ir.faitbe(O'li.),laugh,0..Ir.faitbim,Ilaugh,

*foaitktibim,tibiu,1laugh,*stebio;Litstebius,astonish,
faiteach,faiteach,timorous,shy,Ir.fditeach,fai'cheas,fear

(Keat.),0.Ir.faitech,cautus:*fadtech,"homekeeping"'?
faitheam,ahem,Ir.fdithim,fathfkiiaim;foandfaaim.See

fuaigh.
fal,turf,sods,dike,Ir.fat,hedge,fold,0.Ir.fal,saepes,W.

gwawl,rampart,Pictishfahel,murus,*vdlo;Lat.vallum,

Eng.wall.Seefurtherunderfail,stye.
fal,aspade,peatspade,Manxfaayl,W.pdl,Cor.pal;fromLat.

pdla.Also"scythe"(Wh.).
falach,ahiding,covering,Ir.,E.Ir.folach,W.,Br.golo,*volug6,

*lugo,hide,lie;Got.liuyan,tellalie,Eng.lie(Stokes).

Ernaultrefersittotherootleg/i,logh,lie,asinG.laig/ie:

"underlie,"inacausativesense,
falachd,spite,malice,treachery,Ir.fala.Seefaillig,Jeallfor

root,
faladair,orts(M'D.):
faladair,ascythe,really"manwhoworksthescythe,"aturfer,

fromfal:"scythe"properlyisiarunnfaladair.
faladair,barepasture(H.S.D.forHeb.):"turfland,"fromfal.
faladha,ajest,irony,fun;seefealladha.
falair,aninterment,funeralentertainment(Stew.)=farair?
falaire,anambler,mare,Ir.fahure,amblinghorse;seemingly

foundedonEng.palfrry.Theformalaireexists,inthe

senseof"broodmare"(M'DougalPsFolkandHeroTales),

leaninguponal,brood,formeaning.Ir.falaradk,toamble,
falaisg,heathburning,Ir.folosg(do.),E.Ir.foloiscim,1burn

slightly;from/oandloisg,q.v.

19

162ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

falamh,empty,Ir.folamh,M.Ir.folum,E.Ir.folom,folomm;
cf.0.W.guollung,M.Br.gollo,Br.goullo.Windischde
rivestheG.fromlorn,bare,butthemodernaspirationof
folamhmakesthisderivationdoubtful.Ernaultrefersthe
Br.totherootofLat.langueo.

falbh,go,falbhan,movingabout,walking,waving,Ir.foluamhain,
bustling,runningaway,E.Ir.foluamain,flying;seefoand
Luaineck.0.Irfulumain,volubilis,alliedtoLat.volvo,Eng.
wallow,wouldsuitthephoneticsbest,butitdoesnotappear
inthelaterdialects.Theverbfalbhismadefromfalbhan.
HennesseyreferredtheG.toJalamh,empty.Cf.E.Ir.
falmaigim,empty,quit(Zim.).

falbhair,theyoungoflivestock,afollowerasacalforfoal;from
theSc.follower,afoal,Eng.follower.

falcag,commonauk,falc(Heb.);fromNorsedlka,Eng.auk.

fallaid,drymealputoncakes:

fallain,healthy,Ir.falldin,E.Ir.folldn;forfo+sl&n,q.v.

fallsa,false(M'D.),Ir.,M.Ir.fallsa;fromtheLat.falsus.

falluing,amantle,solr.,M.Ir.fallalng,Latinisedformphalingis
((Jeraldus),dat.pi.,W.tfaling;fromLat.palla,mantle,
pallium.Cf.0.Fr.pallion,M.Eng.pallioun.M.E./aiding,
sortofcoarsecloth(Hend.).

fallus,sweat,Ir.falius,alius,0.Ir,alias:*jasl,rootjas,jes,
seethe,yeast,VV.jas,whatpervades,Br.gortl(=vojesl),
leaven;Eng.yeast,zeal;Gr.(few,boil.

falmadair,thetiller:"helmworker,"fromfalm,helm,from
Norsehjdlm,helm.Seefailm.

falmair,akindoffish(H.S.D.forHeb.),falmaire,herringhake:

falman,kneepan:

fait,hair,Ir.folt,0.Ir.folt,W.gwallt,Corgols,caesaries,0.Br.
guolt,*valtos(Stokes),rootvel,cover;Lat.vellus,fleece,
Idna,wool,Gr.Aacrtos,hairy(=vlatios);Eng.wool;Lit.
velti,hairs,threads.StokescomparesonlyRuss.volotl,
thread,Lit.waltis,yarn,Gr.Aaoios.Samerootasolann,
wool,*vel,*vol,*ul.

faltan,atendon,snood;foraltan,fromalt.

famhair,agiant,Ir.fomhor,pirate,giant,E.Ir.fomdr,fomorach,
aFomorian,amythicraceofinvadersofIreland;*fomor,
"submagnus"(Zimmer).Stokesrefersthemor,morach,
tothesameoriginasmareofnightr/ian?,Ger.mahr,night
mare.Rhysinterpretsthenameas"submarini,"taking
morfromtherootofmub,sea.The6ofmor,ifitislong
(foritisrarelysomarked)isagainsttheselasttwoderiv
ations.

famhsgal,fannsgal,hurry,confusion(Arg.):

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.163

famhthalmhainn,fath,amole,fadhbh(Lh.),W.gwadd,Corn.

god,Br.goz;M.Eng.wont,talpa.Dialecticaththalmhain.
fan,stay,Ir.fanaim,0.Ir.anaim;rootan,breathe,exist,asin

anam.,anail:"gabhailanail"=takingrest.Stokessuggests

an=mn,rootmen,remain,Lat.maneo,Gr.fxkvoi,aphonetic

changenotyetprovedforGaelic.W.dianod,withoutdelay,
fanaid,mockery,Ir.fonomhad,E.Ir.fonomat:*vonomanto,

rootnem,take,forwhichseenctmhad.
fanaigse,dogviolet(H.S.D.quotingO'R.),Ir.,fanaigse(O'R.):

frompansy?
fanas,avoidspace;fromLat.vanus.
fang,asheeppen,fank;fromSc.fank.
fang,avulture,Ir.fang,raven
fann,faint,Ir.EIr.fann,W.,Br.gwan,Cor.guan,debilis,

*vannos,rootvd,ven,spoil,wound;Got.wunns,affliction,

winnan,tosuffer,Eng.wound,wan;Grar//,infatuation,etc.

OthershaveconnecteditwithLat.vanusandwithEng.want.

Fannanfedir,weakbreeze(M'D.).
fannadh,fishingwithafeatheredhook(H.S.D.forHeb.):
faob,anexcrescence,knob,piece,Ir.fadhb(Lh.f),0.Ir.odb,

obex,W.odd/,:*udbhvo,"outgrowth,"rootbhu,be(see

bu).StokesgivesaCeltic*odbds,frome&gos,ozgos(I),

alliedtoGr.oo~xq,twig1Lat.obex;ortoLit.udegattail.

Lidenequates,Lat.offa,aball.Stokesnowocr</>us.
faobh,booty,Ir.fadhbhaim,Idespoil,0.Ir.fodb,exuvias:*vodvo,

fromI.E.vedh,slay,thrust;Skr.vadh,slay;Gr.wfleco,push.

Therootmaybevedh,pledge,Gr.aedkov,warprize,Eng.

wager.
faobhag,thecommoncuttlefish(Heb.).
faobhar,edge,soIr.,E.Ir.faebur,0.Ir.,faibur,machera,

sword,*vaibros,Lat.vibro,vibrate,brandish,Lit.wyburti,

wag(Stokes).Cf.furtherW.gwaew,pi.gweywyr,alance.
faoch,faochag,aperiwinkle,Ir.faochog,M.Ir.faechog;cf.W.

gwichiad.
faoch,curve(Carm.):

faochadh,afavourablecrisisinsickness,relief;seefaothaich.
faochainn,entreatearnestly,strive,inf.faochnadh(M'A.,Arg.):
faochaire,knave(Carm.):
faod,feud,may,Ir.feadaim,Ican,E.Ir.fetaim,can,setar,

seitir,potest,*svento;Got.swings,strong,Ag.S.swift(do.),

Norse,svinnr,clever,Ger.geschwind,swift(Stokes).
faodail,goodsfoundbychanceorlost,waif:"foundling,"E.Ir.

etaim,Ifind,*pento,Eng.find.Seeeudail.
faodhail,aford,anarrowchannelfordableatlowwater,ahollow

inthesandretainingtidewater:fromN.vatSill,ashallow,

aplacewherestraitscanbecrossed,Shet.vaadle,Eng.wade.

164ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

faoghaid,faghaid,faodhailt,startingofgame,hunting:

faoghar,asound;seeratherfoghar.

faoighe,faighdhe,begging,askingofaidincorn,etc.,M.Ir.

faigde,0.Ir.foigde,mendicatio,*foguide;fromfoand

guidhe,beg,q.v.
faoilidh,liberal,hospitable,Ir.faoilidh,joyful,0.Ir.fdilidh,

blithe,*vdletis,alliedtofdilt,welcome(Stokes).Hence

faoilte,welcome,delight.Root,*vil,Gr.IXapos,gay1?
faoileag,faoileann,aseagull,Ir.faoiledn,0.Ir.foilenn,W.

gwylan,Br.gwelan,whenceFr.goelandandEng.gull.For

root,StokescomparesEng.wail.
faoilleach,faoillteach,themonthextendingfromthemiddleof

JanuarytothemiddleofFebruary,Ir.faoillidh(do.),

faoilleach(do.),holidays,Carnival.Theideais"Carnival"

ormonthofrejoicing;fromfaoilidh.Usuallyreferredto

faol,wolf:"wolfmonth."Cf.feill.FebruaryinIr.=mi

naFeileBrighde.
faoin,vain,void,Ir.faon,M.Ir.faen,weak:
faoisg,unhusk,faoisgeag,afilbert,unhuskednut,0.Ir.desc,

concha,aesc,classendix,Lat.aesculus1(Stokes).Cf.W.

gweisgion,husks,gweisgioni,tohusk,
faoisid,faosaid,confession,Ir.faoisidin,0.Ir.fdisitiu,*vo

sestamtion(Stokes),furoissestar,confessus:foandseasamh,

q.v.Cf.Gr.ix/ucmj/zi,submit,
tfaol,faolchu,awolf,soIr.,E.Ir.fdel,faelchu,W.gweilgi,the

sea("wilddog"),*vailos;Arm.gail.
faolainn,astonybeach(Heb.):"thebeach,"vaftlinn.
faolum,learning;seefoghium.
faomadh,faintingfromclosenessorexcitement,falling(Lewis);

fromaomadh.
faondradh,wandering,exposure,0.Ir.airndretkach,errantia

(=airindreth);G.isforfoindreth,rootret,run,ofruith,

q.v.Forind,seeionn.
faotainn,getting,E.Ir.foemaim,Ireceive,rootem,grasp,hold,

Lat.emo.G.isfor*voemtin.
faothaich,relieve,berelievedfromfever,etc.,Ir.faothamk,

recoveryafteracrisis,alleviation:*fothamh?
far,upon,faran(am),where,Ir.maran,where;frommarand

rel.,notfromfor.
far,with,farrium,withme,Ir.abhfarradh,with(lit."in

companyof,"withgen.).Seefarradhandmarri.
far,freight(aship),Ir.faraim,faraighim,farthadhorfaradh,a

freight:
far,bring;seefair.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.16

far,over;seefar,upon,andair(b).Farainm,nickname;

farcluais,listening;etc.
farachan,deathwatchbeetle:"hammerer";fromfairche,

hammer,Ir.farachan,ahammer(alsoGaelic,Wh.).The

possibilityofitsbeingfromfairemustnotbeoverlooked,
faradh,aroost,Ir.faradh(do.),E.Ir.forud,abench,seat,shelf:

*forsud,root,sed,seat,asinsuidhe,q.v.Cf.W.gorsedd,a

seat.EIr.forad,platform,*verpodo.
faraich,acooper'swedge;seefairce.
farail,avisit,inquiryforhealth;fromfarorforandell,eln,

go,root,el,asinLat.ambulare,Gr.kXdelv.Seefurther

undertadhal.
faraire;seeforair.
faraire,lykewake:
farasda,easy,gentle,Ir.farasda,forasda,solid,reasonable,

"staid":*forasda;forasda,seefasdadh.Farasdaiscon
fusedwithfurasda,q.v.
farbhail,alid;fromfarbheul,"superos,"frombeul,mouth,
farbhalach,astranger;forfalbhalach,fromfalbh?
farbhas,asurmise;*farmeas,frommeas,judge.Cf.eirmis.
farbhas,noise:

fardach,amansion,hearth,home;cf.dachaidh.
fardadh,alderbarkford}^eingblack(H.S.D.,Dial.),lye,orany

colourinliquid(M'A.);fromfaranddath?
fardal,delay,M.Ir.fordall,staying,E.Ir.fordul:
yfardan,afarthing,Ir.fardin;fromtheEng.

fardorus,lintel,Ir.fdrdorus,E.Ir.fordorus,porch,W.gwarddrws,

lintel;fromfor,faranddorus.
farfonadh,awarning(H.S.D.);seerootmfathunn:*vorsvon.
fargradh,areport:*vorgar,rootgarasingoir.
farlus,chimneyorrooflight,E.Ir.forles;fromforandleus,q.v.

Cf.arias.
farmachan,asandlark(H.S.D.,Dial.):
farmad,envy,Ir.formad,0.Ir.format:*formad,themadbeing

formento(*vermento,Stokes),rootmen,Lat.mens,Eng.

mind.Seedearmad.
farmail,alargepitcher(Heb.):

farpas,refuseofstraworhay(H.S.D.,M'E.);cf.rapas.
farpuis,strife,cofharpuis:
farr,off!beoff!

farrach,violence,Ir.farrach,forrach;seefarran.
ffarradh,company,vicinity,M.G.nawarri(D.ofL.),Ir.

farradh,E.Ir.farrad,ifharrad,near,0.Ir.inarrad;from

arsod,"byseat,"rootsod,sed,sit,asinsuidhe.HenceIr.

compound,prep,abhfarradh;andfromthesamesource

comestheG.marri,q.v.

166ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

farradh,litterinaboat:

farragan,aledge(Arran),=faradk,dhhardened.

farraid,ask,inquire;faghairt(Perth),whichsuggestsfogart,
root,gar,speakCf.iarr.

farral,farran,anger,force,Ir.farrdn,vexation,anger,forrdn,
oppression,M.Ir.forrdn,destruction,E.Ir.forranack,
destructive.HenceG.farranta,great,stout,Ir.farrdnta
(O'B.).Alsofarrach.Therootseemstomean"superiorityf
rootvers,vors,asinfedrr,q.v.?

farrusg,apeeling,innerrind;M.Ir.forrusc;fromforandrusg,
q.v.

farruinn,pinnacle;fromfarandrinn.

farsaing,wide;betterfairsing,q.v.

farspach,farspag,arspag,aseagull:

farum,noise,Ir.fothrum,E.Ir.fothrom,fothrond,W.godornn,
tumultuousnoise(Hend.);forfothoirm,fromtoirm.Stokes
suggestsfothrond,fromtorann.Therootsarealliedin
eithercase

fas,grow,Ir.fdsaim,0.Ir.dsaim,fdsaim,rootaux,aug,increase,
Lat.augeo,Gr.av(o,Eng.eke,wax.StokesandStrachan
referfastoastem(p)dtto,pdt,pat,eat,feed,Gr.7raTo/xcu,
eat,Eng.feed,food.Lat.pasco,pastam.

fas,empty,waste,fasach,adesert,Ir.fas,fdsach,0.Ir.fas,fdas,
vanus,fdsich,desert:*vdstos,awaste;Lat.vastus,vastare;
Eng.waste,Ger.wilste.Hencefasan,refuseofgrain:
"waste."fdsach,desert,isneuter,seeM'A.pref.VIII.

fasair,harness,girthsaddle;seeasair.

fasan,fashion;fromtheEng.

fasdadh,hiring,binding,Ir.fastogh,hiring,seefoisteadh.

fasdail,astail,adwelling,E.Ir.fastud,holdingfast,vb.astaim,
fastaim,0.Ir.asstai,moratur,adsaitis,residentes,*adsod,
root,sed,sodofsuidhe(Thur.).W.eistedd,sitting,isfor
*exsodijo.Itispossibletoreferastaimto*adstd,root
sta,stand,Lat.sto;theasdaoffarasda,"staid,"seems
fromit(cf.tairis).

fasgadh,shelter,Ir.fosgadh,0.Ir.foscad,umbra:*foscdth1
"subumbra";seesgdih,shade.

fasgaidh,apickingorcleansingoffofvermin.Seefaisg.
fasynadhf

fasgnadh,winnowing,fasgnag,asgnag,cornfan,Ir.fasgnaim,I
purge.

faspan,difficulty,embarrassment:

fath,amole;seefamh.

fath,vista(Carm.):

OfTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.167

fath,acause,reason,Ir.fath,fdth,E.Ir.fdth,:*vdtu;rootvdt
asmfdidh?Seenext.

fathamas,adegreeoffear,awe,awarning;alsofothamas:
*fotedmess,rootofmeas,tomhas,etc.

fathamas,occasion,opportunity:*fotadmess,seeamas.

fathan,athan,coltsfoot,Ir.fathdn(O'R.):

fathanach,trifling,silly:

fathraig,fothraig,bathe,Ir.fothrugaim.,0.Ir.fothraicim,
fothaircthe,balnearum,fothrucud,abath,*votronkatu
(Stokes),W.trochi,mergere,balneare,Br.gozronquet;Lit.
trinkti,wash,bathe(Bez.).

fathast,yet,M.Ir.,E.Ir.fodesta,fodechtsa,forfofechtsa,thed
beingotioseandcausedbyanalogy(Zim.,Zeit.3021)
Atkinsonsuggestswithaqueryfo'ndffhjechtsa.Theroot
wordisfecht,time:"underthistime,subhoctempus."
See/eachd,time.Hencealsofeasd(=ifechtsa).

fathunn,news,floatingrumour,fabhunn(Dial):*vosvon,root
sven,sound(seetabhann),orrootbon,ban,Eng.ban,0.Ir.
atboind,proclaims%

fe,feath,(feith,fiath),acalm,M.Ir.feith,E.h.feth,0.Ir.feth,
Gadelicrootvei,*vejo,rootve,ve,blow,Gr.<jj/o,air,(whence
Eng.air),Ger.wehen,toblow,Eng.wind,especiallyweather
(rootvet)fortheG.sense.

feabhas,feobhas,goodness,"betterness,"Ir.feabhus,0.Ir.febas,
superiority,feib,distinction,*vi&us,g.vesvids(Thur.,Zeit.28
149,andBrug.),fromvesuorvesv,asinfiii,q.v.Stokes
doubtfullycomparesLat.vigeo,Eng.vigour(Bez.Beit.1975).

feachd,anarmy,host,expedition,Ir.feachd,anexpedition,E.Ir.
fecht(arfecht7sluayad),W.gwaith,action,work.This
Zimmerrefersto0.Ir.Jichim,Ifight(Lat.vinco,Got.veihan,
rootviq),aswellasffeachd,time,Ir.feachd,E.Ir.fecht,
oenfhecht,once,W.gwaith,turn,vicem.Stokesseparates
thelatter(feachd,time,E.Ir.fecht,journey),givingas
stemvektd,rootvegh(Lat.veho,Eng,waggon);forfecht,
campaign,hosting,hegivestheCelticviktd,rootviq,as
Zimmerdoes.Thewordsseem,asStokeshasit,fromtwo
roots,butnowtheyareindistinguishablymixed.Osthoft'
regardsyeac^fi?,time,asalliedtoLat.vices;seejiach.

fead,awhistle,Ir.fead,M.Ir.fet,fetdn,aflute,awhistle,W.
chwythell,awhistle,chwyth,ablast,breath,*sviddo,*svizdo,
Lat.sibilus,Eng.sibilant.Seefurtherunderseid.

feadh,length,extent,soIr.;seeeadh.

feadhainn,people,somepeople,troop,Ir.feadhainn,E.Ir.fedain,
company,cobedenconjugatio,W.gwedd,team,yoke,rootvedf
I.E.vedh,Eng.wed,Lat.vas,vadis,surety,Skr.vivadhd,
shoulderyoke.

168ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

fealan(M'A.feallan),itch,hives;italsomeans"worm"(see

fiolan),M.Ir.filun,glandulardisease,jiolunsaith,anthrax,

malignantstruma,allwhichStokestakesfromL.Lat.fello,

strumae.
feall,treachery,Ir.feaU,E.Ir.fell(*velno),W.gwall,defect,Br.

goall(do.),Cor.gal,malus,malum,Br.gwall(do.),rootvel,

cheat;Lit.apvilti,vilidti,cheat,Lett,wildt,deceitful;

Norsevel,adeceit,wile,Eng.wile;Zendvareta,error.

Stokeshesitatesbetweentheaboveandvelfromu(p)el,Got.

ubils,Eng.evil.
fealladha,joking,irony:*feall+dhd,"doubledealing."
feallsanach,philosopher,Ir.feallsamhnach,feallsamh,philosopher,

0.Ir.felsttb;fromLat.philosopkus.
feamach,gross,dirty(Sh.,O'R.):fromfeam,tail,asinfeaman.
feamainn,seaweed,Ir.feamuin,E.Ir.femnach,W.gwymon,Fr.

go'emon,*vitsmdni,root,vi,vei,wind,asinfeith,vein1

Stokesgivesthestemasvemmdni(vembani?),whichsuggests

*vegvo,rootveg,asinfew.
feaman,atail,Ir.feam,M.Ir.feam,mentula,Manxfamman;

alsoG.eaman,*engvo,Lat.inguen,groin,
feann,flay:
feannadh,skinning,excessivecold;seefionnadh.Theideaof

"cold"ismetaphorical.E.Ir.fennaim,Iskin,isreferred

byStokestotherootofEng.wound:hegivesthestemas

*venvo.
feannag,hoodedcrow,Ir.feannog,fionndg:cf.fionna,pile,for

root:"piledcrow"1
feannag",alazybed;olderfennoc,trench:fromfeann,flay.
fear,aman,Ir.fear,0.Ir.fer,W.gwr,0.VV.gur,Corn,gur,Br.

gow,*viros(RhysthinkstheCelticstartwasver:cf.W.

gwr=ver,super,andG.eadh,0.Ir.ec?=Lat.id,etc.):Lat.

vir;Ag.S.wer\Norseverr,Eng.werwolf;Lit.wyras;Skr.

vira.
fearann,land,soIr.,E.Ir.ferand,alsoferenn,agirdle,garter,

rootvera,enclose,lookafter;Skr.varand,well,dam,vrnoti,

cover,enclose;Gr.epvoOai,draw,keep;Ch.SI.vreti,

claudere:furtherLat.vereor,Eng.ware.
fearg,wrath,soIr.,E.Ir.ftrg,0.Ir.fere,ferg,*verg&;Gr.

opyyj;rootvergo,swell,bepuffedup.Hencefeargnadh,

provocation,
fearna,aldertree,Ir.feam,fearndg,E.Ir.fern,fernog,W.gwern,

Corn',gwernen,Gaul,verno,Fr.verne,*vemo;Gr.tpvia,wild

figs(1Bez.).
fearr,better,Ir.fedrr,0.Ir./err,*vers,*ver(i)s,acomparative

inisfromtheprep,ver(=G.far,for,super);nowcom

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.169

parativeformath,butevidentlyonceforfern,good,*vcrno$,

Lat.supemus(cf.noofmagnusdisappearinginmajor,and

roofCelticmdrosinG.mo).Stokesrefersferrtovers,

raise,*uersos,height,top;Lat.verruca,steepplace,Lit.

wirziis,top,Skr.varshman,height,vdrshiyas,higher.Cf.

W.goreu,best(=Lat.supremus).
fearsaid,aspindle,Irfearrsaid,M.Ir.fersaid,*versatti*vcritati,

W.gwerthyd,Cor.gurthit,0.Br.guirtilon,fusis,M.Br.

guerzit,rootrerf,turn;Lat.vertd,vortex;Ger.werden,tobe,

Eng.worth,be,M.H.G.wirtel,spindlering.Skr.vdrtate,

turn,roll,vartidd,spindleball,
fearsaideag,thriftorseagillyflower;fromobs.fearsad,estuary,

sandbank,passageacrossatebbtide,whenceplacename

Fersit,andinIrelandBelfast;forrootseefeart.
feart.attention,notice;Br.gortos,toattend,rootvert,vort;

Ger.warten,attend,Eng.ward,,fromware,Nor.vartSa,ward.

Anextensionofrootver,watch,Lat.vereor,etc.
feart,avirtue,efficiency,deed,Ir.feart,0.Ir.firt,pi.ferta%W,

gwyrth;fromLat.virtus(Windisch,Stokes),
ffeart,agrave,Ir.feart,0.Ir.fert,tumulus,*verto;rootvert

cover,enclose,whichseeunderfearann.Cf.Skr.vrti.

enclosure,hedge,
fearthuinn,rain,Ir.fearthuinn,E.Ir.ferthain,inf.toferaim,

Ipour,give,*verao,rain:Lat.urina,urine,Gr.ovpov(do.):

Norseur,adrizzle,Ag.S.war,sea;Skr.vtiri,water,Zend,

vara,rain.Seedbirt.
feascradh,shrivelling,soIr.(O'R.):
feasd,amfeasd,forever,Ir.feasda,henceforward,E.Ir./esta,

ifesta,now,fromthispointforward,ifechtsa;fromfeachdby

metathesisofthes.Seefathast.
feasgar,evening,Ir.feascar,0.Ir.fescor,*vesqero,W.ucher,

*ukserofor*usqero;Lat.vesper;Gr.lcr7re/3os.
feathachan,slightbreeze;seefeothachan.

fe*ile,generosity,hospitality,Yx.feile,E.Ir.file;fromHal,q.v.
tfe"ile,charm,incantation,E.Ir.elf,hele,mofhele;fromNorse

heill,auspice,omen,Eng.hale,etc.;alliedto0.Ir.cSl,

augurium,W.coel,omen,0.W.coil(Zim.,Zeit.3S147).

ForG.feile,seeInv.GaelicSoc.7V.17243.Stokesregards

Zimmer'sderivationfromN.afailure,andcomparesW.wylo,

wail,weep,asIr.amor,music=W.afar,grief,andG.cebl

=Ger.heulen,howl.Rhyscfs.W.eli,oil,ointment.
f6ile,f6"ileadh,akilt,E.Ir.,0.Ir.fial,velum:0.Ir.ronfeladar,

hemightclotheus;fromLat.velum,acovering,velare,Eng.

veil.InIslay,Jura,etc.,itisantsibhleadh.McL.andD.

20

170ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

alsogiveseibhleadh.Hend.questionsifLat.Seeuanfebli
inFled.Br.68.Rootsveilasinfill,spaoil,etc.1

feill,afair,feast,Ir.f'eil,festival,holiday,0.Ir.feil,W.gwyl,
festum,Br.goel,*vegli;Lat.vigilia,Fr.veille,awatch,
vigil,Engvigil,wake.TheCelticwordsareborrowedfrom
Lat.(Windisch,Stokes).HenceJeillire,analmanack.

fein,self,Ir.,0.Ir.fein,*svejsm,"selfthere,"*svej,*sve,Pruss.
swais,Ch.SI.svoji;Lat.suus,se;Gr.e,05.Zeussexplains
feinasbeshin,"quodsithoc,"bebeingtheverbtobe.This
explanationisduetothediversformsofthe0.Ir.wordfor
"self,selves":fesine(=besine,sitidhoc),f'esin,fadesin
(=badesin),foddn,etc.

F6inn,g.F^inne,theFingalians,Ir.Feinne,Fiann,E.Ir.fiann,

*veinnd,alsoE.Ir.fian,ahero,*veinos,root,vein,strive;

Lat.venari,hunt;Skr.venati,go,move,desire.Zimmer

'takesthewordfromNorsefj&ndi,anenemy(Eng.fiend),

whichhesupposestheIrishtroopscalledthemselvesafter

*the5Norsemen.

feirm,afarm,Ir.feilm;fromM.Eng.ferme,Eng.farm.

feisd,feis,afeast;betterfeusd,q.v.

feith,wait,Ir.feithim,E.Ir.fethim,inf.fethem(=G.feitheamh),
*veto,rootvet;Lat.vetus,old,Eng.veteran;Gr.eros,year;
Eng.wether("yearling").

feith,asinew,avein,Ir.,0.Ir.feith,fibra,*veitis,rootvei,vi,
wind,bend;Lat.vlmen,withe,vitis,avine;Gr.trea(long1),
willow;Eng.withe;Lit.vytis,willowwand,Ch.SI.viti,
restorta;Skr.vayati,weave,flecto.TheW.showsastem
*vitt&,vein,W.gwythen,Br.gwazen,Cor.guid;cf.Lat.
vitta,fillet.Hencefeith,abogchannel(Ir.feth,amarsh,
bogstream),andfeithleag,honeysuckle,M.Ir.feithlend,
woodbine,W.gwyddjid(do.).

feitheid,abirdorbeastofprey(M'A.),Ir.feithide,abeast:

feochadan,cornthistle,thistle(Arm.,H.S.D.),Ir.feochadan
(O'R.),feothaildn(O'B.),&ndfedthdn.Cf.fobhannan.

feocullan,thepolecat,Ir.feochullan(Fol.,O'R.hasfeocullanlike
Sh.).Cf.Sc.fethok,fithowe,polecat,M.Eng.ficheu,now
fitchew.

feobharan,pith,puft*(feo'ran)Dial.;feodharan,root,*vet,vetuA

feobhas,goodness;seefeabhas.

feddar,pewter,Ir.peatar,W.ffeutar;fromtheEng.pewter.

feodhaich,decay,Ir.feodhaim,M.Ir.feodaigim,wither:
"senesco;"*vetu,rootvet,asinLat.vetus,G.feith?0.
Ir.feugud,W.gwyw,Lat.vietus;*vivagatu?

fe6il,flesh,Ir.feoil,E.Ir.fedil,0.Ir.feuil,*vepolis;Skr.
vapd,fat,vdpus,body,form?

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.171

fedirlig,afarthingland,fe6irling;fromAg.S.feor}>Ling,Eng.
farthing.

fe6irne,chess,Ir.feoime(Sh.,O'R.,Fol.):

fedrag,asquirrel,Ir.feorog(Sh.,O'R.,Fol.),W.gwiwer,Br.
gwiber;Lit.vovere,Letticivdweris,Pruss.weware;Lat.
viverra,ferret(Pliny).

feoraich,inquire,fiafraigh(KintyreDial.),Ir.fiafruighim,0.Ir.
iarfaigim:*iarfach,prep,iarandfach,E.Ir.faig,dixit,
*vakd,say;Lat.voco,call,vox,voice;Skr.vac,say.Ther
ofG.andmodernIr.hasshiftedtobehindthef)whilea
prothetic/isadded.

fedrlan,afirlot;seefeoirliig.

feothachan,feothan(Arran),alittlebreeze;rootvet,asin
onfhadh.

feuch,fiach,behold,see,try,Ir.feuch,/each,E.Ir.fechaim,
fegaim,*veikb;Gr.clkuv,image(Eng.iconoclastic),eoiKa,
Iseem,et/ca^w,conjecture;Skr.vie,appear,arrive.

feud,may,can;seefaod.

feudail,cattle;usualspellingofeudail,q.v.

feudar,'sfheudar,itisnecessary,M.Ir.iseidir,itispossible,
forisedfhetir,itiswhatispossible.Feudaristhepres.
pass,offeud,may.InQ.the"may"hasbecome"must."'
Thenegative,cha'nfheudar,iscommoninE.Ir.asnifhetir,
nietir,cannotbe.

feum,use,need,Ir.feidhm,pi.feidhmeanna,need,use,duty,need
serviceofavassal,E.Ir.feidm,effort,*vedesmen,"need
service;"rootved,asinfeadhainn.Hencefeumannach,a
steward:"aservitor."

feun,awaggon,wain,0.Ir.fen,W.cywain,vehere,*vegno,root
vegh,carry;Lat.veho,vehiculum,vehicle;Gr.6'xo?,chariot;
Eng.waggon,wain;Skr.vahati,carry.

feur,fiar,grass,Ir.feur,0.Ir.fer,W.gwair,Cor.gwyr,*vegro,
I.E.rootveg,increase,bestrong;Lat.vegeo,quicken,
vigor,vigour,Eng.vegetation;Ag.S.wacan,nasci,Eng.
waken.StrachanandStokesreferittotherootveg,ug,be
wet,moist,Lat.uvidus,moist,Eng.humour,Gr.vypos,wet,
Norsevbkr,moist;butjudgedbytheLatin,theCelticshould
bevebro,whichwouldnotgiveW.givair.

feursa,acanker,feursann,aworminthehideofcattle:

feusag,fiasag,abeard,Ir.feusog,feasog,E.Ir.fe'sdc,beard,fex,
hair,*vanso,0.Pruss.,wanso,firstbeard,Ch.SI.vasti
beard.

feusd,feusda,(fe"isd,f^is),afeast,Ir.feis,feusda,E.Ir.feiss;
fromLat.festia,Eng.feast.

172ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

feusgan,fiasgan,amussel:

fhuair,found,invenit,Ir.fuair,0.Ir.fuar,myeni,frith,inventus
est,*vovora,rootver;Gr.evpov,Ifound,cvprjKa(Strachan,
Prellwitz).TherootverislikelythatfoundinGr.opaw,I
see,Lat.vereor,Eng.ware.

flabhras,afever,Ir.,M.Ir.fiabhrus;fromLat.febris.

fiacaill,atooth,Ir.,0.Ir.fiacail.ThereisanE.Ir.feeforfee,a
tooth,astem*veikk&:

fiach,value,worth;seenext.

fiach,fiachan,debt,value,Ir.fiach,0.Ir.jiach,*veico,Lat.
vices,change,Ger.wechsel,exchange,Skr.vishti,changing,
inturn(Osthoff).Thisistherightderivation.

fiadh,adeer,Ir.fiadh,E.Ir.fiad,0.Ir.fiadach,venatio,W.
gwydd,Br.guez,goez,savage,*veidos,wild;0.H.G.weide,
ahunt,Ger.weide,pasturage,Norseveiftr,hunting;further
isG.fiodh,wood,Eng.wood.Hencefiadhaich,wild.

fiadhaich,invite,welcome(Skye):

fiadhair,layorfallowland;fromtheaboverootoffiadh.Cf.
Ger.weide,pasture.AlsoG.fiadhain,wild,Ir.fiadhdin,
wild,uncultivated.

fial,generous,Ir.fial,E.Ir.fial,modest,W.gwyl.Bez.suggests
*veiplo,Teutonicviba,Ger.weib,Eng.wife.Cf.Ir.jialus,
relationship.Theunderlyingideais"kindness,relation
ship."

fiamh,awe,reverence,Ir.fiamh,fear,reverence,ugly,horrible,
E.Ir.Jiam,horrible:

fiamh,aspect,appearance,trace,Ir.fiamh,track,trace,chain,
fiamh(O'Cl.)=lorg,E.Ir.fiam,achain,*veimo,rootvei,
wind,asinfeith.Fiamhghaire,feathghaire(Arg.),a
slightsmile,isinIr.fdetheadhanghdire,appearaceofa
smile,E.Ir.feth,aspect.

fianaidh,peatcart;carnfianaidh(Ross);seefeun.

Fiann,theFingalians;seeFdinn.Thisistherealnom.case.

flantag,theblackheathberry;rootveinasintheaboveword.

fianuis,witness,awitness,Ir.fiadhnuise,fiadhan,awitness,0.Ir.
fiadnisse,testimony,fiadu,ace.fiadain,testem,*veiddn,I.E.
rootveid,vid,know,see,asinfios,q.v.;Ag.S.witta,a
witness,Eng.witness,root,wit,know.

fiar,crooked,Ir.fiar,E.Ir.fiar,W.gwyr,Br.goar,gwar,*veiro;
rootvei,windasinfe'ith;Eng.wire,Ag.S.wir,wire.

flat,fiata,wild;aparticipialformationhornfiadh.Alsofiadhta,
soIr.

fiatach,quietandsly(Skye):

fiathail,calm;seefe.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.173

fich,aninterjectiondenoting"nasty!"Eng.fie,Norsefp,Ger.

pfui.AlsoDial,fuich,fuidh,whichleansonNorsefui,

rottenness("Chabhifuidhachfarambifaile").
fichead,twenty,Ir.fiche,arfkichid,0.Ir.fiche,g.fichet,W.

ugeint,ugain,Cor.ugens,ugans,Br.ugent,*vikns,*vikntos;

Lat.viginti;Gr.etKocrt;Zendvicaiti.
fideadh,asuggestion(H.S.D.):*viddho,rootvid,wit.
fideag,asmallpipe,reed,flute,Ir.fidedg;forroot,seefead.

Shawalsogivesthemeaning"smallworm."M'L.has

fideag.
fidean,agreenisletorspituncoveredathightide,webofsea
clam(Isles);fromtheN.fit,webbedfootofwaterfowl,

meadowlandonthebanksoffirthsorrivers,fitja,toweb,

Eng.fit.
fidhleir,afiddler;fromfiodhull.Ir.fidileirisEng.fiddler

directlyborrowed.HenceG.fidleireachd,restlessness;

"fiddling"about,
fidir,know,consider,lr.fidir,knows,0.Ir.fetar,scio,fitir,novit,

*viddetor,*vi<ldho(thedhoasincreid,Windisch);root

vid,see,asinfios.Thurneysenexplainsitas*videsar

(aoriststemvides)becomingvidshar,butdshdoesnot

producetordwithoutannbeforeit.
fige,figis,afig,Ir.fige;fromLat.ficus,Eng.fig.
figh,weave,Ir.fighim,E.Ir.figim,0.W.gueiy,testrix,W.given,

toweave,Cor.guiat,tela,Br.gwea,M.Br.gweaff,*vegio;

Ger.wickeln,roll,wind,curl,wieche,wick,Eng.wick.Ag.S.

wecca(Stokes).Usuallyreferredtotherootvei,vi,wind,
file,filidh,apoet,Ir.file,g.filidh,0.Ir.fili,g.filed,*velet,

"seer";W.gwelet,tosee,Br.guelet,sight,*velo.Cf.Norse

volva,prophetess,sibyl.OldGermanicVeleda,aprophetess

(Tacitus).
fill,fold,Ir.fillim,fold,return,0.Ir.fillim,flecto,*velvo;Lat.

volvo,roll,volumen,Eng.volume;Gr.elXvco,envelop;Got.

afvalvjan,rollaway,Eng.wallow.Cf.W.olwyn,awheel

(Stokes).Windisch(Curt.Et.)suggestsvaldasroot,allied

toNorsevelta,roll,Got.valtjan,Eng.toelter,Ger.walze,roll,

waltz.Seeespeciallytill.
fillein,acollop:a"roll";fromfill.
fine,atribe,kindred,Ir.,0.Ir.,fine,0.Br.coguenou,indigena,

*venjd,kinship;Norsevinr,afriend,Ag.S.wine,0.H.G.

wmi(do.);I.E.rootven,love,Lat.Venus,verieror,Eng.

venerate,Skr.van,love
finealta,fine,elegant,Ir.finealta;cf.M.Ir.fininFinscothach,

fairflowered,Finshnechta,brightsnow,rootsvtn;Gr.rjvo\j/,

bright(StokesforM.Ir.).

174ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

finiche,jet(M'D.,M'A.),finichd,blackasjet(M'E.):

finid,end;fromLat.finit,thecolophonofsomanytaleswhen

written.
finideach,wise,soIr.(Lh.,Sh.,H.S.D.,whichgivesC.S.as

authority):
finne,amaiden(Arm.,M'A.,M'E.):"fairness,beauty";from

fionn(*vindid).
finnean,abuzzard:
ffioch,wrath,Ir.fioch,E.Ir.fich,feud,I.E.*veiqo,fight;Got.

veihan,strive,0.H.G.wigan,fight;Lat.vinco.Hence

fiochdha,angry,
fiodh,wood,soIr.,0.Ir.fid,W.guid,gwydd,gwydden(sing.),

Corn,gulden,Br.gwezenn,tree,gwez,trees,Gaul,vidu,*vidu;

Eng.woo't,Ag.S.wudu,0.H.G.witu.Henceffiodhcheall,

chessplay,E.Ir.fidchell,W'.gwydd'bivyll,"woodsense,"from

fiodhandcialiAlsofiodhag,wildfig,fiodhan,cheesevat,
fiodtiradh,animpetuousrushforward(Heb):
fiodhull,afiddle,E.Ir.fidil,fromLowLat.vitula,whenceFr.

viola,Eng.viol,violin.Cf.Eng.fiddle,fromMed.Lat.

fidnla,Lat.fidis.
fioghuir,afigure,Ir.fiogkair,M.Ir.figur;fromLat.figura.
fiolagan,afieldmouse(Arran):
fiolan,fiolar,anearwig,nesscock,W.chwil,beetle,chiviler,

maggot,Br.cliouil;Gr.oiX^q,cockroach,Eng,sylph.

Cf.feallan.
fiomhalach,agiant(Sh.);fromfiamh.
fion,wine,Ir.fion,0.Ir.fin,W.,Cor.,Br.gwin;fromLat.

vinum.
fionag,amite,insect,amiser,Ir.{incog,amiteincheese,etc.:
fionn,white,Ir.fionn,0.Ir.find,W.gwyn,Corn,guyn,Br.

gwenn,Gaul,vindo,*vindo,anasalisedformofrootvid,veid,

see,asinfios.Cf.Servianvidny,clear,
fionn,to,against,Ir.fionn,ionn,0.Ir.hid;seeinnn.
fionna,fionnadh,hair,pile,Ir.fionnadh,E.Ir.finda,iindfad,0.

Ir.iinnae,pilorum,*vesnid,rootves,clothe,Lat.vestis,Eng.

vestment.StokeshascomparedittoLat.villus,hair,which

hetakesfrom*vinlus,butwhichisusuallyreferredtothe

rootvelofvellus,lana,etc.ThefadofEIr.isfor*vidai

aspect,W.gwedd,rootvid,see.
fionnachd,refreshment:"coolness,"*ionnfhvaehd:ci.fionnar.
fionnanfe6ir,grasshopper,Ir.finninfeoir(O'lt.):
fionnairidh,awatching:*indfaire;neefionn,to,andfaire
fionnar,cool,Ir.fionnfhuar,M.Ir.indfhuar;fromfionnand/ttai.
fionnasgarraidh,parsley(M'L.);

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.17")

fionndairneach,rankgrass,downyhoard(H.S.D.):
ffionndruinne,(white)bronze,E.Ir.finchnine,whitebronze:

*find(b)ruine(Hend.)Eng.bnmze.
fionnogha,grandson'sgrandson,Ir.fiorinua;fromfionn,ad,and

ogha.
fionnsgeul,aromance,Tr.finnsgeul;fromjionnandsgeul:ande

sqetlon.
fior,true,Ir.ftor,0.Ir.fir,W.gwir,0.W.guir,Br.gwir,*vero;

Lat.vervs;Ger.wahr.Rootver,vor,var,see,asinEng.

beware,ward.Beforethenounthewordisfir.Hence

firean,righteousman,0.Ir.firian,W.gwirion,*veridnos.
fios,knowledge,Ir.fios,0.Ir.fiss,*mdtu,rootvid,veid,know;

Lat.video,see;Gr.etSov,ISdv,saw,ot8a,know,Got.

vitan,watch,Eng.wit;Skr.vid,know,vetti,toknow.Hence

fiosrach,knowing,
firchlis,thenorthernlights;seefearandclis.
firchneatain,backgammonmen:
firefaire,interjection"whatapotherffromtheSc.fieryfary,

bustle,
fireach,hillground,mountain:cf.fearann,root*ver.
firead,aferret,Ir.jiread:fromtheEng.
fireun,aneagle,Ir.firen:"truebird;"fromftorandeun.So

inE.Ir.firiascisthesalmon.SoinReayCountry(Rob.;,
firionn,male,soIr.;E.Ir.firend;fromfear.
fisefaise,interjectionnoiseofthingsbreaking,talkingsecretly,
fitheach,araven,Ir.,0.Ir.Jiach;thisisadissylable,*vivoko;

thephoneticsbeingthoseofbiadh.Stokesgives*veijakos

or*veivakos.ItisstilldistantlyalliedtoGer.weihe.
fithreach,dulse,soIr.(Lh.,O'B.,etc.):
fiu,worthy,Ir.fill,0.Ir.flu,W.gwiw,Cor.guiu,0.Br.uuiu,

Gaul,vesu,*vesu,vesu,good;Skr.vdsu,good;rootves,be,

Eng.ivas.Somegive*visu(*visu)asthestem,Gr.mtos,

like(=visvos),Skr.vishu,seque.Hencefiubhaidh,aprince,

valiantchief,Ir.Uiibhas,dignity;alsofiughanta,generous,

Ir.JiugJiantach,ffiintach(Keat.),worthy,
fiughair,expectation,E.Ir.fiugrad,praedicere;fromLat.fgura.

Ir.hasfioghair,figure,fashion,sign,
fiuran,asapling,Iwfiurdn(Sh.,O'R.,Fol.):
fiuriiaidh(fiubhaidh),anarrow;seeiuthaidh.
flaiche,asuddengustofwind(Sh.,O'R):
ilaitheanas,heaven,glory,flaitheas,sovereignty,Ir.Jiaith

eamhnus,0.Ir.flaithemnas,gloria;fromfiaithem,lord,g.

flaitheman;seejiaih.
fflann,red,bloodred,soIr.,E.Ir.fland,blood,red:vlando,

root,voloifuil,q.v.

176ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

f,aflask,W.fflasg;fromtheEng.
flath,achief,prince,Ir.flaith,0.Ir.jiaith,chief,dominion,
flaithem(an),chief(*vlatimon),W.gwlad,region,M.W.
gulatic,rex,Corn,gulat,patria,Br.gloat,realm,Gaul,vlatos,
*vlatos,*vlaiis,rootvala,via,bestrong;Lat.valere,Eng.
valid;Got.valdan,Ger.walten,rule,Eng.weild,Walter;
Ch.SI.vlada,,rule,Russ.vladiete,rule,0.Pruss.waldnika,
king.Also*valosasthefinalelementofcertainpersonal
namesDomhnall,*Dumnovalos(seedomkan),Conall,

*Kunovalos(*kunos,high,rootku,asincuraidh,q.v.,
TeutonicHUn,Humbold,Humphrey,Hunwald,etc.),Cathal,

*Katuvalos(seecath),etc.

fleachdail,flowinginringlets(H.S.D.,fromMSS.);fromLat.
plecto,plait.

fleadh,afeast,Ir.jleadh,0.Ir.fled,W.gwledd,0.W.guled,
pompae,*vldd,rootvel,wish;Gr.d\airivq,feast,eASo/xou,
wish,eA7Tis,hope;Lat.voluptas;Eng.mtcV/,we//.

fleadhadh,brandishing;Eng.wield;seeflath.

fleasg,arod,wreath,Ir.fleasg,garland,wand,sheaf,0.Ir.flesc,
rod,linea,*vleska,from*vledska,rootvW/Ger.wald,wood,
Eng.wo/d;Gr.aAoos,grove;Ch.SI.vladi,hair.Fromthe
CelticcomestheFr.fleche,arrow,whenceKng.Fletcher,
arrowmaker.Seefleisdear.

Heasgach,youngman,bachelor,soIr.,M.Ir.fleagach:"wand
bearer."Fromfleasg,above.TheIr.fleasgaighealadhna,
itinerantmedicinemen,carriedfleasgantodenotetheirpro
fession.

fleasgairt,abargeorboathungwithfestoons;fromfleasg.

fleisdear,arrowmakerjfromSc.fledgear,M.Eng.flecchere,now
fletcher,from0.Fr.flechier.Seefleasgfurther.

fleodradh,floating(Heb),fleodruinn,abuoy;fromNorsefljdta,
tofloat,Eng.y?ocr.

fleogan,anuntidy,flabbyperson,aflatfish(Arms.),fleoidhte,
flaccid(Sh.):

fliodh,chickweed,awen,Ir.fliodh,fligh,chickweed,W.gwlydd,
chickweed,softstemsofplants,*vldu.Samerootasinfleasg.

fliuch,wet,Ir.,0.Ir.,flinch,W.gwlyb,0.W.gulip,Corn,ylibor,
humor,Br.gloeb,wet,*vlqus,wet;Lat.liquidus(=vliquidus);
Lit.wa'lks,wet,wa'lka,swampyplace.Seefailc.

fl6,hallucination(H.S.D.forN.H.):

flod,astateoffloating;fromEng.float,Norsefloti,araft.

fiodach,lukewarm;seeplodadh.

flur,plur,flower,Ir.pMr,M.Ir.pHr;fromtheM.Eng.flour,
0.Fr.flour,Lat.florem,G.fldrisfromtheScotch,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.177

fo,under,Ir.,0.Ir.fo,W.go,0.W.guo,Cor.go,Cor.,Bret.

gou,Ganl.vo:*vo,for*u(p)o;I.E.upo;Gr.vtto,;Lat.

sub;Got.w/;Skr.wpa,hither,
fd,brink(Carm.):
fobhannan(f6thannan),athistle,Ir.fobhthdn.fothanndn,E.Ir.

omthann,*omotanno,"raworroughtwig"?Seeamhand

caorrunn.Dial,fonntan(Arran).
focal,word;seefacal.
fochaid,scoffing,Ir.fochmhuid,fochuidbheadh,M.Ir.fochmaid,

E.Ir.fochuitbiud,*focontib,roote6,smile,0.Ir.tibiu,

laugh;Lit.stebius,beastonished,
fochair,presence,amfochar,coram,Ir.,M.Ir.fochair:*fochar,

carbeingcor,put.
fochann,youngcornintheblade,Ir.fochan,M.Ir.fochon;

*vokuno1Rootkun,ku,increase,Gaul,cuno,high,etc.

Seecuraidh.
f6d,apeat,turf,Ir.fod,0.Ir.fot:*vonto1
fodar,fodder,Irfodar;fromtheEng.fodder.
fdgair,expel,banish,Ir.fdgair,command,proclaim,0.Ir.

focairim(do.),fdcre,monitio:*foodgar;rootgarofgoir.
ffogh,quiet,careless(Stew.):
foghail,ahostileincursion,Ir.foghail,E.Ir.fogal;*fogal:root

gal,valour,war.Seegal.
foghail,foghail,noise,bustle,merriment;forfirstsense,see

foghair,forsecond,seeothail.
foghainteach,valorous,Ir.fdghainteach,good,fit,serviceable,

Joghaint,ability:"capable";fromfoghainn,suffice.See

fbghnadk.Ir.foghaintidhe,aservant,
foghair,asound,tone,soIr.,0.Ir.fogur,sonus:*fogar;root

garofgoir.Strachanmakestherootpartfog,andrefersit

tofuaim,q.v.
foghar,harvest,Ir.fdghmhar,M.Ir.fogamur,autumn,E.Ir.

fogamur,fogomur,lastmonthofautumn:*fogamur,the

gamurbeingfromtherootofgeamhradh,winter,q.v.The

ideais"subhiemem."Cf.W.cynauaf,harvest,0.W.

kynnhaeaf,fromcyn,before,andgauafwinter.
f6ghlum,learning,Ir.foghtuim,0.Ir.foglaim,vb.fogliunn:

*vog''end6,*glendo,makeclear;Eng.glance,Ger.glanz,

splendour;Ch.SI.gldati,show,
foghnadh,sufficiency,service,Ir.foghnamh,0.Ir.fognam,service;

fromfoandgniomh,deed,
foichein,awrapper,infant'sclout:
foichlean,asprout,youngcorn(Arm.),faichean(Arg.),Ir.

foichnin;seefochann.

21

178ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

f6id,apeat;seef6d.

foidheach,abeggar;seefaoighe.

foidhearach,naked(H.S.D.,Dial.):

foidhidinn,patience,Ir.foighid,0.Ir.foditiu,toleratio(*vodam
tin),vb.fodamim,patior,rootdam;Lat.domo,Itame,
subdue;Gr.8a/xaw(do.);Eng.tame;Skr.ddmyatl,tame.

foighnich,askjseefaighnich.Also,moreDialectic,foinich.

foil,macerate,broil;seefail.Hencefoileag,acakesuddenly
andimperfectlytoasted.

foil,pigstye;seefail.

foil,slow,stately,fdill,composure,Ir.fdil,foill,softly!awhile,
M.Ir.cofdill,slowly,forawhile,E.Ir.cofoill,slowly:

foileadh,slowdevelopment:

foill,treachery,0.Ir.foile,astutia.G.isfor*volni,Ir.
for*volid,bothsideformstofeall,treachery,q.v.

foillsich,reveal,0.Ir.foillsigim,*svolnestikio;seefollas.

foinich,ask;seefaighnich.

foinne,awart,Ir.faine,faithne,W.,Cor.gwennn,blister,Br.
gwennhaenn,awart;Eng.wen,Ag.S.wenn(Era.).

foinneamh,foinnidh,handsome,genteel;cf.nextword,alsoLat.
vinnulus,delightful,rootven,asinG.fine,etc.

foinnich,temper,Ir.foinnim,temper,knead,foinnighte,tempered,
kneaded.Cf.aboveword.

foir,prefixmeaning"super,"sameasfor:seefar,air(b).

fdir,help,Ir.foir(vb.andn.),E.Ir.foriuth,Ihelp,0.Ir.don
f6ir,tohelpus:*voret;rootretofruith,run.Forforce,
cf.furtachd.TheW.gwared,release,Br.goret,areoflike
elements.Similarlyfoirbheart(anIr.wordreally),assist
ance,isfromfoirandheir.

foirbhillidh,acceptable(M'D.);fromforandbail,good%

foirceadal,foircheadal,instruction,catechism,Ir.foircheadal,
0.Ir.forcital,doctrina,vb.forchun,doceo:*forcan;root
can,say,sing.Seecan.

foireann,foirionn,aband,crew,Ir.fuirionn,E.Ir.fairenn,0.Ir.
foirinn,0.W.guerin,W.giverin,people,M.Br.gueryn,
*vorend,*vorinni,multitude,rootver,enclose;Ag.S.vorn,
multitudo,caterva;Lit.wora,longrowinIndianfile;Skr.
vrd,troop,companySeefearann.

foirfe,perfect,Ir.foirfe,complete,old,Ir.foirbthe,perfectus,
forbe,perfectio,vb.forbanar,perficitur,forfenar,consum
mate:*forben;rootben,ba,go(Lat.venio,Gr./?atVw,
efirjv,etc.),practicallyaverb"tobe"(StokesNeoCeltic
VerbSubst.).

fbirin,assistance,E.Ir.inf.dat.,foirithin;seefdir.

foirinn,borderland(Cam.):

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.179

foirm,noise;sideformoftoirm?

fdirmeil,brisk,lively(Sh.,etc.):fromEng.formal(Rob.).

foirmeilich,formalists.

fbirne,aband,dwellers,Ir.foirne(O'B.);anobliqueformof

foireann,g.foirne.
fdirneadh,intruding;seeteirinn,tedmadh.
foirneis,afurnace;seefuirneis.
foirneata,conspicuouslybrave;seeniata.
fois,rest,Ir.fois,0.Ir.foss,residence,remaining,rest,W.aros;

*vosso;rootves,be,rest;Gr.acrrv,city(*vastu);Skr.vdstu,

place;Lat.Vesta;Eng.was,Ger.wesen,be,Got.visa,

remain.SoalletymologiststillWindisch(1892)suggested

therootstd,thatis*vosto.Stokesstillholdsbyold(1903).

Hencefoisdin,taciturnity,Ir.foisdine.
foisteadh,wages,hire,Ir.foistighim,Ihire;M.Ir.foss,servant,

W.givas(Eng.vassal);fromthesamerootas/oa's.Also

fasdadh.
folach,covering,hiding;seefalack.
folach,rankgrassgrowingondunghills;*voglo,root,vog,veg

offeur.
folachd,afeud,bloodiness;seefull.

folachdain,waterparsnip(H.S.D.quotesonlyO'B),Ir.folaehtain:
follas,publicity,follaiseach,public,Ir.follus,public,manifest,

0.Ir.follus,clear,shining,manifest,*svolneatu8;seesolus.
fonn,land,Ir.fonn,E.Ir.fond;fromLatfundus,which,again,

isconnectedwithG.bonn,q.v.
fonn,atune,Ir.fonn,tune,desire,delight,M.Ir.adbonn,a

strain;*svonno,rootsven,sound,Lat.sonus,Eng.sound.

Seeseinn.
fonnsair,atrooper(M'A.):

for,super,Ir.,0.Ir.for;prep,for,forwhichseefar,air(b).
forach,forch,projectionintothesea(Garni.):
forail,command,Ir.fordilim.Seeearailforformationandroot,
forair,watch,Ir.foraire;fromforandaire.
forasda,sedate,soIr.;seefarasda,inthesenseof"staid."
forbhas,ambush(Sh.,H.S.D.,whichquotesLh.andC.S.),Ir.

forbhas,E.Ir.forbas,siege:
fore,afork,Ir.fore,E.Ir.fore(=gobul);forLat.furca,Eng.

fori:
fore,push(especiallyiflegsareforked),pitchwithafork;from

fore,fork,
forfhais,foras,information,inquiry,Ir.foias,E.Ir.foras,fonts,

trueknowledge:*forfiss,fromfissorfios,knowledge,q.v.

Forasfeasa,"Basisofknowledge."
forgan,keenness,anger;fromasideformforg(*vorg)offearg?

180ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

fdrlach,afurlough;fromtheEng.

forluinn,spite,hatred(H.S.D.),Ir.,M.Ir.forlonn;fromforand

lonn,fierce,
forman,amould,Irformdn;fromLat.forma.
forradh,gain(H.S.D.),excrescence,shift(M'E.);fromforand

rath?Seerath.
forsair,aforester;fromtheEnglish,
fortail,strong,hardy,(anIr.wordclearly),Ir.foirteamhail,

fortail,brave,stout,E.Ir.fortail,predominant,strong;from

Lat.fortis.
fortan,fortune,Ir.fortun;fromLat.fortuna.
fortas,litter,refuseofcattle'sfood,orts;fromtheEng.oris.

Lh.hasanIr.fortas,straw,
fds,yet,still,Ir.fos,M.Ir.fos,beos,0.Ir.beus,beius.Stokes

makesitacomparativeinsformbeo,alliedtoLat.bed,

gladden,bene,well,
fosg,fosgag,thelark(Carm.):
fosgail,open,soIr.,E.Ir.oslaicim:*fodasleig;Gaelicroot

leicorleig,let.Seeleigandcf.tuasgail.
fosgarach,open,frank:
fosglan,porch(Carm.):
fosradh,poundedbark(oranything)tostopleaks;cf.Ir.fosradh,

scattering,from*voster,rootster,strew,
fosradh,handfeedingofcattle(Heb.):
fothach,theglandersinhorses,Ir.fothach,fothach:
f6tus,aflaw,refuse(M'A.says"rottenpus,"andgivesfdt,rotten

earth):fromSc.faut,asinfabhd.
frabhas,refuse,smallpotatoes(Arg.):
frachd,freight;fromSc.fraught,Eng.freight.
fradharc,vision,sight,Ir.rddharc,E.Ir.?odarc:*rodarc;root

derk,see,asindearc,q.v.
fraigein,abrisk,warlikefellow;seefrogan.
fraigh,wattledpartition,E.Ir.fraig:*vragi,rootverg;Skr.

vraja,hurdle;Gr.elpyo},shutin.
fraileach,seaweed(Sh.,O'R.):
frangalus,tansy;lusnaFraing(Cameron),theFrenchherb;

fromFraing,France.Ir.lusnabhfhrancach;M.Ir.frangcan,

tansy(St.).
fraoch,heather,Ir.fraoch,0.Ir.froech,W.grug,Cor.grig,M.Br.

groegon,*vroiko;Gr.kpetKq.HenceG.fraoch,wrath,Ir.

fraoch,E.Ir.fraech,furor,
fraochan,toebitofshoe;"heatherprotector,"fromfrarch?
fraoidhnidh,flourishing:
fraoidhneis,froinis,afringe;fromtheEng.
fraoileadh,aflusteringbyliquor;Dial,sraoileadh:

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.181

fraoil,aplaceofshelterinthemountains(Sh.,O'R.),fraoinibh

(D.Ban.):
fras,ashower,Ir.fras,E.Ir.frass,*vrastd;Gr.cparrj,dew;Skr.

varaham,rain,
freagair,answer,Ir.freagairim,E.Ir.frecraim:*frithgar,root

gavofgoir.
freasdal,serving,attending,Ir.freasdail,0.Ir.fvestal,fvesdel:

*Jrisdoel;forrootseefvitheil.DrCameronreferreditto

fvisandtal,whichseeintuarastal.
freiceadan,aguard,watch:*frithcoimheadan;fromcoimhead,

guard,look,q.v.
freiteach,avow,interdictoryresolution,E.Ir.fretech,fristoing,

repudiation,renunciation,0.Ir.frisiossam,renuntiaverimus;

roottong,tog,swear,Lat.tongeo,think,Eng.think.Stokes

givesthefinalrootastag,take,Lat.tangere.Ir.tong,

swear,isalliedtoW.tyngu.
freoine,fury,rage:
freothainn,bentgrass(Arg.):
freumh,friamh,aroot,Ir.fve'amh,E.Ir./rem,W.gwraidd,

gwveiddyn,Cor.grueiten,Br.grisienn,*vrdmd,*wrdjo,

*vrdnu:Latvadix,root;Gr.pia;Got.vaurts,Eng.wovt,

root.
fride,atetter,ringworm,M.Ir.frigde,fleshworm,E.Ir.frigit,

W.gwraint,M.Br.gruech,*vrgntid,rootverg;Eng.ivriggle.
frideam,support,attention:
1frighig,fry;fromtheEng.frying.
friochd,aseconddram,anip:
friochdan,afryingpan,Ir.friochtdn;cf.Ir.friochtalaim,1fry.

FromfvyoftheEng.
frioghan,friodhan,abristle,pig'sbristle;M.Ir.fvighani.

guairechmuc;rootvrgasinfraigh1Cf.W.gwrych,hedge,

bristles,*vrgko.Hencefrioghail,sharp,keen,
frionas,fretfulness:*friogh?nas,"bristlinessffromfrioghan.
friotach,fretful(Stew.);seefrith,sourlook,
ffrith,anincantationtodiscoveriffarawaypersonslive(Heb.),

fate(Sh.,O'R.);fromtheNorsefrett,enquiryofthegods

aboutthefuture,Sc.fret,freit.
frith,frioth,small,trifling(Sh.O'R.),whichM'A.saysantecedes

thenoun,istheprep,frithorri.
frith,asourorangrylook(A.M'D.),frithearachd,peevishness,

Ir.frithir,peevish:*vrti;rootofvi"against"]
frith,aforest,deerforest,Ir.frith,wild,mountainousplace,W.

ffridd,forest;fromM.Eng.fvitS,deerpark,Ag.S.fvits.
frith,fre,freas,prefix=prep,ribyforceandderivation;

whichsee.

182ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

fritheil,attend,Ir.friotholaim(Con.friothdlaim),E.Ir.frithailim,
rootal(Ascoli),go;rootal,el,elnoftadhal,q.v.

frithir,earnest,eager(Stew.),Ir.frithir,earnest,peevishjof.
frith,sourlook.

frog,ahole,fen,den,rdg(Suth.):

frogan,liveliness,aslightdegreeofdrunkenness:

froighnighe,adampnessoozingthroughthewall;fromfraigh
andsnighe.

froineadh,asuddentugging,rushingat(M'D.):

froinis,afringe;seefraoidhneis.

frdmhaidh,hoarse,rough:

fruan,acclivity(Carm.):

fuachd,cold,soIr.,0.Ir.uacht,bcht,*aukto;Letticauksts,
cold(adj.),Lit.duszti,cold,becold.

fuadaich,driveaway,Ir.fuadaigkim,driveaway,snatchaway,
E.Ir.fdataigm:*foodtech(?);seeteich.Hencefuadan,
wandering.

fuadarach,hasty,inahurry(Stew.,Arm.andH.S.D.),Ir.fuadar,
haste;fromfuadoffuadaich1Cf.Sc.J'outre,activity.

fuagarthach,exiled;seefbgair.

fuaidne,loosepinsofwarpingstakes.Cf.0.Ir.fuat.

fuaigh,stitch,fuaigheal,sewing,soIr.,E.Ir.fuagaim,uagaim,
0.Ir.uaimm(n.):"ougsmen;rootpoug,pug,stitch,
stick;Lat.pungo,Eng.punch.Zimmer(in1882),referred
ittotherootofhigh,theideabeing"integrate,"from
6g,uag,"integer."0.Ir.oigthidi,sartores.

fuaim,noise,soIr.,E.Ir.fuaimm(pi.fuamand).Neither
*vogsmen(Strachan;rootvogofSkr.vagnu,sound,Got.
vopjan,cry,Eng.whoop)nor*vocsmen(Stokes;rootvoq,
voice,Lat.voco)cangiveua,only6ora.

fuaithne,loomposts(Uist),Ir.uaithne,pillar,post,E.Ir.uatne,
apost(bedpost).SoHenderson;fiiidne(Wh.):

fual,urine,soIr.,0.Ir.fual:*vogloor*voblo;rootvog.,veg,ug,
bewet,;Gr.vypos,wet,Eng.hygrometer;Lat.humidus,uveo,
(forugveo),bemoist,Eng.humour;Norsevokva,moisture.

fuar,cold,Ir.faar,E.Ir.uar,W.oer,Cor.oir:*ogro,rootug,
augoffuachd,q.v.Stokesrefersittotherootveg,ug,dis
cussedunderfual,especiallyGr.vypos,wet;arootwhich
wouldratherbevobinCeltic(cf.Lat.),andthiswouldnot
giveW.oer.StrachansuggestseitherCh.SI.ognf,fire(Lat.
ignis)orGr.7rayos,frost(rootpdg,fix,fit).Hencefuaradh,
windwardside,fuaran,awell,fuarraidh,damp,fuarralanach
(Ir.fuardlach,chill),coldfeeling,etc.;fuarbhalla,anout
sidewall;fuarshlat,theroughstronghoopusedtobendin
stavesattheendsofcasks(Wh.).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.

183

fuasgail,loose,untie,soIr.,E.Tr.fuaslaicim;seetuasgail.
fuath,hatred,soIr.,M.Ir.fuath;cf.E.Ir.uatk,awe,terror,

terrible,andseeuathforroot,
fuath,aspectre,soIr.,0.Ir.fuath,figura,forma:
fucadh,fullingcloth,M.G.owkM'(D.ofL.),Ir.ucaire,fullercf.

piic.
fudag,ashoestrap(H.S.D.saysDial.):
fudaidh,mean,vile;fromSc.footy,fouty.

fudar,powder,Ir.pudar;fromtheEng.
fudraic,smart,ingoodcondition:
fuidh!aninterjection.Seefich.
fuidheall,remainder,Ir.fuigheall,0.Ir.fuidell,W.gweddilt;

alsoG.fuidhleach,remains,E.Ir.fuidlech:*vodtlo,dtl

alliedtoEng.deal,dole,Ger.teil(St.withquery),
fuidir,afool(Carm.):
fuidreadh,commixing,pulverising;fromfudar.Dial,fudradh,

turninghayinthesunshinetodryit.
fiiidsidh,craven;fromSc.fugie,onewhofliesfromthefight,
fuigheag,athrnm,Ir.fughog;fromashortvowelformofroot

offuaigh.
fuil,blood,Ir.,0.Ir.fuil,gen.fola,folo:*voli,rootvol,vel,

well;Eng.well.Stokesagrees
fuilear,cha'nfhuileardhomh,Ineed,must;forfurail,0.Ir.

fordil,excessiveinjunction,infliction,samerootasearail.
firing,fuiling,fulaing,suffer(thou),Ir.fulangaim,E.Ir.

fulangim,0.Ir.fidoing,sustinet,inf.fulang:"undergo",

fromfoandHong,going,rootlenq,spring,go,asinleum,

q.v.FurtheralliedisGer.verlangen,desire,Eng.long,Lat.

lo7igus.
fuin,bake,Ir.fuinim,Iknead,bake,boil,E.Ir.fuinim,bake,

cook.Zimmertakesthewordtomean"tofire,bake,"from

theNorsefuni,flame,fire,E.Ir.ocfane=NorsevitSfuna,

aroasting;butunlikely.Possibly*voni,"dress,"rootven,

von,Lat.Venus,Eng.venerate.
fuirbidh,astrongman,alsofuirbearnach;compoundsofb\and

heir,withfor,super.
fuirearadh,aparchingofcorn;seeeararadh.
fuirich,stay,Ir.fuirighim,E.Ir.fuirigim,nounfuirech,0.Ir.

fuirset(sfuture):*voreg;rootreg,stretch,go;Lat.porrigo,

rego.Seerack.
Jfuirm,stools,aform,Ir.ftiirm,W.ffurf;fromEng.form.
fuirneis,foirneis,afurnace,Ir.fumeis;fromtheting,
fuithein,fuifein,agalling,takingofftheskinbyriding(M'D.):

fobian1
fulaing(vb.),fulang(n.);aeefuilig.

184ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

fulaisg,rock;fromfo+luaisg,q.v.

fulbh,gloom(Arg.);seesuilbh.

fulmair,aspeciesofpetrel,fulmar;fromSc.,Eng.fulmar.

fulpanachd,articulation,jointing(Sh.,O'R.,H.SD.);cf.alp.

funntainn,benumbmentbycold;seepunntuinn.Sc.fundy.

furadh,parchingcorn(Carm.),alsofuraradh.Seefuirearadh.

furail,incitement,command,Ir.furdil,E.Ir.urdil,furdil,0.Ir.

irdil;thesajneasearail,q.v.
furan,awelcome,Ir.fmdn,foran(Connaught);rootver,asin

E.Ir.feraimfdilti,Iwelcome.TherootmeansinE.Ir.

"giverain"(seefearthuinn).Therootoffhuairseems

mixedwiththatoffearthuinn.Seefearthuinn.
furas,patience:*fairasta,asta(standing,staying)beingfor

adsta,adandsta,stand,
furasda(furas),easy,easier,Ir.furas,furasda,E.Ir.urusa:

*airusa,fromusa,easier,q.v.
furbaidh,wrath(Sh.,O'R),furban(H.S.D.,fromMSS.);see

fuirbidh.
furbhailt,furailt,courtesy,kindlyreception;alsofurmailt.

ForthelatterArmstronggives"ceremony"asforce,which

maybefromEng.formality.Thewords,otherwise,seem

fromforfdilte.
furm,astool;seefuirm.

furlaich,hate,detest(Arms.),revoltagainst(Rob.):
furtachd,relief,help,soIr.,0.Ir.fortacht(gen.inan):*for

tiacht;forGaelicroottiagh,tigh,seetighinn.
fusgail,aheatherbrush;cf.Sc.whisker,abunchoffeathersfor

sweeping,Eng.whisk.
futhar,thedogdays;fromSc./wredays.

.gab,atattlingmouth;fromSc.gab(do.),M.Eng.gabben,to
chatter,mock,Norsegabb,mockery,0.Fris.gabbia,accuse.

gabairt,atransportvessel(Heb.);fromSc.gabert,alighter,
fromFr.gabarre,storeship,lighter.

gabh,take,Ir.gabhaim,0.Ir.gabaim,gaib,capit,inf.gabdil,W.
gafael,prehensio(Eng.gavelkind),Cor.gavel:*gabo,capio,
do,*gabagli;Got.giban,give,Ger.geben,Eng.give;Lit.
gabenti,bring.

gabhadh,danger,peril,Ir.gdbha(dh),E.Ir.gdba,gdbud:cf.E.
Ir.gdd,danger,Gr.x^C^jretire,xCt0Swant,xw/3ts}Lat.heres.

gabhagan,atitlark(Sh.,O'R.,H.S.D.):

gabhal,fork;seebestG.formingobhal.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.185

gabhanD,flattery(Kirk,etc.jO'R.),gossip(Perth);fromgabh;

"takein"i
gabhar,goat;seebestG.formingobhar.
gabhd,acraftytrick;fromSc.gaud,atrick.Cf.M.E.gaude,

specioustrick(Chaucer),fromLat.gaudiuvi,Eng.gaud.
gabhlan,awandering,amandevoidofcare(H.S.D.,whichmakes

itDial.;M'E.):
gach,each,every,Ir.gach,0.Ir.each,cech,omnis,quivis,W.

pob.0.W.,Cor.pop,Br.pep,pob:*qoqa,*qeqa,rootqo,qef

ofinterrogativeco;Lat.quisque;Skr.kagca;etc.
gad,awithe,switch,Ir.gad,E.Ir.gat:*gazdo;Got.gazds,

goad,0.HG.gart,sting,rod,Norse,gaddr,sting,Eng.

yard;Lat.hasta,spear(fromghazdhd%)
gad,gat,anironbar;fromSc.gad,abarofmetal,Eng.gad,

wedgeofsteel,M.Eng.gad,spike,bar,Norse,gaddr,as

undergad.
gadaiche,thief,Ir.gaduigh,E.Ir.gataige;seegold.
gadair,tietheforefeetofahorse,etc.(H.S.D.,Dial);fromgad.
gadhar,gaothar,lurcherdog,Ir.gadhar,mastiff,huntingdog,

M.Ir.gadar,mastiff,E.Ir.gagar;fromNorsegagarr,dog

(K.Meyer)1TheNorsehasgagg,thefox'scry,gagl,a

wildgoose;thisseemstoprovethattheNorsehasaroot

gag,howl,andislikelytheoriginalsourceofgagar.
gadluinne,aslender,feeblefellow,asalmonafterspawning(Sh.):

*gad+?
gadmunn,hairinsect,nit(H.S.D.,M'A.):
gadraisg,tumult,confusion(H.S.D.,Dial.):
gafann,henbane(Sh.,O'B.,H.S.D.),Ir.gafann,Cor.gahen:
gag,acleft,chink,Ir.gag:*gdgg&,gdsg,I.E.rootghdg,further

gho,gha;Eng.gap,gape;Gr.\doKOi,yawn,x^s,abyss,Eng.

chaos;Lat.fauces,throat.Cf.W.gag.Skeattakeshence

Eng.jag.
gagach,stuttering(Sh.,O'R.),Br.gak;anonomatopoeticword.

Cf.Eng.gag,whichSkeatqueriesiffromG.
gagan,acluster:

gaibhteach,apersoninwant,craver;fromgabh.
gailbheach,stormy,prodigious,E.Ir.gailbech,blustering;cf.

Eng.gale,ofScandinavianorigin,Dan.gal,furious,Norse

galinn(do.).Alsogailbhinn,astormatsea,astormof

snow,
gailbhinn,agreatroughhill(Sh.,"gailebhein,"H.S.D.):
gaile,excitement(M'D.):
gaill,surlylook,etc.;seegoill.

22

186ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

gailleach,gailleach,thegum,aswellingofthegum(incattle),
seamofshoeuppers,orjunctionofinnerandouterbarksof
trees,Ir.gailleach(O'B.):

gailleag,ablowonthecheek,Ir.gailleog;fromgaill.Cf.

gaillionn,astorm;cfNorwegiangalen,windstorm,Norsegalinn,
furious,Eng.gale.

gaillseach,anearwig,soIr.:

gaillseach,amouthoverchargedsothatthecheeksswellout,a
mouthfulofflesh.Seegoill.

gaineamh,sand,soIr.,E.Ir.ganem;rootgdofGryala,earth%
Stokesgivesthestemasgasnimd,rootghas,Latharena,
sand.ButgasnshouldgiveG.gann.Alsogainmheach,
E.Irganmech,

gainisg,gainisgeag,sedge,asmalldivinityinmarshesand
sedgesbywater,moaningfordeathstocome(Carm.):

gainne,adart,arrow(Sh.,O'B.,H.S.D.,M'E),gainne,arrow
head(Arg.),Ir.gainne:gasnid;rootgasofgad,q.v.

gainntir,aprison,Ir.gaintir(Fol.):

gair,near;seegar.

gair,call,crow;seegoir.

gair,ashout,outcry,Ir.,E.Ir.gair,\Y.gawr,clamor:*gdri;Gr.
yfjpvs(Dor.yapvs),voice;rootgar,ger,asingoir,q.v.

gair,laugh,gaire,alaugh,Ir.gdirim,gdire,E.Ir.gdire(n.);
fromrootgar,asintheforegoingword.Stokesgivesthe
stemas*gdsrid,andcfs.Skr.hasrd,laughing,has,laugh.

gairbh,agreedystomach,deer'spaunch:

gairbheil,gaireal,freestone,gravel,Ir.gairbhM,pron.grabheal;
fromEng.gravel.

gairbhtheann,aspeciesofwildgrass(H.S.D.):

gairdeachas,rejoicing,Ir.gdirdeachas,M.Ir.gdirdechad,delight
ing;fromgair,laugh.K.Meyerregardsthisasfromolder
'*gartiugud,shorteningorwhilingtime,fromgoirid,E.Ir.
urgartiugud,whiletime,amuse;withaleaningongair,
laugh.Cf.W.difyru,amuse,divert,frombyr,short.

gairdean,gaoirdean,anarmjfromSc.gardy,arm,gardis,yards,
sameasyard.

gairgean,garlic;fromEng.garlicandG.garg,bitter,bypopular
etymology.

gairgeill^stalewine,Ir.gairgin,dung;fromgarg.

gaireas,goireas,convenience;seegoireas.

gairisinn,disgust,Ir.gairseamhuil,obscene,wanton:

gairm,acall,office,Ir.gairm,pi.garmanna,0.Ir.gairm,W.,Br.
garm,ashout:*garsmen;rootgarofgoir,q.v.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.187

gairneal,amealchest,Ir.gairneal,amealmagazine,garner;
fromSc.garnell,girnell,Eng.garner,from0.Fr.gernier,
fromLat.granarium,granary.

gairneilear,agardener;fromtheEnglish.

gais,atorrent(H.S.D.andIr.),surfeit;fromEng.gush?

gais,wisdom,lance,plenty(Carm):

gais,shrivelup;fromgas,twig1Forsense,cf.crannadh.

gaisde,atrap(Sh.,O'B,,H.S.D.),Ir.gaisde,0.I.goisie,noose;
fromgaoisd,horsehair1

gaisde,awispofstraw(H.S.D.);cf.gaoisd.

gaise,adaunting(M'A.);cf.gais,shrivel.

gaisge,valour,Ir.gaisge,bravery,E.Ir.gaisced,gasced,bravery,
featsofarms,armour,weapons;theideaseemstobe*'feats"
andtherootthesameasingasda,q.v.

gal,weeping,Ir.gut,E.Ir.got,I.E.gel,pain;Ger.qual,pain,
qudlen,torment;Litgelti,tosmart.Cf.galar.

tgal,valour,war,E.Ir.gal,0.Br.gal,puissance,*gald,W.gallu,
posse,Br.galloet(do.),Cor.gallon,might:*galno;Lit.
galiu,Ican,Ch.SI.golemu,great.Hencethenationalname
Galatae,Galatian,alsoGallus,aGaul(butseeGall).

galad,goodgirl,bravegirl,fern,forlaochan,usedinencouraging
address:aghalad.Rootisgal(*galnat),brave.
4galan,agallon,Ir.galun;fromtheEng.

galar,adisease,Ir,0.Ir.galar,W.galar,grief,Br.glar,glachar
(do.);*galron.Bez.suggestsasalliedNorsegalli,flaw,
Umbr.holtu,Ch.SI.zulu,bad,sore.Butcf.gal,weep.

gale,thickencloth,fulling;fromtheEng.walk,waulk.

Gall,aLowlander,stranger,Ir.Gall,astranger,Englishman,
E.Ir.gall,foreigner;fromGallus,aGaul,theGaulsbeing
thefirststrangerstovisitorbevisitedbytheIrishinPre
RomanandRomantimes(Zimmer).Forderivationseegal,
valour.Stokestakesadifferentview;hegivesasbasisfor
gall,stranger,*gallos,W.gal,enemy,foe:*ghaslo?root
ghas,Lathostis,Eng.guest.HencehederivesGallus,a
Gaul,sonamedfromsomeCelticdialect.

galla,abitch;cf.W.gast,abitch.G.ispossiblyfor*gaslid.
PotthasadducedSpanishgalgo,greyhound,which,however,
isfoundedonCanisGallicus.Seegasradhforroot.

gallan,abranch,ayouth(fig.):*gaslo,rootgasofgas,q.v.
Cf.W.gelin,ashoot.

galluran,woodangelica,so.Ir.:gal\jiu^a.n.

galuban,abandputuponthedugsofmarestopreventthefoal
sucking(H.S.D.,Dial.):

gamag,astride,Ir.gdmus,proudgaitorcarriage:*gangmo(1);
Sc.gang,Ger.gang,gait.Cf.gbmag.

188ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

gamhainn,ayearoldcalf,astirk,Ir.gamhuin,acalf,E.Tr.
gamuin,pi.g.gamna,yearoldcalf;fromgam,winter:
"winterold."Forroot,seegeamhradh.Confirmedbythe
proverb:"OidhcheShamhna,theireargamhnarisnalaoigh"
OnHallowe'enthecalvesarecalledstirks.Similarlyand
fromthesamerootareNorsegymbr,ayearoldewelamb,Sc.
gimmer,Gr.x^aP^ayearlinggoat(Dor.).Hence
gamhnach,farrowcow.

gamhlas,malice,gannlas,ganndas(Dial.)jfromgann?

ganail,rail,fold(Sh.,O'B.,H.S.D.),Ir.ganail:cf.gunwale.

gangaid,deceit(Sh.,O'B.,etc.),bustle,lightheadedcreature
(Sh.),Ir.,M.Ir.,gangaid,deceit,falsehood:

gann,scarce,Ir.gann,0.Ir.gann,gand:*gandos;Skr.
gandhdyate,hurt;Lit.gendu,beinjured(Stokes).

ganradh,agander,Ir.gandal;fromtheEng.

ganraich,roaringnoiseasofbillowsorbirds:

gaog,alumpasinyarnorcloth;cf.goigean.

gaoid,ablemish,Ir.gaoid,astain;cf.E.Ir.goH,awound:
*gaizdo;Lit.zaizda,awound.

gaoir,anoise,acryofpainoralarm,sensationorthrillofpain
(Perth.)jfromgair,shout%

gaoisd,gaoisid,horsehair,M.Ir.goisideach,crinitus,0.Ir.goiste,
suspendium,laqueus:*gaissinti,*gaittinti;Gr.xatTr/)
mane,flowinghair.

gaoistean,acraftyfellow(H.S.D.fromMSS.),Ir.gaistin;cf.
gaisde,atrap.

gaoithean,afop,emptyheadedfellowjfromgaoth,wind.

gaol,love,Ir.gaol,kin,family,E.Ir.gdel,relationship:*gailo;
Lit.gailus,compassionate;Got.gailjan,gladden,Ger.geil,
wanton;Gr.$i\o<s,friendly.StokesandStrachanagree.

gaorr,faeces,ordureintheintestines,gore,lr.garr;probably
fromEng.gore,AgSgov,dirt.Hencegaorran,bigbelly,
aglutton.InArg.pronouncedwithNorthernaosound;in
North,pronouncedwithaobroadasinArg.Considerskar
insharn(Sc.);cf.caoirneanorgaoirnean.

gaorsach,abawd,slut:"dirtywench;"fromgaorrandthe
femaleterminationsach?Cf.siursach.

gaort,giort,asaddlegirth;fromtheEng.

gaoth,wind,soIr.,E.Ir.gaeth,goeth,0.Ir.gdith:*gaito,from
rootgai,I.E.ghai,ghei,ghi,drive,storm,asinG.geamh
radh,q.v.Eng.ghost(I.E.ghoizdos)isallied.Stokes
refersittotherootofgathsolely,whichisghaiasabove.

gar,warm,Ir.goraim,0.Ir.gorim,Br.gov,burning,W.gwres,
heat:*goro,Iwarm;Gr.depos,summerheat,Otpfxos,warm,
Eng.^rwometer;Lat.furnus,oven,furnace;Ch.SI.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.189

goreti,burn;furtherEng.ivarm(I,E.*ghuormo,Teut.

gwarm.
gar,gair,gaire,nearproximity,Ir.gar,near(adj.andadv.),

M.Ir.gar,shortly,W.ger,gar.near.Seegoiridforroot,
gar,although(Dial.):*garo.Forga,seege;roistheverbal

particle,
garadh,garradh,agarden,Ir.gardhadh,M.Ir.garrda;fromthe

Norsegarftr,ayard,M.Eng.gard,gar]?,Eng.yard,garden.
garadh,garaidh,aden,copse,garan,thicket,Ir.gardn,under
wood,thicket,garrdn,grove,rootgar,bristle,berough,I.E.

gher,standstiff,tear,scratch;Gr.x^Paiiastake,xaP^Pa^

ravine;Lat.hirtutus,hirsute,her,hedgehog,furca,aforkJ

Lit.zeriii,scrape,etc.Seegarbh.
garbh,rough,soIr.,0.Ir.garb,W.garw,Br.garu,hard,cruel:

*garv>;I.E.gher,scratchy,rough,tearing;Gr.XVP>hedge
hog,Lat.her(do.),hirsutus,hirsute,Skr.hdrshati,bestiff.

Seegaradhfurther.SomejoinitwithLat.gravis,butas

thisisalliedtoGr.fiapvs,heavy,theG.wouldratherbe

barbh.Lat.horreo?
garbhag,sprat,garvie(Dial);fromtheSc.garvie.InArran,

garbhanachistheseabream,butthisisfromG.garbh.
garbhan,thegillsofafish(N.H.).Seegiiiran.
garcan,ahen'scomplaint;onomatopoetic.Seegrachdan.
garg,fierce,angry,bitter,Ir.garg,0.Ir.garg,gargg:*gorgos;

Gr.yopyos,rough,frightsome.ThereisanobsoleteM.Ir.

gearg,*gergos.
garlach,ascreaminginfant,littlevillian,vagabond,Ir.garlach;

fromgar,cry,withtheterminationlach(seebglach).
garluch,amole(Sh.,O'B.,H.S.D.),Ir.garluch:*garluch;luch

andgar(1).
garmainn,garman,aweaver'sbeam,Ir.,E.Ir.garmain,0.Ir.

gen.garmne,W.car/an;fromtherootofcuir,put?*ger,

*gher,spear?
garrach,aglutton,gorbelly,dirtycreature,Ir.garrfhiach,a

glutton(O'B.);alliedtoEng.gorbelly,gore,byborrowing(1).
garradh,agarden;betterspellingthangaradh,q.v.
garrag,ayoungcrow;cf.Eng.gorcrow,rootgorofEng.gore,as

ingarrach.
garrag,asuddenyell,Ir.gartha,clamour,roaring;fromgarof

goir.
gart,surlyaspect,gloom;cf.goirt,sore,sour,
gart,standingcorn,Ir.gort,cornfield,0.Ir.gort,seges;Gr.

\6pros,fodder.Seegoirteanfurther,
gartan,agarter;fromtheEng.

190ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

gas,twig,astalk,Ir.gas:*gastd;Lat.hasta(seegad).Bez.
queriesifnotfrom*gaksd,Lit.zagarai,brushwood.

gasaid,fray(Dial.):

gasda,excellent,Ir.gasda,clever,ingenious,E.Ir.gasta(do.):
*gassavos,*gastavo,rootgad{gads);Gr.dyadds,Eng.good,
Lat.habilis?

gasg,atail:*gadsko;Zendzadhanh,podex,Gr.x*^cacare.

gasgag,astep,stride:*gadsko,rootgad,go,M.Ir.gaid,goes;
Eng.gait,Ger.gasse,way.

gasradh,salacityinfemaledogs,W.gast,abitch;rootgas,gats,
M.Br.gadales,meretrix,Fr.gou'ine,0.Ir.goithimm,futuo.

gasraidh,rabble,mercenarysoldiers,Ir.gasradh,bandofdomestic
troops,"youths,"fromgas,militaryservant;borrowedfrom
theW.givas,whenceEng.vassal.Seefasdadh.

gat,anironbar;seegad.

gath,adart,sting,Ir.qath,E.Ir.gai,gae,Gaul,gaison;Norse
geirr,spear,Ag.S.gdr,Eng.^rarlic;Gr.x"^shepherd's
crook;Skr.heshas,missile.

ge,whoever,geb'e,whatever,whoever,Ir.gibe,E.Ir.cebe\for
ge,seeco,theinterrogativepronoun;beisthesubj.ofb\.

ge,though,Ir.gidh,0.Ir.ce,ci,cia;samerootasabove.See
alsoged.

geacach,sententious,pert;fromSc.geek,tosport,toderide,Ger.
gecken,hoax.

gead,aspotofarableland,agardenbed,aspotinahorse'sfore
head,Ir.gead:

gead,alockofhair(H.S.D.);also"toclip":

geadas,apike,Ir.geadus;fromNorsegedda,Sc.ged,alliedto
Eng.goad.

geadh,agoose,Ir.geadh,E.Ir.ged,W.gwydd,0.Cor.guit,auca,
Cor.goydh,goose,Br.goaz,givaz:*gegdo,rootgeg,crylikea
goose;Norsegagl,wildgoose,M.H.G.gage,gige,crylike
agoose,gigze,produceinarticulatesound;Lit.gagonas,
gooselike,Serviangagula,awaterfowl,Russ.gagara,silver
diver(Stokes).ItcannotbereferredtotherootsofEng.
gooseandgander(ghans,ghandro).

geadhail,aploughedfield,park(Arg.,M'A.);henceearghalt,
arableland:samerootasgead,viz.,ged,hold,Eng.get.

geal,aleech,E.Ir.gel,W.gel,Cor.ghel,Br.gelaonen;Gr.
jSSeAAa,/3\.Tve<s,leeches(Hes.):Skr.jaluka,bloodleech;
I.E.rootgel,devour,Lat.gula,throat,Eng.gullet,etc.

geal,white,Ir.geal,E.Ir.gel:*gelo,I.E.rootghel,clear,shine,
glow;Lit.geltas,paleyellow;Eng.gleam,glow;Gr.xK'ud,
bewarm,x^At9>unmixedwine;etc.Stokesconnectsitwith
Lit.zilas,grey;theusualderivationjoinsitwithLat.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.191

helvus,lightbay,Eng.yellow,Lit.zelti,growgreen,Ch.SI.

zelenu,green.Hencegealach,themoon,soTr.;gealan,a

linnet,
gealbhan,afire,littlefire:*gelvo,I.E.ghel,glow;Eng.glow,

gleam;Gr.x^iwjhewarm.Seegeal.
gealbhonn,asparrow,soIr.,M.Ir.gelbund,W.golfan,Cor.,Br.

golvan;fromgeal,white.Cf.Gr.x^L&(*>v>swallow,Norse

gal(do.),
geall,apledge,Ir.geall,0.Ir.gell,pignus:*gislo,rootgis,geis,

ofgiall,hostage,q.v.Stokesderivesitthus:*geldos,

*geldon,now*gelnon,gislon,Got.gild,tribute,Ger.geld,

money,Eng.yield,guild;Gr.o</>eAA<o,owe,reXdos(Hes.),

debt.
geall,desire,longing,Ir.geall:intheG.phrase,angeallair,

Keating'singeall,inneedof;fromgeallabove,
gealtach,cowardly,Ir.gealtach,fearful;seegeilt.
geamhradh,winter,Ir.geimhreadh,E.Ir.qemred,0.Ir.gaimred,

0.W.gaem,W.gauaf,Cor.goyf,Br.goam,M.Br.gouaff':
*gimo(forGadelic),*gaiamo,*gaimo(forBrittonic,Stokes);

1.E.ghim,gheim,ghiem;Skr.himd,cold,Zendzima,winter;
Ch.SI.zima;Gr.xeipuv;Lat.hiems.The0.Ir.gam,for
gem,hasitsvowelinfluencedbytheanalogyofsamhof
samhradh(Thur.).Thur.nowsuggestsCelt.*giamo;cf.
Gaul.Giamillus.

geamhta,geamhd,anythingshortandthick,Ir.geamhddg,alittle

cakeofbread(O'R.);forroot,cf.geimheal.Cf.Ir.giobhta,

giota,apiece,
geamnaidh,chaste,Ir.geanmnuidh,E.Ir.genmnaid,0.Ir.genas,

castitas;fromtherootgen,birth,Eng.genteel,gentle.See

gin.
gean,mood,humour,goodhumour,Ir.gean,favour,approval,

affection;cf.Lat.genius,ingenium,rootgen,Eng.kin,kind.

E.Ir.gen,laugh,maybecomparedtoGr.yai/os,joy(Bez.);

Stokessuggests*gesno,Skr.has,laugh,
geangach,crooked,thickandshort;seegingein.
geanmchnd,chesnut,Ir.geanmchnit:"chastitytree;"amistaken

translationofLat.castanea,chesnut,asiffromcastus,chaste,
geannair,ahammer,wedge,Ir.geannaire;seegeinne.
gearail,acomplaint,Ir.geardn,M.Ir.gerdn,rootger,cry;

0.H.G.,queran,sigh,chara,weep,Ag.S.cearu,sorrow,Eng.

care;furtheralliedisrootgar,sound,asingoir.Cf.W.

gerain,cry,squeak,andGr.Svpofxau,lament,
ygearasdan,agarrison,Ir.gairision;fromtheEng.
gearnal,girnell;seegdirneal.

192ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

gearr,short,cut(vb.),Ir.gearr,gedrraim,E.Ir.gerr,gerraim:
*gersos.Stokescfs.Gr.xept'uMv,XW<*>v,worse,Skr.hrasva,
short.Cf.M.Eng.garsen,gash,0.Fr.garser.

gearr,ahare,Ir.geirrfhiadh:"shortdeer;"fromgearrand
fiadh,thelatterwordbeingomittedinG.

gearrach,diarrhoea,bloodyflux:

gearraidh,thepasturelandbetweentheshorelandandthemoor
land(Heb.);fromN.gertSi,fencedfield,garth.Shet.
Gairdie.

gearrail,agelding,Ir.,M.Ir.gearrdn;fromgearr,cut.

Gearran,the4weeksdatingfrom15thMarchonwards(H.S.D.).
Thisformsapartoftheanimalnomenclaturegiventothe
severalperiodsofSpringtime:firsttheFaoilleach,explained
as"Wolfmonth";thentheFeadag,orPlover,aweek's
length;thentheGearran,orGelding,variouslyestimated
astolengthandtime;thencametheCailleach,orOld
Woman,aweek'stime;thenperhapsthethreedaysofthe
Oisgean,orewes.SeeNich.pp.412414.

geas,spell,taboo,charm,Ir.,E.Ir.geis,taboo,gessim(vb.):
*gesso,*gedto,rootgSdofguidhe,q.v.

geata,gate,soIr.,M.Ir.geta;fromAg.S.geat,Eng.gate.

ged,although:*geta;sameasciod.

geil,abubble,well(Carm.);alsoboil:

g^ill,yield,submit,Ir.geillim,E.Ir,giallaim,0.Ir.geillfit,
dedentur;fromgiall,hostage.

geilt,terror,fear,Ir.geilt,adistractedperson,wild,M.Ir.
geltacht,flying,E.Ir.geilt,madbyfear;NorsevertSaat
gjalti,toturnmadwithterror(borrowedfromCeltic,Stokes,
Thurneysen;borrowedintoCeltic,Zimmer).Stokesrefers
ittoarootghel,fly,suggestedbyGr.xt\iuv,aswallow.

geimheal,afetter,chain,Ir.geimhiol,E.Ir.geimel,gemel:
*gemelo,rootgem,fasten;Gr.ykvro,grasped(^ye/xro),
ydfios,marriage;Lat.gemini,twins;Ch.SI.zima,com
primere.

geimhleag,geimhleag(Wh.),acrowbar,lever;fromSc.gaie
lock,aspear,javelin,Ag.S.gafeloc,spear,possiblyfroman
earlyformofW.gaflach,adart,therootbeingthatin
gobhal,fork.

geinn,awedge,soIr,E.Ir.geind,W.gaing,Br.genu,0.Br.gen,
M.Br.guenn:*genni,rootgen,asinLetticdfenis,thewood
wedgedintotheforkoftheploughshare,dfenulis,sting,
Ch.SI.zlo(do.).N.gand,gann,apeg,stick,Lat.offendo,
*fendo,Eng.offend(StokesandLiden).Cf.Ir.ding.

geintleach,aheathen,Ir.geinteach,M.Ir.genntlige(adj.),gennti,
gentiles;fromtheLat.gens(gentis),gentilis,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.193

geir,tallow,Ir.,E.Ir.geir,W.gwer,gired,grease.Cf.Gr.XPt(u)

anoint,Scr.gharmti(do.),*ghrsjo.
geis,gestation,gestators;milk(Carm.):
geisg,creakingnoise;secgwsgan.
Vgedb,awrymouth;fromtheEng.gape,Ag.S.geapian.

geoc,geoic,awryneck;formedonEng.cock?Cf.Sc.gekk,

grimace,
gedcaire,aglutton,Ir.gedcaire,aglutton,stroller,parasite,M.Ir.

geocac/i,mimus;formedonLat.jocosus(Stokes),
geodh,geodha,acreek:fromtheNorsegjd,achasm,whence

N.Scotchgeo.
geola,ship'sboat,yawl;fromtheScandinavianMod.Norse

jula,Swedishjulle,Dan.jolle,Sc.yolle,Eng.yawl,jollybo&t.
ge61ach,awoodenbier,theshoulderbandsofthedead;forroot,

seegiiilan?
gedpraich,atorrentofidletalk;cf.gedbabove,
geolan,afan,geulran(Sh.),Ir.gedilrean;fromtherootof

giulan?
gedtan,aspotofarableground(H.S.D.),adribletortriflingsum

(M'A.):
geuban,giaban,thecraworcropofabird;seegebb.
geug,abranch,Ir.g*ug,ge'ag,E.Ir.gee:*gnkd,knkd,W.cainc,

ysgainc;Skr.cailku,twig,stake;Ch.SI.sakii,surculus.
geum,alow,Ir.geim,alowing,roar,E.Ir.geim,shout,gessim,I

low:^gengmen;Lit.zvengiu,neigh;Ch.SI.zvega,sound.

Cf.Eng.squeak.Cf.Ch.SI.gangnati,murmur,
geur,giar,sharp,Ir.geur,0.Ir.ger:

gheibh,willget,Ir.gheibhim;rootaccentedformoffaigh,q.v.
giaban,gizzard;seegeuban.
giall,ajaworcheek,jowl,Ir.,M.Ir.giall,faucibus;theG.form

ciobhallseemsborrowedfromAg.S.ceafl,Eng.jowl;perhaps

allarefromtheEng.
fgiall,ahostage,pledge,Ir.giall,0.Ir.giall,W.gwystl,hostage,

Cor.guistel,obses,Br.goestl,Gaul.Cogestlos,*geislo,

*geistlo;0.H.G.gisal,Ger.geisel,Norsegisl,Ag.S.gisel.
giamh,giomh,afault,blemish:
gibeach.hairy,gibeag,arag,bundle,Ir.giobach,giobog,and

giob,tail,rag,0.Ir.gibbne,cirrus:
gibeach,neat;forsgibeach1Seesgiobalt.
gibein,apieceofflesh(M'E.);fromgibofgiblion.
giblean,April:
giblion,entrailsofagoose,gibean(StKilda),greasefromthe

solangoose'sstomach:
gibneach,cuttlefish:*gebbi;Ger.quappe,turbot1?

23

194ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

gidheadh,nevertheless,Jr.gidheadh:foranoldercid+ed
"thoughit(is)";Lat.quidid.Seecoandeadh.

gigean,geigean,masteratdeathrevels(Carm.):

gigean,adiminutiveman,littlemass;nativeformofceig,q.v.

gighis,amasquerade,soIr.;fromSc.gyis,amask,gysar,a
harlequin,onethatdisguiseshimselfatNewYear,gys,to
disguise,M.Eng.gisen,dress,prepare,from0.Fr.{de)gviser
Eng.disguise.

gilb,;ichisel:*glbi;cf.(ir.yXdcfuo,carve.Butcf.W.gylyf,
sickle,()Cor.gilb,foratorium,alliedtoG.gidlbneach,q.v.

gille,lad,servant,Ir.giolla,E.Ir.gilla;cf.Eng.child,Ag.S.
did.ZimmerthinksitisborrowedfromtheNorsegihh\
stout,brawny,offullworth,Eng.guild,Ag.S.gild,payment
(seegeall),gilda,fellow,usedinthenamesofNorsemen
convertedtoChristianityinsteadofmaol,slave.Gillefo
luinn,seagrass(Wh.).

gilm,abuzzard:

gilmean,afop,flatterer;seegiolam,

gimleid,agimlet,lr.gimUad;fromtheEnglish.

gin,beget,Ir.geinim,M,Ir.genar,wasborn,0.Ir.adgainemmar,
renascimur,gein,birth,W.geni,nasci,Br.gartet,born,
*geno,nascor;Lat.gigno,genui,begat;Gr.yiyvo/jwu,
become,yevos,race;Eng.kin;Skr.jdna,race,stock,jdndmi,
beget.Hencegin,anyone.

gineal,offspring,W.geniiII:lr.ginealach,ageneration,G.
ginealach,M.Ir.genelach,genealogy,fromLat.genealogist,
rootgenasingin.

gingein,acask,barrel,thicksetperson(notII.S.D.):

giobag,gibeag,fringe,rag,Ir.giobdg.Seegibeach.

gioball,vesture,castclothes,Ir.giobdl;seegibeach.

gioball,achap,oddfellow;abadfellow(Perth);ametaphoric
useofgioballabove.

giodaman,aperkyfellow:

giodar,dung,ordure(H.S.D.forC.S.),ir.giodar(do.;,gea<lan,
buttock:*geddo,rootghed,cacare;Gr.x*Cw5cacare,\68avos,
thebreech;Skr.had,cacare,Zd.zadhanh,podex.

giodhran,abarnacle(bird),Ir.giodhrdn,0.Ir.giugrann,\\.
giuyrain:*gegurannd;rootgegasingeadh,q.v.Fickhas
comparedLat.gingrum,goose.Alsogiuran.InIsof
Arran,giuraing,ashellfishthatboresholesinwreckage.

giog,cringe;also"peep"(M'A.):

giogan,athistle(Sh.,O'R.giogun):

giolam,gileim,tattle,Ir.giolmhaim,solicit:

tgiolc,reed,Ir.<//'<>/<</</<,]].\y.gUcach:

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.lttf)

giolc,stoop,aimat(M'A):

giolcair,aflippantfellow:

giolcamdaobhram,animalcule(H.S.D.):

giomach,alobster,Ir.giomach,gliomach(/),W.ceimvxich:

giomanach,ahunter;fromtheEnggame.

gionach,greed,M.Ir.ginach,craving;fromtgin,mouth,O.Ir.

gin,W.gen,gena,mentum,Cor.genau,os,Br.guen,cheek:

*genu;Gr.yews,chin;Latgena,cheek;Eng.chin.
giorag,panic,apprehension,noise,Ir.giorac,noise(giorac,Con.):
giort,agirth,Ir.giorta;fromtheEng.
giosgan,creaking,gnashing,Ir.giosgdn;alsoIr.dioxedn.
giseag,afretorbitofsuperstition,acharm;seegeas.
gith,ashower,series(H.S.D.);cf.E.Ir.gith,wayofmotion,

Skr.hi,setinmotion,impel,hiti,impelling,
githeilis,runningtoandfroontriflingerrands,trifling,E.Ir.

gith,way,motion.Seeaboveword.
githir,gir,cornreapers'wristpain:
giud,awile:

giugas,refuseoffishleftonshore:
giuig,adroopingofthehead,languor:

giulan,acarrying:*gesul<>,rootges,carry,Lat.gero,gestum.
giulla,giullan,alad,boy,Ir.giolla,servant,footman.From

thesamesourceasgille.
giullaich,prepare,managewell;fromgiulla,theideabeing

"serving;"cf.Ir.giollaabove,andIr.giollas,service.
giumsgal,flattery:
giuram,complaining,mournfulnoise(H.S.D.);cf.I.K.gevo,cry,

asinguth,q.v.
giuran,gillsofafish,garbhan,:*gober,rootofgob1
giuran,barnaclegoose;seegiodhran.
giuthas,fir,Ir.giumhas,E.Ir.gius:*gisusto,rootgis;Gcr.

kien,resinouswood,kienbaum,Scotchfir,Jciefer(kienfohre),

pine,Ag.S.cen,firwood,*Hzn(Schrader).Cf.rootgisof

gaison,0.Ir.gae.Ag.S.gyr,abies.
glac,take,seize,Ir.,M.Ir.glacaim,glaccad,grasping,E.Ir.

glace,hand,handful:^glajiko(*?),Eng.clasp.Seeglas.
glag,noiseofanythingfalling,noise,horselaugh,Ir.glagairc,a

babbler,glagan,millclapper:*glagk<>;(Jr.yAafw(*tlagj6),

sing,noise;Eng.clack,M.Eng.clacke,millclack,Norse

Ma/ca,chatterbirdlike;alsoEng.clap.Thereisadegree

ofonomatopoesyaboutthesewordsCf.clag.
glaib,dirtywater,puddle,Ir.gldib;cf.Idib.
glaim,complaint,howling,Ir.gldim,M.Ir.gldimm:*glag.smd;

Ger.klagen,weep(Strachan,Stokes).

196

ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

glainne,glaine,aglass,Tr.gloine,E.Ir.gloine,glaine,W.ginin,
agem,whatispure;fromglan,clean.

glaiseach,foam(M'A.),glaissheile,waterbrash,fromobs.glais,
stream,E.Ir.glaiss,samerootasglas.

glaisleun,lesserspearwort(Sh.),Ir.glaisltun;fromglasand
leunorlean,aswamp(Cameron).

glaistig,waterimp;fromglas,water.SoCarm.Manxglashtyn,
kelpie,etc.

glam,devour,Ir.gldmaim,devour,gobble,gldmaire,glutton:
*gladsmo;Ch.SI.gladu,hunger.Sc.glam.

glamair,asmith'svice;fromtheNorseklo'mbr,asmith'svice,
Ger.klemmem,pinch,jam.

glamhsa,asnapasbyadog;forform,compareIr.glamhsan,a
murmur,whichisanaspiratedformofglaim,howling.The
Gissimilarlyfromglam,devour,withpossiblyaleaningon
theideaofnoiseasinglaim.H.S.D.hasglamhus,open
chops,Glomhas,openchasm(Wh.).

glan,clean,pure,Ir.,0.Ir.glan,W.glain,Br.glan,Gaul,river
nameGlana:*glanos,root,gle,gel,gla,shine;Gr.yA?jvea,
shows,ykrjvrj,eyeball,yeAeiv,shine(Hes.),andyXaivol,bright
ornamentation(Hes.),fromrootglai,fromwhichEng.clean
comes(thus:gle,gla:glei,glai).

glang,aringingnoise;seegliong.

glaodh,acry,call,Ir.glaodh,M.Ir.gloed,ashout;ci.0.Ir.
adglddur,appello,Skr.hrtidate,sound,Gr.yAokrcra,tongue
(*y\(3)6ia1),Ir.andG.wouldthenbefroman0.Ir.*glaid,
from*glddi.Henceglaodhar,glaoran,anoise,prating.

0.Ir.gloidim,ringo.

glaodh,glue,Ir.glaodh,M.Ir.glded,E.Ir.glded;*gloido,from

1.E.gloi,glei,besticky;Gr.yAoia,yXia,yXtvrj,glue:Lat.
gluten;Ch.SI.gle'nu,mucus;Eng.clay,Ger.klei,slime.
W.gludandM.Br.glutarefromtheLat.

glaodhan,pithofwood;fromglaodh,theideabeing"resinousor

glueystuff."
glaomar,afoolishperson(Dial.):"noisyone;"fromglaodh.
glaoran,blossomofwoodsorrel:*gloiro,"bright,"rootgleiof

gU%
glas,alock,Ir.,0.Ir.glas:*glapsd;Eng.clasp.
glas,grey,Ir.glas,green,pale,E.Ir.glass,W.,0.W.,Br.glas,

green:*glasto,green;Ger.glast,sheen(Bez.),rootglas,to

whichGer.glass,Eng.glass,areprobablyallied.
gl6,very,Ir.gUtvery,pure,0.Ir.gle,bright,W.gloew,bright,

0.W.gloiu,liquidum:*gleivo,I.E.ghlei,shine;Eng.

gleam,glimmer,Ger.glimmen;Gr.xAtw>xA6a/^?>warm

(Kluge).Bez.refersittotherootofEng.clean(seeglan).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.197

gleac,awrestle,fight,Ir.,E.Ir.gleic:*glekki,*gleg~kotI.E.

gleyhb,wager;Ag.S.pltgeu,Eng.pledge,play;Skr.glah,

playatdice,castinwappenshaw.
gleadh,anonset,deed(H.S.D.);cf.Ir.gleo,g.gliadh,tumult,

E.Ir.gliad,battle:
gleadh,tricks(Sh.,O'B.gleadh,H.S.D.);Irgleadh(O'R.)jfor

gleagh,gleg,rootofgleac1
gleadhraich,gleadhair,noise,rattling,clangofarms,Ir.gleagh

rach,shout,noise;cf.Norsegle&ir,Christmasgames,gletSr,

merriment,Eng.glad.Ir.gliadrach,loquacious.IfE.Ir.

glechrachmeans"noisy,"thestemisglcgar,whichalso

appears(Mart.Gorman,editedbyStokes).
gleann,aglen,soIr.,E.Ir.glenn,glend,W.glan,brink,shore,

M.Br.glenn,country,Br.glann,riverbank:*glennos(a

neutersstem).StokescomparesM.H.G.klinnen,Swiss

kldnen,toclimb,Norseklunna,clingto.Norsegil%
gleidh,preserve,keep,Ir.gleithim,keep,clearup,cleanse,E.Ir.

gleim,makeclear,putinorder,layby.Seegleforroot,

andalsogleus.
gleithir,agadfly(M'D.,Sh.,O'R.):*glegh;cf.Sc.cleg,Norse

kleggi,gadfly.
gled,dazzlinghazinessabouttheeyes:
gleog,adrooping,sillylook;cf.sgleogair.
gleoid,asloven,Ir.gleoid.Seesgleoid.

glebisg,gleosg,avain,sillywoman,Ir.gleosg.Seenextword,
gledman,asilly,stupidfellow,Ir.gleodkmdn:
gleorann,cresses,wildangelica,Ir.glebrann,wildangelica;cf

E.Ir.glebir,sheen,M.Ir.gleordha,bright;rootislikely

thatofgle(*glivoro).

gleus,order,trim,tune,Ir.gleus,E.Ir.gles;forroot,seegleidh

andgle'.StrachanadducesE.Ir.glese,brightness,andtakes

itfrom*glentt,alliedtoCer.glauz,splendour,Eng.glance.

Cf.W.glwys,fair,pleasant.Hencegleusda,diligent.
fglib,alockofhair,Ir.glib:*glbbi;cf.Eng.clip.Hence

Eng.glib.
glib,sleet,glibshleamhuinn,slipperywithsleet(Sh.,whogives

glib,slippery);fromSc.glib,slippery,Eng.glib.
glic,wise,Ir.glic,0.Ir.glicc:*glkki.StokescomparesGr.

KaAxcuW,ponder,andtakesfromG.theSc.gleg.
glidich,move,stir:
glinn,pretty,(StrathspeyandLochbroomDialectsforgrinn),Ir.

glinn,bright;Eng.glint,gleam,glance.
gliog,gliogar,atinkling,clink,Ir.gliogar;Eng.click,clack:an

onomatopoeticroot.

198ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

gliogram,astaggering;fromgliogar,theideabeing"noise
making"1Cf.Ir.glingin,drunkenness.AlsoG.gliogach,

clumsy,unstable,
gliomach,slovenly,longlimbedfellow;cf.Ir.gliomach,alobster,
gliong,ringingnoise,Ir.glionc(O'R.);alliedto,orfrom,the

Eng.clink,Teut.kling.
1gliostair,aclyster;fromtheEng.
gliuchd,ablubbering,crying:
gloc,thecluckingofahen,noise,loudnote;Eng.clock,cluck,

W.clwc;Lat.gfoclre;etcOnomatopoetic.
gloc,swallowgreedily,glochdan,awidethroat;fromtheSc.

glock,gulp,glog,swallowhastily,E.Eng.glucchen,gulchen,

swallowgreedily,Ger.glucken,gulken,klucken.
glochar,awheezing,difficultrespiration,Ir.glocharuach;cf.Sc.

glag,glagger,makeanoiseinthethroatasifchoking,

glugger,tomakeanoiseinthethroatswallowing.Alliedto

gloc,etc.
glocnid,amorningdramtakeninbed:fromglocandnead.
glodhar,ravine,chasm(Kintyre);inLewisnamesN.gljufr.
glog,asoftlump,glogair,astupidfellow:"unstableone";from

glug,gluig.
glog,asudden,hazycalm,adozing(M'A.):
gloic,havinghangingcheeks,asinhens:
gloichd,gloidhc,gloibhc(Wh.),asenselesswoman,anidiot;from

theSc.glaik.
gloin,gloine,glass;seeglain.
gl6ir,glory,Ir.,K,Ir.gldir,Br.gloar;fromLat.gloria,whence,

Eng.glory.
gloir,speech,Ir.glor,E.Ir.gloruch.noisy;sameasgldir,glorv
gloirionn,spottedintheface(HS.D.),drabcoloured(M'A.):
,.\glomadh,glomainn,thegloaming;fromtheEng.

glomhar,amuzzle,aninstrumentputintoalamborkid'smouth

topreventsucking,E.Ir.glomar,bridle;root,glom,glem.

Ger.klemmen,jam,M.H.G.klammer,tenaculum,Lat

glomus,aclew,
glomhas,arock,cleft,chink:
glong,aslimysubstance;rootglen,beslimy,Gr.(iXzvva,slime,

snot,0.H.G.klenan,cleave.Seesglongai'l.
glonn,adeedofvalour,Ir.glonn,E.Ir.glond,adeed:*glonno,

rootofgal'?
glonn,loathing,qualm,Ir.glonn,E.Ir.glonn,crime:"facinus

extendeduseoftheaboveword,
glothagach,frog'sspawn(Sh.,O'R.):
gluais,move,Ir.,E.Ir.gluaisim,0.Ir.gluas:*gleu*so,from

rootgel,Lat.volo,fly,Gr./JdAAcoISoDrCameron.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.109

glue,socketoftheeye:

glug,noiseofliquidinavesselwhenmoved,Ir.glug(do.),glugal.

cluckingofahen;Eng.cluck.Allareonamatopoetic.See

gloc.Alsoglugach,stammering:"clucking."Cf.Sc.

glugger,tomakeanoiseinthethroatbyswallowingany

liquid,
gluig,addled(ofanegg);fromtheaboveword.Cf.W.clwc,

soft,addled(ofanegg).
glumadh,agreatmouthfulofliquid,glumag,adeeppool;allied

toglugafjove.
glumraidh,hungriness,devouring(asseawaves)(Hend.):
gluil,theknee,Ir.,0.Ir.glun,W.,Br.glin:*glunos.Stokes

comparesAlbanian<fu(g'uri,g'uni),knee.Possiblybydis
similationoftheliquidsfor*gnilnos,from*gnii,*gneu,

alliedtoEng.knee,Gr.yvv,ontheknee,
glupad,dropsyinthroatofcattleandsheep(Carm.):
glut,voracity,glutair,aglutton,W.gl.wth(do.),Br.gloutfrom

Lat.glutire,swallow,Eng.glutton;M.Ir.glota,belly.
gnaithseich,arablelandundercrop(M'A.):
gnamhai),periwinkle(Sh.,O'B.,H.SD.),Ir.gnamhan:
gnath,custom,usual,Ir.gndth,0.Ir.gndth,solitus,W.gnawd,

custom:*gnato;Lat.(g)notus,known;Gr.yvotrros(do);

Skr.jndta(do.);rootgnd,gnd,gen,know,Eng.know,etc.
gne,nature,kind,Ir.gne,0.Ir.gne,gen.gnee,pi.gnethi(neuter

sstem):*gneses;rootgen,beget,Lat.genus,Gr.yeveaL$

genesis,yevos,Eng.kind.
gniomh,adeed,Ir.gniomh,0.Ir.gnim:*gnemu;rootgne,do,

fromgen,beget,asingin.Hencedean,ni,rinn.
gno,gnodh,gruff(Arm.);cf.Ir.,E.Ir.gnd,derision.
gnob,abunch,tumour:fromtheEng.kitob.
gnog,aknock;fromEng.knock.
gnogach,sulky(Sh.,O'R.,etc.),gnoig,asurlyfrown(H.S.D.);

cf.gnu,gring.
gnoigean,ballofrosinputonhornsofviciouscattle(Skye):
gnoimh,visage,grin(Arm.,MkD.,M'A.);guoimh(Rob.);cf.

gnuis.
gnoin,shakeandscoldaperson(M'A.):
gnomh,gruntofapig(M'A.),forgromh,Ir.grossachd:an

onomatopoeticword,alliedtoLat.grunnire,grunt,Gr.ypv,

swine'sgrunt,Eng.grunt,grumph.Seegndsd.
gndmhan,groaning(ofananimal),grunting;alongvowelform

ofgnomh?
gnos,asnout(especiallyofapig),Ir.grostgrosmch,havinga

largesnout:*grupso\Gr.yp'Vsagriffin,"hooknosed,"

ypvTros,bent,Ger.krumm.

200ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

gndsd,gn6sad,gnusd,lownoiseofacow,Ir.gnusackd;*grumso;
seegnomh,grunt,andgnbmhan.AranIr.gnosacht,grunt
ofpig.

gnothach,business,Ir.gnofhuig(pron.gnathuigh),gno(pi.
gnothaidhe):*gnavo~tactive,Lat.gnavus,active,Eag.know.
Seegniomhandgnatli,forroot.

gnu,gab,surly,parsimonious,gnugach,surly.Seegnbandgriiig.

gnuis,theface,countenance,Ir.,O.Ir.gnuis,(fern,^declension;
*gwOMi:rootgen,know,Eng.know,etc.

gnuth;afrowninglook;seegnu.

go,alie,fault,Ir.go,lie,fraud,0.Ir.go,gdo,gdu,W.gau,Br.
gou,gttou:*gavo.Cf.(Jr.yavcros,crooked,yavcrdSaq,aliar
(Ernault).Bezzenbergergivesseveralalternatives;Lit.
prigduti,deceive,orPersianzur,false,orGr.\avvos,spongy,
Xaos,abyss.

gob,abeak,bill,Ir.gob,bill,mouth,E.Ir.gopchoel,leanjawed;
*gobbo,rootgobh,gebh;Gr.yafx^Xai,ya/x<uc,jaws;Ch.
SI.zohu,tooth,zobati,eat;Skr.jambhas,atooth.Stokes
comparesit(*gobhnd)toZend,zafan,mouthTherelation
shiptoEng.gobbet,gobble,Fr.gobet,0.Fr.gober,devour,is
notclear.Butcf.alsoEng.gab,gabble,G.gab.

gobha,gobhainn,asmith,Ir.gobha,g.gobhann,0.Ir.goba,g.
gobann,0.W.gob,W.gof,pi.gofion,Cor.go/,Br.go,Gaul.
Gobann:*gob&n;root(706&,asinGr.yd/z<os,abolt,Eng.
comb(Windisch),forwhichseegob.Lat.fabermay,however,
beallied,andtherootthenbegliob.Gobhauisge,water
ousel;alsogobhadubh.

gobhal,afork,Ir.gabhal,fork,gable,0.Ir.gabul,W.gafl,Br.
gaol:*gabalu;Eng.gable,Ger.gabel,fork;Gr.K<f>a\y,
head.

gobhar,agoat,Ir.gabhar,0.Ir.gabor,W.Grq/'r,Corn,gauar,Br.
(jra6r,^a^r,Gaul,gabro:*gabro;rootgabof(?a6A,take,as
Lat.caperisalliedtocapio,take(Loth)*?Stokesgivesthe
stemas*gamro,rootgamofgeamhradh,winter,and
gamhuinn,I.E.ghim;butmm,ofgliimcouldnotchangeto
Gaul,abingabro.

gOC,atap,cock;fromtheEng.cock.

gocaman,anusher,attendant,sentinel,orlookoutman;Martin's
(WesternIsles,p.10.3)gockmin,cockman;fromScandinavian
gokman,lookoutman(Arms.;MackinnonsaysitisDanish).
Forroot,cf.Ger.gucken,peep.Norse,gauksman:gaukma6"r,
cuckooman.Norsegaukr,cuckoo;Sc.gowk.

gddach,giddy,coquettish(Sh.,etc.);cf.gabhd.Godadhnan
ceann,tossingofone'shead(Wh.).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.201

godsag,atitbit:

gog,anod,tossingofthehead,Ir.gog;fromEng.cock,godadh

(Arg.).
gogaid,agiddyfemale,Ir.gogaide;fromEng.,Fr.coquette.
gogail,cackling,noiseofliquorissuingfromacask,Ir.gogallach;

Eng.cackle.Thewordsareonomatopoetic.Alsogoglais.
gogan,awoodenmilkpail,alsocogan;fromSc.cogue,cog,
apparentlyalliedtoM.Eng.cog,ship,Norsekuggi,asmall
ship,Teutonickuggon,ship,
goic,atossingoftheheadindisdain,ascoff,Ir.goic;foundedon

theEng.cock,likegog,q.v.
goid,steal,Ir.goidim,E.Ir.gataim:*gaddo,rootgad,ghad,
ghed,seize;Gr.yav^wu,lyjx^ov,hold,contain;Lat.pre
hendo,seize,praeda,booty,hedera,ivy;Eng.get.Thur.has
comparedtheLat.hasta,spear,givingastem*ghazdho.
goigean,abitoffatmeat,cluster,threadtangleorkink;cf.
gagan:*gaggo;cf.Gr.yayyAiov,ganglion,a"knot,"Eng.
kink.
goil,boil,Ir.gailim,seethe,boil:*gali;I.E.gel,well,Ger.

quellen,gush.Seenext,
goile,astomach,appetite,Ir.goile,gaile,stomach,appetite,
throat,M.Ir.gaile;also0.Ir.gelim,Iconsume;Lat.gula,
throat(Eng.gullet),glutire,swallow(Eng.glutton);Skr.
gilati,swallow;I.E.gel,alliedtorootofgoil.
gdileag,ahaycock,cole;fromtheSc.cole,Eng.coll,
goileam,tattle,chattering,alsogothlam(I=le);seegothlam.
goileam,fire(kindling)(Carm.):

goill,distortedface,angryface,grin,blubberlip;cf.Ir.gailledg,
ablowonthecheek,G.gailleag.Cf.forrootGr.x^*jlip,
*XrAos=Skr.ghas,eat,swallow,
goillir,aLewisbirdofthesizeoftheswallow,whichcomesto

landinwinter(Arms.):
goimh,anguish,pain,Ir.goimh:*gomi,rootgom,gem,press,

Lat.gemo,groan,Ch.SI.zimy,compress.
goin,gointe;seegon.

goir,call,cry,crow,Ir.goirim,E.Ir.gairim,0.Ir.adgaur,
convenio:*garo,speak,I.E.ger,cry;Gr.yepavos,crane,
SeLptav,abuse;Skr.jdrate,cry,crackle;furtherLat.garrio,
chatteri*gars);Eng.garrulous,Lit.garsas,noise;alsoroot
gdr,asinGaelicgair,Gr,yyjpvs,voice,etc.
goireas,convenience,apparatus;fromgar,near,andgoirid.
goirid,short,Ir.gairid,0.Ir.garit.Forroot,seegearr(Skr.
hrasva,short,etc.),fromwhichcomesthecomparativegiorra.
Alsogar,near,q.v.

24

202ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

goirt,sore,sour,Ir.goirt,sore,salt,E.Ir.goirt,bitter:*gorti,

I.E.gher,berough,asingarbh.
goirtean,alittlefieldofcorn,croft,Ir.goirtin,govt,garden,corn
field,0.Ir.gort,seges,W.garth,enclosure,Br.garz(do.):

*gorto;Lat.kortus;Gr.xPT0$)strawyard;Eng.garden,

garth,etc.
goisear(pi.an),guisers,waits,singersaboutChristmas,etc.

(Carm.):
gdisinn,gdisne,asnare,Ir.yaisde,0.Ir.goiste,suspendium.Cf.

gaoisid.
goisridh,company,people;seegasraidh.
goisdidh,gossip,godfather,M.Ir.goistibe,godfather;from

M.Eng.godsibbe,nowgossip.
golag,abudget:*gulo;Gr.yvAtos,wallet,0.H.G.Mulla.
golanach,twoheaded(H.S.D.):"forked,"fromgobhlan?
gomag,anip,pinch(M'L.,g6mag),gamag,largebite(Skye):
gon,wound,bewitch,Ir.gonadh,wounding,E.Ir.gonim:*gono,

Iwound,I.E.ghen;Gr.<f>6vo<s,slaughter,detvoy,hit;Norse,

gunnr,battle,0.H.G.gundea(do.);Skr.han,strike,slay.
gonan,grassroots;cf.cona.
gdrach,silly,Ir.gorach;Gr.yavpos,exulting,skittish,haughty;

rootgnu,befree,Lat.gaudium,Eng.joy.
gorm,blue,green,Ir.,E.Ir.gorm,blue,W.gwrm,dusky:gorsmo,

rootgor,warm("warmcolour"),asinG.gar(Stokes).
gdrsaid,acuirass,gorget;fromEng.gorget.
tgort,afield,standingcorn,Ir.gort;seegart,goirtean.
gort,goirt,famine,Ir.gorta,0.Ir.gorte;I.E.gher,desire,

want;Gr.Xpkos,necessity,xprtC10,wish;Eng.yearn.
goth,tosstheheadcontemptuouslyorgiddily(M'A.);gdth,airy

gait(Arm.,gothadb,Sh.,O'R.):possiblyfromEng.go.Cf.

W.goth,pride,
gothlam,pratingnoise,M.Ir.gothach,noisy;fromguth.
grab,interrupt,grabadh,hindrance,Ir.grabadh;apparently

fromEng.grab.Cf.W.crap,prehensio,Romancegraffo.
grabh,abhorrence:

grabh,grabhail,engrave,Ir.grabhdil;fromEng.grave,engrave,
grachdan,querulousnoiseofhens,Ir.gragoill,cluckingofahen,

crow'scrowing.Seegrag.
grad,sudden,Ir.grad,grod:*groddo,rootgrod,gred,asin

greas,q.v.
grada,ugly;usualformofgranda,q.v.
gradan,snuff,cornkilnedbyburningitsstraw,themealderived

fromtheforesaidcorn,Ir.graddn.Cf.greadan.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.203

gradh,love,Ir.grddh,E.Ir.grdd:*grddo,*grddho,rootgrdJ

Lat.grdtus,Eng.grateful;Skr.gUrdhdya,praise;Gr.yepas,

honour,
gradran,complainingnoiseofhens;onomatopoetic.Seegrog.
grag,croakingofcrows,Ir.grdg;Eng.croak,crake.Onomato
poeticwords.Cf.I.E.grag,Lat.graculus,gracillare,hen's

cry,M.H.G.kragelen,cackle.
gragair,glutton(Sh.,O'B.,etc.),Ir.gragaire(O'B.),grdgaire

(Con):
graigh,stud,flockofhorses;seegreigh.
grain,abhorrence,disgust,Ir.grain,E.Ir.grain,W.graen,grief,

rough:*gragni(Strachan,Stokes).Ch.SI.groga,horrible,
graineag,ahedgehog,Ir.grdinebg:the"horrentone";from

grain,above.
graing,disdain,afrown,Ir.grainc.Cf.sgraing.
grainne,agrain,smallquantity,Ir.graintie,0.Ir.grdinne,

granulum,grdn,granum,W.grawn,Cor.gronen,Br.greun,

(pi.):*grdno;Lat.granum(*gfno);Eng.corn(Stokes).

SomeholdthattheCelticisborrowedfromtheLatin,
grainnseach,agrange,Ir.grdinseack;fromtheEng.
grainnseag,acracknel(M'F.),bearberry(H.S.D.forN.H.):
grais,prosperity,blessing(N.H.);fromgras.
graisg,arabble,Ir.grdisg,gramhaisg,gramaisg:
gramaich,hold,keepfast,lr.gramuighim;seegreim.
gramur,refuseofgrain(H.S.D.):

gran,kilndriedgrain,Ir.grdn,corn,0.Ir.grdn;seegrdinne.
granda,grada,ugly,Ir.granda,,granna,E.Ir.grdnde,grdnna,

teter,dirus;fromgrain,q.v.
grapa,agraip,dungfork,lr.grdpa;fromSc.graip.
gras,grace,lr.,M.lr.gras,W.gras;fromLat.gratia.
grath,terror(Dial.,H.S.D.):

grathuinn,awhile;forHrdthain,fromtrdth,influencedbygreisl
gread,wound,whip,burn,Ir.greadaim;cf.W.greidio,scorch:

*grvddo;rootghredh;cf.Eng.grind,Lat.frendo,*ghrendko

(St.).Cf.alsoEng.grist,Lat.hordeum.Swedishgradda,

bake,maybecompared,
greadan,aconsiderabletimewithallone'smightatanything

(M'A.);fromgread.
greadan,parchedcorn;fromgread.Cf.gradan.Ir.greadbg

means"griddle."Eng.griddle,W.greidell,areallied.Cf.

grist,hordeum,KpiOr).
greadhan,greadhuinn,aconvivialparty,happyband.Ir.

greadhanach,drolling,G.greadhnach,joyful;rootgred,go,

asingreas,q.v.%M.Ir.gredan,exultingshouts.Root\aP1

204ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

grealach,greallach,entrails:*grelach,rootor,I.E.ghr,gut;
Gr.xP^Vigut>Eng.cord;Lat.haruspex,diviner,"entrails
inspector,"hernia,rupture.Shawhasgreathlach.Hence
greallach,dirty,Ir.greallach,clay,dirty.Cf.Eng.gore.

greallag,aswingletree:

greann,hair,bristlingofhair,surlylook,also"cloth,""rough
piledclothing,"Ir.greann,beard,fairhair,E.Ir.grend,
beard,W.,Br.grann,eyelid,cilium:*grendd;Ger.granne,
beardofcornorcat,Norsegr'dn,moustache,Span,grena,
tangledhair,Prov.Fr.gren,0.Fr.grenon,beardofcheekand
lip;Albaniankrande.greanndag,rag,tatter.Hence
greannar.

greas,hasten,urge,Ir.greasuighim,M.Ir.gressim:*gredto;
I.E.ghredh,stepout,go;Lat.gradior,gradus,step;Got.
grids,astep;Ch.SI.grda,stride,come;Skr.grdhyati,step
out.TheE.Ir.grisaim,Iincite,isadifferentword,coming
fromgris,fire.

greidil,agridiron,Ir.greidil,greideal,M.Ir.intslissingretli,
Sean.Mor.gretel,W.greidel,gradell,0.W.gratell;from
LateLat.graticula,fromcratis,wickerwork,Eng.crate,
grate,grill,hurdle.Eng.griddle,M.Enggredel,arethe
sameastheCelticwords.Skeathassuggestedgreadabove
astheoriginoftheCelticforms;cf.Ir.greadog,agriddle.
Hencegreidlean,aninstrumentforturningthebannockson
thegriddle.

gr^idh,prepare,dress,Ir.greasaim;seegreis.Greidhear,gre'ar,
grieve(N.Gael.).

greigh,astudofhorses,Ir.,M.Ir.groigh,E.Ir.graig,W.gre:
*gragi;Lat.grex,flock;Gr.yapyapa,heaps;0.H.G.
quarter,herd.

greim,ahold,amorsel,soIr.,0.Ir.greim,greimm,ahold,
strength,W.grym,force,strength:*gredsmen;rootgher,
hold,Gr.xei/ihand,Skr.haras,grip.Stokesseparates
greim,morsel,fromgreim,hold,strength.Greim,morsel,he
refersto*gresmen,abite,Skr.grdsati,devour,Gr.y/)ao>,
eat,Norsekrds,adainty.

greis,prowess,onset,slaughter,achampion,E.Ir.gress,gress,
attack;fromtherootofgreasabove(Stokes).

greis,awhile,Ir.doglireas,always,0.Ir.dogres,dogress,
semper,M.Ir.dogres:*grendto,goingon,rootgrend,gred,
I.E.ghredhasingreas.Strachangives*grencs,andcom
paresNorsekringr,round,Ger.kring.Seetreis.

gr&S,greus,embroidery,needlework,Ir.obairghreis,fromgreas,
E.Ir.gress,anyworkofartortrade;seegreusaich.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.205

gredd,acrowd(Arg.);fromEng.crowd.

greds,expansionofthethighs,gredsgach,grinning(H.S.D.):

*grencs;Norsekringr,round,Ger.kring.
greusaich,griasaich,shoemaker,anyworkerinembroideryor

furniture,Ir.greasaidhe,shoemaker:*greidto;Gadelic

greid,dress,broider,I.E.ghrei,rub;Gr.XP0L(*iXP^Ixa)hide,

skin,colour,X/l0>>anoint(Christus).
grian,sun,Ir.,0.Ir.grian:*greind,ghreind,rootgher,warm,

asingar.Cf.Skr.ghrnis,sunshine,ghramsa,heat;W.

greian,whatgivesheat,sun.Seefurtherundergrios.Hence

grianan,sunnyplace,summerhouse,solariumofLat.,from

sol,sun.
griasaich,aspeciesofaculeatedfish:"cobbler"fish;from

griasaich,shoemaker,
grid,substance,quality;fromSc.grit,grainofstones,grit,grain,

Eng.grit.Hencegrideil,industrious(M'A.).
grigirean,theconstellationofCharles'wain,grigleachan,a

constellation;seegrioglachan.
grileag,agrainofsalt,anysmallmatter:*grisil,rootgreis,

gravel,asingrinneal.
grimeach,grim,surly;fromEng.grim,Norsegrimmr.
grimeil,warlike(H.S.D.),Ir.grimeamhuil(Lh.,O'B.),grim,war;

fromtheNorsegrimmr,fierce,wroth1
grinn,pretty,Ir.grinn,E.Ir.grind:*grnni,"bright";root

gher,asingrian,grios.Cf.glinn.
grinneal,bottomofthesea,gravel,Ir.grinnioll,channel,bedof

ariver,sandofthesea,seabottom,M.Ir.grinnell:*grisni,

root,greis,gris,gravel,E.Ir.grian,gravel(*greisano),W.

graian,gravel,greienyn,agrainofgravel.Rhys(Hib.Lect.,

571)refersthesewordstotherootofgrian,sun,theparticleof

gravelbeingsupposedtobe"ashiningthing,"Thisviewis

supportedbygrioglachanandgriogag,q.v.
griob,nibble(Heb.);fromSc.gnip,gnaw,eat,Eng.nip,nibble.
griobh,apimple(M'A.):
griobhag,hurry:
grioch,adecayingorleanyoungdeer,griochan,consumption

(Dial.,H.S.D.):
griogag,griogag(GlenUrquhart),apebble,bead:*grizgu,root

gris,greis,gravel,asingrinneal.
grioglachan,Pleiades,grigleachan,aconstellation,Ir.griogchdn,

constellation.Forroot,seegriogag.
griomacach,thinhaired,griomagach,shrivelledgrass(H.S.D.):
grioman,acertainspeciesoflichen,maltbud(H.S.D.):
grios,entreat,pray,Ir.griosaim,encourage,incite,rakeupafire;

fromearliergri>s,heat,whichseeingriosach.

206ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

griosach,burningembers,Ir.griosach,coalsoffire,burning

embers,M.Ir.giissach,E.Ir.gris,fire,embers,Br.groez,

heat:*grens,*grns,heat;Skr.ghromsa,sun,heat,sunshine;

rootgherofgar,q.v.Hencegris,inflammation;Ir.gris,

pimple.
vgris,horror;fromSc.grise,toshudder,M.Eng.gris,horror,

griseful,grise,horrible,Eng.grisly.
grisionn,brindled,grisfhionn,"graywhite,"gris(Sh.gris),

gray;fromM.Eng.gris,grayfur.
gritirach,themeasles,griuthach(do.),griobhach(M'A.),

griuragan,indefinitelysmallparticle,pustulesontheskin;

rootghru,asingrothlach;grulach(Skye)=griobhlach.
grdb,joinbyindentation,serrate;cf.M.Eng.grbpin,togroove,

alsogroupeandgrave.AborrowedG.word.
gr6bag,apoorshrivelledwoman;fromgrdb.
groban,toporpointofarock,hillock:
groban,mugwort(N.H.):
ygrdc,croak,frownon;fromEng.croak.

grod,rotten,E.Ir.grot,gruiten,stalebutter,smallcurdsin

whey;ametathesisofgoirt%
groganach,wrinkled(asheather),Irgrug,awrinkle;cf.gruig.
grdig,awkwardness,perverseness,grbigean,awkwardman;see

gruig.
groiseid,agooseberry;fromtheSc.groset,from0.Fr.*grose,

grosele,gooseberry,whenceEng.gooseberryforgrooseberry.
gromhan,agroaning,growling;thesameasgnbmhan.
gros,snout;correctspellingofgnos,q.v.
gr6ta,agroat;fromtheEng.

grothlach,agravelpit,aboundingingravel(O'B.,Sh.,etc.),Ir.

grothlach,W.gro,pebbles,Cor.grow,gravel,Br.grouan.

FromthesecomeEng.gravel,0.Fr.gravele.Cf.Norse

grjot,stones,Ag.S.gredt,Eng.grit,rootgrut,Lit.grusti,

pound,bray,Gr.xpva~sgold(=XpvSo6<s).
grotonach,corpulent(O'B.,Sh.,etc.),soIr.:"heavybreeched"

(Arms.)*grodtonach.
gruag,hairofthehead,awig,Ir.gruag:*grunkd,rootgru,

Eng.crumple?Hencegruagach,amaiden,brownie,
gruaidh,cheek,brow,Ir.gruaidh,cheek,E.Ir.gruad,W.grudd,

Cor.grud,maxilla:*groudos.Bez.suggeststherootghrud,

ghreud,asingrothlach,above,theideabeing"pounding,

mashing"(Lit.grusti,bray,pound),andtheoriginalforce

"jaw":cf.Lat.maxillaandmacero,macerate.Stokes

queriesifitisfromtherootofEng.great.Eng.proud?
gruaigean,aspeciesofseaweed(H.S.D.forHeb.),birses(M'A.);

"littlehairyone"(Carm.),fromgruag.MiorcaninLewis.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.207

gruaim,gloom,surlylook,Tr.gruaim:*grousmen;rootgreut,

grut,Lat.brutus,dull,Eng.brute,Letticgruts,heavy,

Stokescfs.onlyCh.SI.sugrustitis,grieveover,
grudair,abrewer,Ir.grudaire,grtiid,malt:^grUddi;Ang.Sax.

grut,coarsemeal,Ger.griltze,groats,Dan.grbd;Lit.grudas,

corn.Eng.grit,groatsarealliedHencegrtiid,lees,
gruig,adroopingattitude,churlishness,churlish,Ir.grtig,a

grudge,anger,gruig,churlishness(O'B.),gruc,sulky(O'Cl.)J

cf.Eng.grudge,M.Eng.grucchen,0.Fr.grouchier,groucier.

Alsogrugach,wrinkled,
gruilleamach,prancing,leapingsuddenly(H.S.D.):
grunnaich,sound,fathom;seegrunnd.
grunn,grunnan,ahandful,lot,crowd(Dial,grainnean),0.Ir.

grinne,fascis,fasciculum,Br.gronn,aheap:*grendio,

*gro?ido;Gr.ypdvdos,closedfist,Skr.grantha,bind,etc.

(Stokesfor0.Ir.).Cf.forrootbreid.
grunnasg,groundsel;formedontheEng.
grunnd,bottom,ground,thrift;fromSc.grund,bottomor

channelinwater,Norsegrunnr,bottomofseaorriver,Eng.

ground.Hencegrunndail,steadfast,solid,sensible,
grunsgul,agrunting;from%grunn,grunt,Lat.yrunnire,Eng.

grunt.
gruth,curds,Ir.,M.Ir.gruth:*grutu;Eng.curds,M.Eng.

crud,Sc.crowdie,croods;Gr.ypvcret,willmelt,ypvrrj(vlong),

frippery;I.E.gru,Eng.crumb,Ger.kraum,Gr.ypv,morsel.

Hencegruitheam,curdsandbutter:gruth+\m.
gruthan,gruan,liver,Ir.aev.gruan(Lh.Comp.Voc.sub"jecur"):

*grt2so:rootghru,gritty,ofgrothlach.
gu,to,ad,Ir.go,gu,0.Ir.co,cu,W.bwinbwygilydd,toits

fellow:*qos;Ch.SI.kit,to;cf.Lat.usquefor*quosque?

(Bez.).Usedadverbiallyingumath,guholc.Cf.Gr.kols,

kcll,Skr.gas.
guag,agiddy,whimsicalfellow,Ir.gtiag,guaigin,folly,sillyone;

fromM.Eng.gowhe,goki,afool,Sc.gowk,Eng.gawky.
guag,asplayfoot;seecuag.

guaigean,thick,littleandround:*gouggo,rootgu,bend,
guailisg,false,falsity(Carm.):
guaillean,acoaloffire;seegual.Cf.caoirean,apeat,cinder,

ember,
guaillich,gohandinhand:"shouldertoshoulder;"seeguala.
guaimeas,quietness;seeguamach.
guaineas,briskness,liveliness;seeguanach.
guairdean,vertigo;cf.Ir.guairdedn,whirlwind;fromcuairt?
guairsgeachcurled,crinitus,Ir,guaire,hairofthehead;from

I.E.gu,bend,asinguala.

208ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

fguais,danger,guaiseach,dangerous,Ir.guais,0.Ir.guassacht:
guait,leave("Gabhnoguaite"Takeorleaveit);fromEng.

quit1guait%
gual,coal,Ir.gual:*goulo,*geulo;rootgeul,gul;Teutonic

*kola,Norsehoi,coals,Ger.kohle,Eng.coal.W.glo,Br.

glaou,*glovo(Stokes),isalliedtotheEng.glow.
guala,gualanD,shoulder,Ir.guala,g.gualann,E.Ir.gualu,g.

*gualand:*goulon,rootgeu,gu,gu,bend;Gr.yvlov,limb,

yvakov,ahollow,ymjs,ploughtree(Lat.bura);OldBactrian
=Zend,gao,hand.StrachanandStokesgivetherootgub,

bend,stem*gublon,I.E.gheubh,bend,Gr.kv<j>6<s(vlong),

bent,stooping;Letticgubt,stoop,
guamach,neat,snug,smirking;also"plentiful"(Sh.,O'R.),

careful,managing(Arran):
guanach,light,giddy,Ir.guanach,guamnach,M.Ir.guamnacha,

active(O'Cl.);rootguamofguamachabove,
gucag,abubble,bell,globule,bud:*gukko,Ger.kugel,ball,
guda,agudgeon,Ir.guda;formedonEng.gudgeon,M.Eng.gojon.
gudaleum,gudarleum,abound,wildleap(Arg.):
guga,thesolangoose,afat,sillyfellow,Ir.guga.Seenextword

forroot,
gugail,cluckingofpoultry,Ir.gugailim:anonomatopoeticword.

Cf.Eng.chuck.Seealsogogail.
gugairneach,afledgling:
guidh,pray,guidhe,aprayer,wish,Ir.guidhim,guidhe,0.Ir.

guidiu,gude,guide:*godio,rootged,god,I.E.ghedh,ask;

Gr.7r60a>,desire,Oeooaxrdau,prayfor;Got.bidjan,ask,

Ag.S.biddan,Eng.bid.
guil,weep,Ir.,E.Ir.guilim;seegal.
guilbneach,thecurlew:"beakedone,"E.Ir.gulbnech,beaked,

0.Ir.gulban,beak,0.W.gilbin,acumine,W.gylf,bill,beak,

gylfant,Cor.gilb,foratorium,geluin,rostrum:*gulbano;

Ger.kolben,piston,knob,gunstock.Bez.comparesonly

N.Slovenicgolbati,gnaw.Cf.Lit.gulbe,swan.
guileag,theswan'snote,warbling(Sh.hasguillag,chatteringof

birds,O'R.guilleog);rootgal,cry,call,Lat.gallus,cock,

Eng.calll
guileagan,customofboilingeggsoutsideonEasterSunday=latha

guileagan(M'D.):
guim,cuim,conspiracy(Carm.):
guin,awound,0.Ir.guin:*goni;seegon.
guir,hatch,lieoneggs,gur,hatching,Ir.gur,W.gori,tobrood;

fromtherootgor,gar,warm.Seegar.

OFTHEOAELTCLANGUAGE.209

guirean,apimple,gur,afestering,Jr.,M.Ir.guirin,pustule,
E.Ir.gur,pus,W.gor,pus,goryn,pustula:*goru,fester,
"heat";rootgor,gar,warm,asingar.
aguisead,agusset;fromtheEng.

guit,acornfan,imperforatedsieve:gottid:
>guitear,agutter,kennel;fromEng.gutter.
fgulm,agloom,forbiddinglook;fromtheEng.1

gulmag,sealark(H.S.D.):

gun,without,Ir.gan,0.Ir.cen;Gr.kcvcos,empty;root,Kevo.
SoO.H.G.hina,hinweg,Ag.S.kin.

gu'n,gu'm,that,Gr.on,Ir.go,0.Ir.co,con.Windischcon
sidersthistheprep,con,with,andco,to;Zim.andThur.
regarditasfromco,to(seegu).Thelatterexplainsthen
astherelative:*cosn,aviewsupportedbytheverbal
accentbeingonthefirstsyllableandbytheoccasionalform
conn(?)Seecha'n.

gun,gown,Ir.guna;fromtheEng.gown,fromW.gwn(*gwun).
fromCeltic*voouno,rootinLat.exuo,doff,induo,don,
Lit.aunii,putonshoes,duti.

gunna,agun,Ir.,M.Ir.gunna;fromM.Eng.gunne,Eng.gun.

gur,that,Ir.gur:*coro;seegu'nforco.Usesare:Gur
cruaidhe=0.Ir.arronrruaide:corropisnowIr.gurab,
thatiscorohi(ba,verb"tobe").Gur=gunro,conro
(St.).

guraiceach,ablockhead(Sh.,H.S.D.):

guraiceach,unfeatheredbird,lump(Arg.),fromgur.

gurpan,crupper;fromSc.curpon,Eng.,0.Fr.croupon.

gurracag,ablot(Arg.):

gurrach,gurraban,crouching,crouchingonthehunkers:*gur
tha,fromgur,broodingasinguir1Cf.Sc.curr,to"hunker,"
currie,astool,Eng.cower.ThePerthshirecurraidh,
hunkering,isfromScotch.

gurrach,fledgling,gurach(Arg.):

gurt,fierceness,sternnessoflook;alsogart,q.v.

gus,to,Ir.gus,0.Ir.cossin,tothe,towhich;prep,gu,co,and
thearticleorrelative.Thesofthearticleispreservedafter
theconsonantofco(=qos).

gus,anything(Arg.):

gusair,sharp,keen,strong,Ir.gusmhar,strong;fromgus,force,
smartness:*gustu,"choice,"rootgu,Eng.choose.

gusgan,aheartydraught:

gusgul,refuse,dirt,idlewords,roaring:

guth,voice,Ir.,0.Ir.guth:*gutu;I.E.gu;Gr.7005,groan;
Skr.hu,call,cry,havate,calls;Ch.SI.zova,tocall.Thisis

.25

210ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

differentfromI.E.gu,Gr./?o?j,shout,Lat.bovare,cry
(Prellwitz,Osthoff).

i,she,Ir.i,si,0.Ir.i,hi,si,W.,Br.hi:*si;Got.si,ea,Ger.
sie,they;Skr.sy<f:I.E.sjo,sja(Brug.).Seesa,so,sin.

iach,ayell,cry,Ir.iachdadh,0.Ir.iachtaim:*eicto,*eigto,
fromez<7ofeigh.

tiach,asalmon,E.Ir.eb,g.zacA,W.,Br.eog,W.ehawc,Cor.
eAo#:*esa#;Lat.esox:Basqueizo&m(borrowedfromCeltic).

iad,they,Ir.iad,E.Ir.iat,0.Ir.onlyinolseatsom,saythey,W.
hwynt:confusionofrootsei,sjowiththe3rdplur.innt.Of
E.Ir.iat,siat,Brugmannsays:"Thesehavetheendingof
the3rdplur.oftheverb;lateroniat,siatweredetached,
andbegananindependentexistence."Stokessimilarlysays
theyareseandhwywtfnthentoftheverbal3rdpi.added.

iadach,jealousy,Ir.ead;seeeud.

iadh,encompass,Ir.iadhaim,join,shut,surround,E.Ir.iadaim:
*eiddd,*eidho>root'ei,go1?Stokesanalysesitinto*ei
ddmo,for*epiddmo,Skr.apiddna,alock:forepi,seeGr.
hriunderiar;andddmdisfromdho,dhe,place,Gr.TiOy]\x.i,
Lat.facio.IthasalsobeencorrelatedtoGr.7riefo/zcu,press,
Skr.pidayti,press(*pisdd),frompise,stamp,press,Lat.
pistor,etc.

ial,moment,season,gleamofsunshine;apoeticword,seemingly
ametaphoricuseofiall.GalwayIr.iall,moment,iall
deireannachddshaoghal.

iall,athong,Ir.iall,E.Ir.iall:*peisla;cf.pileus,felt,etc.

fiall,aflockofbirds,Ir.iall,aflockofbirds,E.Ir.iall,grex;
*eisla,Gr.lXtj.Henceeallach(St.).Cf.Ir.eilinsicini,brood
orclutchofchickens.

iallach,jaunty,lithe;cf.uallach.

ialtag,abat,Ir.ialtdg,E.Ir.iathlu(iatlu,O'Cl.),W.ystlum:
*isatal(Ascoli).Dial,dealtaganmoch;Lat.vespertilio.

ian,abird;seeeun.

iar,after,Ir.iar,0.Ir.iarn,post:*e(p)eron;Skr.aparam,
afterwards;Got.afar,post;furtherGr.oiridev,behind,ktri,
to,on,Skr.dpi,Lit.ape,to,on,Lat.ob.Seeair(c).

iar,ailiar,siar,west,Ir.iar,siar,0.Ir.iar,occidens,aniar:a
specialuseoftheprep,iarabove.Seeearforforce.

iarbhail,anger,ferocity;fromairandboilel

iarbhail,aconsequence,remainsofadisease:

iargainn,pain,Ir.iargan,groansofadyingman(O'B.);fromair
andgon.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.211

iargail,thewest,eveningtwilight,Ir.iargul,remotedistrict,

iargcul(Con.);fromiarandcul,back:"behind,"west.

iargalta,churlish,inhospitable,surly,turbulent(M'A.),Ir.

iarculta,churlish,backward,
iargall,battle,contest,soIr.,0.Ir.irgal:air+gal,theairbeing

a?V(a).Seegal.
iarghuil,sound,noise;seeuirghioll.
iarla,anearl,Ir.iarla,MIr.iarla;fromNorsejarl,Eng.earl.

W.haszarll.
iarmad,offspring,remnant,Ir.iarmat,offspring(O'B.),iarmart,

consequencesofanything,iarmhar,remnant;rootmar,

remain.Seemar.
iarmailt,thefirmament,for*fiarmaint,Ir.fiormaimeint,M.Ir.

firmeint,E.Ir.firmimenti(g.);fromLat.firmamentum.Cf.

Tormailt,Norman.
iarna,ahankofyarn,Ir.iarna,achainorhankofyarnjfrom

Eng.yarn.
iarnaich,smoothwithaniron;fromiarunn.
iarogha,greatgrandson,0.Ir.iarmui,abnepotes;fromiarand

ogha:"postnepos."
iarrask,Ir.,E.Ir.iarraim,Iseek,ask,tarrair,aseeking,iarair:

*iarnari)"aftergo,"root(pjar,per,go,seek,bring,through,

Gr.irdpa,experience,Lat.experior,try,Eng.experience,etc.

(Stokes).Seeairefurtherforroot,
iarunn,iron,Ir.iarann,M.Ir.iarund,0.Ir.iarn,W.haiarn,

hearn,Corn,hoern,0.Br.hoiarn,Br.houarn,Gaul,isarno

dori,ferreiostii:*eisarno;Got.eisarn,0.H.G.isarn,Ger.

eisen,Kng.iron(allborrowedfromCelticaccordingtoBrug

mann,Stokes,etc.).Shraderregardstheeisorisofeisarno

asonlyadifferentvowelscaleformof1.E.ayos,ayes,metal,

whenceLat.aes,Eng.ore.
iasachd,iasad,aloan,Ir.iasachd,E.Ir.iasacht:
iasg,fish,Ir.iasg,0.Ir.iasc,cesc,g.eisc;*eisko,*peisko;Lat.

piscis,fish;Got.fisks,Eng.fish.
fibh,drink,M.G.ibh(M'V),Ir.ibhim(Con.ibhim),0.Ir.ibim,

0.W.iben,bibimus,Cor.evaf,Br.eva:*ibo,*pibo;Lat.

bibo;Skr.pibami.
ic,cure,heal,soIr.;seeioc.

ic,anaddition,eke,frameputunderabeehive(Carm.);Sc.eik.
idir,atall,Ir.idir,0.Ir.itir,etir:*enteri,alocativecaseof

enter,thestemoftheprep,eadar,q.v.
ifrinn,hell,Ir.ifrionn,E.Ir.ifern(d),0.Ir.ifurnn;fromLat.

infernum,adj.infemus,Eng.infernal.
igh,tallow(Sh.),fat(H.S.D.,whichmarksitasobsolete),M.Ir.

Ith,g.itha,Manxeeh:rootpi,pel,Gr.7riW,Skr.pinas,fat.

2l2ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

iffh,i,aburn,asmallstreamwithgreenbanks(Suth.).Thisis

theSuth.pronunciationofiiidh,aford,etc.
ilbhinn,acraggymountain("Marilbhinnailbheincraige,"Oss.

Ballad);ifnotmerejingle,itmeans"manypeaked":

iol+beann.
ileach,variegated,Ir.ileidiversity;seeiol.
im,butter,Ir.im(g.ime,Coneys),E.Ir.imb,W.ymenyn.Cor.

amenen,Br.amann,amanen:"embenor*mben;Lat.unguen,

Eng.unguent,vb.unguo,Ismear:Ger.anke,butter;Skr.

diijas,asalve,ointment,
im,about,alsowithintensiveforce,Ir.im,0.Ir.im,imm;it

istheprefixiveformofprep,m.u,q.v.Alsoiom.
imcheist,anxiety,doubt,0.Ir.imchesti,contentiones;fromim

andceist.
imeachd,journeying,imich,go,Ir.imtheachd,imthighim,0.Ir.

imthecht;fromimandteackd,tighinn:imich,isforim

thigh,roottig,teigoftighinn,q.v.
imisg,asarcasm,scandal:*imisc;forisc,seeinisg.
imleag,navel,Ir.imleacan,imlinn,E.Ir.imbliu,ace.imbliud,

imlec,imtecdn:*embilidn,*embilenko;Lat.umbilicus;Or.

6[x<fia\6s;Eng.navel;Skr.ndbhi,ndbhila;I.E.onbhelo,

nobhelo.
imlich,lick,Ir.imlighim,lighim;imlighim."aboutlick."With

lighimiscognate0.Ir.ligim,Ilick,W.llyaw,llyad,licking,

Br.leat(do.):*leigo,*ligo;Lat.lingo;Gr,\eiyu;Eng.

lick;Oh.SI.lizati(tolick);Skr.lihati.
imnidh,care,diligence,Ir.imnidhe,0.Ir.imned,tribulatio:*mbi

meneto,rootmenofmenmna.Ascolianalysesthe0.Ir.as

*imbaneth,rootan,breathe,
impidh,aprayer;seeiompaidh.
impis,imis,imminence,animpis,aboutto,almost,M.Ir.imese

catha,imminenceofbattle,rootvedoftbiseach(Stokes).
imreasaD,controversy,Ir.imreasdn,0.Ir.imbresan,altercatio,

imbresnaim,Istrive,W.ymryson,contention,dispute:*imbi

bres,rootbresofM.Ir.bressa,contentions,battles,Br.,Cor.

bresel(frombris,break)?WindischsuggestsforGadelic

*immfressennim(prep,immorimandfris,frith),from0.Ir.

sennim,Idrive,*svemno,alliedtoEng.swim.
imrich,remove,flit,Ir.imircim,E.Ir.immirge,journey,expedi
tion:*>mbireg,rootreg,go,stretch(asinrack).Windisch

suggestsimmeirge,fromeirigh.
in,ion,ionn,aprefixoflikeforceasLat.in,usedespecially

beforemedials,liquids,ands{ionnonlybefores),Ir.in,ion,

inn,ionn(before*),0.Ir.in;itistheGadelicprep,in,

ind,nowan,ann,in(q.v.),usedasaprefix.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.213

inbhe,quality,dignity,rank,Ir.inmhe,patrimony,estate,M.Ir.
indme,rank:*indmed,prep,ind(ann)androotme,medof
measlIr.inme,wealth,betterindmeorindbe(St.).

inbhir,aconfluenceofwaters,Ir.innbhear,inbhear,E.Ir.indber,
inbir,inber,W.ynfer,influxus:*eniberos(Stokes),fromeni
ormodernan,in,andbero,stemofbeir,Lat.fero.The
combinationisthesameasLat.infero,Eng.inference.

inghean,adaughter,Ir.inghean,0.Ir.ingen,Ogaminigena:
*enigena;rootgen,beget(see#m)andprep,an;Lat.
indigena,native;Gr.kyyovt),agranddaughter.Also
nighean,q.v.Lat.ingenuusl

inich,neat,tidy,lively:

inid,Shrovetide,Ir.inid,E.Ir.init,W.ynyd,Br.ened;from
Lat.initium[jejunii],beginningofLent.

inisg,areproach;cf.M.Ir.indsce,0.Ir.insce,speech:*enisqid,
rootse</,say,asinsgeul,q.v.Gr.evunrt,Lat.inseque,say,
areexactlythesameasIr.inrootandprefix.

inn,ionn,(inntbefores),prep,prefixoflikeforcewithfrith,ri,
against,to,Ir.inn,ionn,0.Ir.ind(intbefore6"),inn,in:
*?ide,Gaul,ande:*ande,fromndh,Goth,und,for,until,
0.H.G.untas,until;Skr.ddhi,upto(ndhi).

inndrich,originate,incite:

inne,abowel,entrail,gutter,sewer,kennel(M'A.),Ir.inne,
innighe,M.Ir.inne,inde,abowel,viscera(pi.),E.Ir.inne,
inde,0.lr.inna,d.pi.innib,viscus,viscera:prep,in+1
Cf.Gr.IvTtpov,abowel,Ger.innere,Skr.antaram;also
Dial.Eng.innards(forinwards).

inneach,woof,soIr.,E.Ir.innech:*(j>)uniko,rootpan,thread,
Lat.pannus,cloth,Gr.7rr/vds,woofthreadonthebobbin?
Seefurtherunderanart.Acompoundwithinorindis
possible:inneg.Lat.innecto1

inneadh,want(M'F.):

in^eal,aninstrument,arrangement,Ir.inneat,arrangement,dress,
E.Ir.indell,yoke,arrangement;G.innil,prepare,ready,Ir.
inniollaim,arrange,E.Ir.indlim,getready:*indel,root
pel,join,fold,asinnit,q.v.Ascolijoins0.Ir.intle,insidia),
mtledaigim,insidior,andG.innleachd,q.v.;butgivesno
root.

innean,ananvil,Ir.innedin,E.Ir.indedin,0.Ir.inde'in,W.
einion[engion1],Cor.ennian,Br.anneffn:*andebnis,"on
hit,"frominnandbend,hit,asinbean,q.v.Osthoffgives
thestem*endivani,"onhit,"Zd.vaniti,hit.

innear,dung,M.Ir.indebar:*indebar;cf.E.Ir.cannebor
(=cac,O'C.1.),ontheanalogyofwhichStokessuggeststhat

214ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

indofindebarisforfind,white,butG.isagainstthis.

O'Dav.hasfiudebor,dung;soMeyer,butnotO'Dav.!
innil,prepare,ready;seeinneal.
innis,anisland,Ir.inis,0.Ir.inis,W.ynys,Cor.enys,Br.enez,

pi.inisi:*inissi,fromnss,Lat.*inssa,insula,Gr.vrjcros

(Dor.vaoos).TheconnectionoftheCeltic,Lat.,andGr.

isalmostcertain,thoughthephoneticsarenotclear.

StrachansuggestsforCeltic*enisti,"instanding,"thatis,

"standingorbeinginthesea."
innis,tell,Ir.inrusim,E.Ir.innisim,indium:*indfiss,from

fiss,nowfios,knowledge;rootvid.Cf.adfiadim,narro

(*veido),infiadim.vet(St.)%
innleachd,device,mechanism,Ir.inntleachd,device,ingenuity:

*indsligtu~,rootdigofslighe,way1Ascolijoins0.Ir.

intle,insidise,intledaigim,insidior,andW.annel,agin,Cor.

antell,ruse,Br.antell,stretchasnareorbow,andIr.innil,a

gin,snare.The0.Ir.intliucht,intellectus(withsliucht,

cognitio),isconsideredbyZimmertobeagrammaticalword

fromLat.intellectus.Stokesdisagrees.Henceinnlich,aim,

desire,
innlinn,provender,forage:"preparation,"frominnil,prepare,
innsgin,mind,courage(H.S.D.fromMSS.),alsoinA.M'D.'s

song,"Ambreacanuillach";innsgineach,sprightly(Sh.,

O'R.):
inntinn,mind,Ir.inntinn:*indseni;rootsenorsenn,asin

Ger.sinn,sense?Kluge,however,gives*sentnoasthe

earliestformoftheGer.Possiblyitmaybeapluralfrom

0.Ir.inne,sensus,meaningthe"senses"originally.The

Gadelicwordscanscarcelybefromadepravedpronunciation

ofLat.ingenium.
inntreadh,iantreachduinn,abeginning,entering;fromEng.

entering.
iob,arawcake,lumpofdough(H.S.D.forN.H.);alsouibe,

q.v.
ioba,pi.iobaiinan,tricks,incantations(Arg.);seeubag.
iobairt,anoffering,sacrifice,Ir.iodhbuirt,M.Ir.edpart,0.Ir.

edpart,idpart:*aithodbart,rootbtrt,berofbeir,q.v.Cf.

W.aberth(=adbert),asacrifice,
ioblag,avictimisedordepisedfemale,atrollop(Glenmoriston):
ioc,pay,remedy,io33hlaint,acure,salve,remedy,Ir.iocaim,

pay,remedy,i>cshldinte,acure,remedy,E.Ir.icaim,heal,

pay,0.Ir.iccaim,heal,W.iachdu,tocure,iach,sound,Cor.

iack,sanus,Br.iac'h,healthy,0.Br.iac:*jakko,sound;

Gr.a/cos,acure;Skr.ya^as,grandeur.Thelongvowelof

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.21

theGadelicformsispuzzling,andthesehavebeenreferred
to*isacco,from,iso,eiso,Gr.iao/xai,heal,Skr.iskayati,
refresh.

iochd,clemency,humanity,Ir.iocM,clemency,confidence,M.Ir.
icht,protection,E.Ir.icht,progeny,children:*peklus,root
pek,pah,Lat.pectus,breast,paciscor,paction;alliedtouchd.
Foriochd,progeny,cf.Norsedtt,family(Rhys).Seeaicme.

iochdar,thelowerpart,bottom,Ir.iochdar,0.Ir.ichtar.Itis
formedfromios,U,down,ontheanalogyofuachdar.See
los.

iod,alas!Cf.Eng.tut.Alsoud,ohdear!

iodhal,auimage,Ir.iodhal,0.Ir.idal;fromLat.idolum,Eng.
idol.

iodhlann,acornyard,Ir.iothlann,granary,0.Ir.ithla,g.ithland,
area,W.ydIan,0.W.itlann,area:*(pjitulandd,"corn
land";0.Ir.ith(g.etho),corn,W.,Cor.yd,Br.ed,it;Skr.
pitu,nourishment,eating,Zendpitu,food.Forfurthercon
nections,seeith,eat.Forlann,seelann.

iodhnadh,pangsofchildbirth,Ir.iodhana,pangs,E.Ir.idu,pi.
idain:*(p)idSn;Got.fitan,travailinbirth.

iogan,deceit,fraud:

ioghar,ioghnadh;seeiongar,ioagnadh.

iul,prefixdenoting"many,"Ir.iot,0.Ir.il,multus:*elu,*pelu,
many;Got.,0.H.G.filu,Ger.viel,many;Gr.7ro\vs,many;
Skr.puru.Therootispel,pld,plS,asinG.Ictn,lion,Eng.
fall,etc.

iola,afishingstation,fishingrock,fishingbank(Heb.and
N.H.);Shet.tela.

iolach,ashout,psean,Ir.iolach,merriment,0.Ir.Hack,psean;
W.elwch,ashout.*elu/cko,rootpel,roar;ireXayos*?(St).
Cf.Ag.S.eald,oh,alas.

iolair,eagle,Iriolar,M.Ir.ilur,forirur,*eruros,W.eryr,Cor.,
Br.er;Got.ara,0.H.G.aro,Ger.aar,Ag.S.earn;Lit.
ere'lis,Prus.a.relie;alsoGr.opvis,abird.

iolar,down(Perthshire),alsourlar:adegradedadverbialform
ofurlar1Orfor*iorar,*airair,"onby"1

iolla,view,glance;gabhiollaris,justlookatit;cf.ealla.

iollagach,frolicsome;seeiullagach.

iollain,expert(H.S.D.;Sh.,O'R.iollan);fromealaidh.

iom,thebroadvowelformoftheprefixim,q.v.

ioma,iomadh,many,manya,Ir.ioma,iomdha,E.Ir.immad,
multitudo,0.Ir.imbed,copia,immde,multus(*imbde),
immdugud,exuberantia:*imbeto,fromtheprep,imbi,embi,
nowim,mu,about(Z.264).Bez.queriesifalliedtoLat.

216ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

pinguis,thick,Gr.naxvs,butgh,ghvgivesinGadelica

simpleg(Ost.Ind.For.4).AlsoG.iomad,many,iomaididh,

superabundance,Ir.iomad,amultitude,much,Fordcf.

liuthad.
iomadan,concurrenceofdisasters,amourning:
iomagaill,iomaguin,anxiety:*imbadgoni,rootgonofiargain1
iomain,adriving(ofcattle,etc.),Ir.iomdin,tossing,driving,

E.Ir.immdin,adriving{*embiagni),inf.toimmagim,

circumago;Lit.ambages,goinground,windings;rootdg,agi

drive;Lat.ago,Gr.ayo>,etc.
iomair,aridgeofland,Ir.iomaire,E.Ir.immaire,imbaire:

*embiario,rootar,plough;seear.
iomair,need,behove:"serve";Ir.timthire,servant,0.Ir.

timmthirim,Iserve.Forforce,cf.feum.Therootistlr,

land?
iomair,employ,exercise,play,nouniomairt,Ir.imirt,agame,

E.Ir.imbert,0.Ir.vb.imbrim,infero,etc.:forimbberim,

rootberofbeir,q.v.
iomall,aborder,limit,Ir.imiol,E.Ir.imbel,W.ymyl:*imbel,

"circuit,"rootel,go,Lat.ambulare,walk,whichreproduces

bothroots.Seefurtherundertadhal.Henceiomallach,

remote,
iomarbhaidh,astruggle,Ir.iomarbhaidh,E.Ir.immarbdg:

*immarbdg;rootbag,strive,Norsebdgr,strife,0.H.G.

bdga,vb.pagan.Seearabtiaig.M'A.givesiomarbhuidh,

hesitation,confusion,
iomarcach,verynumerous,superfluous(Carswell'simarcach),Ir.

iomarcach,M.Ir.imarcraid,superfluity(also"carrying,"

fromimmarchor,cor,place,asiniomarchur).M'A.gives

themeaningas"inmanydistresses,distressed,"andthe

rootasarcofaire.
fiomarchur,arowing,tumbling,straying,Ir.iomarchur(O'B.),

E.Irimmarchor(=immarcor,fromcororcuir,put),carry
ing,errand,
iomchan,carriage,behaviour:
iomchar,carriage,behaviour,Ir.iomchar,E.Ir.immchor;from

immandcuir,q.v.
iomchoire,blame,areflection;fromiomandcoire.
iomchorc,regards,salutation,petition,alsoG.,Ir.iomchomharc,

0.Ir.imchomarc,interrogatio,salutatio:*immcomarc,

fromarc,ask,W.archaff,Iask,erchim,Cor.argkaf,M,Br.

archas,willcommand:*{jo)ar~kd,ask,rootperk,prek,prk;

Lat.precor,Eng.pray,posco(=porcsco),demand;Ger.frage,

forschung,question,inquiry;Lit.pr<isnjtitbeg;Skr.pranias,

question.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.217

iomchuidh,proper,Ir.iomchubhaidh,M.Tr.immchubaid;from
iomandcubhaidh,q.v.

lomhaigk,animage,Ir.iomhaigh,M.Ir.iomdig,imagin,Cor.
auain;fromLat.imago.

iomlag,thenavel;seeimleag.

iomlaid,anexchange,Ir.iomlut;possiblyfromtheG.rootludy
go(seedol).

iomlan,whole,E.Ir.imshldn,quitewhole.

iompaidh,aturning,conversion,Ir.iompogh,0.Ir.impud,
imputh,W.ymod,aturn:*imbshouth,0.Ir.soim,averto:
*sovio,rootsu,sou,Lat.sucula,windlass.Ithasalsobeen
referredtotherootsup,Lat.dissipo,Lit,supu,swing.

iomradh,fame,report,Ir.iomrddh,0.Ir.immrddud,tractatio,
cogitatio;fromiomandrddh,say.

iomrall,anerror,wandering,Ir.iomrolladh,iomrulladh,E.Ir.
imroll,mistake:*ambiairal,rootal,el,go,asiniomall.

iomram,iomramh,rowing,Ir.iomramh,iomrdmh(O'B.),E,Ir.
immram,vb.immrdim;fromiomandrdmh.

ion,fit,ion,prefixdenotingfitness,Ir.ion,prefixedtopassive
participles,denotesfitness(O'D.,whoquotesinleighis,curable,
inmheasta,believable):aparticularuseofin,in,whichsee.
ionisiomlan,almostperfect(Hend.).

ion,negativeprefixanbeforeb,d,g,Ir.ion,0.Ir.in;seean
forderivation.Theprimitivenbeforeb,d,g,becomesinin
Gadelic.

ionad,aplace,Ir.ionad,ionnad;theE.Ir.hasinadonly,point
ingtomodernionadh:

iona(dh),inc'iona,c'ionadh,whether:coandionadhoriona,
E.Ir.inad,place.Seeabove.TheModernIr.iscaMonad.

ionaltair,apasturing,pasture;frominand*altair,ashorter
formofaltrum.Cf.forformIr.ingilim,Ipasture,fromin
andgelim,Ieat(rootgel,asinG.goile).,iomairionailt,
browsingrig(Carm.).

ionann,alike,Ir.ionnan,0.Ir.inonn,innon,inon.Possiblyfor
*sin6n,*sinson,"thisthat;"seesin,ands6nof0.Ir.isfor
*soun,*sou,hoc,Gr.ovtos(forroot,seesa).Cf.forform
Lat.idem=isdem,Gr.6avros.

ionbhruich,broth;seeeanraich.

iong'a,g.ingne,pi.ingnean,inean,anail,Ir.ionga,g.iongan,
0.Ir.inga,g.ingen,W.ewin,Cor.euuin,Br.ivin:*engind
(Stokes);Lat,unguis;Gr.6vv,g.oV^xos;Got.nagljan,
Eng.nail;Skr.nakhd.FickgivestheI.E.rootasnogh,
ngh,withstemsnoghlo,nghlo.

26

218ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

iongantach,wonderful,soIr.,ingantach;formedfromthenoun

iongnadh,wonder,
iongar,ioghar,pus:*ingor,rootgovofguirean,q.v.DrCam.

comparedGr.txJ/),bloodofthegods(Gael,No.548).

*pingaro,pi,swell1
iongnadh,wonder,soIr.,0.Ir.ingndd,ingndth(adj.andn.);for

ingndth,"notwont";seeion(neg.prefix)andgnath.
ionmhas,treasure,Ir.ionmkas,ionnmhus,E.Ir.indmass;from

inandmassoftomhas,measure,q.v.Ascoliconnectsit

with0.Ir.indeb,lucrum,M.Ir.indbas,wealth,
ionmhuinn,dear,Ir.ionmhuin,0.Ir.inmain:*enimoni,root

mon,men,mind,remember,forwhichseecuimhne.See

muinighin.
ionn,prefixofthesameforceasfri,ri;seeinnfurther,
ionnairidh,awatchingatnight;fromionnandaire.
ionnaltoir,abath,Ir.ionnaltoir(O'R.),bather(Con.);see

ionnlad.
fiounas,condition,status,ionnasgu,insomuchthat,sothat,

cionnas,how,Ir.ionnus,sothat,0.Ir.indas,status:*ind

astu,"inadstatu,"fromadsta,rootsta,stand.Zeuss2

derivesitfromindandtheabstractterminationassu(astu),

seeminglygivingittheideaof"toness."
ionndruinn,missing:*indrethin,"wandering";seefaondra.
ionnlad,washing,Ir.ionnlat,0.Ir.indlat,Ir.vb.innuilim,M.Ir.

indalim.ThereisalsoanE.Ir.indmat,washingofthe

hands.From*indlutto,*luttofromlu,lov,bathe,Lat.

lavo,etc.%
ionnsaich,learn,E.Ir.insaigim,seekout,investigate,noun

saigidjseekingout,saigim:inandsag,rootsag,seek;Lat.

sagio,amkeen,sagax,acute;Gr.^yeo/xcu,lead;Got.sdkjan,

seek,Eng.seek;I.E.sag,sag.TheG.connsaichisfrom

coinsaigim,sagim,say,dispute;Got.sakan,dispute,Eng.

forsake,sake.
ionnsuidh,attempt,approach,Ir.ionnsuigh,E.Ir.insaigid,avisit;

frominandsaigid,seekingout,visiting.Seeionnsaich.

Hencetheprep,dh?ionnsuidh.
ionntag,anettle;seedeanntag.
ionntlas,delight(H.S.D.);frominandtlathl
ionntraich,miss(Dial.);seeionndruinn.
ionraic,righteous,Ir.ionnruic,0.Ir.inricc,dignus:*indrucci

(Ascoli);possibly*rucciisfor*rogki,rootrog,regof

reacht.
ioraltan,harmlesstricks:*air+alt.
ioras,down;fromairand\os.Dial,uireas.
iorbhail,infection,taint:*air{bail,"onissue."

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.219

iorcallach,arobustman:"Herculean";fromIorcall,Hercules,
aGaelicwordformedfromtheLatinone.

iorghuil,fray,strife,soIr.,0.Ir.irgal;fromairandgal,q.v.
Alsoiorgull.

iorrach,quiet,undisturbed:

iorram,aboatsong:*airrdm,"atoar"song.Cf.iomramfor
phonetics.

fios,down,Ir.fios,inphrasesanios,frombelow,sios,tobelow,
soIr.;0.Ir.is,iss,infra,W.is,compisel,sup.isaf,Br.is,
iz,isel,comp.iseloch:*ensoor*endso,fromen,nowan,in;
Lat.Imus,lowest,from*insmus,fromin.Stokescfs.rather
Skr.adhcis,under(ndhas),Eng.under,givingtheprehistoric
formas*ins6;andthereismuchinfavourofthisviewfor
themeaning'ssake,thoughmostphilologistsareontheside
ofenorend,nowan,beingroot.Lat.imusorinfimuswould
thenfollowtheCeltic.

iosal,low,Ir.iosal,0.Ir.isel:*endslos;seeIosabove.

iosgaid,hough,poples,Ir.ioscaid,M.Ir.iscait,E.Ir.escait:

iosop,hyssop,Ir.iosdip;fromLat.hyssopum,whenceEng.

iotadh,thirst,Ir.iota,0.Ir.itu,g.itad:*isottdt,rootis,desire,
seek;Gr.Iottjs,wish,ifxepos,desire;Ch.SI.iskati,seek;
Skr.ish,seek,Zend,ish,wish.

iothlann,cornyard;seeiodhlann.

ire,progress,state,degreeofgrowth,0.Ir.hire,ire{ire),ulterior^
*(p)ereio,fromper,through,over;Gr.rrcpalos,ontheother
side.Stokesmakestheproportionalcomparisonofthese
formsthus:(p)ereios:TrepaLos=(p)arei(nowair):TrapaL

iriosal,humble:*airiosal,q.v.

iris,henroost,basketorshieldhandle,M.Ir.iris,pi.irsi,sus
pender,shieldhandle,ssttchelstrap:*aresti,fromairand
sta,stand.Seeros,seas.

is,is,Ir.,0.Ir.is,0.Ir.iss,0.W.iss,is=Gr.icrrl;Lat.est,is;
Eng.is,etc.

is,and,lr.,E.Ir.is;seeminglyanidiomaticuseofis,is.Con
sidertheidiom;"Niesinismiseanso""Hewilldoit
andIhere";literally:"Hewilldoit,Iamhere."Itis
usuallyregardedasacurtailmentofagus,andhencespelt
variouslyasa's,'us.

isbean,asausage;fromNorseispen,asausageoflardandsuet

(=ispen,fromspeni,ateat),
isean,achicken,youngofanybird,Ir.isean,E.Ir.essine,0.Ir.
isseniu,pullo:*ex(p)etnio1Rootpet,fly;thatis,*exen,
enbeingeun,bird,
isneach,ariflegun;fromoisinn,corner1Meyersuggestsfrom
isean,youngofbirds,comparing"fowlingpiece."

220ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ist!whist!Eng.whist!hist!Lat.st!Onomatopoetic.

ite,afeather,Ir.itedg,0.Ir.ette:*ettid,*pettid,rootpet,fly;
Gr.7rT0fxaL,Ifly;Lat.penna,awing(*petna),Eng,pen;
Eng.feather,Ger.jittich;etc.Seeeun.W.aden,wing,is
nearrelated,iteachan,aspool,weaver'sbobbin.

iteodha,hemlock.Cameron(29)suggestsaderivationfromite,
theideabeing"featherfoliaged."

ith,eat,Ir.,0.Ir.ithim:*ito,*pito,Ieat;Ch.SI.pltati,feed:
Skr.pitu,nourishment,Zendpitu,food;furtherGr.irirvs,
pine.Alsofitb,fioth,corn,asiniodhlann,q.v.

iubhar,yew,Ir.iubhar,E.Ir.ibar,Gaul.Eburos;Ger.tberesche,
servicetree(*ebarisc).SoSchrader.Itdoesnotseemthat
Ir.eo,W.yw,Br.ivin,*ivo,Eng.ye>i\canbealliedto
iubhar.Henceiubrach,ayewwood,statelywoman,the
mythicboatofFergusMcRointheDeirdrestory.
Eboracum?

iuc,corner,slit.Seeniiic.

iuchair,akey,Ir.eochair,E.Ir.eochuir,Manxogher,W.egoriacf,
key,egor,agor,opening:*ekuri;rootstempecu,fastening,
whenceLat.pecu,cattle,Eng.fee.Cf.W.ebill,key,auger.

iuchair,theroe,spawn,Ir.,M.Ir.iuchair:*jekvwi,Lat.jecur,
liver1

iuchar,thedogdays:

iugh,aparticularpostureinwhichthedeadareplaced:

iul,guidance,Ir.iul;cf.eolas.

iullag",asprightlyfemale,iullagach,sprightly:

iunais,want,E.Ir.ingudis,0.Ir.ingnais,absence:*ingndth,
fromgndth,known,custom;seegnath.Alsoaonais.

iunnrais,stormysky:

iunntas,wealth:

iurpais,fidgeting,wrestlingjcf.farpuis.

fiursach,suspensory(Oss.Ballads),appliedtothemailcoat.
Fromiris.H.S.D.givesthemeaningas"black,dark."

iuthaidh,fiuthaidh,iuthaidh,arrow,gun,etc.:

iutharn,hell;for*ifhern,asideformofifrinn.

la,latha,day,Ir.Id,g.laoi,0.Ir.lathe,laithe,lae,g.lathi,d.

lau,lou,16:*lasio,rootlas,shine;Skr.Idsati,shines;Gr.

Aaw,behold.
laban,lapail,mire,dirt,Ir.Idbdn;alsolaib.Cf.forroot

lathach(*lathbo).
labanach,adaylabourer,plebeian,Ir.labdnach(O'B.,etc.;Sh.);

fromLat.labor?


OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.221

labhair,speak,Ir.labkraim,E.Ir.labraim,0.Ir.labrur,labrathar,
loquitur,W.llafar,vocalis,lleferydd,voice,Corn,lauar,
sermo,Br.lavar,Gaul,riverLabarus:*labro,speak;Gr.
\df3pos,furious,Xappevofiou,talkrashly.Bez.prefersthe
rootofEng.flap.OthershavecomparedLat.labrum,lip,
whichmaybealliedtobothCelticandGr.(Aa/fyeuopxi).
HenceG.andIr.labhar,loud,0.Ir.labar,eloquens,W.
llafar,loud,Gr.\df3pos.

labhallan,watershrew(Suth.),lamhalan(Forbes):

lach,awildduck,Ir.,E.Ir.lacha;cf.theLit.rootlak,fly.

lach,reokoning,contributionperhead;fromtheSc.lauch,tavern
reckoning,/awing(do.),fromtherootofEng.law.

lachan,alaugh;fromtheSo.,Eng.laugh.

lachduinn,dun,grey,tawny,Ir.,M.Ir.lachtna,grey,dun;cf.
Skr.rakta,coloured,reddened,ranj,dye,whenceEng.lake,
crimson.

lad,I6d,aload,Ir.lad;fromtheM.Eng.laden,tolade.

lad,amilllead;fromtheEng.lead,lade.FortheN.H.meaning
of"puddle,"seelod.

ladar,aladle;fromtheEng.ladlebydissimilationoftheliquids.

ladarna,bold,soIr.,M.Ir.latrand,robber,W.pi.lladron,
thieves;fromLat.latro,latronis,athief.

ladhar,ahoof,fork,soIr.,E.Ir.ladar,toes,fork,branch:
*pla&ron,rootpla,extend.

lag,ahollow,Ir.log,apit,hollow:*luggo,rootlug,bend;Gr.
Avyifw,bend;Lit.lugnas,pliant.Stokesgivesthebasisas
*lonko,rootlek,lenk,bend,Lit.Idnkas,acurve,lanka,a
mead,Ch.SI.laku,bent;butthiswouldgiveainG.;Ger.
lilcke,gap,blank.

lag,weak,Ir.lag,E.Ir.lac,M.Ir.luice(pi.),W.Hag,sluggish:
*laggos,rootlag;Lat.langueo,Eng.languid;Gr.Aayya<o,
slacken,kayapos,thin;Eng.slack,alsolag,fromCeltic.Cf.

A.OLKKOS.

lagan,sowens:*latagko1Rootlat,bewet,Gr.Aara,drop,

Lat.latex.SeeIctthacfi.
lagh,law,Ir.lagh(obsolete,saysCon.);fromtheEng.The

phraseairlagh,setinreadinessforshooting(asofabow)is

hencealso,
laghach,pretty,Ir.Idghach,laghach(Donegal);cf.M.Ir.ligt

beauty,rootleg,Lat.lectus,chosen,Eng.election1Cf.0.VV.

lin,gratia.KlugesaysEng.like.
laidir,strong,Ir.,E.Ir.Ididir:
laigh,luigh,lie,Ir.luigh,E.Ir.laigim,0.Ir.lige,bed,W.gwely,

bed(Cor.gueli,Br.guele),Gaul,legasit(=posuit1):*logo,

222ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

lego,tolie,Hegos,bed,I.E.rootlegh,lie;Gr.Acxos,bed,
\.x*Tai,sleeps(Hes.);Got.ligan,Ger.liegan,Eng.lie,etc.

laimhrig",landingplace,harbour:fromN.hlafthamarr,pieror
loadingrock,Shet.Laamar.Alsolamraig.

laimhsich,handle,Ir.laimhsighim:*ldmastico,from*lamas,
handling,fromlamh,q.v.

lainiiir,brightness,polish,E.Ir.lainderda,glittering,glancing;
alsoloinnear,bright,q.v.

lainnir,afalcon(Carm.):

laipheid,aninstrumentformakinghornspoons:

lair,amare,Ir.0.Ir.lair,g.Idrach:*ldrex.Stokessuggests
connectionwithAlban.pele,pele,mare.

lairceach,stout,shortlegged,fat,lairceag,ashort,fatwoman:

lairig,amoor,slopinghill,apass;cf.M.Ir.laarg,fork,legand
thigh,0.Ir.loarcc,furca.Ofteninplacenames:

laisde,easy,ingoodcircumstances;cf.Ir.laisti,aheavy,stupid
person;fromlas,loose1

laisgeailta,fiery,fierce;fromlas,q.v.

laithilt,aweighingaswithscales,Ir.laithe,scales:*platio,root
plat,plet,asinleathan.

lamban,milkcurdledbyrennet(Dial.);seeslaman.

lamh,able,dare,Ir.lamhaim,E.Ir.lamaim,0.Ir.laimur,audeo,
W.llafasu,audere,Cor.lavasy,Br.lafuaez:*plamo,ashort
vowelformoftherootoflamh,hand,theideabeing"manage
to,daretoVStokessaysitisprobablyfrom*tlam,dare,
Gr.roA/xa,daring,Sc.thole;seetldth.Windischhascom
paredLit.lemiii,lemti,fix,appoint.

lamh,hand,Ir.ldmht0.Ir.lam,W.Haw,Cor.lof,0.Br.lau;
*ldmd,*pldmd;Lat.palma,Eng.palm;Gr.TraXdfXT];Ag.S.
folm,0.H.G.folma.Hencelamhainn,glove,E.Ir.Idmind.
lamh,axe(Ross),lamhaidh(Suth.);lamhag,asmallhatchet
(Arg.),M.Ir.laime,axe;01.Slav,lomifi,break,*lam,Eng.
lame(St.).

lamhrag,aslut,awkwardwoman,lamhragan,awkwardhandling;
fromlamh:"underhand."

Ian,full,Ir.,0.Ir.Idn,W.llawn,0.W.laun,Cor.leun,len,Br.
leun:Htino,*pldno,orplno(Brug.),rootpi,pld,pel;
Skr.purnds,full;furtherLat.plenus;Gr.7rA>j/o7/s,iroXvs,
many;Eng.full,etc.Seealsoiol,lion,linn.

lanain,amarriedcouple,Ir.lanamhain,E.Ir.lanamain,0.Ir.
Idnamnas,conjugium:*lagno,rootlog,leg,lie,asinlaighl
Stokesdividesthewordthus:Idnshamain.Forsamhain,
assembly,seesamhainn.

lanan,rafterbeam,fromlanain.

langa,aling;fromNorselanga,Sc.laing,Eng.ling.

OFTHEGAELrCLANGUAGE.223

langadar,seawarewithlongleaves(Lewis):

langaid,afetter,fetters(especiallyforhorses),langar,Ir.lang

fethir(O'B.jLh.hasflangphetir),E.Ir.langfiter(Corm.Gl.,

"Englishwordthis"),W.Hyfethar,M.W.lawhethyr;from

Eng.lang(long)andfatter.TheSc.haslanget,langelt,

whichistheoriginofG.langaid.
langaid,theguillemote(Heb.);fromSc.(Shetland)longie,Dan.

langivie(Edmonston).
langaiseachadh,pullingaboatalongbyaropefromthebank:
langan,lowingofthedeer;fromtheSc,Eng.lowing1
langasaid,acouch,settee;fromSc.langseat,langsettle,"long

seat."
lann,ablade,sword,Ir.lann,also"ascale,scaleofafish,disc"

(Arg.,M'A.):*lagsna?Rootlag,asinE.Ir.laigen,lance,

W.llain,blade,Lat.lanceo,Gr.Aoyx7??lancepoint.Thur.

(Zeit.28)suggests*pladsna,"broadthing";Gr.irXadavrj,

Ger.Jladen,flatcake,furtherG.leathann,broad,etc.0.Ir.

lann,squama,isreferredbyStokesto*lamna,alliedtoLat.

lamina,lamna;whichwouldproducerather0.Ir.*lamn,

Modernlamhan.Ir.lann,gridiron,isdoubtlessalliedto

0.Ir.lann.
lann,aninclosure,land,Ir.lann,E.Ir.land,W.llan,0.W.lann,

area,ecclesia,Br.lann:Handd;Teut.land,Eng.land.

Seeiodhlann.
lannsa,alance,Ir.lannsa;fromtheEng.
lanntair,alantern,Ir.laindear;fromtheEng.
laoch,ahero,Ir.laoch,asoldier,hero,E.Ir.Idech,ahero,

champion:*laicus,soldier,"noncleric,"E.Ir.Idech,laicus,

W.lleyg;allfromLat.laicus,alayman,noncleric,
laogh,acalf,soIr.,E.Ir.Ideg,W.llo,Cor.lock,Br.leue,M.Br.

lue:*loigos,calf,"jumper,"rootleig,skipGot.laikan,

spring,Lit.laigyti,skip,Skr.rejati,skip(seeleumfurther).

Itispossibletoreferittorootleigh,lick:"thelicker."
laodhan,pithofwood,heartofatree,Ir.laodhan,laoidhean;

alsoG.glaodhan,q.v.
laoighcionn,lao'cionn,tulchancalf,calfskin;fromlaoghand

jcionn,skin,whichseeunderhoicionn.Crannlaoicionn,

woodenblockcoveredwithcalfskin(Wh.).
laoidh,alay,soIr.,E.Ir.laed,laid,0.Ir.loid:*lHdi%Alliance

withTeutonicHup,Eng.lay,Fr.lai,Ger.lied,ispossibleif

thestemisludi;cf.forphoneticsdraoidhandancient

drUis,drUidos,Druid,Gaul.Lat.druidae(Stokes).
laoineach,handsome;cf.loinn.
laoir,drublustily(M'A.),laoireadh,rollinginthedust(H.S.D.).

Cf.leir.

224ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

laoiscionn,thinmembraneinsideofsheepandcattle(Lewis);

N.laussskin,looseskin1
laoisg,agroup,crowd(disparagingly)(Skye):
laom,acrowd,lodge(ascorn),Jr.laomdha,bent,M.Ir.hem,

crowd,heap:
laom,ablaze,Ir.laom;fromNorseIjdmi,ray,Ag.S.leoma,Sc.

leme,toblaze,
laom,gotoshaw(aspotatoes)(Skye):
laomchrann,mainbeamofahouse(Wh.):
laosboc,acastratedgoat:
laoran,apersontoofondofthefireside:
lapach,benumbed,faltering;cf.lath.Lapanaich,bedraggle

(Perth).

lar,theground,Ir.,0.Ir.Idr,W.llawr,0.Cor.lor,0.Br.laur,

solum,Br.leur:*ldro,*pldro;Eng.floor,Ag.S.Jlor,Norse

jlor,Ger.flur;rootpld,broad,broaden,Lat.pldnus,Eng.

plain,etc.
larach,asite,Ir.Idithreach,0.Ir.Idthrach;fromlathair,q.v.
las,loose,slack,W.llaes;fromLat.laxus,Eng.lax.
las,kindle,lasair,flame,soIr.,E.Ir.lassaim,lassair,W.llachar,

gleaming:*laksarSkr.lakshati,see,show,0.H.G.iuogen

(do.).Alsobysomereferredto*lapsar,Gr.Aa/x7rw,shine,

Eng.lamp,Pruss.lopis,flame.Seelosgadh.Windischhas

comparedSkr.arc,re,shine.Hencelasgaire,ayouth,

young"spark";lastan,pride,etc.
lasgar,suddennoise:

lath,benumb,getbenumbed.Cf.W.Had.
lathach,mire,clay,Ir.,E.Ir.lathach,coenum,W.llaid,mire,Br.

leiz,moist:*latdkd,*latjo,rootlat,bemoist;Gr.Aara,

Aarayes,drops;Lat.latex,liquid.
lathailt,amethod,amould(Wh.):
lathair,presence,Ir.lathair,0.Ir.Idthar,lathair:*latri,*ldtro,

rootpldt,pld,broad;Letticplat,extendthinly;furtherin

G.Idrabove.Asc.refersittotherootof0.Ir.Idaim,I

send,whichisalliedtoGr.Aaww,Idrive,etc.Hence

larach.
le,by,with,Ir.le,0.Ir.la,rarerle:*let;fromleth,side,
leabag,aflounder;seelebb.Alsoledbag.
leabaidh,abed,leabadh,Ir.leaba,leabuidh,E.Ir.lepaid,lepad,

g.leptha:*lebboti,*legbuto"lyingabode,"fromrootleg,

Xex>lie,asinlaigh?W.bedd.
leabhar,abook,soIr.,0.Ir.lebor,W.llyfr;fromLat.liber.
leabhar,long,clumsy,M.Ir.lebur,0.Ir.lebor,long:*lebro,

rootleg,hanging,Gr.Ao/3o?,alobe;Eng.lajvpet;alsoLat.

liber,book.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.225

leac,aflag,flagstone,soIr.,E.Ir.lecc,W.llech:Hiccd,Hpkd,

rootlep,ashale;Gr.A^ras,barerock;Lat.lapis,stone.

StokesandStrachanreferittotherootplk,flat,Lat.planca,

Eng.plank,Gr.7rAa,plain,
leac,acheek,leacainn,ahillside,Ir.leaca,cheek,g.leacan,

E.Ir.lecco,g.leccan:*lekkon;0.Pruss.laygnan,Ch.SI.

lice,vnltus.Rootliq,lig,appearance,like,Gr.Aikos,Eng.

like,tykewake,Ger.leichnambody,
leadair,mangle,soIr.,E.Ir.letraim,inf.letrad,hacking:

*leddro:
leadan,flowinghair,alock,teasel,Ir.,leaddn,M.Ir.leddn,teasel.

Rootli,stick;seeliosta.
leadan,notesinmusic,Ir.leaddn,musicalnotes,litany;from

Lat.litania,litany,
leag,throwdown,Ir.leagaim,inf.leagadh:*leggo,fromleg,root

oflaigh,lie(cf.Eng.lay)%Thepreservedgmaybefrom

theanalogyofleig,let;andAscolirefersthewordtothe

0.Ir.rootleg,lig,destruere,sternere:foralaig,straverat,

dolega,quidestruit.
leagarra,selfsatisfied,smug(Arg.):
leagh,melt,soIr.,0.Ir.legaim,legad,W.llaith,moist,dad

leithio,melt,Br.leiz:*lego;Eng.leak,Norseleka,drip,

Ger.lechzen.
leamh,foolish,insipid,importunate,Ir.leamh;cf.E.Ir.lem,

everythingwarm(?)andsoft(Corm.sublemlacht,newmilk,

W.llefrith,sweetmilk,Corn,leverid,liuriz;0.Ir.lemnact,

sweetmilk);considerrootlem,break,asinEng.lame,etc.
leamhan,elm,Ir.leamhann,leamh,M.Ir.lem:*lmo;Lat.ulmus,

Eng.elm:*elmo.W.llwyf(*leimd)isdifferent,withwhich

isallied(byborrowing*?)Eng.limeinlimetree.
leamnacht,tormentil,Ir.neamhain:
leamhnad,leamhragan,styeintheeye,W.llefrithen,llyfelyn:

Himo,"ooze'"?Cf.Lat.llmus,mud,lino,smear,Eng.loam.
lean,leana,alea,swampyplain,Ir.Uana(do.):Hekno%Cf.

Lit.le'kns,lekna,depression,wetmeadow(cf.Stokesonlag

above)jthisisMrStrachan'sderivation.Thespelling

seemsagainstreferringit,asStokesdoes,totherootlei,Gr.

keifxiov,meadow,Lit.leija,avalley;thoughW.llwyn,grove,

favoursthis.Cf.W.lleyn,lowstripofland,
lean,follow,Ir.leanaim,0.Ir.lenim,W.canlyn,dylyn,sequi:

Hinami,Iclingto;Skr.lindmi,clingto;Lat.lino,smear;

Gr.aAtVto(do.);Hipndmi,Lit.lipti,cleaveto;rootli,li,

adhere.Inf.isleanmhuinn.

27

226ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

leanabh,achild,Ir.leanbh,E.Ir.lenab:Henvo;fromlean%

Corm.givesalsolelap,which,astotermination,agreeswith

G.leanaban.Cf.aXo<j>vpiioai.
leann,ale,seelionn.
leannan,asweetheart,Ir.leanndn,aconcubine,E.Ir.lennan,

lendan,concubine,favourite:lexno,rootleg,lie,asinlaigh1

Fromlionn;cf.black1
lear,thesea(poeticalword),Ir.lear,E.Ir.ler,W.llyr:*liro,

rootli,flow,asinlighe,flood.StokesgivestheCelticas

leros,butoffersnofurtherderivation,
learag,larch;fromSc.larick,Eng.larch,fromLat.larix(*darix,

asindarach,q.v.).
learg,leirg,plain,hillside,Ir.learg,E.Ir.lerg,aplain;cf.Lat.

largus,Eng.large.
learg,diverbird(Carm.):
leas,advantage,Ir.leas,0.Ir.less,W.lies,Cor.les,Br.laz:

*lesso,rootpled,fruit;Slav,plodu,fruit(Stokes,Bez.).
leas,nick,step,Ir.leas,0.Ir.less,W.llys(W.llysenw=G.

leasainm),Br.es;sameasleasabove:"additional."Cf.

Fr.useofbean,belleforstep.Stokessuggests*lisso,blame,

rootleid,Gr.AoiSopew,revile(Lat.ludere1);otherscompare

leastoGer.laster,vice(seelochd);Bez.queriesconnection

withAg.S.lesve,false,Norselasinn,halfbroken,
leasg,leisg,lazy,Ir.leasg,0.Ir.lesc,W.llesg:*leskos;Norse

loskr,weak,idle,0.H.G.lescan,becomeextinguished,Ger.

erloschen(Stokes).BrugmannandothersgivestemasHed

sco,comparingGot.latz,lazy,Eng.late,towhichNorse

loskrmaybereferred(*latkwaz);rootled,lad.eAtvww,

rest(Zeit.34,531).
leasraidh,loins,Ir.leasruigh,pi.ofleasrach;seeleis.
leathad,declivity,hillside;cf.Ir.leathad,breadth.Seelend.
leathan,broad,soIr.,0.Ir.lethan,W.llydan,0.W.litan,Br.

ledan,Gaul,litanos:*ltanos,Gr.7rAaTus,broad;Skr.

prdthas,breadth;Lat.planta,soleofthefoot,sprout:root

plet,plat,extend,
leathar,leather,soIr.,E.Ir.lethar,W.lledr,M.Br.lezr,Br.ler:

*letro;Eng.leather,Ger.leder,Norseleb"r.Toprove

thattheTeutonsborrowedthiswordfromtheCelts,itis

assertedthattheoriginalCelticis*(p)letro,rootpelof

Gr.TreAAa,hide,Eng.fell.
leatrom,burden,weight,leatromach,pregnant,Ir.leathtrom,

burden,pregnancy;fromUthandtrom.
leibhidh,|race,generation(McIthich,1685);fromEng.levyl
leibhidh,*amountofstock(Carm.):
leibid,a*trifle,dirt,leibideach,trifling,Ir.libideach,dirty,

awkward:

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.227

l^ideach,strong,shaggy,Ir.leidmheach,strong(O'B.),0.Tr.

letenach,audax:
leig,let,Ir.leigim,0.Ir.le'iccim,le'cim:*leinqio;Lat.linquo;

Gr.AeiVco:Got.leihvan,Eng.loan.
leigh,aphysician,leigheas,acure,Ir.leigheas,M.Ir.leges;see

lighiche.
l^ine,ashirt,soIr.,E.Ir.lene,g.lenith,pi.lenti:*leinet,from

lein,lin;Lat.linum,flax,Eng.linen,Sc.Under;Gr.Atra,

cloth,Xlvov,flax.SeeAow.Strachanrefersit,onthe

analogyofdeur=dakro,tolaknet,root/a&,ofLat.lacerna,

cloak,lacinia,lappet.
16ir,sight,Ir.leir,sight,clear,0.Ir.leir,conspicuous.If

Strachan'sphoneticsareright,thismaybefor*lakri,root

lak,see,show,W.llygat,eye,Cor.lagat,Br.lagad,eye,Skr.

lakshati,see,show,0.H.G.luogen(do.),asin^,q.v.
16ir,guleir,altogether,Ir.leir,M.Ir.A&'r,complete,W.llwyr,

total,altogether:Heiris:
16ir,torment,topain:*lakro,rootM,asinLat.lacero,lacerate?
leirg",aplain;seelearg.

leirist,afoolish,senselessperson,slut(leithrist):
leis,thigh,Ir.leas,leis,hip,0.Ir.less,clunis;*lexa,rootlek\

Eng.leg,Gr.Aa^,kicking(St.).Nigraconnectsitwith

leth,side.Seeslios.
leisdear,arrowmaker;fromtheEng.Jietcher,fromFr.flecke,

arrow.Seejleasg.
leisg,laziness,lazy,Ir.leisg(n.);seeleasg.
leisgeul,excuse;fromlethandsgeul,"halfstory."
leithid,thelike,so.Ir.,E.Ir.lethet;fromleth,half,side,
leithleag,leileag,printforfrocks:
leitir,ahillside,slope,E.Ir.lettir,g.lettrach,W.llethr,slope:

*lettrek.Itmaybefrom*lethtir,"countryside,"orfrom

letofleathan;cf.W.lleth,flattened,"broadened."
leob,apiece,shred,Ir.leab,apiece,leadhb,apatchofoldleather,

M.Ir.ledb:*ledbo;forrootled,cf.leathar1Henceledb,

ahanginglip,ledbag,leabag,aflounder.Cf.Norseleppr,

arag(Craigie).
leobhar,long,clumsy;seeleabhar.
leocach,sneaking,low:
leddag,aslut,prude,flirt:
leog,aslapinthehead(M'D.):
leogach,hangingloosely,slovenly:
leoir,enough,Ir.,E.Ir.lebr,I6r,0.Ir.lour,W.llawer,many:

Havero,rootlav,lau,gain,Lat.lucrum,gain,Laverna,Skr.

I6ta,booty,Eng.loot,etc.StokesrefersW.llawertothe

comparativestemofpie,full;seeliuth.

228ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

leom,conceit,ledmais,dillydallying;cf.Ir.leoghaim,Iflatter,
leom,prudery.

leomann,moth,Ir.leomhan,Uamhann,E.Ir.legam.

leomkann,leoghann,lion,Ir.leomhan,0.Ir.leoman;fromLat.
leo,leonem.

Ie6n,wound,Ir.lednaim,E.Ir.lenaim,wound,len,hurt;this
StrachanreferstoHakno,root,lak,tear,asinLat.lacero,
lacerate,Gr.Aa/a's,arent.Butcf.leadradh,E.Ir.leod,
cutting,killing,Hedu,rootled,ledh,fell,Lat.labi,Eng.
lapse.

leth,side,half,Ir.,0.Ir.leth,W.lied,0.Br.let:Hetos;Lat.
latus.Brugmannrefersittotherootplet,broad,ofleathan.

lethaon,twin,lethuan:E.Ir.emuin,twins,*jemnos:

lethbhreac,acorrelative,equal,match;fromlethandbreac(1).

lethcheann(pron.lei'chean),thesideofthehead,cheek;from
lethandceann,withpossiblyaleaningonthepracticallylost
leac,leacann,cheek.

leud,lead,breadth,Ir.leithead,0.Ir.lethet;seeleathan.

leug,apreciousstone,Ir.Hag,astone,M.Ir.leg,Uglbgmar,
0.Ir.lia,g.liacc:*levink;Gr.Aaiy,g.Xduyyos,asmall
stone,Aaas,stone;Ger.lei,stone,rock,Ital.lavagna,slate,
schist.

leug,laziness,lazy,slow;seesUig.

leugh,leagh,read,Ir.Uaghaim,M.Ir.legim,0.Ir.legim,roleg,
legit,legend,reading;fromLat.lego,Iread,Eng.lecture,etc.

leum,ajump,Ir.,0.Ir.leim,le'imm,W.Ham,Br.B,m,0.Br.
lammam,salio:*lengmen,0.Ir.vb.lingim,Ispring,root
leg,leng;Skr.langhati,leap,spring;M.H.G.lingen,go
forward,Eng.light,etc.The0.Ir.perfecttenseleblaing
hasmadesomegivetherootasvleng,vleg,Skr.valg,spring,
Lat.valgus,awry,Eng.walk;andsomegivetherootas
svleng,fromsvelg.Itisdifficulttoseehowthevorsvbefore
IwaslostbeforeIinleum.

leus,lias,atorch,light,Ir.leus,E.Ir.les,less,0.Ir.,lesboire,
lightbearer:*plentto,fromplend,splend,Lat.splendeo,Eng.
splendid(Strachan).Cf.W.llwys,clear,pure.

li,colour,0.Ir.li,Hi,W.lliw,Cor.liu,color,Br.lion,0.Br.
liou,liu:*livos;Lat.livor,lividus,Eng.livid.

flia,astone,0.Ir.lia,g.liacc;seeleug.

liagh,aladle,Ir.,M.Ir.liach,0.Ir.Hag,trulla,scoop,W.llwy,
spoon,spattle,Cor.loe,Br.loa:leigd,ladle,rootleigh,ligh,
lick(asintmlich,q.v.);Lat.ligula,spoon,ladle.

liath,gray,soIr.,E.Ir.Hath,W.llwyd,canus,0.Br.loit,M.Br.
loet:*leito,*pleito,for*peleito;Gr.ireXirvos,livid;Skr.
palitd,gray;Lat.pallidus;Eng.fallow,Ag.S.fealo,yellow.
Cf.0.Fr.Hart,darkgrey,Sc.lyart(*ltucardus?).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.229

liathroid,aball(M'D.,liaroid):

liatrus,bluemould,liathlas,liatas:Hath+1

lid,Hod,asyllable,lisp,lideach,liotach,lisping,Ir.liotadh,a

lisp(Fol.);cf.Gr.Am),prayer,Lat.lito,placate.
lidh,steepgrassyslope:N.hli?5%

ligeach,sly;fromtheSc.sleekie,sleekit,sly,smooth,Eng.sleek.
lighe,aflood,overflow,Ir.,E.Ir.lia,0.Ir.lie,eluvio,W.Hi,

flood,stream,lliant,fluctus,fluentum,Br.livad,inundation;

rootli,leja,flow;Skr.riyati,letrun;Lit.leti,gush;Gr.

Xifivrj,lake,Aeios,smooth,Lat.levis,level,limus,mud;etc.

Stokeshesitatesbetweenrootliandrootspleu(Eng.flow)

andlev,lav,Lat.lavo,luo.
lighiche,aphysician,Ir.liaigh,g.leagha,E.Ir.liaig,0.Ir.legib,

medicis:Got.leikeis,Eng.leech.
linig,lining;fromtheEng.
linn,anage,century,offspring,Ir.linn,0.Ir.linn,lin,pars,

numerus:*lenu,fromplen,asinlinn,fill(Brug.),q.v.
linne,apool,linn,Ir.linn,E.Ir.lind,W.llyn,M.W.linn,Cor.

lin,Br.lenn:*linnos,rootli,li,flow;Gr.XtfMvrj,lake,etc.;

seelighe.
linnean,shoemaker'sthread;fromSc.lingan,lingel,fromFr.

ligneul,Lat.*lineolum,linea,Eng.line.
linnseag1,shroud,penanceshirt;foundedontheEng.linsey.
liobarnach,slovenly,awkward,soIr.;foundedonEng.slippery%
liobasda,slovenly,awkward,soIr.;seeslibist.
liobh,lote(Carm.):
liod,lide,syllable;seelid.
liomh,polish,Ir.liomhaim,liomhaim,M.Ir.limtha,polished,

sharpened,W.llifo,grind,whet,saw;Lat.limo,polish,

whet,limatus,polished,root,li,lei,smooth,flow.
lion,flax,lint,Ir.lion,E.Ir.lin,W.llin,Cor.,Br.lin:*linu;

Lat.linum,flax;Gr.Xtvov,flax,Atra,cloth;Got.lein,

0.H.G.tin;Ch.SI.Unit;rootlei,li,smooth,flow.
lion,anet,Ir.lion,0.Ir.lin;fromtheaboveword,
lion,fill,Ir.lionaim,0.Ir.linaim:*leno,*pleno;Lat.plenus,

full;Gr.TrXrjprjs,full;rootpie,pld,asinIan,q.v.Hence

llonar,lionmhor,numerous,
lion,cialion,howmany;sameaslinn,0.Ir.lin.
lionn,leann,ale,soIr.,0.Ir.lind,M.Ir.linddub,W.llyn\

Hennu;samerootandform(sofar)aslinne,q.v.Thisis

provedbyitssecondaryuseinG.andIr.for"humours,

melancholy."StokessuggestsforbothconnectionwithGr.

7r\a8apds,moist,
lionradh,gravy,juice;fromlion,"fullness"1

230ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

lios,agarden,Ir.lios,afort,habitation,E.Ir.liss,less,enclosure,
habitation,W.llys.aula,palatium,Br.les,court,0.Br.lis:
*lssos,adwellingenclosedbyanearthenwall,rootplet,
broad,Eng.place,Gr.rrkarvs,broad;0.H.G.jlezzi,house
floor,Norseflet,aflat.Forroot,seeleathan.

liosda,slow,tedious,importunate,soIr.,M.Ir.liosta,lisdacht,
importunity,E.Ir.lista,slow:*lisso,rootli,smooth,Gr.
Awrcros,smooth,Aeios,asinlighe.

liosraig,smooth,press(asclothafterweaving),dress,sliosraig
(Badenoch);comparetheabovewordforrootandstem.

liotach,stammering,lisping.Seelid.

lip,Hop,Hob,alip,Ir.Hob;fromEng.lip.

lipinn,lipinn,alippie,fourthofapeck;fromSc.lippie.

lirean,aspeciesofmarinefungus(H.S.D.):

lit,porridge,M.Ir.lite,E.Ir.littiu,g.litten,W.llith,mash:
*Httion(Stokes),*plttio,frompelt,polt,Gr.7toAtos,porridge,
Lat.puis,pultis,pottage.

litir,aletter,soIr.,E.Ir.liter,W.llythyr,Br.lizer;fromLat.
litera.

liubhar(H.S.D.liubhar),deliver;fromtheLat.libero,Eng.
liberate.

Hug,alamehandorfoot,sneakinglook,Ir.Hug,asneakingor
lamegait,liugaire,cajoler,G.liugair(do.):

liuth,liutha,liuthad,many,manya,somany,Ir.,0.Ir.lia,
more,0.VV.liaus,Br.liez:*(p)lejos,frompie,full,Gr.
7rAeiW;Lat.plus,plilres,olderpleores;Norsefleiri,more.

liuth,alythe;fromtheSc.

liuthail,liuil,bathing,fromliu,li.water(Carm.);M.Ir.lia,
flood(Stokes,249).

loban,16ban,ldpan,acreelfordryingcorn,basket,woodenframe
putinsidecornstackstokeepthemdry,basketpeatcart,
peatcreel;fromN.laupr,basket,timberframeofabuild
ing,Shet.loopie,Ag.S.leap.

lobanach,draggled,lobair,draggle;fromlob,puddle(Arm
strong):*lothbo,lothofIon,q.v.%

lobh,putrefy,Ir.lobhaim,0.Ir.lobat,putrescant,inf.lobad,root
lob,wither,waste;Lat.Idbi,tofall,Idbes,ruin,Eng.lapse.

lobhar,aleper,soIr.,0.Ir.lobur,infirmus,W.llwfr,feeble,
0.W.lobar,debile,M.Br.loffr,leprous,Br.laour,low,lor,
leper.Forrootseeaboveword.

lobht,aloft,Manxlout,Ir.lota(Connaught);fromNorselopt,
Eng.loft.

locair,plane(carpenter's),Ir.locar;fromNorselokar,Ag.S.
locer.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.231

loch,alake,loch,Ir.,E.Ir.loch:*loku;Lat.lacus;Gr.

Acikkos,pit.
lochd,afault,soIr.,0.Ir.locht,crimen:*loktu,rootlok,lak,

Gr.AaK,XdoKO),cryj0.H.G.lahan,blame,Ag.S.leahan,

Gerlaster,afault,vice,Norselostr.Eng.lack,leak,*lak%
lochdan,alittleamount(ofsleep),Ir.lochdain,anap,winkof

sleep(ArranandEigg,lochd):
ldchran,atorch,light,Ir.lochrann,0.Ir.locharn,Macham,W.

llugorn,Cor.lugarn:*/oukarnd,rootlouq,leuq,light;Lat.

lucerna,lamp,lux,light;Gr.Xzvkos,white,
lod,lodan,apuddle,Ir.lodan:Husdo,*luts,rootlut,la,Lat.

lutum,mud,Gr.Xvfxa,filth.
lod,aload,Ir.We?;fromtheEng.

lodhainn,apack(ofdogs),anumber:"aleash;"seelomhainn.
lodragan,aclumsyoldman,plumpboy:
logais,logaist,awkward,unwieldyperson,looseslipperorold

shoe(Arg.);fromEng.log.Cf.Sc.loggs.Eng.luggage1
logar,seaswash(Lewis):
logh,pardon,Ir.loghadh(n.),E.Ir.logaim,0.Ir.doluigim.

Stokesrefersittotherootofleagh,melt.
I6ghar,excellent:

loguid,avarlet,rascal,softfellow,M.Ir.locaim,Iflinchfrom:
loibean,onewhoworksinallweathersandplaces;cf.laib,under

laban.
loiceil,foolishlyfond,doting,Ir.loiceamhldchd,loiceamhlachd

(O'B.),dotage:
loigear,anuntidyperson,raggedone:
loine,alockoffinewool,tuftofsnow:Cf.Aax^;
loinid,churnstaff,Ir.,M.Ir.loinid.StokestakesfromN.

hlunnr.O'Rhaslunn,churndasher./
16inidh,rheumatism,greimldinidh:
loinn,goodcondition,charm,comeliness,joy,Ir.loinn,joy,M.Ir.

lainv,bright;fromplend,Lat.splendeo,Eng.splendid.

Henceloinnear,bright.SoStokes,
loinn,glade,area;obliqueformoflann,thelocativecasein

placenames,
loinn,abadge;acorruptionofsloinn%
loinnear,bright,elegant,E.Ir.lainderda,glittering:*lasno,

fromlasflame,q.v.%Cf.lonnrach.Seeloinn.
loinneas,awavering:
loirc,wallow,loir(Perth):

loirc,adeformedfoot,lorcach,lame;cf.lure,lore.
loireag,abeautiful,hairycow;aplumpgirl,pancake,water
nymph(Carm.);cf.lur,lurach.

232ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

loireanach,malechildjustabletowalk;cf.luran.

lbiseam,pomp,show:

loisneach,cunning:"foxy;"Ir.loisi,los,afox:*luxo;Gr.
Avy,lynx,0.H.G.luhs,Ang.S.lox,lynx.
Vloistean,alodging,tent,Ir.Idistin;fromtheEnglodging.

loithreach,ragged(Hend.):

lom,bare,Ir.lom,0.Ir.lomm,W.llwm:Hummo,*lupsmo,
rootlup,peel,breakoff;Lit.htpti,peel,Ch.SI.lupiti,
detrahere;Skr.lumpami,cutoff.Hes.hasGr.Av/xv6s=
yvfivos,whichStokessuggestsalternately.Hencelomradh,
fleecing,0.Ir.lommraim,tondeo,abrado,lommar,bared,
stripped;whichlastStokescomparesrathertoLat.lamberat,
scinditaclaniat.

lombair,bare;cf.0.Ir.lommar,bared(seelom).Possiblytheb
isintrusive,asinEng.number,slumber.

lomchar,bareplace;fromlomandcuir,cor.

lomhainn,aleash,Ir.lomna,acord(O'Cl.),0.Ir.loman,funis,
lorum,W.lli/fan,Cor.louan,Br.louffan,tether:*lomand.

lomhair,brilliant:

lomnochd,naked,soIr.,E.Ir.lomnocht;fromlomandnochd,
naked.

lompair,abareplain;seelombair,whichisanotherspellingof
thisword.

lompais,niggardliness,Ir.lompais;fromHommas,fromlom.

ldn,food,Ir.,M.Ir.Idn,0.Ir.loon,adeps,commeatus,0.Br.Ion,
adeps:*louno.StrachanandStokescf.0.SI.pluti,caro,
Lit.pluta,acrust,Letticpluta,abowel.Bez.queriesifitis
alliedtoL.Ger.^m,rawsuet,0.H.G.Jloum.Itwasusual
toreferittothesamerootasGr.7tAoi>tos,wealth;and
Ernaulthassuggestedconnectionwithblonag(*vlon),which
isunlikely.

ldn,marsh,mud,meadow(Arg.),water(Skye):*lutno,rootlut,
muddy,0.Ir.loth,mud,Lat.lutum;furtherrootlu,lou,as
inlod.ItmaybefromHouno,withthesameroot;cf.
M.Ir.conhian,hounds'excrement.

Ion,londubh,theblackbird,Ir.,M.Ir.,0.Ir.Ion.Stokesrefers
itto*luxno(rootleuq,light,Lat.lux,etc.),butthisinthe
G.wouldgivelonn.

Ion,elk,M.G.Ion(D.ofL.),Ir.Ion:Hono;cf.0.Slav,lani,
hind,and,further,Celtic*elani,roe(seeeilid).

Ion,aropeofrawhides(StKilda):possiblyacondensationof
lomhainn.

Ion,lonchraois,gluttony,M.Ir.Ioncrdis.KunoMeyer,(Vision
ofMlConglinne)translatesIonseparatelyas"demon."For
craoisseecraos.Ion,water(Carm.)4craos1

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.233

Ion,prattle,forwardness,Ir.lonaigh,ascoff,jest,W.Hon,cheer
ful:*luno,root,lu,lav,enjoy,win,W.llawen,merry;Gr.
<x7ro\avio,enjoy;Got.laun,reward.Seefurtherunderluach.
Umaighear,boisterousmirth(Wh.)1

long,aship,Ir.long,E.Ir,long,vessel(vas),ship,W.Hong,ship:
*longd;Norselung,ship(Bez.);cf.Lat.lagena,flagon
(Stokes).UsuallysupposedtoheborrowedfromLat.(navis)
longa,warship.Cf.Ptolemy'sRiverAoyyos,theNorse
Skipafjbrftr,nowLochLong.*plugnd1Eng.fly%

longadh,adiet,soIr.,E.Ir.longad,eating;asideformofslug,
whichseeforroot.

longphort,harbour,camp,palace,Ir.longphort(do.);fromlong+
port.Henceluchairt,palace;longart,lunkart,inplace
names.

lonn,timberputunderaboatforlaunchingit;fromNorse
hlunnr,arollerforlaunchingships.

lonn,anger,fierce,strong,Ir.lonn,0.Ir.lond,wild.Stokes
(Zeit.B0,557)doubtfullysuggestsconnectionwithSkr.
randhayati,destroy,torment.

lonnrach,glittering,soIr.;cf.loinnir.Idnrach,wellfed(Hend.).

ldpan,soft,muddyplace(Suth.):seelaban.

lore,shank(Carm.):

lorg,astaff,Ir.,E.Ir.lorg,Cor.lorc'h,baculus,Br.lorelien,
temo:Horgo,Norselurkr,acudgel(Bez.,Cam.).

lorg,track,footstep,Ir.,E.Ir.lorg,0.Ir.lore,trames,lorgarecht,
indago,W.llyr,course,duct,Cor.lergh,lerch,Br.lerc'h,
track:Horgo.Bez.comparesL.Ger.lurken,creep.Rhys
addsW.llwrw,direction(ManxPray.2,127).

los,purpose,sake,Ir.,E.Ir.los,sake,behalf,part,M.Ir.los,
growth;alos,"aboutto"(Wh.);indobhranlosleathan,
beaver(otterofbroadtail),Ir.los,tail,end(O'Cl.),W.Host,
Br.lost,*losto,lostd:

losaid,akneadingtrough,Ir.losad,E.Ir.lossat:*lossantd,
Holes,rootlok,lek;Gr.Ackos,adish,pot;Lit.lekmene,a
puddle;Lat.lanx,dish.

losgadh.aburning,Ir.loscadh,E.Ir.loscud,W.llosg,urere,Cor.
lose(n.),Br.losh:*losko,Iburn,*lopsko,root,lop,lap;Gr.
Xdfnro),shine;0.Pruss.lopis,flame,Lett,lapa,pinetorch
(Stokes).Seelasair,towhoserootitisusuallyreferred.

losgann,atoad,Ir.loscain,E.Ir.loscann;fromlosgabove,so
namedfromtheacridsecretionsofitsskin.

lot,wound,soIr.,E.Ir.lot,damage,loitim,laedo:*lotto,Hutto,
rootlut,lu,cut;Skr.lu,cut;Gr.Avo>,loose;Eng.loss,
lose;Pruss.aulaut,die.StokesrefersittoastemHudn6,

28

234ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

rootlud,Teut.root,lut,Eng.lout,little,Norseluta,tolout,

bow,Ag.S.lot,dolus,etc.
lot,share,etc.,one'scroft(Lewis):
loth,acolt,Manx,Ihiy,W.llvjdn,youngofdeer,sheep,swine,

hens,etc.,Cor.lodn(do.),M.Br.lozn,beast,Br.loen,animal:

*pluto,*plutno;cf.Lat.pullus,foal,Eng.filly.
loth,marsh(Suth.)0.Irloth,mud;seefurtherunderIon.

HenceLothparish,
lothail,theplantbrooklime,Ir.lothal(O'B.),lochal:
luach,worth,value,Ir.luach,0.Ir.I6g,luach:Hougos,rootlou,

IH,gain;Lat.Mcrum,gain,Laverna,thethieves'goddess;

Got.laun,areward,Ag.S.lean(do.);0.Slav,lovu,catching,
luachair,rushes,Ir.,E.Ir.luachair:"lightmaker,"fromlouk,

light(Lat.lux,etc.),M.W.lieubabir,rushlight.
luadh,fullingcloth;cf.Ir.luadh,motion,moving,rootploud

(Lit.plaudzu,wash,Eng.fleet),asideformoftherootof

luath.Butcomparedol.
luaidh,mention,speaking,Ir.luadh,0.Ir.luad:Haudo;Lat.

laus,laudis,praise.Henceluaidh,belovedone:"spoken

orthoughtofone."
luaidh,lead,Ir.,M.Ir.luaidhe:*loudid;Eng.lead,Ag.S.lead

{Hauda),Ger.loth.
luaimear,aprattler,Ir.luaimearachd,volubility;seenextword,
luaineach,restless,Ir.luaimneach,E.Ir.luamnech,volatile(as

birds),luamain,flying;rootploug,fly;Eng.jtfy,Ger.Jliegen,

Norsefljuga.
luaireagan,agrovellingperson,afirefondchild;fromluaith,

ashes:"oneinsackclothandashes"?
luaisg,move,wave,luasgadh(n.),Ir.luasgaim,M.Ir.luascad,

0.Br.luscou,oscilla,Br.luskella,torock:*lousko,*ploudsko,

rootploudorplout,plou,go,flow,move,asinluath,q.v.

Bez.queriesconnectionwithLit.pltiskdt,plukt,pluck,tear,
luan,moon,Monday,soIr.;M.Ir.,0.Ir.luan,moon,Monday:

*loukno,Lat.lux,luceo,lUna,moon.TheGadelicispossibly

borrowedfromLat.Ir.goIdanLuain,tilldoomsday.
luaran,adizziness,faint:
luath,ashes,Ir.luaith,E.Ir.luaith,W.lludw,Cor.lusu,Br.ludu:

*loutvi.Bez.queriesifitisalliedtoGer.lodern,toflame,
luath,swift,Ir.luath,0.Ir.luath:*louto,rootplout,plou,go,

flow,beswift;J&ng.fleet,Norsefljdtr,swift(rootpleud);Gr.

7rAw,1sail;Lat.pluit,itrains;Skr.plavate,swim,fly.
lub,bend,Ir.,M.Ir.lubaim,E.Ir.Itipaim(rolupstair,theybent,

L.Leinster):lubbo,rootleub,lub;Eng.loop,M.Eng.loupe,

noose;\vyi(jn,seelag.SkeatregardstheEng.asborrowed

fromtheCeltic.Henceluib,afold,creek,angle.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.235

luch,amouse,Ir.,0.Ir.luck,g.lochat,W.llyg,llygoden,Corn.
logoden,Br.logodenn,pi.logod:Hukot,*pluko,"grayone";
Lit.pilkas,gray,pele,mouse;rootpel,pol,gray,asunder
liath.StokesrefersittotheGadelicrootluko,dark(read
laukoorlouko),whenceE.Ir.loch(readI6ch),whichhetakes
fromI.E.leuq,shine(Lat.lux,etc.),comparingW.llwg,
livid,blotchy,towhichaddW.Hug,blotch,dawning.From
thisobsoleteG.wordIdch,dark,comesthenameoftherivers
Lbchaid/i,Adamnan'sNigraDeaorLochdae,whichwemay
takeastheG.formofitfromanotherofhisreferences.

luchairt,apalace,castle;seelongphort.

luchd,people,Ir.luchd,0.Ir.lucht,W.llivyth,tribe:*lukto,
fromplug,pulg,Eng.folk,Ger.volk,whence0.Slov.pluku,
atroop.

luchd,aburden,Ir.luchd,E.Ir.lucht,W.llyvtli,aload:lukto.
The0.W.tluith(ormaurdluithruim,multovecte)has
suggested*tlukto,alliedtoLat.tollo,raise(Stokes).Eng.
flock1

ludag,thelittlefinger,Ir.lughaddg,0.Ir.luta,dit.lutain:
*liidddn,rootlud,lud,Eng.little,Ag.S.lytel,0.H.G.luzil;
rootlu,lil,Eng.loss,less,Gr.At'co,etc.

ludag,ludan,ludnan,ahinge,ludanan,hinges,Ir.ludrach(Fol.),
ludach,ludann(O'R.):

ludair,aslovenlyperson,ludraig,bespatterwithmud,luidir,
wallow,Ir.ludar(n),ludair(vb.);twowordsfromlod,mud,
andluid,rag.

ludhaig,permit,allow:fromtheEng.'lowing,allowing,lughaic,
stipulatefor(Hend.).

lugach,havingcrookedlegs,lugan,adeformedperson,luigean,
aweakling:Huggo,rootleug,lug,bend,Gr.\vyit\o,bend,
Lit.lugnas,pliant.

lugh,swear,blaspheme,0.Ir.luige,oath,W.llw,Br.le:*lugion,
oath,"binding";Got.liugan,wed,0.H.G.urliugi,lawless
condition,Ag.S.orlege,war.

lugh,ajoint(MA..),luighean,atendon,ankle,Ir.luthach,joints,
luighean,anave,M.Ir.luithech,sinew.

lugha,less,Ir.lugha,0.Ir.lugu,laigiu,positive,lau,lu,little,
W.llai,less,fromllei,Br.lei,fromlau:*legios,from*legus,
little:Lat.levis;Gr.iXaxv<s,little;Skr.laghds,light,Eng.
light.

luibh,anherb,Ir.luibh,0.Ir.luib,lubgort,herbgarden,garden,
W.lluarth,garden,Cor.luvorth,Br.liorz,garden:*lubi,
herb;Norselyf,herb,Got.lubjaleisei,witchcraft,"herb
lore,"0.H.G.luppi,poison,magic,Ag.S.lyb(do.).

236ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

luid,luideag,arag,aslut,Ir.luid:*luddi,rootlu,cut,lose,as
underlot.

luidhear,avent,chimney,louvre,W.llwfer;fromM.Eng.
louere,lover,smokehole,0.Fr.lover.TheNorseIjbri,a
louvreorroofopening,isfromlj6s,light.

luidse,aclumsyfellow;fromtheSc.lotch,lout,touching,louting.

luigean,aweakperson;seelugach.

luigh,lie;seelaigh.

luighean,anankle:cf.E.Ir.lua,foot,kick,0.Ir.lue,heel:

luighesiubhladh(laighesiubhladh),childbed,lr.luidhsiubhail
(Fol.),M.Ir.bensiuil,parturientwoman,luigeseola,child
bed.StokesreferssiuiltoM.Ir.siul,bed,andcomparesthe
Eng.phrasetobebroughtabed.TheG.andIr.seemagainst
this,fortheideaofluighesiubhladhwouldthenbe"bed
lying";stillworseisitwhenleabaidhshiuladhisused.
Considersiubhal,bearing.

luigheachd,requital,reward:*lugi,rootlug,loug,asinluach.

luim,ashift,contrivance:

luimneach,active(Smith'sS.D.);cf.luaineach.

luinneag",aditty,Ir.luinnioc,chorus,glee,M.Ir.luindiuc,
luindig,musicmaking;*lundo,rootlud,asinlaoidh,Eng.
lay%

luinneanach,tossing,floundering,paddlingabout;seelunn,a
heavingbillow.

luinnse,luinnsear,asluggard,lazyvagrant,Ir.lunnsaire,idler,
watcher;fromEng.lungis(obsolete),lounger.

luir,torture,drub(M'A);seelaoir.

luireach,acoatofmail,Ir.luireach,E.Ir.Idirech,W.llurig;
fromLat.lorica,fromlorum,athong.Henceldireach,a
patchedgarment,anuntidyfemale.

luirist,anuntidyperson,tallandpithless:

lum,partoftheoarbetweenthehandleandblade;fromN.
hlumr,handleofanoar.

lumalan,chokefull,alsolomlanandlumhalan(Hend.);from
lorn+Ian.

luman,acovering,greatcoat,Ir.lumain,E.Ir.lumman(g.lumne,
M'Con.).Insomedialectsitalsomeansa"beating,"thatis
audressing."

lunasd,lunasdal,lunasdainn,Lammas,firstAugust,Ir.lughnas,
August,E.Ir.luguasad,Lammasdajr:"festivalofLug";
fromLug,thesungodoftheGael,whosenameStokescon
nectswithGer.locken,allure,Norselokka(do.),andalso
Loki(?).E.Ir.nassad,festival(*?),isreferredbyRhystothe
sameoriginasLat.nexus,andhetranslatesIdgnasadas
"Lug'swedding"(Hib.Led.,416).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.237

lunn,astaff,oarhandle,lever;fromNorsehlunnr,launching

roller.Seelonn.Dial.lund.
lunn,aheavingbillow(notbroken);alsolonn.Seelonn,anger,
lunndair,asluggard;cf.Fr.lendore,anidlefellow,fromM.K.G.

lenUrn,goslow,Du.lentern.Br.landar,idle,isborrowed

fromtheFr.
lunndan,asmoothgrassyplot(possibly"marshyspot,"Rob.).

HenceplacenameAnLunndan.
lunndraig,thump,beat;fromtheSc.founder,beat,foundering,a

drubbing,
lur,delight,lurach,lovely,luran,darling,amalechild;*luru,

rootlu,lau,enjoy,asinIon.
lure,acreaseincloth;fromSc,lirk,acrease,M.Eng.lerke,

wrinkle,
lurcach,lameinthefeet;seeloirc.
lurdan,cunning,aslyfellow;fromSc.lurdane,worthlessperson,

M.Eng.lourdaine,lazyrascal,from0.Fr.lourdein(n.),fourd,

dirty,sottish,fromLat.luridum.
lurg,lurgann,ashank,Ir.,E.Ir.lurgu,g.lurgan;W.llorp,

llorf,shank,shaft,
lus,anherb,plant,Ir.lus,E.Ir.luss,pi.lossa,W.llysiau,herbs,

Cor.les,Br.louzaouen:*lussu,from*lubsu,roothubofluibh.
luspardan,apigmy,sprite,Martin'sLusbirdan;fromlugh,little

(seelugha),andspiorad.
luth,strength,pith,Ir.luth,E.Ir.luth;cf.0.Ir.luth,velocity,

motion,fromtherootpleu,pluofluath.Ortluth,fromtel1

ma,if,Ir.md,0.Ir.md,ma,Cor.,Br.ma(alsomar);cf.Skr.
sma,smd,anemphaticenclitic(="indeed")usedafter
pronouns,etc.,thesmwhichappearsintheI.E.pronoun
forms(Gr.dfi/xe=nssme,us).

mab,atassel;asideformofpab,q.v.

mab,abuse,vilify:

mabach,lisping,stammering;cf.M.Eng.majien,Du.maffelen,to
stammer.

mac,ason,Ir.mac,0.Ir.mace,W.mab,0,W.map,Cor.mab,
Br.map,mab,Ogamgen.maqvi:*makkos,*?nakvos,son,
rootmak,rear,nutrire,W.magu,rear,nurse,Br.magnet:
I.E.mak,ability,production;Gr./xaKpos,long,fidnap,
blessed;Zendmacanh,greatness;Letticmdzv,can,be
able.KlugecomparesGot.magaths,maid,Ag.S.mag}>,
Eng.maid,furtherGot.magus,boy,Norsem'Ogr,which,

238ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

however,isalliedto0.Ir.mug(pi.mogi),slave.TheTeut.
wordsalsooriginallycomefromarootdenoting"might,
increase,"Gr.pjxos>means,Skr.mahas,great.Hence
macanta,mild:"filial."

macamh,ayouth,generousman,Tr.macamh,macaomh,ayouth,
E.Ir.maccoem:frommacandcaomh.

mach,amach,outside(motionto"out"),Ir.amach,E.Ir.
immach;frominandmagh,afield,machbeingitsaccusative
aftertheprep,in,into:"intothefield."Againamuigh,
outside(rest),isforE.Ir.immaig,inwiththedat.ofmagh:
"inthefield."Seean,annandmagh.

machair,aplain,level,arableland,Manxmagher,Ir.,M.Ir.
machaire,macha;*makarjo,afield;Lat.mdceria,an
enclosure(whenceW.magwyr,enclosure,Br.moger,wall).
SoStokes.Usuallyreferredto*maghthir,"plainland,"
frommaghandtir.

machlag,matrix,uterus,Ir.machldg(O'B.,etc.),M.Ir.macloc;
cf.Ger.magen,Eng.maw.

macnas,sport,wantonness,Ir.macnas(do.),macras,sport,
festivity;frommac.

mactalla,macalla,echo,Ir.,M.Ir.macalla;frommacand
obsoleteall,acliff,g.aille(*allos),alliedtoGr.7reAAa,
stone(Hes.),Norsefjall,hill,Eng.fell.Seealsofail,
whichisallied.

madadh,adog,mastiff,soIr.,M.Ir.madrad:E.Ir.matad
(McCon.),maddad(Fel.),W.madog,fox(cf.W.madryn,
reynard):*maddo,*masdo,themaspossiblybeingformats,
thematofwhichisthenthesameasmathofmathghamhuin,
q.v.ConnectionwithEng.mastiff,Fr.matin,0.F.mestiff,
from*mansatinus,"housedog,"wouldmeanborrowing.

madadh,mussel:

madog,madog,amattock,Wmatog;fromM.Eng.mattoh,now
mattock,Ag.S.mattuc.

madar,madder,Ir.madartheplatmadder;fromtheEng.

madhanta,valiant,dexterousinarms,Ir.madhanta:"over
throwing,"fromtheE.Ir.verbmaidim,overthrow,break,
from*mato,Ch.SI.motyka,ligo,Polishmotyka,hoe(Bez.).

maduinn,morning,Ir.maidin,0.I.matin,mane,maten;from
Lat.matutina,early(day),Eng.matin.

mag,apaw,hand,lazybed,ridgeofarableland,E.Ir.mdc,:
*mankd,rootman,hand,Lat.manus,Gr.papi],Norsemund,
hand.Sc.maigisfromGaelic.

magadh,mocking,Ir.magadh,W.mocio;fromtheEng.mock.

magaid,awhim;fromSc.maggat,magget.


OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.239

magairle(an),testicle(s),Tr.magairle,magarla,E.Ir.macraille

(pi.):*magaraille,"magarstones;"magar,andallof

maclalla:magar=*maggaro,rootmag,meg,great,powerful,

increase*?Cf.,however,mogul.
magan,toad;properlymialmhagain,"squatbeast;"frommag

above,
magh,aplain,afield,Ir.magh,0.Ir.mag,W.ma,maes

(*magestu),Cor.mes,Br.maes,Gaul,magos:*magos,*mages,

field,plain,"expanse,"fromrootmagh,great,Skr.mahi,the

earth,mahas,great;G.pjxos>means,Lat.machina,machine;

Got.magan,beable,Eng.may.
maghan,stomach:N.magi.

maghar,baitforfish,soIr.,E.Ir.magar(Corm.),smallfryorfish:
maibean,acluster,bunch;seemab.
maide,astick,wood,Ir.,E.Ir.,matan,aclub:*maddio,

*masdo;Lat.malus(=*mddus),mast;Eng.mast
maidhean,delay,slowness:
maidse,ashapelessmass:
maidsear,amajor;fromtheEng.
Maigh,May,E.Ir.Mai;fromLat.Mains,Eng.May.
maigean,achildbeginningtowalk,afat,littleman:frommag.
maighdeag,conchaveneris,theshelloftheescallopfish;from

maighdean1Cf.madadh,mussel,
maighdean,amaiden,soIr.,lateM.Ir.maighden(F.M.);from

M.Eng.magden,maiden,Ag.S.moegden,nowmaiden.
maigheach,ahare,Ir.miolbhuidhe(formiolmhuighe),E.Ir.mil

maige,"plainbeast";frommialandmigli.TheG.isan

adj.frommagh:*mageco,"campestris."
maighistir,maighstir,master,Ir.maighisdir,\I.Ir.magisder,

W.meistyr,Cor.maister;fromLat.magister,Eng.master.
maileid,abag,wallet,knapsack,Ir.mdileid,mdilin;seemala.
mailleri,with,Ir.maillere,0.Ir.immalle,malle;forimban

leth,"bytheside,"muanletknow.
maille,mailarmour;fromtheEng.mail.
mainisdir,amonastery,soIr.,E.Ir.manister;fromLat.monas

terium.
mainne,delay,Ir.mainneachdna;cf.0.Ir.mendat,residence,

0.G.maindaidib(dat.pi.),Skr.mandiram,lodging,habita
tion;Lat.mandra,apen,Gr.fidvSpa(do.),
mainnir,afold,pen,goatpen,booth,Ir.mainreach,mainneir,

M.Ir.maindir,;Lat.mandra,Gr.fidvSpa,pen,asunder

mainne.K.MeyertakesitfromearlyFr.maneir,dwelling,

Eng.manor.
mair,last,live,Ir.mairim,0.Ir.maraim:*maro;Lat.mora,

delay(%r).

240ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

maireach,tomorrow,Ir.mdrach,E.Ir.imbdrack,tomorrow,

iarnabdrach,dayaftertomorrow,W.bore,boreu,morning,

yfor?/,tomorrow,M.W.avory,Br.beure,morning,*bdrego

(Stokes,Zimmer):*m.fego,rootmfgh,mrgh(mrg*?);Got.

maurgins,morning,damaurgina,tomorrow,Eng.morrow,

Ger.morgen,etc.
mairg,pity!Ir.mairg,E.Ir.mairg,vae:*margi;Gr./xapyos,

mad,Lat.morbus(?).Usuallyreferredto*mooirc,*mo

oirg,"mydestruction,"fromorg,destroy,(Seetuargan).
mairiste,amarriage;fromtheEng.

mairneal,adelay,Ir.mairneulachd,tediousness,asailing:
mairtir,amartyr,soIr.,E.Ir.martir,W.merthyr;fromLat.

martyr,fromGr.fidprvs,fidprvpos,awitness,
maise,beauty,soIr.,E.Ir.maisse,frommass,comely;rootmad,

med,measure,Eng.meet,Ger.mdssig,moderate;further

Eng.mete,etc.
maistir,urine,soIr.;*mad$tri,rootmad,Lat.madeo.
maistreatih,churning,soIr.;rootmag:Gr./myis,/xao<rw,Ch,

SI.masla,butter,
maith,math,good,Ir.,0.Ir.maith,W.mad,Cor.mas,M.Br.

mat:*matis,rootmat,met,measure,I.E.me,measure,as

inmeas,q.v.1Bez.suggestsasanalternativeSkr.iipamdti,

affabilis,Gr./xarts(=fxeyas,lies.),
maith,math,pardon,Ir.maitheam(n.),E.Ir.matlum,aforgiving,

W.madden,ignoscere,rootmad,"bequietabout/'Skr.

mddati,linger,mandas,lingering,Got.gamotan,room;see

mainnir.RhysregardstheW.asborrowedfromIr.;ifso,

G.issameasmaith,good,
mal,rent,tax,M.Ir.mdl,W.mdl,bounty;fromAg.S.mdl,

tribute,M.Eng.mdl,nowmail(blackwiai/),Sc.mail.
mala,abag,budget,Ir.mala;fromtheM.Eng.male,wallet,

bag(nowmail),from0.Fr.male,from0.H.G.malha.
mala,pi.,malaicheail(mailgheaninArg.,cf.duilich,duilgke),

eyebrow,Ir.mala,0.Ir.mala,g.malack,M.Br.malvenn,

eyelash:*malax;Lit.blakstenai,eyelashes,blakstini,wink,

Letticmala,border,Alban.maV,hill,border,
malairt,anexchange,soIr.,M.Ir.malartaigim,Iexchange,also

"destroy":inE.Ir.and0.Ir.malairtmeans"destruction,"

whichmaybecomparedtoLat.matus,bad.
male,putrefy:*malqo;Lit.nusmelkiii,decay,Servianmlakt

lukewarm(Strachan),0.H.G.mola(h)wen,tabere(Bez.).It

hasalsobeenreferredtotherootmet,grind,
malda,gentle,Ir.mdlta;Gr.fxaXdaKos,soft(seemeall).
mall,slow,Ir.,0.Ir.mall(W.mall,wantofenergy,softnessV);

Gr./ieAAw,linger(*melno);Lat.promello,litempromovere.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.241

IthasalsobeenreferredtotherootofGr.fxaXOaKos,soft

(seemeall),andtothatofLat.mollis,soft,Eng.mellow.
mallachd,acurse,soIr.,0.Ir.maldacht,W.mellith,Br.malloc'h;

fromLat.maledictio,Eng.malediction.
mam,largeroundhill,Ir.mam,mountain,M.Ir.mamm,breast,

pap(O'Cl.):"breast,pap,"Lat.mamma,mother,breast,

Eng.mamma,etc.Hencemam,anulcerousswellingofthe

armpit,
mam,ahandful,twohandfuls,Ir.,M.Ir.mam,handful,W.

mawaid,twohandfuls:*mdtnm&(Stokes),from*manmd,

alliedtoLat.manus,hand1Cf.,however,mag.
man,amoleontheskin,armpitulcer;sideformmam.
manach,amonk,Ir.,E.Ir.manach,M.Ir.mainchine,monkship,

monk'sduties(cf.abdaine),W.mynach,Br.manac'h;from

Lat.monachus,Eng.monk.Hencemanachainn,amonastery.
manach,theangelfish:
manachan,thegroin:
manadh,anomen,luck,E.Ir.mana,omen;Lat.moneo,warn,

advise;Ag.S.manian,warn,exhort,
manas,theportionofanestatefarmedbytheowner,alargeor

levelfarm;fromtheSc.mains,Eng.manor.
mandrag,mandrake,Ir.mandrdc;fromtheEng.W.mandragor

isfromM.Eng.mandragores,Ag.S.mandragora.
mang,afawn,M.Ir.mang,E.Ir.mang(Corm.):Celticrootmag

(mang),increase,Eng.maiden,Got.magus,boy(seemac).
mangan,abear;seemathghamhain.
mannda,manntach,lisping,stammering,Ir.manntach,toothless,

stammering,E.Ir.mant,gum,0.Ir.mend,dumb,etc.,Ir.

meann,dumb(O'Br.),W.mant,jaw,mantach,toothlessjaw:

*mandsto,jaw;Lat.mandere,eat,mandibula,ajaw;further

isEng.meat,Gr./xacrao/xou,chew,eat,rootmad.
manran,atunefulsound,acooing,humming,Ir.manrdn:
maodail,apaunch,stomach,ruminant'spouch,Ir.meadait,

maodal,meadhail(Lh.),M.Ir.medhal(Ir.Gl.,235),metail:

*mandto1Rootmad,mand,eat,asundermannda%
maoidh,grudge,reproach,Ir.maoidhim,grudge,upbraid,brag,

E.Ir.mdidim,threaten,boast,0.Ir.moidem,gloriatio:

*moido;rootmoid,meid;M.H.G.gemeit,grand,0.H.G.

hameit,jactans,stolidus,0.Sax.gemed,stupid,Got.gamaids,

bruised.Seemiadh.
maoidhean,personalinfluence,interest;fromSc.moyen(do.),Fr.

moyen,amean,means,Eng.means,fromLat.medianus,

median,middle.

29

242ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

maoile,browofahill;seemaol.

maoim,terror,onset,eruption,surprise,Ir.maidhm,asally,
eruption,defeat,E.Ir.maidm,abreachorbreaking,defeat:
*matesmen(Stokes),*mato,break;Ch.SI.,Pol.motyka,a
hoe.SomegivetherootasalliedtoSkr.math,stir,twirl,
Lit.menturis,whorl.

maoin,wealth,Ir.maoin,0.Ir.mdin:*moini;Lat.munus,
service,duty,gift(Eng.munificence),communis,common;
Got.gamains,common,Eng.mean;Lit.mainas,exchange.

maoineas,slowness;seemctidhean.

maoirne,abaitforafishinghook(N.H.),maoirnean,theleast
quantityofanythingjcf.maghar,rootmag,grow.

maois,alargebasket,hamper,maoiseisg,fivehundredfish,Ir.
maois,W.mwys,hamper,fivescoreherring,Cor.muis,moys;
Sc.mese,fivehundredherring,Norsemeiss,box,wicker
basket,meissslid,barrelherrings,0.H.G.meisa,abasket
fortheback;Lit.maiszas,sack,Ch.SI.mechu.Therelation
ship,whetherofaffinityorborrowing,betweenCelticand
Teutonic,isdoubtful.TheBrittonicmightcomefromLat.
mensa,atable,andtheGadelicfromtheNorse.

maoiseach,maoisleach,adoe,heifer:maolsech(maol,hornless);
seemis.

maol,bald,Ir.maol,0.Ir.mdel,mdil,W.moel,Br.maol:*mailos;
Lit.mailus,somethingsmall,smallness,Ch.SI.m'eluku,small;
furtherrootmei,lessen(seemaoth).TheIr.mug,servant,
hasbeensuggestedasthebasis:*mag(u)lo,servile,"short
haired,bald";butthis,thoughsuitabletotheW.,would
giveinG.mdl.Cf.Ir.mdl,prince,from*maglo.Hence
maol,browofahillorrock,W.moel,aconicalhill1

maolchair,thespacebetweentheeyebrows;frommaol.

maolsneimheil,lazy,careless,indifferent(H.S.D.),maolsne(imh\
maolsniomh(Rob.),alazyone:

maor,anofficerofjusticeorofestates,Ir.maor,anofficer,0.G.
mcer,mdir(B.ofDeer),W.maer,steward;fromLat.major,
whenceEng.mayor.

maorach,shellfish,Ir.maorach;cf.Gr.fxvpaiva(vlong),lamprey,
crfivpos,eel.

maoth,soft,Ir.maoth,E.Ir.mdeth,0.Ir.mdith:*moitis;Lat.
mitis,mild;furtherrootmei,lessen(seemm).

mar,as,Ir.,M.Ir.mar,E.Ir.,0.Ir.immar,quasi:*ambiare,
theprepositionsimm(nowmu)andair1W.mor,as,Corn.,
Br.mar,isexplainedbyErnaultasunaccentedBr.meur,G.
mor,big.

marri,M.G.farri(D.ofL.):frommarandri.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.243

marach,abig,ungainlywoman(Arg.);frommor,withneuter

terminationach.Alsomaraisg.
marag,apudding,M.Ir.maroc,hilla,E.Ir.mar,sausage;from

theNorsemorr,dat.morvi,suet,bldftmorr,blackpudding,
marasgal,amaster,regulator,Ir.,M.Ir.marascal,regulator,

marshal;fromM.Eng.and0.Fr.marescal,nowmarshal.
marbh,dead,Ir.marbh,0.Ir.marb,W.marw,Cor.marow,Br.

maro,M.Br.marv;*marvos,rootmr;Lat.morior,die;

Lit.mirti,die;Gr.fxapaiva),destroy;Skr.mar,die.
marc,ahorse,G.andIr.marcach,ahorseman,E.Ir.marc,horse,

W.,Cor.,Br.march,Gaul.fxapKav(ace.):*markos,*marka;

0.H.G.marah,mare,meriha,horse,Norsemarr,mare,

Ag.S.mearh,Eng.mareandmarshal.
marg,amerk:fromtheEng.mark,Sc.merk,Norsemork,g.

markar.
margadh,amarket,soIr.,M.Ir.margad,marcad,E.Ir.marggad

fromM.Eng.market,fromLat.mercatus.
marla,marl,Ir.mdrla,W.marl;fromEng.marl.TheG.has

thesenseof"marble"also,whereitconfusesthiswordand

Eng.marbletogether.
marmor,marble,Ir.marmur;fromLat.marmor.Aplaying

marbleisintheG.dialectsmarbul,amarble.
marrach,enchantedcastlewhichkeptonespellbound,labyrinth.

thickettocatchcattle(M'A.).Rootmar,mer,deceive,asin

mear,brath.
marrum,marruin,cream,milk,andtheirproducts(Carm.).

Cf.maraq.
marsadh,marching,Ir.marsdil;fromtheEng.
mart,acow,Ir.mart,acow,abeef,E.Ir.mart,abeef;hence

Sc.mart,acowkilledforfamily(winter)useandsalted,

whichJamiesonderivesfromMartinmas,thetimeatwhich

thekillingtookplace.Theideaofmartisacowforkilling:

*martd,fromrootmar,die,ofmarbh1
Mart,March,Ir.Mart,E.Ir.mairt,g.marta,W.Mawrth;from

Lat.Martins,Eng.March.
martradh,maiming,laming,Ir.mairtrighim,murder,maim,

martyrise,0.Ir.martre,martyrdom;fromLat.martyr,a

martyr,whenceEng
mas,thebuttock,lr.mas,E.Ir.mass:*mdsto;Gr.p}8ea,

genitals,fiaoros,/xaos,breast,cod,/xaSaw,losehair;Lat.

madeo,bewet;rootmad,mad.
mas,before,ere:seemus.
masan,delay,Ir.masdn(O'B.,etc.):
masg,mix,infuse;fromtheSc.mask,Swed.mdske,tomash,

Fries,mask,draff,grains,Eng.mash.

244ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONAHY

masgul,flattery:

masladh,disgrace,Ir.masla,masladh,despite,shame,disgrace:

math,good,Ir.math;seemaith.Thisisthecommonestformin

G.,theonlyNorthernDialectform,
math,forgive:seemaith.
mathaich,manureland;frommath1
mathair,mother,Ir.mdthair,0.Ir.mdthir,W.modryb,dame,

aunt,Br.motrep,aunt:*mdter;Latmater;Gr.fArjrrjp,

Dor.fiaT7]p(along);Norse,moftir,Eng.mother;Skr.mdtdr.
mathghamhuin,abear,Ir.mathghamhuin,E.Ir.mathgaman,

frommathandgamhainn;withmath,bear(?),cf.W.

madawg,fox,andpossiblytheGaul,namesMatugenos,

Matuus,Teutomatus,etc.
meacan,aroot,bulb,Ir.meacan,anytoprootedplant,0.Ir.

meccun,mecon,Gr.[AyJKwv,poppy;0.H.G.magi,Ger.mohn;

Ch.SI.maku:*mekkon,rootmek,makofmac%
meachainn,mercy,anabatement,meachair,soft,tender,

meachran,hospitableperson,Ir.meach,hospitality:
meadar,awoodenpailorvessel,Ir.meadar,ahollowedout

drinkingvessel,churn,M.Ir.metur;fromLat.metrun,

measure,metre,meter.
meadar,verse,metre;forroot,etc.,seeaboveword,
meadhail,joy;seemeadhrach.
meadhbhlath,lukewarm:"midwarmf0.Ir.mid,mid,root

med,medh,asinnext,
meadhon,themiddle,soIr.,0.Ir.medon,immedon,M.W.ymeun,

W.mewn,within,Br.ymeton,amidst;cf.forformandroot

Lat.medidnum,themiddle,Eng.mean,furtherLat.medius,

middle;Gr./xeoos;Eng.middle;etc.
meadhrach,glad,joyous,Ir.meadhair,mirth,meadhrach,joyous,

E.Ir.medrach:*medro;Skr.mad,rejoice,bejoyful,mdda,

hilarity.Butmedu,ale%
meag,whey,Ir.meadhg,E.Ir.medg,W.maidd(*me$jo),Cor.

maith,0.Br.meid,GalloLat.mesga,whey,whenceFr.megue:

*mezgd,whey;0.Slav,mozgu,succus,marrow(Thurneysen),

towhichBrugmannadds0.H.G.marg,marrow(Eng.

marrow),Lit.mazgoti,wash,Lat.mergo,merge,
meaghal,barking,mewing,alarm;seemiamhail.
meal,possess,enjoy,Ir.mealadh(n.),M.Ir.melaim,I.enjoy:

possiblyfromtherootmet,mal,soft,asinmealbhag.Cf.

0.Ir,ineldach,pleasant,Eng.'mild.
mealasg,flattery,fawning,greatrejoicing;seemiolasg.
mealbhag,cornpoppy;cf.Lat.malva,mallow,whenceEng.

mallow;Gr./xaAax^,rootmal,mel,soft,"emollient,"Gr.

fiakaKos.soft,Lat.mulcere.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.245

mealbhan,seabent(Suth.),sandduneswithbent(W.Ross):

mealg,miltoffish;for*fealg=sealg1

meall,alump,hill,Ir.meall,lump,knob,heap,E.Ir.mell,Br.
mell,joint,knot,knuckle,Gaul.Mellodunum(1),nowMelun:
*mello,from*melno;0.Slav,izmoleti,justout,protuberate
(Bez.withquery);*mlso;cf.Gr.[xeXos,limb,part.

meall,deceive,entice,lr.meallaim,M.Ir.mellaim,deceive,E.Ir.
mell,error:melso(Stokes),rootmel,mal,bad;Lat.malus;
Lit.milyti,mistake,melas,lie;Gr./xeXeos,useless;Armen.
meX,peccatum.0.Ir.meld,pleasant(I),Gr.ct/xaAos,root
mela,grind.

meallan,clachmheallain,hail,Ir.meallan(Fob,O'R.;;from
meall,lump1?

meambrana,parchments,Ir.meamrum,0.Ir.membrum;from
Lat,membrana,skin,membrane,frommembrum.

meamhair,meomhair,memory,Ir.meamhair,0.Ir.mebwir,W.
myfyr;fromLat.memoria,Eng.memory.

meamna,meanmna,spirit,will,Ir.meanma(n.),meanmnach(adj.),
0.Ir.menme,g.menman,mens;*menmes,g.menmenos,root
men,mind,think;Skr.mdnman,mind,thought,manye,
think;Lat.memini,remember,mens,\Gr.[itfiova,think,
fxvrjixa,monument;Eng.mean,mind;etc.

mean,meanbh,small,E.Ir.menbach,smallparticle:*mino,
*minvo,rootmin;Lat.minus,Eng.diminish,Lat.minor,
minutus,minute;Gr.fitvvdio,lessen;Got.mins,less:root
mi,mei.Seemi.Stokesgivesalsoanalternaterootmen,
Skr,mandk,alittle,Lat.mancus,maimed,Lit.menkas,little.

meanachair,smallcattle,sheeporgoats(Dial.);formeanbh
chrodh.

meanan,ayawn,Ir.meanfach,E.Ir.menscailim,Iyawn,
"mouthspread,"men,mouth,menogud,hiatus;cf.W.min,
lip,edge,Cor.min,meen,Br.min,snout.Strachanand
Stokessuggestthestem*maknd,*mekno,rootmah;Ag.S.
maga,stomach,Ger.magen,Eng.maw.

meang,guile,Ir.meang,E.Ir.meng:*mengd;Gr.fxdyyavov,
engine(Eng.mangle),fxayyavevu,juggle;Lat.mango,a
dealerwhoimposes.Cf.N.mang,traffic,monger.

meang,whey;Dial,formeag.

meangan,meanglan,atwig,Ir.meangdn,beangdn:*mengo,
Celticrootmeg,mag,increase;seeundermaighdean,mac.
Cf.M.Ir.maethain,sprouts.

meann,akid,Ir.meanndn,meann,W.myn,Cor.min,Br.menn:
*mendo,kid,"suckling";Alban.ment,suck;0.H.G.
manzon,ubera;perhapsGr./xaos,breast(Stokes,Strachan)

246ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Itmaybefromtherootmm,small(*minno),aformwhich

suitstheW.best.
meannd,mint;fromtheEng.

meantairig,venture;fromEng.venturing.W.mentra.
mear,merry,Ir.mear\cf.Eng.merry,Ag.S.merge,myrige,

0.H.G.murg,murgi(rootmrgh).TheE.Ir.mer,mad,is

alliedtomearachd.0.Ir.meraigim,prurio.Lat.meretrix.
mearachd,error,Ir.mearaighim,Ierr,mearughadh,amistaking,

erring,M.Ir.merugud,wandering,rootmer,mr;Gr.

afiapTavo),miss(seebrath);Eng.mar,Got.marzian,causeto

stumble.Cf.E.Ir.mer,mad,merackt,madact,0.Ir.

meraige,afool,0.Br.mergidhaam,Iamsilly,whichLoth

joinstoGr.iiapyos,mad.
mearcach,rashjfromtherootofmear.
mearganta,brisk,lively,meargadaich,beimpatient(Suth),Ir.

mearganta,brisk;frommear.
mearsadh,marching;seemarsadh.
mearsuinn,vigour,strength;cf.marsainn,abiding,frommar,

remain,
meas,fruit,Ir.meas,fruit,especiallyacorns,measog,acorn,E.Ir.

mess,fruit,W.mes,acorns,Cor.mesen,glans,Br.mesenn,

acorn:*messu,root,med,mad,eat(seemanntach),and,for

force,cf.Eng.mast,fruitofforesttrees,Ag.S.maest,fruit

ofoakorbeech,Ger.mast.
meas,judgment,opinion,respect,Ir.meas,0.Ir.mess,*messu,

rootmed;Lat.meditari,think,modus,method;Gr./xeSo/xcu,

thinkof;Got.mitan,measure,Eng.mete:furtherrootvie,

measure,Eng.metre,meter,etc.
measan,alapdog,Ir.measdn,E.Ir.mesan,meschu:
measair,atub,measure;seemiosar.
measarra,temperate,modest,Ir.measarrdha,0.Ir.mesurda:

"measured";probablyborrowedfromtheLat.mensuratus,

mensura(Stokes).Butitmaybefrommeas,judgment,
measg,ammeaS2',among,Ir.measg,ameasg,among,W.ymmysg,

M.Br.emesg:*medsho,rootmed,medh,asinmeadhon,

middle,
measg,measgach,mix,Ir.measgaim,E.Ir.mescaim,W.mysgu:

*misko,*migsko,root,mig,mik;Gr./xiyvojxl,/xtcryw;Lat.

misceo;Eng.mix,Ger.mischen;Lit.maiszyti:Skr.miksh.
measgan,adishtoholdbutter,Ir.miosgan;seemiosgan.But

cf.E.Ir.mescan,alumpofbutter,M.Ir.mesgan,massa;

frommeasg,mix1
meat,meata,feeble,soft,cowardly,Ir.meata,E.Ir.meta,cowardly:

*mittavo;seemeath.W.hasmeth,failure.*mettaios(St.)

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.247

meath,fail,fade,becomeweak,dishearten,Ir.meatkaim,fail,
droop,soften,E.Ir.meth,failure,decay:*mito,rootmit,the
shortformofrootmeit,moit(seemaoth).

meidh,abalance,Ir.meadh,0.Ir.med,d.meid,W.medd,centre
ofmotion:*medd,rootmed,mete;Lat.modius,apeck:
Gr.jxeSi/Avos,ameasure(6modii);Eng.m,ete.Seemean
further.Hencemeidhis,ameasure,instalment(Arg.,M'A).

meidhinnean,meigean,hipjoints:

meigead,thebleatingofagoatorkid,Ir.meigiodaigh;Gr.
[xrjKdoixat,bleat,pj/<as,shegoat,"bleater";Ger.meckern,
bleat;Skr.makakas,bleating;rootmek,mek,mak,an
onomatopoeticsyllable.

meil,bleat,Ir.meidhlighim,M.Ir.meglim,Ibleat,megill,bleating;
Ger.meckern:seemeigead.G.isfor*meglior*mekli.

meil,beil,grind,Ir.meilim,0.Ir.melim,W.malu,Br.malaff:
*melo;Lat.molo;Gr.fMvXXta;0.H.G.malan,grind,Eng.
meal,mill;Lit.mdlti,molo.Hencemeildreach,meiltir,a
quantityofcornsenttogrind,meiltear,miller.

meilcheart,chilblain(Arg.),Ir.miolchedrd(Kerry),miolchartach,
miolcartdn,milchearta(Tirconnell);rootinmeilich.

meile,thethickstickbywhichthequernisturned,aquern,Ir.
meile,handmill:"grinder";frommeil1

meilearach,longseasidegrass;fromNorsemelr,bent.

meilich,becomechillwithcold,bebenumbed;fromtherootme/,
crush,grind.Seemeil.

meiligeag,peapod,huskofpeas,etc.:

meill,thecheek,Ir.meill;G.m6ill,blubberlip(M'L.,M'E.),
m^illeach,beilleach,blnbberlipped(meilleach,H.S.D.);
seebeilleach.

m&lleag,beilleag,outerrindofbark:

mein,mMnn,ore,mine,Ir.me'in,mianach,E.Ir.mianach,W.
mwyn:*meini,meinni,rootmei,smei,smi;0.SI.medi,
aes;0.H.G.smida,metal,Eng.smith(Schrader).

mein,meinn,disposition,Ir.me'in,M.Ir.mein,mind,disposition:
"metal,mettle";seeminglyametaphoricuseofthefore
goingword.Arootmein,mind,mean,appearstoexistin
Eng.mean,Ger.meinen;cf.W.myn,mind.Thurneysen
comparesEng.mien.

meineil,flexible,sappy,substantial;frommein,ore:"gritty"1

meirbh,spiritless,delicate,soIr.,E.Ir.meirb,W.merw:*mervi;
0.H.G.maro,soft,mellow,Ger.murbe,Ag.S.mearo,Norse
merja,crush;Gr.[xapawa),destroy,fxapvafxat,fight;Lat.
martus,hammer,"crusher;"etc.Seemarbhfromthesame
rootultimately(mer,mar).Hencemeirbh,digest.

248ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

meireannammagh,agrimony,Ir.meirinnamagh(O'B.,mdirin
(Con.):

meirg,rust,Ir.meirg,0.Ir.meirg,meirc,Br.mergl:*mergi,
"red,dark;"Eng.mink,Ag.S.mirce,Norsemyrkr(cf.G.
deargandEng.dark).ErnaultcomparesGr.p,dpyo<s,sense
less;andithasbeenjoinedto0.W.mergid,debilitas,0.Br.
mergidhehan,evanesco,rootmar,mer,fade,die.

meirghe,abanner,Ir.meirge,E.Ir.mergge;fromtheNorse
merki,abanner,mark,Eng.mark(Zimmer).

meirle,theft,meirleach,thief,Ir.meirleach,E.Ir.merle,theft,
merlech,thief;rootmer,mra(asinbradach);seemearachd.
StokescomparesG.dpetpot,deprive;butthisislikely
nfxepja),privativenoraandrootmer(pepos,share).
?cmeirneal,akindofhawk;fromtheEng.merlin.
<meiteal,metal,Ir.miotal;fromtheEng.metal,Lat.metallum.

meith,fat,sappy,Ir.meith,meath,0.Ir.meth,W.mwydo,soften:
*meito;theegradeoftherootseenin*moiti(inmaoth,
q.v.),therootbeingmit,meit,moit(meath,meith,maoth).

medg,whey;betterthanmeag.

meoraich,meditate,remember,Ir.meamhruighim,M.Ir.mebrugud,
rehearsing,remembering;fromLat.memoria.See
meamhair,alsospeltmeomhair,withtheverbmeomhairich
=medraich.

meuchd,mixture(Dial.):*meiktu,rootmeik,mih,asinmeasg.

meud,miad,size,Ir.meid,mead,W.maint,Cor.myns,Br.meilt:
*mnti,ment,"measure,"anasalisedformoftherootmet,
measure,Lat.mensus,havingmeasured,metior(vb.),Gr.
p.Tpov,measure;etc.Bez.queriesitsallianceonlywith
Norsemunr,importance.Usuallyreferredtotherootmag,
meg(*maganti),great,ortothatofminig,q.v.

meur,miar,afinger,Ir.meur,0.Ir.mer.Strachansuggeststhe
stem*makro,rootmak,great,mighty,Gr.//,ctK/>os,long,
Lat.macer,lean,made,goodluck,Zend,mac,great.Brug
mannhascomparedittoGr.pLOKpwva(Hes.),sharp(Lat.
mucro).

mhain,amhain,only,Ir.amhdin,E.Ir.amain.Ithasbeen
dividedintoaprefixandrootform:arndin,thelatterbeing
paralleltoDor.Gr.p.&vo<s,Gr.pAvos,alone.Cf.0.Ir.nammd,
tanturn,"utnonsitmagis"(nanmd,Zeuss).

mi,I,Ir.,0.Ir.m6,W.mi,Cor.my,me,Br.me:*me,*me;Lat.
me;Gr.pe;Eng.me;Skr.md.

mi,un,mis,Ir.,0.Ir.mi,rootmi,mei,mi,lessen;Gr.p.ioiv,
less;Lat.minus,less;Eng.mis,Got.missa(*miJ>to).See
maoth,min.Stokesmakesmiacomparativelikepdmv,
andrejectstheTeutonicwords.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.249

miadan,miadar,miad,ameadow,mead;fromtheEng.meadow.
miadh,respect,esteem,soIr.,0.Ir.miad,fastus,dignity,0.Br.

muoet,fastu:*meido,fame:0.H.G.kameit,jactans,

stolidus,M.H.G.gemeit,bold,0.Sax.gemed,haughty(Bez.);

alliedtoEng.meed,Gr.fxurdos,pay,Lat.miles,soldier.Cf.

Gr.Tt/x>),fame,price,
mial,louse,animal,Ir.miol,animal,whale,louse,E.Ir.mil,W.

mil,beast,Cor.,Br.mil:*melo7i,animal:Gr.p)Aoi>,sheep;

Norse,smali,sheep,Eng.small.HenceG.mialchu,grey
hound,W.milgi,Cor.mylgy.
mialladh,badfortune(N.H.):
mialta,pleasant(H.S.D.),0.Ir.meld,melltach,pleasant;Eng.

mild;G./xaXdaKos,soft.Seemalda.
miamhail,mewing(ofcat),Ir.miamhaoil;Eng.mewl,from

0.FrMFr.miauler:anonomatopoeticword,
miann,desire,Ir.mian,0.Ir.mian:*meino;Eng.mean,Ger.

meinen,tomean;0.Slov.menja(do.).Cf.W.myn,desire,

Br.menna,towish,whichmaybefromtheshortformmin

besidemein.(OtherwiseLothinVoc.VieuxBr.,145).
mias,adish,Ir.mias,adish,mess,platter,E.Ir.mias;from

L.Lat.meta,mensa,atable,whenceAg.S.myse,table,Got.

mes,table,dish,
mil,honey,Ir.mil,0.Ir.mil,g.mela,W.mel,Cor,,Br.mil:

*meli;Lat.mel;Gr.juiAt,;Got.mili}>;Arm.me\r.
mile,meirc,sweet,sweetness(Carm.):
milcean,solidwarmwhitewhey(Carm.):
mile,athousand,amile,Ir.mile,0.Ir.mile,athousand,W.,

Br.mil,Cor.myl,myll;Lat.mile(whenceEng.mile),mille.

TheCelticwordsareborroweddoubtless.
mileag,amelon;fromtheEng.
mileart,honeydew(N.H.):
mllidh,achampion,Ir.mileadh,milidh(O'B.),E.Ir.milid;from

Lat.miles,militis,soldier,
milis,sweet,Ir.,0.Ir.milis,W.melys:*melissi;frommil.
mill,destroy,Ir.,0.Ir.millim:*melni,rootmele,fail,miss;

Lit.mhlyti,fail;Gr.fxZXeos,useless,wretched,a/x^AtbKO),

causemiscarriage.TherootofEng.melt(*meld,Gr.

dfiaXSvvo),destroy)hasbeensuggested,themelofwhichis

thesameasabove.Itmayberootmel,crush,mill,
millteach,mountaingrass,goodgrass;Norsemelr,bentgrass.
min,meal,Ir.min,g.mine,0.Ir.men:*min&,rootmin,lessen.

Strachansuggeststwoderivations;eitheralliedto(1)Lit.

mlnti,tread,Ch.Slav.mti,crush,Gr./zarcw,treadon,from

rootmen,tread,orfrom(2)*mecsn,rootmea,menq,grind,

30

250ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Ch.Slav,maka,meal,Gr.fxaxroo),knead.Butmexnwould

giveG.menn.
min,soft,delicate,Ir.,E.Ir.min,W.mwyn,gentle,Cor.muin,

gracilis,Br.moan,fine:*mino,meino,rootmei,lessen;Gr.

fxi(Dv,less,(JuvvOo),lessen;Lat.minor,less,minister.Hence

minich,explain.Stokeshasapparentlytwoderivationsfor

mmtheoneaboveand*meno,alliedtoGr./xavos(along),

thin,
minidh,anawl,Ir.meanadh,E.Irmenad,W.mynawyd,Br.

minaoued,M.Br.menauet:*minaveto;Gr.ojxivvrj,mattock,

ofiikr](tlong),chisel,
minicionn,kid'sskin;frommeannand*cionn(seeboicionn).
minig,minic,often,Ir.minic,0.Ir.menicc,W.mynych,Cor.

menough:*menekkis;Got.manags,many,Ger.manch,Eng.

many.
minis,degree,portion(M'A.),rootofmion.
ministear,aminister,Ir.ministir;fromLat.minister,servant,

whenceEng.minister.
miobhadh,illusage,asbyweatherjfrommibhaidh.
miobhail,unmannerly(Arg.);mi+modhail.
miodal,flattery,Ir.miodal:
miodhoir,achurl,niggardone;seemiughair
miog,miog(H.S.D.),asmile,slylook,Ir.miog:*smincu,root

smi,smile,Eng.smile,Gr./xetSaw,Skr.smayate,laughs,
miolaran,lowbarkingorwhiningofafawningdog:seenext

word,
miolasg,flattery,fawning(asadog),keendesire;fromtheroot

smi,smile%Seemiog.
mion,small,soIr.;rootmin,Lat.minor,etc.Alsomean,

meanbh,q.v.
mionach,bowels,soIr.,E.Ir.menach;cf.W.monoch.
mionaid,aminute,Ir.minuit(dat.);fromtheEng.
mionn,anoath,Ir.mionn,g.mionna,E.Ir.mind,oath,diadem;

themindwasthe"swearingreliques"ofasaint,0.Ir.mind,

adiadem,insignia,0.W.minn,sertum:*menni;cf.

0.H.G.menni,neckornament,Ag.S.mene,neckchain,Lat.

monile.Seemuinealfurther.Stokesgivesthestemas

*mindi,butnoetymology.Windisch(Rev.Celt.5)equates

minnwithLat.mundus,ornament,world,
miontan,atitmouse,Ir.miontdn;frommion,small,*minu,Lat.

minor,etc.,asundermin.
mlorbhuil,amiracle,Ir.miorbhuilyE.Ir.mirbail;fromLat.

mirabile,Eng.marvel.
miortal,myrtal,Ir.miortal(Fol.);fromtheEnglish.W.has

myrtwydd,myrtletrees.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.251

mlos,amonth,Tr.mi,mios,g.miosa,0.Ir.mi,g.mis,W.mis,

Cor.mis,Br.mis,miz:*mens,g.*mensos;Lat.mensis;Gr.

ju^v:Skr.mas;furtherEng.month.
mios,miosa,worse,Ir.measa,0.Ir.??im:*missds;Got.,

0.H.G.missa,mis,Eng.mis,miss.Seemi,
miosach,fairyflax,purgingflax,Ir.miosach:"monthlyffrom

mios,"fromamedicinalvirtueitwassupposedtopossess"

(Cameron).
miosar,ameasure(asofmeal),Ir.miosur,E.Ir.messar,phiala,

0.Ir.mesar,modus,W.mesur;fromtheLat.mensura,Eng.

measure.
miosgan,butterkit,Ir.miosgdn;frommias,adish,
miosguirin,envy,malice,Ir.mioscuis(mioscuis,Con.),E.Ir.miscen,

hate,0.Ir.miscuis;Gr.[Micros(=mitsos);Lat.miser,

wretched(=mitsros);rootmit,mi.
miotag,amitten,Ir.miotog,mitin,mittens;fromEng.mitten,

0.Fr.mitaine.

mlr,abit,piece,Ir.,0.Ir.mir,pi.mirenn:*mesren,pieceof
flesh;Skr.mdmsd,flesh;Got.mimz(do.);Lit.mesa,flesh
(Stokes,Thur.,Brug.).AlliedalsoisLat.mcmhrum,member;

1.E.memsom,flesh.

mircean,kindofseaweed;cf.N.mdrukjami,fucusvesiculosus

(Lewis),
mire,pastime,Ir.mire,sport,madness,M.Ir.mire,madness;see

mear.
mirr,myrrh,Ir.miorr,E.Ir.mirr,W.myr;fromLat.myrrha,

Eng.myrrh.
mis,miseach,maoilseach,goat,doe(Carai.)=maoisleach.
misd,theworsefor,Ir.misde,meisde,M.Ir.meste,E.Ir.mesai

die=messade,"worseof;"frommiosandde,of.
misg,drunkenness,Ir.meisge,misge,E.Ir.mesce,0.Ir.mescc,

drunk:*mesko,*meskjd,from*medsko,alsoE.Ir.mid,g.

meda,mead,W.medd,hydromel,0.Cor.med,sicera,Br.mez,

hydromel:*medu;Gr.fxWv,wine;Eng.rrlead;Ch.Slav.

medu,honey,wine;Skr.mddhu,sweet,sweetdrink,honey,
misimeandearg,bogmint,Ir.misimindearg:
mislean,amountaingrass,sweetmeadowgrass(Cameron);for

milsean,frommili*,sweet;cf.Ir.milseanmara,asortof

seaweed;misleach,sweetness(Hend.).
misneach,misneachd,courage,Ir.meimeach,M.Ir.mesnech:

*meds,rootmedofmeas:"think,hope."
mistear,acunning,designingperson;frommisd.
mith,anobscureorhumbleperson;fromtherootmi,meiasin

mi,miosa.

252ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

mithear,weak,crazy,Ir.mithfir,weak;seemith.

mithich,propertime,tempestivus,Ir.mithid,0.Ir.mithich,
tempestivus:*meti,Lat.mdturus,Eng.mature.

mithlean,sport,playfulness:

miughair,niggardly;frommiandfiuorjiumhor1cf.miodhoir.

mnathan,wives,Ir.,E.Ir.mnd,wives:*bnds;seebean.

mo,my,0.Ir.mo,mu,W.fy,M.W.my(frommyn),Corn.,Br.
ma(whichaspirates):*mou,*movo:formedontheanalogy
ofdo,du,fromthepronominalrootme(seemi).W.mynor
mynisalliedtoZendmana,Lith.mane(formene),Ch.
Slav.mene.

md,greater,Ir.mo,0.Ir.moa,mdo,mda,moo,mo,W.mwy,
0.W.mui,Corn,moy,Br.mui:*mdjds;Lat.major,greater
(Eng.major);Got.mais,more(adv.),maiza,greater,Eng.
more:rootmdofmorq.v.

mobainn,maltreating,handlingroughly;seemoibean.

much,early,lr.moch,early,0.Ir.mock,mane:*moq;also0.Ir.
mos,soon,W.moch,early,ready,Corn,meugh:*moqsu;
Lat.mox,soon;Zend,moshu,Skr.makshu,soon:alsoGr.
/xai/',idly,rashly.Seemus.Hencemocheirigh,earlyrising,
mochthrath,earlymorning,M.Ir.mochthrath,0.lr.moch'
tratae,matutinus

mochd,move,yield(Oss.Ballads);cf.M.Ir.mocht,gentle,weak,
W.mwytho,soften,pamper,Eng.meek,Norsemjukr,soft,
meek.

mod,acourt,trial,meeting;fromtheNorsemot,meeting,town
meeting,courtoflaw,Ag.S.mdt,gemdt,Eng.moot,meet.

modh,manner,Ir.modh,0.Ir.mod,W.modd;fromLat.modus.
Hencemodh,respect,E.Ir.mod;cf.Eng.mannersforsense.

modhan,thesoundofabagpipeorothermusicalinstrument
(H.S.D.,alsomoghttn):

modhar,soft,gentle(modhar,M'A.);frommodh.

mdg",clumsyhandorfoot;seemag,smog.

mogach,shaggy,hairy:

mogan,afootlessstocking;fromtheSc.moggan,moggans.

mogan,spiritsfromoats(Uist):

mogul,ahusk,mesh(ofanet),Ir.mogal,cluster,meshofanet,
husk,appleoftheeye,E.Ir.mocoll(do.),0.Ir.mocol,subtel:
*mozgu,I.E.mozgho,knot,mesh;Lit.mdzgas,knot,mesh;
O.H.G.,mascd,Ger.masche,Eng.mesh;Gr./xooxos,sprout,
calf.Lat.macula,amesh,isnotallied.DialectG.
mugairle,bunchofnuts(Glenmoriston).

mogur,bulky,clumsy:

moibean,moibeal,amop,broom,Ir.nwipcU;fromEng.mop.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.253

moibleadh,agnawing,halfchewing:"makingamopof'"from

above.
m6id,avow,Ir.moid,M.Ir.moit,E.Ir.moit(Corm.):*monti,

W.gofuno,tovow,0.Br.guomonian,polliceri,whichBugge

andStokesconnectwithW.mun,hand(cf.Ag.S.mund,

Lat.manus).Bntseebbid.Stokesnowsaysvotum.
mdid,thegreater,Ir.moide,more,M.Ir.mdti:*mb+de.Cf.

mud.
moighre,robust,handsome:
moil,mattbdhair;seemolach(*ml).
moilean,afat,plumpchild,alump;cf.Ir.moil,molan,aheap.

TothisLat.mdtesmaybecompared.
moin,moine,peat,moss,Ir.mdin,g.mbna,E.Ir.mdin,pi.mointe,

W.mawn,peat,turf:*mdn;Lat.mdno,flow,Eng.emanate.

Strachantakesitfrom*mokni,rootmok,mak,Ch.Slav.

mokru,wet,Lit.makone,puddle;Stokesagrees,givingCeltic

as*mdkni,mokni.ItisdoubtfulifW.kwoulddisappear

beforen(cf.deur).W.hasalsoaformmigen,mign,abog.
moineis,falsedelicacy(M'A.),moinig,vanity,boasting;from

rootmon,men,mind1
moire,amoire,certainly,hercle,Ir.iomorro,indeed,however,

0.Ir.immurgii,autem.
moirear,alord,0.G.mormcer(BookofDeer),M.G.morbhair

(M'V.),M.Ir.mormhaer(MuireachAlbanach),murmor

(M'Firbis);frommorandmaor,"greatsteward."
moirneas,greatcascade,streams(Oss.Ballads);frommorandeas1
moit,pride,sulkiness,Ir.moiteamhuil,sulky,nice,pettish(Con.,

O'R.,M'F.);cf.E.Ir.mochtae,magnified,*mogtios,root

mog,mag,great.0.Ir.moidem,boasting,praise,
mol,praise,advise,Ir.molaim,0.Ir.molid,laudat,W.moli,

mawl,laus,Br.vieuli:*mol6,*mdlo,"magnify;"rootmol,

mel,bestrong;Gr.[xdXa,very;Lat.melior,better;Lit.

?nilns,verymany,Ch.Slav,izmoleti,eminere(Stokes).

WindischhascomparedittoCh.SI.moliti,ask,Lit.myleti,

love,Gr.fxeXe,friend,[xclXlxos,gentle,
mol,mal,ashinglybeach;fromNorsemol,g.malar,pebbles,

bedofpebblesonthebeach;rootmel,grind,
molach,hairy,rough,Ir.mothlach,rough,bushy(O'K.),muthalach,

shaggy(Fol.).IftheIrishformisright,itcannotbeallied

toI.E.mlos,wool,Gr.//.aAAos,wool,tuft,Lit.millas,woollen

stuff,
moll,chaff,Ir.moll(O'R.),W.mwl:*muldo~;Eng.mould,Got.

mulda,dust,0.H.G.molt,dust,mould;rootmel,grind.

BorrowedfromWelsh1

254ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

mollachd,acurse;theNorthernformofmallackd,q.v,

mdlltair,amould;fromEng.moulter,mould.

molltair,miller'sshareofthegrainormeal(Lewis)=multure:

monadh,amountainrange,W.mynydd,mons,Cor.menit,meneth,
0.Br.monid,M.Br.menez,mountain:*monijo,*menijo,
rootmen,eminere,Engeminent.Cf.WelshInscription
Monedorigi,"mountainking";alsomiddleG.nameofSt
AndrewsRigmonatk(Chronicles).TheIr.monadhappears
onlyinLh.;O'Br.givesmonadh.TheG.wordmayhave
beenborrowedfromthePictsalongwiththeplacenamesin
whichitappears:itisrareinArgyletopography.

monaid,heed:

monais,slowness,negligence;rootmen,stay,Gr./xevw.

monar,adimunitivepersonorthing,monaran,amote;seemunar.

monasg,chaff,dross;fromtherootoftheabove.

monmhur,monaghar,amurmuringnoise,Ir.monmhar,monbhar,
murmuring,monghair,monghar,roaring:*monmur;cf.
Lat.murmur.

mbr,great,Irmor,0.Ir.mor,mar,W.mawr,0.W.,Cor.maur,
Br.meur,Gaul,mdros;Gr.fi(Dpo<s,great,famed(fyx60"6'
fitopos,inspearthrowgreat;Got.mers,famed,merian
proclaim,0.H.G.mdri,famed,marinGermanicnames
Ger.marchen,atale,Norsema?rr,famous;Slav,meru
(Vladimir,etc.);Lat.merus,Eng.mere.Ashorterformof
thestem(*mdro)appearsinmo,greater(md),q.v.

morbhach,landliabletoseaflooding,Ir.murbhach,M.Ir.
murmhagh;frommuirandmagh.Hencethelocative
A'Mhor'oich,theG.nameofLovat.AranIr.muirbheach,
sandysoilbytheseaside.

morghath,afishingspear;"seaspear,"frommuirandgath1M.
Ir.murgai(B.ofLis.)

m6man,asmalltimberdish,Ir.morndn:

mort,murder,Ir.mort,M.Ir.martad,slaughtering;fromLat.
mortofmors,mortis,death.

mortar,mortar,Ir.mortaoil;fromtheEng.

mosach,nasty,dirty;seemusach.

mosgail,waken,arouse,Ir.musguilim,musglaim,M.Ir.romuscail,
heawoke,musclait,theywake:*immodscal,rootsecof
duisg.

mosradh,coarsedalliance,mosraiche,smuttiness;frommoswith
suffixradh.Seemusachforroot.

mothaich,perceive,Ir.mothuighim,M.Ir.mothaigim,perceive,
0.Ir.mothaiqid,stupeat(]);rootmot,met,Lit.matyti,see,
Letticmatit,perceive,Ch.Slav,motriti,spectare,Gr.fxarevo),
seek.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.255

mothan,bogviolet:

mdthar,loudnoise,swellingofthesea,mothar,noiseasfrom
acave(M'A.):

mothar,apark,clampoftrees(Arm.),M.Ir.mothar,enclosure,
aplacestuddedwithbushes:

mu,about,Ir.um,im,0.Ir.imb,imm,W.am,Cor.,Br.am,em,
Gaul,ambi:*ambi,*mbi;Lat.ambi;Gr.aju,</>t;Ag.S.ymb.

muc,apig,Ir.muc,0.Ir.mucc,W.moch,pigs,Br.moc'h,pigs:
*?nukku;Lat.mucus,muccus,mucus;Gr.fxv^a,phlegm,
d7ro/jLv<T(T(0,wipethenose,[xvktyJp,nose;Skr.muficdti,let
loose.

mucag,ahiporhep,fruitofthedogrose,M.Ir.mucora;from
mucabove.Cf.Gr./xv/a/s,amushroom,fromthesameroot.

much,smother,pressdown,Ir.,0.Ir.muchaim,alsoE.Ir.much,
smoke,W.mwg,smoke,Cor.mok,megi,stifle,Br.mik,suffo
cation,miga,besuffocated,moguet,smoke:*mUko,root
smuk,smug(smugh,smaugh),Eng.smoke,Gr.crfxvx^,
smoulder(vlong).Stokessuggestsoldborrowingfromthe
Ag.S.Hencemuchan,aventorchimney,Ir.muchan(O'B.).

mudan,acovering,coveringforagun:

mugha,destruction,decay,Ir.mugha,aperishing,straying,M.Ir.
mugud,slaying,mogaim,Islay:

mugham,ankle,soIr.;cf.W.migwrn,ankle,joint,Br.migorn,
cartilage,whichStokescomparestoLat.mucro,point.

muidhe,achurn,E.Ir.muide,avessel,buide,achurn,W.buddai,
churn.StokescomparesbuideandbuddaitoGr.iridos,jar,
Lat.fidelia,pot,whichisrelatedtoEng.body.Theform
muidhehasbeencomparedtoLat.modius,apeck,Fr.muid,
hogshead.

muidse,amutch;fromtheSc.mutch,Ger.miltze.

muig,mug,cloudiness,gloom,surliness,Ir.muig:*munki,root
muk,smoke,asinmuch%Or*muggi,alliedtoEng.muggy%

muigh,amuigh,outside;seemach.

muilceann,fellwort,Ir.muilcheann:

muileach,dear,beloved:*molico,frommol,praise1

muileag,acranberry:

muileann,amill,soIr.,0.Ir.mulenn,muilend,W.,Corn.,Br.
melin;fromLat.molina,amill,molo,grind(seemeil).
G.muillear,miller,E.Ir.muilledir,isfor*7nuilne6ir.

muileid,amule,Ir.muille;fromLat.mulus.

muillean,ahusk,particleofchaff;frommoll.

muillean,atruss(ofhayorstraw):cf.Sc.mullio(Orkney),and
seeundermul,heap.

muillion,amillion,Ir.milliun;fromtheL.Lat.millionem,
coinedfrommille,athousand.

256ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

muilteag,acertainsmallredberry(Dial.H.S.D.).Seemuileag.
muime,astepmother,nurse,Ir.buime,muime,anurse,E.Ir.

mumme,nurse,stepmother:*mudsmjd,nurse,"suckler,"

rootmud,suck;Lat.mulier,woman;Gr./xvo>,suck,fxvSos,

damp;Lit.mdudyti,bath.Ithasalsobeenparalleledto

Lat.mamma,Ger.muhme,mother'ssister,stepmother,
muin,teach,instruct,Ir.muinim,0.Ir.munim:
muin,theback,Ir.muin,E.Ir.muin,back,neck,W.mwn,neck:

*moni,neck;Skr.mdnyd,neck;Lat.monile,necklace;

0.H.G.menni,neckornaments,Ag.S.mene,neckchain;

Ch.Slav,monisto,necklace.Seemuineal,muing.Gaulish

hadalso/xavta/c^s,collarortorque,
muin,micturate,Ir.mun,urine,E.Ir.mun,rootmeu,mu,befoul;

Skr.mutra,urine;possiblyalsoLat.muto,mutto,penis,

E.Ir.moth,ballferda.
muineal,theneck,Irmuineul,E.Ir.muinel,W.mvmwgl:

*moniklo;from*moniofmuin,back,q.v.
muineasach,depressed(Glenmoriston):
muing,aname,Ir.muing,0.Ir.mong,W.myng(m.),M.Br.mde,

Br.moue:*mongd,*mongo,rootmonofmuin,back,q.v.

FurtherisEng.mane,Norsemon,Ger.mahne;Swed.and

Dan.mankeisespeciallyclosetoGaelic,
muinichill,muilichinn(Arg.),asleeve,Ir.muinichille,muinchille,

E.Ir.munchille;fromLat.manicula,manica,longsleeve,

frommanus,hand.
muinighin,confidence,trust,soIr.,E.Ir.muinigin;from*moni

love,desire,Norsemunr,love,0.Sax.munilik,lovable;root

men,think(Lat.mens,Eng.mind,etc.).
muinne,stomach(Arg.).Cf.mionach.
muinnte,munnda,beauteous;cf.Lat.mundus.
muinnteachd,disposition(Dial.);forrootseemuinighin,andcf.

0.Ir.muiniur,Ithink,
muinntir,household,people,Ir.muinntir,0.Ir.muinter,muntar.

ThisisregardedbyStokes,Zimmer,andGiiterbockasan

earlyborrowingfromtheLat.monasterium,monastery;the

wordfamiliaisoftenappliedtomonasteriesbyIrishwriters,
muir,thesea,Ir.muir,0.Ir.muir,gen.mora,W.mor,Cor.,

Br.mor,Gaul,mori:*mor<i,sea;Lat.mare;Eng.meret

Ger.meer;Ch.Slav,morje.
muire,leprosy;frommur,acountlessnumber,q.v.
muirgheadh,afishingspear;seemorghath.
muirichinn,children,family,Ir.muiridhin,acharge,family:

*mori,care,charge,rootmer,smer,remember;Lat.memoria,

memory;Gr.[Meptfxva,care;Skr.smarati,think,mind,

*morigen.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.257

muirn,joy,affection,Ir.miiirn,muirnin,darling(Eng.mavourneen,

mydarling),M.Ir.miiirn,muirn:*momi,rootmor,mer,

smer,asinmuirichinnabove,
muiseag,athreat,muiseag(Arm,);frommusofmusdch.
muisean,amean,sordidfellow;seemusachfortheroot,
muisean,aprimrose,Ir.muisean(O'B.):
muiseal,amuzzle,Ir.muisiall;fromtheEng.
muisginn,anEnglishpint,mutchkin;fromtheSc.mutchkin,

Dutchmutsje,aneighthpartofabottle,
mul,aconicalheap,mound,Ir.mul,moil,E.Ir.mul,eminence:

*mulujof.Norsemuli,juttingcrag,"mull,"Ger.maul,

snout.Cf.Fr.mulon,littleheapofdriedgrass,mulconain,

conicalsuppuratingsore,
mul,axle,Irmul,mol,E.Ir.mol,shaft;cf.Gr.fxeXtt],ash,spear,
mulachag,acheese,Ir.,M.Ir.mulchdn:
mulad,sadness;rootmu,mutter?

mulart,dwarfelder,Ir.mulabhdrd,malabhur,mulart(O'B.):
mule,push,butt;cf.Lat.mulceo,mulco,stroke,beat,
mule,ashapelesslump,lump;mulcan,apustule;cf.meall:
mullach,thetop,Ir.,0.Ir.mullach:*muldako,*muldo,top,

head;Ag.S.molda,crownofthehead;Skr.mUrdhdn,top,

head,
mult,awedder,Ir.,0.Ir.molt,W.mollt,Cor.mols,vervex,Br.

maout,asheep(mas.):*molto,rootmel,mol,crush,grind,

"mutilatefRuss.moliti,cut,cutup,0.H.G.muljan,

triturate.HenceM.Lat.multo,whenceFr.mouton,asheep,

Eng.mutton.
munar,atrifle,atriflingperson,monar,diminutivepersonor

thing:
munganachd,bullying:

munloch,apuddle,Ir.munloch,gen.munlocha;frommunandloch.
mur,unless,Ir.muna(DonegalIr.mur;Monaghanhasamur=

achtmuna,unless),M.Ir.mun,moni,mona,E.Ir.,0.Ir.

mani;fromma,if,andni,not:"ifnot."TheG.rfornis

possiblyduetotheinfluenceofgurandoftheverbalparticle

ro(inrobh);munrobhbecomingmurrobh.
mur,awall,bulwark,palace,Ir.,E.Ir.mur,W.mur;fromLat.

murus,awall,
mur,countlessnumber(asofinsects),E.Ir.mur,abundance;Gr.

fjivptos(vlong),countless,tenthousand;Skr.bhuri,many.

StokescomparesratherGr.fivpaof7r\rj[xfjLvpa(vlong),

Tr\7)jxvpL<i(vshortorlong),floodtide,flood.Mur,leprosy=

countlessnumber.

31

258ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

muran,seabent,Ir.muraineach,bentgrass;frommuir,thesea.

Norsehasmura,goosegrass.
murcach,sorrowful,Ir.murcach,mUrcach;cf.M.Br.morchet,

anxiety,nowmorc'hed,Cor.moreth,chagrin.Eng.murky,

Norsemyrkrcouldonlybealliedbyborrowing.Cf.Lat.

marceo,droop,
murla,acoatofmail:
murlach,thekingfisher:
rourlag,murluinn,akindofbasket,murlach,fishingbasket

(M'A.),Ir.muirleog,arodbasketforsandeelsandwilks

(Donegal).Cf.Sc.murlain,anarrowmouthedbasketofa

roundform,
murlan,roughheadofhair:
murrach,able,rich,murrtha,successful,M.Ir.muire,muiredach,

lord,Murdoch;Ag.S.maere,clarus,Norsemaerr,famous

(Stokes),samerootasm6r.
murt,murder;seemort.

murtachd,sultryheat,wearinesssproducedbyheat:
mus,before,ere;cf.0.Ir.mos,soon,mox,usedasaverbal

particle;itisalliedtomoch,beingfrom*moqsu,Lat.mox.
musach,nasty,Ir.mosach(O'R.,Sh.),W.mws,effluvia,stinking,

Br.mous,muck,mouz,crepitusventris:*musso,*mudso,

rootmud,befoulorwet;Gr.fxvaos(=/xvSoros),defilement,

[xvSos,clamminess,decay;Lit.mudas,dirtyseagrass:root

mu(mu),soil,befoul,G.muin,Eng.mud,etc.
musg,amusket,Ir.mtisgaid,L.M.Ir.muscaed(F.M.);fromthe

Eng.
musg,rheumabouttheeyes,goreoftheeyes;fromtherootmil,

befoul,bewet,asdiscussedundermusach,muin.
musgan,dryrotinwood,Ir.musgan,mustiness,mouldiness;Lat.

muscus,moss;Eng.moss,mushroom;Lit.musai(pi.),mould.

ThiswordisnotinH.S.D.,butitisimpliedinArm.andis

inM'E.;alsoincommonuse.
musgan,pithofwood,porouspartofabone(H.S.D.).Armstrong

givesalsothemeaningsattachedtomusganabove;the

wordsareevidentlythesame,
musgan,thehorsefish:
musuinn,confusion,tumult,Ir.muisiun,codlata,hazystate

precedingsleep.FromEng.motion%
mutach,short,E.Ir.mut,everythingshort:*mutto,rootmut,

dock;Lat.mutilus,maimed(Eng.mutilate),muticus,docked;

Gr.fitTvXos,hornless.
mutan,mutan,amuff,fingerlessglove,alsomutag(Arms.);from

miotag,withaleaningonmutach,short.Thurneysentakes

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE*259

itfrommutachwithoutreferencetomiotaq.Ir.hasmuthda
(Con.),
muth,change,M.W.mudaw;fromLat.muto,Ichange.

n,from,inanuas,anios,Ir.,0.Ir.an;seeanumber5.

na,not,ne,Ir.,0.Ir.na:usedwiththeimperativemoodsolely.
Itisanablautandindependentformoftheneg.prefixin
(seeion,an),anablautofI.E.ne,Lat.ne,Gr.vn;shorter
formLat.ne,Got.ni,Eng.not(nedwiht),etc.;furtherI.E.
n,Gr.dv,Lat.in,Eng.un,Gaelican.Seenach,whichis
connectedherewithasGr.ovk,ov\theW.isnac,nag,with
imperative,Br.na.

na,or,vel,Ir.nd,E.Ir.,0.Ir.n6,W.neu:*nev(Stokes,who
alliesittoLat.nuo,nod,Gr.vevu>,Skr.ndvate,go,remove;
but,in1890,Bez.Beit.1651,herefersittotherootnu,
Eng.now).Itcanhardlybeseparatedfromneo,otherwise,
q.v.Strachanagrees.

na,than,Ir.nd,M.Ir.ind,E.Ir.inda,indds,0.Ir.indas,indds,
pi.indate(readinddte);fromtheprep,inandid,tobe
(Zeuss2,7167,whoreferstotheotherprepositionalcom
parativeconjunctionoldaas,fromol,de)Theuseofinin
0.Ir.astherelativelocativemayalsobecompared.

na,what,thatwhich,idquod,M.Ir.ina,ana,innan,E.Ir.
anan;forana,0.Ir.rel.an(reallyneuterofart.)and
G.rel.a,whichsee.Descentfromniorni,withoutany
relative,isfavouredbyBookofDeer,asdonithissad,of
whatwouldcome.Possiblyfrombothsources.

'na,'na,inhis,inher,in(my);theprep,anwiththepossessive
pronouns:'nam,'nar,'nad(alsoad,E.Ir.at,it),'nur,'na
'nan.

nabaidh,nabuidh,aneighbour;fromtheNorsendbui,neighbour,
"nighdweller,"thesameinrootsasEng.neighbour.

nach,not,thatnot(conj.),thatnot=quin(rel.),nonne%Ir.,E.Ir.
nach,W.nac,nag,not,Br.na:*nako,fromna,not,which
seeabove,andkoorkasinGr.ovkagainstov(Stokes).The
hohasbeenusuallyreferredtothesamepronominalorigin
asqueinLat.neque;itdoesappearinneach.

nadur,nature,Ir.nddiir,W.natur;fromLat.natura,

naid,alamprey(Sh.,O'B.),Ir.naid:

naidheachd,news,lr.nuaidheachd,W.newyddion;fromnuadh,
new.

naile,yea!aninterjection:

260Etymologicaldictionary

naird,anaird,upwards,Ir.andirde,E.Ir.inardi,inairddi;

prep,in(nowan)into,anddirde,height:"intoheight."

Thisadverbissimilarinconstructiontoabhan,amack,a

steach,etc.,forwhichseeanumber6.
naire,shame,Ir.ndire,E.Ir.ndre:*nagro,shameful,rootnagh,

besober,Gr.vr}</xo(do.),Ger.niichtern,fasting,sober,
naisneach,modest;comparethenextword,
naistinn,care,wariness;fromNorsenjdsn,spying,lookingout,

Got.niuhseini,visitation(kTrioKOTn)),Ag.S.nedsan,searchout.
naitheas,harm,mischief:
nail,fromover,tothisside,lr.,0.Ir.anall;froman(seea5)

andallofthall,q,v.
Damhaid,anenemy,Ir.ndmhaid,g.namhad,0.Ir.ndma,g.

ndmat,pi.n.ndmait:*ndmant,rootnom,nem,seize,take;

Gr.vfA(ri<$,wrath,nemesis,j/wpw,i/e/xw,distribute;0.H.G.

ndma,rapine,Ger.nehmen,take,Eng.nimble;Zend,nemanh,

crime,Alb.name,acurse.Cf.W.,Corn.,andBr.nam,

blame.
na'n(na'm),if(withfalsesupposition),M.G.dane,dan,dam

(D.ofLis.),Ir.da,da(fordan,eclipsing),E.Ir.ddn,

dian,0.Ir.dian:theprep,diordeandrel.an;Manxdy.

TheG.formwithnfordispuzzling,thoughitsdescentfrom

danseemsundoubted.
naoi,nine,soIr.,0.Ir.ndin,W.,Corn,naw,Br.nao:*nevnJ

Lat.novem;Gr.hvvka\Eng.nine,Ger.neun;Skr.ndvan.
naoidhean,aninfant,soIr.,0.Ir.ndidiu,gen.nbiden:*nevid,

"nonwitted"?Cf.forforceGr.vrjinos,infant(=v?/7rios,

notwiseone),fromtti/os,wise,ttlvvtos(do.),rootqeiofciall,

q.v.SoStokesinCelt.Ph.2;now*novidion(no=?ie);cf.

Gr.V7;7T109.

naomh,holy,Ir.naomh,E.Ir.ndem,ndeb,0.Ir.nbib:*noibos;

0.Pers.naiba,beautiful,Pers.niw(do.).Bez.suggeststhe

alternativeofLetticnaigs,quitebeautiful,
naosga,asnipe,Ir.naosga:*snoibsko,rootsneib,snibofEng.

snipe1
nar,negativeparticleofwishing:*niair,fornot;airandni.
Iiasag,anemptyshell:
nasg,aband,tieband,collar,Ir.,E.Ir.nasc:*nasko;0.H.G.

nusca,fibula,Norsenist,brooch:*ndhsko,rootndh(Brug.).

Theverbnasg,0.Ir.nascim,appearsinBr.asnaska.The

rootnedhisinSkr.nahyati.Othersmaketherootnegkof

Lat.nexus,etc.,andtherootsnetofsnath,q.v.,hasbeen

suggested.Seesnaimfurther,
nasgaidh,gratis,free,Ir.anaisge,freely,aisge,agift.See

asgaidh.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.261

natar,nitre;fromEng.natron,nitre.

nathair,aserpent,soIr.,0.Ir.nathir,W.neidr,Corn,nader,
M.Br.azr:*natrix;Lat.natrix,watersnake;Got.nadrs,
Norsenab"?',Eng.adder.TheTeutonicwordsareregarded
byKlugeasscarcelyconnectedwithLat.natrix,whoseroot
isnat,swim.

ne,emphaticparticipleaddedtothepi.of1stpers.pron.sinne,
arnathairne,"onrfather";0.Ir.ni,ni,usedindepen
dently(=nos)andasasuffix.Seefurtherundersinne.

neach,anyone,Ir.neach,0.Ir.neck,aliquis,W.,Cor.,Br.nep,neb,
quisquam:*neqo,neqo;Lit.nekas,something,nekurs,
quidam,Lett,kdnekd,anyhow.Stokestakesthenefrom
thenegativerootne(seena);theqoisthepronominalstem
oftheinterrogative(cf.Lat.que,neque).

nead,anest,Ir.nead,E.Ir.net,W.nyth,Corn,neid,Br.nez,neiz:
*nizdos;Lat.nidus;Eng.nest;Skr.nidas.Supposedto
befrom*nised,"sitdown."

neamh,heaven,Ir.neamh,0.Ir.nem,W.,Corn,nef,M.Br.neff,
nowenv:*nemos;Skr.ndmas,bowing,reverence;Lat.
nemus,grove;Gr.vefios,pasture:rootnem,distribute,Gr.
vefjLiD(do.),Ger.nehmen,take.Gaulishhasve^Tovor
vefXTov,0.Ir.nemed,sacellum.Often,andlately(1895)by
Prof.Rhys,referredtotherootnebh,becloudy,Gr.v'efyos,
cloud,Lat.nebula(seeneul);buttheGaelicnasalizedeais
distinctlyagainstthis,asalsoistheBr.env(Stokes).

neamhnuid,apearl,Ir.meamhunn,M.Ir.niamnuid,pearl,E.Ir.
nemanda,pearly,0.Ir.mem,onyx(fornem1);rootnemof
neamh.

neanntag,nettle,Ir.neantog,E.Ir.nenntai,nettles,nenaid.See
deanntag.
vneapaicin,anapkin,Ir.naipicin;fromEng.

nfearachd,happiness,usuallymonearachd,luckyto,Ir.molgheane'ar,
happyishe(O'B.),ismennardnitse,happyisitforyou
(O'Growney),M.Ir.moghenarduit,goodlucktoyou(F.M.),
mongenar(L.B.),E.Ir.mogenar.Therootseemstobemag
(I.E.magh),increase(seemac);cf.Lat.made,root,mak,
great.

nearag,adaughter(Oss.Ballads);ifawordproperlyhanded
down,itisinterestingtocompareitwiththerootofthe
following.

neart,strength,Ir.neart,0.Ir.nert,W.,Corn,nerth,Br.nerz,
Gaul,nerto,rootner;Skr.ndr,man;Gr.avrjp(rootner);
Lat.Umbr.nerus,viros,Sab.Nero,fortis;Teut.Nerthus,
NorseNjorb"r;Lit.noreti,towill.

262ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

neas,weazel;seenios.

neasg",neasgaid,aboil,Ir.neascbid,E.Ir.nescoit:*nessconti,

fromE.Ir.ness,wound{*snitso,rootsuit,cut.Ger.schneide,

Sc.sned),andcontifoundinurchoid%StokesregardsE.Ir.

ness,wound,asfrom*nekso,rootneg.
neimh,poison,Ir.nimh,neimh,0.Ir.nem,pi.neimi:*nemes,

"somethinggiven,"rootnem,distribute(asinneamh)1
neip,aturnip;fromtheSc.neep,M.Eng.nepe,fromLat.ndpus.
neo,airneo,otherwise,alioquin(conj.);seenext.
neo,un,Ir.neamh,neimh,M.Ir.nem,0.Ir.neb,neph:*nebo;

theneisthenegativeseeninna,ni,buttheboisdoubtful.

Zimmersuggeststhatbiswhatremainsofthesubj.ofbu,

be:"benot."
nebinean,ne6nan,thedaisy,Ir.ndinin:"noonflower,"from

nbin,noon.Cf.theEng.daisyforforce,
nednach,eccentric,curious:*neognathach,"unwont."
neonagan,astyeintheeye(Arg.);cf.leamhnad.Alsostebnagan;

cf.Sc.styen.
neoni,nothing,atrifle,0.Ir.nephni;fromtwoandni,thing,
neul,nial,acloud,Ir.neul,0.Ir.ntl.pi.ace.niula,W.niwl,mist:

*neblos;Lat.nebula;Gr.vefekr);Ger.nebel,mist;0.Slav.

nebo,sky;Skr.nabhas,mist.
ni,not,Ir.ni,0.Irni,ni,W.ni:*nei;0.Lat.nei,Lat,ni,ne;

0.H.Ger.ni,Ger.nein;0.Slav,ni,neque;Zendnae;

Gr.V7].Thur.says*neest=*nest,Celticnist,nis,nih

nonaspirating.
ni,athing,Ir.nidh,0.Ir.ni,res,probablyacurtailedformof

0.Ir.ani,idquod,fromtheart.neut.andthepronominal

suffixei,whichZimmercomparestoGot.ei,that(conj.),

saei,thatei,whichiseitherthelocativeofpronominalo

(Gr.t,I.E.eiso,thishere),ortheparticleseeninGr.

ovtoctl(llong),aninstrumentalofLat.is,Gaelice,he.

Somehaveregardedniasfrom*gnithe,factum,whichseein

ni,willdo.
ni,cattle;thisisthesameasni,thing.

ni,willdo,Ir.gnim,Ido,0.Ir.dogni,facit;seedean,gnlomh.
niata,courageous,Ir.nia,gen.niadh,achampion,niadhas,valour,

M.Ir.forniatta,brave,E.Ir.nia,g.niath,possiblyOgam

neta,netta(*neta?):*neid,Gr.ovecSos,revile,Lit.ndids,

hatred,Skr.nind,mock,or*nised,downsetter1Rhys

(Lect.)cfs.theTeut.nan)>,venture,strive;thiswouldgive

Gaelicpreservedd.
nic,femalepatronymicprefix,M.Gaelicnee(D.ofL.),Ir.ni,

M.Ir.ini,anabbreviationof0.Ir.ingen,nowingheanor

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.263

nigheanandui,nepotis(Stokes).TheG.nic,really"grand
daughter,"standsforingheanmhicornimhic;wehave
recordedin1566NeVcKenze(M'LeodCharters).

nigh,wash,Ir.nighim,E.Ir.nigim,0.Ir.dofonuch,lavo,nesta,
laveris:*nigo,1.E.neigo;Gr.vi(o,vltttu);Eng.nick,Auld
Nick,awaterpower,Ger.nix;Skr.nij,clean.

nighean,adaughter;acorruptionofinghean,q.v.

nimh,poison,Ir.nimh;seeneimh.

nior,not(withperfecttense),Ir.nior,E.Ir.nir=niro;toisthe
signofpasttenses.

nios,neas,aweazel,Ir.neas,eas(6g),0.Ir.ness:

nios,frombelow,up,Ir.anios,E.Ir.anis\froman(seeanumber
5)and\os.

nis,now,Ir.anois,M.Ir.anosa,E.Ir.innossai,0.Ir.indossa;
ind(nowan)ofthearticleandG.fois,rest.Theword
appearsinabhos,q.v.Theformijidorsa,thishour(=now),
isrejectedbyAscoliasamisspellingforindossa.

ni's,idquod,theusualclassicalGaelicwiththeverbsubstantive
todenotecomparativestate:thaini'sfhearr,sheisbetter,
Ir.nios,M.Ir.niis:"thingthatis,"fromniandis.The
usualandtrueGaelicformna'sisnotadegradedformof
Ir.ni}s.TheG.naofna}sissimplyna=idquod(seena);
theIr.issomemediaevaldevelopmentwithni,foroldana,
idquod,waslost,thesimplea(art.)beingusednowinits
stead,asin0.Ir.Asitwasimpossibletouseainthe
comparativeconstructionwithclearness,recoursewashadto
niis.ThusIr.:Antandothogradhnibam6dodheunamh
=G.Antanathogradhenabumhoadheanamh.Hence
ni'sshouldneverhavebeenusedinSc.Gaelic.

niuc,acorner;fromtheSc.neuk,M.Eng.nok.Dial.iuc.
SkeatthinkstheEng.istheborrower.

no,or,vel,Ir.na,E.Ir.,0.Ir.no,W.neu;seena.

nochd,tonight,Ir.anochd,0.Ir.innocht,hacnocte:theart.and
nochd,night,W.henoeth,Corn,neihur,Br.neyzor,nos:
*nokti;Lat.nox,noctis;Gr.vt>,rv/crds;Got.nahts,Eng.
night;Lit.naktls;Skr.ndkti.

nochd,naked,Ir.nochdadh,manifestation,0.Ir.nocht,W.noeth,
Corn,noyth,Br.noaz:*noqto;Got.naqa}>s,0.H.G.nacot,
Eng.naked;furthercf.Lat.nUdus(*nogvidus);Slav,nagu;
Skr.nagnd.

nodadh,anod,suggestion;fromtheEng.

nodha,new;seenuadh.

noig,theanus:

noig,oldfashionedface;noigeiseach,snuffy;noiqeanach(D.
Ban):

264ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

noigean,anoggin,Ir.noigin;fromtheEng.noggin.Skeat

thinkstheEng.aretheborrowers;butthisisunlikely,
noin,noon,Ir.ndin,g.ndna,evening,noon,E.Ir.nbin,nona,W.

naivn;fromtheLat.nonahora,ninthhouroftheday,or3

o'clock,
noir,theeast,Ir.anoir,0.Ir.anair,"frombefore,"ifonelooksat

themorningsun;froman(seeanumber5)andair.
nollaig,Christmas,Ir.nodlog,E.Ir.notlaic,W.nadolig;from

Lat.natalicia,theNativity.
norra,awinkofsleep(Arran),norradh(M'Rury):
nds,acustom,Ir.,E.Ir.nds,W.naws,M.Br.neuz:*nomzo,Gr.

vofxos,law,Lat.numerus.ThurneysenthinkstheGadelic

wordsareborrowedfromtheWelshnaws,fromgnaws(see

gndth).Stokesgives*nomsoasstemforGadelicalone;the

W.heregardsasfromgnd,asabove.Theidealstemwould

be*ndsto,rootndd.
n6s,acow'sfirstmilk,E.Ir.nus;fromnua,new,andass,milk,
ndtair,anotary,Ir.notadoir,0.Ir.notire;fromLat.notarius.
nothaist,afoolishperson:
nuadarra,angry,surly;seenuarranta.
nuadh,new,Ir.nuadh,0.Ir.nue,nuide,W.newydd,0.Br.

nouuid,Br.neuez,Gaul,novio:*novios;Lat.novus,Novius;

Gr.vtos,young,new;Got.niujis,Eng.new;Lit.naiijas;

Skr.navya.
'nuair,when,"thehourthat,"Ir.anuair,E.Ir.innuair:theart.

andtheworduair,q.v.
nuall,nuallan,ahowling,cry,Ir.nuaill,E.Ir.nuall:*nouslon;

Skr.nu,cry,navati;Letticnauju,cry;0.H.G.niumo,

praise,rejoicing,
nuarranta,sad,surly;cf.theIr.interjectionmonuar,mywoe,

rootnuasabove,
nuas,down,fromabove,Ir.anuas;seeanumber5anduas.
nuig,asfaras,0.G.gonice(B.ofDeer),Ir.nuige,gonuige,E.Ir.

connici:*condoicci;seethig,come,
nuimhir,number,soIr.;fromLat.numerus.Usuallyuimhir,

.(l;v

'nuiridh,lastyear,Ir.'nuraidh,E.Ir.innuraid;theart.and
0.Ir.dat.urid.Seeuiridh.

null,over,tobeyond;fornunnontheanalogyofnail,andfor
dissimilationofthews.Seenunn,theonlyArgyllshireform.

nunn,over,beyond,Ir.anonn,0.1.inunn;fromtheprep,an
(seea5)andsund,here("fromhere"),W.hwnt,Br.hont:
*sunoto,pronominalrootssouandto;forbothcf.Gr.ovtos
(=soutos),this.Thepronominalformsbeginninginsoand
to,or.sandtwithouto,areallfromtherootssoandto
ultimately.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.

265

0,theinterjection"!oh!"Ir.o;seevocativea.

0,from,ab,Ir.6,0.Ir.6,ua(h6,hua):*ava;Skr.dva.away,

off;Lat.au,asinaufero,takeaway;Ch.SI.u,Prussau.

Alsobho,q.v.
0,since,when,withtherel.as'n,Ir.6,0.Ir.6,exquo;itis

merelytheprep,ousedasaconjunction.
Ob,refuse,Ir.obaim,0.Ir.obbaim,obbad(inf.);referredtoud

bad,"outspeak,"theprefixud,out(alliedtoEng.out,Skr.

ud,out,of;andba,speak,I.E.bha,Lat.fari,Gr.<f>ain

<f>rj[XL.Ascoligivestherootasben(seebean),repellere.
6b,acreek;fromNorsehop,smalllandlockedbay,Sc.hope,

Ag.S.hop,valley.
obaidh,acharm;seeubag.
obair,awork,soIr.,E.Ir.opair,oper,0.Ir.opred,operatio;from

Lat.opus(g.operis),opera.
fobair,aconfluence;theusualpronunciationoftheAberin

placenames.Seeabar.
obann,sudden,Ir.obann,E.Ir.opond:*odbond,evestigio,from

bonn%StokesrefersittotherootofGr.a<va>,0.Slav,abije,

immediately,suggesting*obno.W.buanalsosuggestsitself.
OCar,interestonmoney,Ir.ocar,W.ocr;fromNorseokr,usury,

Ag.S.wocer,Got.wokrs,Ger.wucher;rootveg.
och,aninterjection,alas!Ir.och,uch,0.Ir.uch,vae,ochfad,

sighing:*uk;Got.auhjon,makeanoise,Norseugla,Eng.

owl;Let.auka,stormwind,Serb,uka,acry.
ochd,eight,Ir.ochd,0.Ir.ochtn,W.wyth{*okti),Br.eiz:*okto;

Lat.octo;Gr.Skto);Got.ahtau;Skr.ashtau.
OChoin,alas,Ir.ochon;literally"alasthis!"Fromochandthe

oldpronoun6n,discussedundereadhon.
ocras,hunger,Ir.ocru*,ocarus,E.Ir.accorus.Seeacras.The

Lat.careo,want,maybesuggestedasallied;rootker,kor.
od,yonder,yon;seeud.
oda,tongueofland;N.oddr.

oda,horserace(Uist),race,racecourse(Carm.);cf.N.at,horse
fight,
odhar,dun,soIr.,E.Ir.odar:*odros,for*odhro,shady,Lat.

umbra(=*ondhra),dter,dark,Umbrianadro,atra.Bez.

suggests,withquery,*jodros,alliedtoLit.judas,dark.

Thurneysenhasreferred*odrostoI.E.udro,otter,hydra,

watery,theideabeing"otterlike"or"waterlike"(Gr.v8<Dp,

Eng.ivater),

32

266ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ofrail,anoffering,Ir.ofrdil,M.Ir.offrdil,E.Ir.oifrend;from

Lat.offerendum.
dg,young,Ir.bg,0.Ir.6c,bac,W.ieuanc,Corn,iouenc,Br.

iaouank,Gaul.Jovincillos:*jovnkos,comparativejovos;

Lat.juvenis,juvencus;Eng.young,Got.juggs;Skr.yuvagd,

juvenile,yt/van,young.
Ogha,agrandchild,Ir.6,ua,g.ui,agrandson,descendant,0.Ir.

ua,aue,haue,g.haui:*(p)avios;Gr.7rats,for7ra/ts,boy;

furtherLat.puer,forpover;W.w^r;root%^>cw,joov,

beget.Brug.(Grund.2122)refersitto*avios,anadj.from

ewos,grandfather,etc.,Lat.avus.Eng.eame.
fOghum,the"Ogam"writing,soIr.,E.Ir.ogum,Ogmamac

Elathan(sonofknowledge),theHerculesoftheGaelicgods,

Gaul.Ogmios,theGaul.Herculesandgodofeloquence:

*Ogambios.Cf.Gr.oypos(^yjuos1?),afurrow,line,Skr.

djmas,course,run,rootag:thecomparisonisverydoubtful.

Seeoidheam.
dglach,ayouth,servant,Ir.dglach,0.Ir.oclach;frombgand

suffixlack(seeteaglach).
Ogluidh,gloomy,awful,bashful,Ir.ogluidh,bashful;fromNorse

uggligr,fearful,Eng.ugly.
oich,interjectionofpain,Ir.,0.Ir.uch.Seeoch.
oide,fosterfather,stepfather,Ir.oide,0.Ir.aite:*attios;Gr.

arret,father;Got.atta,father;Ch.SI.otici,father;Skr.

altd,mother,
oidhche,oiche,night,Ir.oidhche,0.Ir.aidche,lateroidche,also

adaig:*adaqid,*adaqi,rootaq,dark;Lat.aquilus,dark;

Lit.aklas,blind;Gr.aKapov,blind(Hes.).Skr.andhas,

darkness,withrootandh,adh,Lat.ater,etc.,havebeen

suggested,theadof*adaqiabeingmadetherootandnot

theaq(seeodhar).
foidheadh,tragicaldeath,soIr.,E.Ir.oided,aided;rootpad,

ped,fall,Lat.pestis(Stokes).Seeeas.
oidheam,asecretmeaning,inference,idea(M/A.,M'E.),abook

(M'F.,H.S.D.).Properlyoigheam,thesameasoghamabove

(Zeuss,Pthys'Hib.Led.).
oidheirp,oirpe,anattempt:*aderb,rooterbofearb,q.v.%
oifig,anoffice,Ir.oifig,M.Ir.oifficc;fromLat.officium(Eng.

office).
oigeach,astallion,younghorse;frombgandeach.Commonly

aigeach,q.v.
6igh,avirgin,Ir.oigh,E.Ir.,0.Ir.6g,uag,integer:*a,ugi,root
\zb)>.iix.aug,increase;Lat.augeo;Got.dukan,increase;Lit.dugu,

(Brug.).Bez.(inStokes'Urkel.Spr.)suggestsCzechpouhy,

pure,andastem*pougos.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.

267

oigheam,obedience,homage;cf.taidhe,

oighionnach,aigheannach,athistle(Perth,accordingtoM'A.):

seefobhannan.
oighre,ice,Ir.oidhir,M.Ir.bigred,E.Ir.aigred,snow;seedeigh.
oighre,anheir,soIr.,M.Ir.oigir;foundedonLat.heres,

possiblyonM.Eng.heirrather,whichisfromheres.
oighreag",cloudberry;foundedonSc.averin.
oil,vexation,offence,Ir.foil.TheE.Ir.ailhasalong,andis

foragli,Got.agls,disgraceful(Strachan).TheG.isperhaps

fromtherootofoillt.
oil,rear,educate,Ir.oilirrt,0.Ir.ailim;rootalasinaltrum.
oilbheum,offence,stumblingblock,Ir.oilbhe'im,M.Ir.ailbeim:

"stonedashing,""stonestumbling";fromail,rock,and

beum,blow,q.v.(Atk.).
oilean,eilean,training,nurture,Ir.oileamhuin,nurture,M.Ir.

oilemain,inf.toailim,Irear;rootal,asinaltrum,q.v.
oillt,horror,disgust,Ir.oilt:*aleti,rootpal,strike,whence

Lat.palma,palm,palpo,palpitate,etc.1
oineach,liberality,Ir.oineach,mercy,liberality.Seeeineach.
dillid,afool,Ir.binmhid,E.Ir.6inmit,6rvm.it;fromon,foolish,

andmerit,mind.Seenext,
dinnseach,afoolishwoman,Ir.6inseach;from6n,foolish,and

thefeminineterminationseach.
oir,edge,border,Ir.,E.Ir.,0.Ir.or,W.goror,orasuperior:*oro.

Cf.Lat.ora,coast,fromwhichThur.regardsitasborrowed;

itisnotalliedtoGer.ufer,coast.
oir,for,0.Ir.ar,air;theprep,air(*are)usedasaconj.The

Ir.oir,because,for,0.Ir.6re,uare,abl.of0.Ir.uar,huar,

isfromLat.hora,Gaelicuair.
Oir,prefixdenoting"ad"or"on,"Ir.oir,0.Ir.air,ar;thisis

theprep,air(*are).Henceoirbheart,agooddeed,Ir.do.,

frombeart;oirbheas,actofcharity,frombeus,conduct,etc.

Sometimesconfusedwithor,gold,asprefix;cf.oirdheirc.
oircheas,pity,charity,Ir.oircheasachd,need,charitableness;cf.

0.Ir.airchissecht,gratia,indulgentia,vb.airchissim,parcit,

indulget:air+cess;rootofcead1
oirde,apieceorlumpofanything;seeord.
dirdheirc,glorious,Ir.birdhearc,0.Ir.airdirc,erdirc;fromair

anddearc,see:"conspicuous."Seeoirfortheoir.
oirfeid,music,Ir.oirfid.,E.Ir.airfitiud,playing,inf.toarbeitim,

arpeitim;fromairandpeitim,M.Ir.peiteadh,music;peit

orpetisfromsvettd,whistle,pipe,G.fead,q.v.
dirleach,aninch,Ir.orlach,ordlach,M.Ir.ordlach,trihordlaighe,

threeinches;fromordu,thumb,nowG.brdag,q.v.

268ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

oirthir,theeast,soIr.,0.Ir.airther;comparativeofair,ante
"infront,"asonefacesthesuninthemorning.

oirthir,border,coast,soIr.,M.Ir.airer;fromairandtir.

6isg,asheep,yearlingewe,E.Ir.bisc;foroishesc,bi,sheep,
andseasg,barren,q.v.Thewordbiisfrom*ovis;Lat.
ovis;Gr.ok;Lit.avis;Skr.dvis.

oisinn,acorner,Ir.isinn,thetemple,fannahoisean,alongthe
temple,E.Ir.nahusine,thetemples:*odstani,"out
standing"(1).Seeursainn,tarsainn.

oisir,anoyster,Ir.oisre;fromM.Eng.oistre,fromFr.oistre,
fromLat.ostrea.

oistric,ostrich,Ir.ostrich;fromtheEng.

oit,aninterjectiontodenotethesenseofburningheat;cf.0.Ir.
uitmochrob,alasformyhand!

oiteag,abreeze,puffofwind,Ir.oitebg:*atti,rootat,asinGr.
aT/xos,vapour,Eng.atmosphere;Ag.S.aefrm,breath;Skr.
dtmdn,breath,soul.

oitir,aridgeorbankinthesea,alowpromontory,Ir.oitir:*ad
tir,fromtir,land,"toland."

61,drink,drinking,Ir.61,blaim,E.Ir.61,inf.toibim,0.Ir.oul,
*povolo(St.),drinking:*potlo,rootpo,po,drink;Lat.pbto,
Eng.potaU,etc.;Skr.pa,drink.Zimmerconsidersit
borrowedfromNorse61,Eng.ale.Therootpele,pie,full,
hasalsobeensuggestedjbutitisunlikelyhere.

Ola,oil,Ir,0.Ir.ola,W.olew,0.W.oleu,Br.eol;fromLat.
oleum,Eng.r>7.

61ach,ahospitableperson:"booncompanion;"frombl.

olann,wool,soIr.,E.Ir.oland,0.W.gulan,W.gwlan,Corn.
gluan,Br.gloan:*viand,*vlano;Lat.Idna;Gr.Xavos,
A.7]vos;Eng.wo'jI,Got.vulla\Lit.wilna;Skr.urnd;I.E.
vlnd,vlnd.

olc,bad,Ir.olc,0.Ir.olcc,olc;cf.Lat.ulciscor,revenge,ulcus,
wound,Eng.ulcer;Gr.cAkos,wound.Bez.suggestsO.H.G.
ilki,hunger,Lit.alkti,Ch.SI.alkati,hunger.

ollabhar,agreatarmy(M'F.),Ir.ollarbhar:oil+arbhar.For
oil,seenextword;E.Ir.arbar,ahost,isfromber(seebeir).

oilamh,alearnedman,adoctor,soIr.,0.[r,ollam,g.ollaman;
fromIr.oil,great(rootpol,pel,pie,full,fill).

Omar,amber,Ir.omra,W.amfer;fromtheEng.

omhail,attention,heed,Ir.umhail;cf.G.umhal,obedient.

omhan,othan,frothofmilkorwhey,wheywhiskedintofroth
(Carm.),Ir.nan,E.Ir.uan,froth,foam,W.ewyn,Br.eon:
*oveno,*poveno;Lit.putd,foam,Letticputas.

onagaid,confusion,row(Dial.);cf.aonagail.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.269

onfhadh,ablast,storm,ragingofthesea,Ir.anfadh,E.Ir.

anfud,foranfeth,"excesswind,"feth,aura;rootve,ven,

blow;Skr.v&ta,wind;Gr.a^/xt,blow,drjp,Lat.aer,Eng.

air;Lit.v<yas,wind;furtherLat.ventusandEng.wind.
onnchon,astandard(M'F.,O'B.),soIr.,alsoIr.onchu,leopard,

E.Ir.onchu,banner,leopard;theideaof"leopard"isthe

primaryone.FromFr.onceau,once,Eng.ounce,leopard,
onoir,respect,honour,Ir.onoir,E.Ir.onoir,onoir:fromLat.

honor.
onrachd,solitude,Ir.aonarachd;fromaonar,aon.
6r,gold,Ir.,0.Ir.6r,W.aur,Cor.our,Br.aour;fromLat.

aurum.
6r,prefixair,oir,confusedoftenwiththeprefixor,gold;e.g.

drbheart,good(golden!)deed,whichisforoirbheart(see

oir).
6rag,sheafofcorn(H.S.D.),orag(M'F.,Arm.):
oragail,anorgan,Ir.,M.Ir.orgdn,E.Ir.organ,W.organjfrom

Lat.organum,Eng.organ.
draid,aspeech,Ir.draid,prayer,oration,E.Ir.orait,prayer,

orate;fromLat.orate,prayye,oratio,speech,
bran,asong;thisisfor*aura?i,fromthecorrectandstillexist
ingformamhran,Ir.amhrdn,M.Ir.ambrdn,Manxarrane;

fromamb,i.e.mu,about,andrann1Ir.amhar,E.Ir.amor,

music.Cf.Ir.amhra,eulogy,especiallyinverseCf.amra

(Cholumcille),panegyric.
orair,aporch,(orrar,M'D.):"front,"fromairorarandair,a

reduplicationreallyofair,"onbefore."
orais,atumultuousnoise(H.S.D.fromMSS.):
6rd,ahammer,Ir,M.Ir.ord,0.Ir.ordd,W.gordd,0.Cor.

ord,Br.orz,horz,Gallo.BritOrdovices(l):*ordos,*urdos,

rootverdh,urdh,raise,increase,wThenceoralliedareGr.

6p66s,Lat.arduus,G.ard,etc.;especiallySkr.vardhate,

raise,increase,grow.Seeordag.Thur.thinksitperhaps

possiblethatRomanceurtare,hit,thrust,Fr.heurter,Eng.

hurt,arehence,andAscolithatFr.ortail,bigtoe(orddu=

ortu),isfromord,thebasisofbrdag,q.v.
6rd,amountainofroundedform(topographicalonly);from

above,
drdag,thumb,Ir.ordog,0.Ir.orddu,g.ordan:*ordos,*urdos;

samerootasordabove,
drdugh,order,Ir.ord,ordughadh,0.Ir.ord,ordaad,ordination,

W.urdd,urddawd,ordaining,Br.urz;fromLat.ordo.
organ,organ;seeoragan.

270ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

orra,ortha,orr*,or,acharm,incantation,Ir.orrtha(orrtha,
Con.),ortha,prayer,charm(inthislastsensepronounced
arrtha),E.Ir.ortha,ace.orthain,prayer(especiallyinverse);
fromLat.ordtionem,Eng.oration.

orrais,squeamishness,nausea:

os,above,Ir.os,6s,uas,0.Ir.6s,uas,W.uch,Br.a,us;seeuasal
forroot.

OS,anelk,deer,Ir.os(O'B.),E.Ir.os,oss,W.uch,pi.uchen,bos,
Corn,ohan,boves,Br.oc'hen(do.),0.Br.ohen,bourn:*uksos
(forG.),*uksen(forBrittonic);Got.auhsa(n),Eng.ox,oxen;
Skr.ukshdn,bull.

OS,quoth;forors\fromor,ar,say;seearsa.

OS,mouthofariver,harbourbar;fromNorseoss,rivermouth;
Lat.ostium.

osadh,desisting,Ir.osadh,truce,E.Ir.ossad(do.):*udsta
"standout";rootsta,stand.

osag,ablast,breeze:*utsd,root,ut,vet,ve,blow,asinonfhadh.

osaii,ahose,stocking,Ir.assan,caliga,0.Ir.ossa,assa,soccus,
W.hosan,Cor.hos;fromAg.S.hosa,g.hosan,nowhose,
hosen,Norsehosa.

OSCach,eminent,superior(Sh.,O'B.),Ir.oscdek;fromosandedeh.

oscarach,oscarra,bold,fierce,Ir.oscar,champion;fromthe
heroicnameOscar,sonofOisian(Ir.Oisin,littledeeroros,
q.v.)PossiblyOscarstandsfor*udscaro,"outcutter,"
rootscarofsgar,q.v.ZimmerderivesitfromNorse'Asgeirr.
spearoftheAnsesorgods,andOisianfromtheSaxon
'Oswine,friendoftheAnses;whichshouldgiverespectively
'Asgarand'Oisine,buttheinitialvowelsarebothoshortin
OscarandOisian.DoomsdayBookhasOsgar.

6sd,osda,tighdsda,aninn,Ir.tighosda;fromM.Eng.ooste,
host,hotel,house,hospitium,throughFr.fromLat.hospitium.
Stokestakesitdirectfrom0.Fr.oste.

osnadh,asigh,soIr.,0.Ir.osnad,W.ivchenaid,uch,Br.huanad.
Zimmerhasanalysedthisintoos,up,andan(rootofanail),
breath:"upbreath";cf.Lat.suspirium,fromsupspirium,
"upbreath."Butconsider*ok*,fromukofoch.Cf.E.Ir.
esnad,M.Ir.easnadh,song,moaning.

ospag,osmag,agasp,sob,sigh,pang,lr.ospog,uspdg,osmbg;cf.
osnadh.Asouspag,q.v.

ospaim,gaspingquickly,sobbing,sighing;fromosandspairn,
q.v.Cf.uspairn.

othail,odhail,confusion,hubbub,also(Dial.,wherepronounced
owil),rejoicing;speltalsofoghail,fdghail;rootgal,asin
gal1Forodhail,rejoicing,cf.M.Ir.odhach,ceolmar,also

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.271

uidheach,od,music;rootved;Gr.vSeo,sing,praise,Skr.

vadati,sing,praise;Lit.vadinu,rufe,root,ved,vad,ud%

rufen.
Othar,ulcer,abscess,Ir.othar,sick:*putro;Lat.puter,Eng.

putrid;rootpu,pu,'Eng.foul,etc.
dtrach,dunghill,Ir.,M.Ir.otrach,dunghill,0.Ir.ochtrach

(=othrach1),excrement:*puttr,rootput,pu,Lat.puteo,

puter,asunderothar.Ir.othrach,dung,*putr.

pab,shag,refuseofflax,woollyhair,and(M'A.)tassel(=bab),
M.Ir.papp,popp,sprig,tuft,E.Ir.popp,bunch,which
StokesreferstoaCeltic*bobbu,*bhobhnu,from*bhobh,
*bhabh,Lat.faba,bean,Gr.7ro/x<os,blister,7T/z<i,bubble,
Letticbamba,ball,I.E.bhembho,inflate.Eng.bob,cluster,
bunch,appearsinthe14thcentury,andSc.hasbob,bab
correspondingly;theGadelicandEng.areclearlyconnected,
butwhichborroweditishardtosay.Themeaningofpab
as"shag,flaxrefuse"appearsintheSc.pab,pob.Borrowing
fromLat.papula,pimple,rootpap,swell,hasbeensuggested.
<lpac,apack,Ir.paca;fromEng.packHencepacarras,amass

ofconfusion.
Ipacaid,apacket;fromtheEng.

padhadh,thirst,Manxpaa;seeminglyformedbyregressive
analogyfromtheadjectivepaiteach,thirsty,asideformof
pditeach,drinking,bibulous,fromp6it,Lat.potus,drunk.
M.Ir.paadhisexplainedbyStokesas*spasdtu,rootspasor
spes,Lat.spiro,breathe,W.fun,breath,from*sposnd.For
phoneticsseepiuthar.
^padhal,ewer,Ir.padhal,ewer,pail,W.padell,pan;fromEng.
pail;cf.adhal,paidhir,staidhir,faidhir,rathad.

paganach,heathen,Ir.pdganach,pdgdnta,M.Ir.pagdnta;from
Lat.paganus,villager,pagan,whenceEng.pagan.

paidhneachas,apenalty,pledge;frompaigh,withleaningon
peanas.
ypaidhir,apair;fromEnglishpair,M.Eng.peire,Fr.paire,from
Lat.par.Cf.,forphonetics,faidhir(fair)andstaidhir(stair).

paidir,theLord'sprayer,soIr.,M.Ir.paiter,0.Ir.pater,W.
pater;fromLat.paterinPaternoster,etc.,whichbeginsthe
prayer.

paidreag,apatch,clout:

paidrean,aclusterofgrapes,posy,stringofbeads,Ir.paidirin,
rosary,necklace;frompaidir.

272ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

paiofh,paidh,pay,Ir.paidhe,payment;fromEng.pay.
pailchlach,pavement,Ir.pdilcklack,stonepavement,pail,

pabhail,pavement;formedfromtheEng.pave,pavement.
pailleart,aboxontheear,ablowwiththepalm:*palmbheart,

"palmaction,"fromLat.palma,palm;cf.W.pal/ad,stroke

ofthepawT,Br.palfod,blowonthecheek.
^pailliun,atent,Ir.pailliun;fromM.Kng.pailyoun(Barbour),

pavilon,Fr.pavilion,fromLat.papilionem,abutterfly

tentsbeingcalledafterthebutterflybecausespreadoutlike

itswings.StokestakesitdirectfromtheFr.
pailm,palmtree,Ir.,M.Ir.pailm;fromLat.palma,whence

Eng.palm.
pailt,plentiful,pailteas,plenty,Manxpalchys,Cor.pals,

plenteous,M.Br.i>aout,numerous,Br.paot,many,much;

theG.isinalllikelihoodaPictishwordarootqalt,I.E.

qel,company,collection,asinclann,q.v.
ipaindeal,apanther;foundedontheEng.panther,M.Eng.

pantere.
painneal,apanel,Ir.paineid,W.panel;fromtheEng.,M.Eng.,

Fr.panel.
painnse,apaunch;fromtheScpainch,pench,Eng.paunch.
painntear,asnare,lr.painteur,M.Ir.painnter;fromM.Eng.

pantere,snareforbirds,0.Fr.pantiere.HenceEng.painter,

boatrope,
paipeir,paper,Ir.pdipeur,W.papyr;fromLat.papyrus,whence

Eng.paper.
paipin,poppy,Ir.paipin,W.pabi;fromLat.popaver,whence

Eng.poppy.
pairc,apark,Ir.pdirc,W.pare,panvg;fromM.Eng.park,

parrok,nowpark.
pairilis,palsy,Ir.,M.Ir.pairilis,W.parlys;fromLat.paralysis,

whenceEng.palsy.
pairt,ashare,part,Ir.pdirt,E.Ir.pairt,W.parth;fromLat.

pars,partis,apart,whenceEng.part.M.Ir.pars,pointof

timelessthanaminute,
paisd,achild,Ir.pdisde;formedfromM.Eng.page,boy,Sc.

page,boy,nowEng.page.
paisean,afaintingfit,lr.,M.Ir.pdis,E.Ir.paiss,passio,suffer
ing;fromLat.passionem,patior,suffer,
paisg,wrap;seepasgadh.
pait,ahump,lump,Ir.pait,M.Ir.pait,mass;alsoIr.paitedg,

smalllumpofbutter;fromEng.pat.SkeatthinkstheEng.

isfromtheGaelic,butthe/>isfataltothewordbeingnative

Gadelic.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.273

paiteag,aperiwinkle(H.S.D.,forHeb.):

palla,greenshelfinarock(Lewis);N.pallr,step,dais.

palmair,arudder,Ir.palmaire;seefalmadair.

palas,apalace,Ir.pdlas,W.palas;fromLat.palatium,whence

Eng.palace.
panna,apan;fromM.Eng.panne,nowpan.
pannal,pannan,abandorcompany,also,bannal,q.v.jfrom

Eng.band.
pap,thepope,Ir.papa,0.Ir.papa,W.,Br.pab;fromLat.papa,

father,pope,Eng.pope.
paracas,arhapsody(M'A.):
paradh,pushing,brandishing;cf.purr.
vparant,aparent;fromEng.parent.
pardag,apannier(Arm.):
parlamaid,parliament,Ir.pairlimeid,M.Ir.pairlimint;from

Eng,parliament.
parraist,aparish,Ir.parraisde;fromEng.parish,M.Eng.

pariscke.
parras,paradise,Ir.parrthas,0.Ir.pardus,W.paradwys,Br.

baradoz;fromLat.paradisus.
partan,acrab,portan(Skye),Ir.partdn,portdn,M.Ir.partan;

Sc.partan.E.Ir.partar,partaing,ruby1
pasgadh,awrapping,covering,pasgan,abundle,pasg,afaggot;

cf.Ir.faisg,apen,W.ffasg,bundle,whichlastiscertainly

fromLat.fasces,
pasmunn,expiringpang(H.S.D.);fromEng.spasmlH.S.D.

givesalsothemeaning"cataclysmappliedtothesoresofa

dyingperson."
peabar,piobar,pepper,Ir.piobar,W.pubyr;fromLat.piper,

Eng.pepper,Norsepiparr.
peacadh,sin,soIr.,0.Ir.peccad,g.pectho,W.pechod,Br.pechet;

fromLat.peccatum,pecco,Eng.peccant.
p6achearc,peahen:fromtheEng.pea.Seepeucag.

peall,skin,hide,E.Ir.pell;fromLat.peHis,hide,alliedtoEng.

fell.
peallach,shaggy,mattedinthehair,frompeall,mat,hairyskin;

seepeallabove,
vpeallaid,sheepskin;fromScotchpellet,awoollesssheepskin,

Eng.pelt,fromLat.pellisthroughFr.
peanas,punishment,Ir.pionus;fromLat.poena,withpossiblya

leaningontheEnglishpunish.
peann,apen,soIr.,E.Ir.penn,W.pin;fromLat.penna.

33

274ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

pearluinn,finelinen,muslinjfromSc.pearlin,laceofsilkor

thread,Eng.purl,edgingoflace,fromFr.pourfiler,Lat.

filuin,thread,
pearsa,aperson,Ir.pearsa,g.pearsan,0.Ir.persa,g.persine;

fromLat.persona,Eng.person.
pearsail,parsley,Ir.pearsdil;fromM.Eng.persil,Eng.parsley.
peasair,pease,Ir.pis,apea,pi.piseanna,W.pys,Br.pi.piz;

fromLat.pisum,Eng.pease.
peasan,impudentfellow,varlet;fromEng.peasant.
peasg,gashinskin,chappedgashesofhands,cranny,W.pisg,

blisters;G.ispossiblyofPictishorigin.TheSc.pisket

shrivelled,hasbeencompared,
peata,apet,Ir.peata,E.Ir.petta;Eng.pet.BothEng.and

GadelicareformedonsomecognateofFr.petit,little,Eng.

petty(Stokes).
peic,apeck,Ir.peic,W.pec;fromEng.pec.
peighinn,apenny,Ir.pighin,E.Ir.pinginn;fromAg.S.pending,

Norsepenningr,nowEng.penny.
peilig,aporpoise;fromSc.pellack.
peileasach,frivolous;cf.Sc.pell,asoft,lazyperson,
peileid,cod,husk,bag:
peileid,aslaponthehead,theskullorcrownofthehead;inthe

lastsense,cf.Sc.pallet,crownofthehead,M.Eng.palet,

headpiece.Inthesenseof"slap,"cf.Eng.pelt.
peileir,abullet,Ir.peileur,L.M.Ir.peler:fromsomeFrench

descendantofLat.pila,ball,andalliedtoEng.pellet,0.Fr.

pelote,ball,Sp.pelote,cannonball,
peilisteir,aquoit,flatstone;formedfromtheabovestem1
peillic,acoveringofskinsorcoarsecloth,Ir.peillic,abooth

whoseroofiscoveredwithskins,E.Ir.pellec,basketof

untannedhide;fromLat.pelliceus,madeofskins,from

pellis.
peinneag,achipofstoneforfillingcrevicesinwall;fromSc.

pinning,pinn(do.),alliedtoEng.pin.
peinnteal,asnare;anotherformofpainntear,q.v.
peirceall,thejaw,lowerpartoftheface,corner,Ir.peircioll,

cheekblade,corner:*forciobhull,"onjaw"?Seeciobhull.
peirigill,danger,Ir.peiriacul;fromLat.periculum.
p^ire,thebuttocks,Ir.peire(O'K.);cf.Cor.pedren,buttock,W.

pedrain.Thewordpeurs,lenteperdere(M'A.),isdoubtless

connected,
peireid,ferret(M'A.).
p^iris,testiculi(H.S.D.);apparentlyfromFr.pierre.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.275

peiteag",waistcoat,shortjacket;fromSc.petycot,asleeveless

tunicwornbymen,Eng.petticoat.Manxhaspettie,flannel

waistcoat,peddee,waistcoat,
peithir,aforester(pethaire,M'D.),peithire,amessageboy

(M'A.);cf.Sc.peddir,apedlar,Eng.pedlar.
peithir,beithir,thunderbolt;amythicandmetaphoricuseof

beithir,q.v.
peitseag,apeach;Ir.peitseog;fromtheEng.
peddar,pewter,Ir.peatar,W.ffeutar;fromEng.pewter.Also

feodar,q.v.
peucag,peahen,Ir.peacog,peacock(Fol.);fromEng.peacock.
peur,apear,Ir.piorra,peire(O'R.),W.peran;fromEng.pear.
peurda,flakeofwooloffthecardsinthefirstcarding:
peurdag,piartag,apartridge,Ir.pitrisg(Fol.);G.isfromSc.

pertrik,asideformofEng.partridge,Lat.perdicem.
peursair,perchman,shoreherd(Carm.):
pian,pain,Ir.pian,0.Ir.pian,poena,W.poen,pain,Cor.peyn,

Br.poan;fromLat.poena,Eng.pain.
pibhinn,lapwing;fromSc.peevmip,Eng.peewit.ThetrueG.is

adharcan,"hornedone"(fromadhare,becauseoftheappear
anceofitshead).
pic,pitch,Ir.pic,W.pyg;fromM.Eng.pik,nowpitch.
pic,apike,Ir.pice,W.pig,fromtheEng.
piceal,pike,Ir.picill(Fol.);fromtheEng.
pigeadh,pigidh,earthenjar,Ir.pigin,W.picyn;fromEng.,Sc.

piggin,pig,whichisametaphoricuseofEng.pig,sow.
pighe,pigheann,apie,Ir.pighe;fromtheEng.
pigidh,robinredbreast(H.S.D.);aconfuseduseofEng.pigeonl
pilig,peel,peeling(Dial.);fromtheEng.Seepiol.
pill,asheet,cloth,theclothorskinonwhichcorniswinnowed;

aparticularuseoftheobliqueformofpeall,q.v.M.Ir.

pillorpellmeans"rug."
pill,turn,Ir.pillim,betterfillim(O'B.);seetillfordiscussion

oftheroot,
pillean,packsaddle,pillion,Ir.pillin,W.pilyn;Eng.pillionis

allied,ifnotborrowed,accordingtoSkeat.Allareformed

onLat.pellis(seepeall).Sc.haspillionsfor"rags";Br.

pill(do.).
pinne,apin,peg,Ir.pionn(Lh.),W.pin;fromM.Eng.pinne,

nowpin.
pinnt,apint,Ir.pidnt(Fol.);fromtheEng.
piob,apipe,amusicalinstrument,Ir.piob,E.Ir.pip.pi.pipai

(Lib.Leinster),(music)pipe;fromMed.Lat.pipa,whence

Ag.S.pipe,Eng.pipe,Ger.pfeife,Norsepipa.W.,Cor.,

andBr.havepib,pipe,similarlyborrowed.

276ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

piobar,pepper;seepeabar.

piobull,thebible(Dial.):seebiobull.

pioc,pick,Ir.piocaim;fromEng.pick.Thur.thinksthatW.

pigoisultimatelyfromtheRomancepicco(point),Fr.pique,

oralliedthereto.SkeattakestheEng.fromCeltic;butsee

Bradley'sStratmann.
piocach,asaith,coalfish(Wh.):
piocaid,pickaxe,Ir.piocoid;frompioc,Eng.pick,apickaxe,from

Fr.pic(do.).WhethertheterminationisGadelicortheFr.

wordpiquet,littlepickaxe,Eng.picket,wasborrowedatonce,

itishardtosay.
piochan,awheezing,Manxpiaghane,hoarseness,Ir.spiochan;

Sc.pech,pechin,panting,peught,asthmatic.Onomatopoetic.

Cf.Lat.pipire,chirp,pipe.W.haspeuo,pant,
pioghaid,pigheid,amagpie,Ir.pioghaid(Fol.),pighead(O'R.);

fromSc.pyat,pyet,diminutiveofpie,M.Eng.pye,now

usuallymagpie.
piol,nibble,pluck;fromEng.peel,earlier,pill,pyll,peel,pluck,

ultimatelyfromLat.pellis.Alsospiol,q.v.W.haspilio,

peel,strip,
piollach,(1)neat,trim(M'F.,H.S.D.,Arm.),(2)hairy

(=peallach,ofwhichitisasideform,H.S.D.,etc.),fretful,

curiouslooking(M'A.).Thesecondsensebelongstopeallach,

thefirsttopiol:"pilled."
piollaiste,trouble,vexation:"plucked"state,frompiol%
pioraid,hat,cap;seebiorraid.

piorbhuic,piorrabhuic,periwig,Ir.peireabhuic;fromtheEng.
piorr,scrapeordig(H.S.D.),stab,makealungeatone(M'A.);

thefirstsenseseemsfromSc,Eng.pare;forthesecond,see

purr.

piorradh,asquall,blastjfromL.M.Eng.pirry,whirlwind,

blast,Sc.pirr,gentlebreeze,Norsebyrr,rootbir,pir,of

onomatopoeticorigin(Skeat,subpirouette,forEng.).
pios,apiece,Ir.piosa;fromEng.piece,Fr.piece,LowLat.

pettium,fromGaulish*pettium,alliedtoG.cuit,Pictishpet

(seepit).
pios,acup,Ir.piosa;fromLat.pyxis,box(Stokes).
piostal,apistol,soIr.;fromEng.
pipheanaick,giggling(M'D.):
piseach,prosperity,luck,Manxbishagh,Ir.biseacli,M.Ir.bisech.

Cf.Ir.piseog,witchcraft,M.Ir.pisdc,charm,Manxpishag,

charm,Cor.pystry,witchcraft,M.Br.pistri,veneficium,

whichBuggereferstoLat.pyxis,medicinebox(seepios).
piseag,akitten,Ir.puisin;fromEng.puss.AranIr.piseog,

seabream.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.277

pit,holloworpit(Diet,only),kvoOos,M.G.pit(D.ofL.),Manx

pitt,Ir.pit;fromAg.S.pyt,pit,well,nowpit,fromLat.

puteus,well.Forforce,cf.Br.fetan,fountain,fete,kvo~6o<s.

ThenonexistentDiet,meaningisduetothesupposedforce

oftopographicpitdiscussedinthenextarticle.
Pit,prefixinfarmandtownlandnamesinPictland,meaning

"farm,portion";0.G.pet,pett,g.pette(B.ofDeer),a

PictishwordalliedtoW.peth,part,Gaeliccuid.Seefurther

undercuidandpios.
piug,aplaintivenote(H.S.D);cf.W.puch,sigh.Onomato

poetic%
piuthar,sister,Ir.siur,E.Ir.siur,fiur,g.sethar,fethar,0.Ir.

siur,W.chwaer,Corn,huir,Br.hoar:*svesdr,g.svestros

(Stokes);Lat.soror(=sosor);Eng.sister;Lit.sesu;Skr.

svdsar.
plab,softnoiseasofabodyfallingintowater;fromSc.plope,

Dial.Eng.plop:onomatopoeticlikeplump.Skeatcompares

Eng.blab.Seeplub.
placaid,awoodendish;throughSc.(?)fromFr.plaquette,

plaque,aplate,whenceEng.placard,Sc.placad.M'A.

givesalsothemeaning"flat,broad,goodnaturedfemale,"

whichisametaphoricuse.
plaibean,alumpofrawflesh,aplumpboy;foundedonSc.

plope,asinplababove.Cf.Eng.plump.
plaide,ablanket,Ir.ploid;Eng.plaid,Sc.plaiden,coarse

woollencloth,likeflannel,buttwilled:allarefoundedon

Lat.pellis,butwhetherinventedbyGadelicorEnglishisat

presentdoubtful.SkeatsaysitisCeltic,aviewwhich,as

thecasestands,hasmosttosayforit;cf.G.peallaid,

sheepskADunbar's"HielandPladdis."
plaigh,aplague,Ir.pldigh,E.Ir.pldg,W.pla;fromLatpldga,

disaster,M.Eng.plage,Eng.plague.
plais,asplash;fromSc.plash,tostrikewatersuddenly,Eng.

plash,splash.
plain,anythingcurdled:cf.Br.plommein,aclot,asofblood.

Seeslaman.M'A.givesitthemeaningof"fatblubber

cheek."Arg.has"bainneplumaichte,"curdledorsoured

milk,
plang,aplackaScotscoin;fromSc.plack,acoppercoinequal

tofourpenniesScots,whichcamewiththeFlemish,etc.,

andisalliedtoFr.plaque,usedofcoin,thoughreallya

"metaldish,etc."Seeplacaid.
plangaid,ablanket;Ir.plainceud(Fol.);fromtheEng.
plannta,aplant,Ir.planda;fromEng.plant,Lat.planta.

278ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

plaosg,ahusk,shell,Manxpleayse,Ir.plaosg,W.plisg(pi.),Br.
pluskenn.ThisErnaultconsidersborrowedfromRomance
Fr.peluche,shag,plush,Eng.plush,fromLat.*pilucius,
hairy,pitus,hair:anunlikelyderivation.Seemingly
blaosgisanotherform(Manxbleayst,M.Ir.blaesc,W.blisg):
*bhloidsko,rootbhlbi,bhle,bhel,swell,etc.;Gr.<Aoids
(*bhlovio1),bark,shell,<AeSo)v,bladder.
fplasd,aplaster,Ir.plasdruighim;fromtheEng.

plat,asortofclothmadeofstraw;fromSc.plat,plait,Eng.
plait.M'A.hasthemeaning"thrust,clapon,"fromSc.
plat,astroketotheground,blowwiththefist,M.Eng.
platten,strike,throwdown,Ag.S.plaettan.

plath,pladh,aflash,glance,puffofwindjfrom*svl,rootsvelof

pleadhag,adibble,paddle;alsobleaghan,spleadhan,q.v.

pleadhart,abuffet,blow;frompailleartl

pleasg,anoise,crack,Ir.pleasg(pleasgLh.)anIr.word(M'A.),

Ir.pleasganorpleascdn,noise:cf.Sc.pleesk,plesk,plash,

pleeshplash,dabblinginwaterormud.
pleasg,astringofbeads:
pleat,aplait;fromSc.plett,Eng.plait.
pleid,solicitation:seebleid.
pleigh,quarrel,fight,Ir.pleidh,debate;Sc.pley,quarrel,debate,

allfromM.Eng.pleie,plege,Ag.S.plega,game,fight,Eng.

play.
pleoisg,plodhaisg,abooby,simpleton;cf.W.bloesg,astam
merer(mlaisqo),Skr.mleccliati,talkbarbarously,mleccha,

foreigner,Lat.blaesus,Gr./3\aur6<s.
pleodar,pewter;fromEng.spelter,withleaningonpebdar.
pliad(H.S.D.,Dial.),aplotofground;ofScandinavianorigin

Swed.plaetti,aplotofground,Eng.plot,plat(DrCameron),
pliadach,flat,asoffoot(Carm.):
pliadh,asplayfoot;fromEng.splay.
pliaram,babbling(H.S.D.);for*bliaram,;seeblialum,fromSc.

blellum.
plionas,ahypocriticalsmile(Wh.):
pliotair(pliodaireM'A.),afawner,cajoler;cf.Ir.pleadail,

pleading;fromEng.plead.
pliut,aclumsyfoot;cf.Sc.phots,thefeetwhenbare(Shet.),

plootsacks,feet.Hencepliutach,aseal.Seespliut.
ploc,aroundmass,clod,block(rare),Ir.bloc,ablock,W.ploc,

block,plug,Br.bloc'h,block,mass:GadelicandW.arefrom

Eng.block,fromFr.bloc,ofGermanoriginGer.block,clod,

lump,fromtherootofEng.balk.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.279

plod,aclod;fromSc.plod,pload,agreensod(Aberdeen),
plod,afleet,Manxplod;fromNorsefloti,Eng.fleet,float,etc.
plod,apoolofstandingwater,Manx,Ir.plod;fromM.Eng.

plodde,apuddle,Eng.plod,originally"towadethrough

water,"ploud,wadethroughwater(Grose),Sc.plout,plouter

(do.),
plodadh,parboiling;fromSc.plot,toscaldorburnwithboiling

water,plottie,arichandpleasanthotdrinkmadeofcinnamon,

cloves,etc.Also"floating"wooddownriver,
ploic,themumps;seepluic.
plosg,palpitate,throb,Ir.plosg(O'R.,Fol.),blosgadh,sounding,

E.Ir.blosc("roclosbloscbeimnechachride,"thehitting

soundofhisheart).Seeblosg.
plub,aplump,suddenfallintowater;fromEng.plump.Cf.

plab.Henceplubraich,gurgling,plunging;etc.
plub,anunweildymassorlump;fromtheEng.plump.
plubair,abooby,onespeakingindistinctly,blubberer;fromEng.

blubber.
pluc,alump,pimple,Manxplucan,pimple;seeminglyaside

formofploc.M.Ir.hasplucc,clubormace.Cf.Sc.pluke,

apimple.
pluc,pluck,Manxpluck;fromtheEng.
pluc,beat,thump;fromM.Eng.pluck,astroke,
plucas,theflux;foundedonLat.fluxus1

pluch,squeeze,compress,Ir.pluchaim,Manxploogh,suffocation:
pluic,cheek,blubcheek,Ir.pluc:"puffedcheek";fromploc.
pluideach,clubfooted;seepliut.
pluirean,aflower,Ir.plur;fromM.Eng.flour(nowflower),

0.Fr.flour(nowfleur).
plum,plungeintowater;seeplumb.
plum,onewhositsstockstill,deadcalm:
pluma,plumba,aplummet,Ir.plumba;fromEng.plumb,Fr.

plomb,fromLat.plumbum,lead.
plumb,noiseoffallingintowater,plunge;fromEngplump.
plumbas,plumbais,aplum,Ir.pluma;fromM.Eng.ploume,

nowplum.
plundrainn,plunder,booty;fromEng.plundering.
plur,flour,Ir.flur;fromM.Eng.flour;sameasEng.flower,

flourbeingfor"flowerofwheat."
plutadh,fallingdown,asofrain;fromSc.plout,Belg.plotsen,

Ger.plotzlich,sudden,from*plotz,"quicklyfallingblow."
pobull,people,Ir.pobal,0.Ir.popul,W.,Br.pobl,Cor.pobel;

fromLat.populus,whenceEng.people.
poca,abag;fromSc.pock,Ag.S.poca,Norsepoki,0.Fr.poche.

280ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

pdca,pdcaid,pocket,pouch.Ir.pdca,pdcait(F.M.),bag,pouch;

fromM.Eng.poke,A.S.poca,asabove.Eng.pocket,

M.Eng.poket,isadimunitive.K.MeyertakestheIr.from

theNorsepoki.
pdg,pag,akiss,Manxpaag,Ir.pdg,0.Ir.pdc,pdcnat,osculum,

W.poc,Br.pok;fromLat.pdcem,"thekissofpeace,"which

waspartoftheritualfortheMass;henceinChurchLat.

darepacem,means"togivethekiss."TheoldCelticliturgies

generallycarrytherubric"Hiepaxdatur''immediately

beforetheCommunion,
poireagan,rag,rags(M'D.):
poit,apot,Ir.pota,W.pot,Br.pod;fromEng.andFr.pot,from

Lat.potareultimately.Seenext.
p6it,drinking,tippling,Ir.pdit:fromLat.potus,drunk(Eng.

potation,poison,etc.).See61.
poitean,asmalltrussofhayorstraw;seeboitean.
poll,apool,ahole,mud,Ir.,E.Ir*poll,W.pwll,Cor.pol,Br.

poull;fromLateLat.padulus,pool,ametathesisofpalus,

paludis,marsh(Gaidoz),whenceIt.padula,Sp.paul.

TeutonichasAg.S.pdl,Eng.pool,Du.poel,0.H.G.pfuol,

Ger.pfuhl.SkeatconsidersthatpollisfromLowLat.

padulis,andthattheAg.S.pdlwaspossihtyborrowedfrom

theBritishLatinorLatinremainsseeninplacenameshaving

port,street,Chester,etc.(Principles1437).
poll,pollair,nostril,Ir.polldire,pollsrbna;frompoll.
pollag,thefishpollockorlythegaduspollachius,ofthecodand

whitinggenus,Ir.pulldg;frompoll1HencetheEng.

name.TheIrishEng.pollan,Sc.powan,isadifferentfish

ofthesalmongenus.
pollairean,thedunlin(Heb.),polidnaalpina.MrSwainson

(FolkloreofBritishBirds)translatesitsGaelicnameas

"birdofthemudpits(poll),"anexactdescription,hesays.
ponach,boy,lad(Dial.),poinneach(W.Ross);cf.Manxponniar,

aboy,asmallfishbasket1InArg.boinnean(Wh.),from

boinne.Cf.useofproitseach.Thewordisforbonach.
ponaidh,apony;fromtheSc.pownie,from0.Fr.poulenet(Ilost

asusual),littlecolt,nowpoulain,acolt,fromMed.Lat.

pullatius,fromLat.pullus,foal,Eng.foal,filly.
pdnair,beanorbeans,Ir.pdnaire,M.Ir.ponaire;fromNorse

baun,0.H.G.pona,Ger.bohne,Eng.bean,Du.boon(Stokes'

Celt.Dec).
pong,apoint,note,pongail,punctual;seepunc.
p6r,seed,spore,Ir.pdr,seed,clan,W.par,germ;fromGr.

o7ro/oos,seed,Eng.spore.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.281

port,harbour,port,Ir.port,harbour,fort,0.Ir.port,W.,Corn.

port/i,Br.pors,porz;fromLat.portus,Eng.port.
port,atune,Ir.port,M.Ir.ceudport,rhyme,prelude:"carry=

catch";fromLat.porto,carry.Sc.port,catch,tune,is

fromGaelic.Cf.Eng.sport,fromLat.disporto.
p6s,marry,0.G.pusta,wedded(B.ofDeer),M.Ir.posaim;from

Lat.sponsus,sponsa,betrothed,fromspondeo,Ipromise(Eng.

spouse,respond,etc.).
post,post,beam,pillar,Ir.posda,posta,W.post;fromtheEng.

post,fromLat.postis.PI.puist,slugsforshooting(Wh.).
prab,discompose,ravel(prab,H.S.D.),prabach,dishevelled,

ragged,bleareyed,Ir.prabach(O'R.):"suddenlyarrayed,"

fromprap%
prabar,prabal,arabble;fromprab,prab,discompose.See

aboveword,
prac,vicaragedues,smalltithes,whichwerepaidinkind(N.H.

andIsles),pracadair,tithecollector;fromSc.procutor,Eng.

proctor,procurator.
pracas,hotchpotch;cf.Sc,Eng.fricassee.
pracais,idletalk;fromEng.fracas1
pradhainn,pressofbusiness,flurry(M'A.forIslay),Ir.praidhin,

0.Ir,brothad,amoment;seepriobadh.
prainnseag,mincecollops,haggis;fromprann,pound(M'A.),a

sideformofpronn,q.v.
prais,brass,potmetal(Arm.),pot(M'A.),prais,brass(H.S.D.,

M'L.,M'E.),Manxprash,Ir.prais,prds,W.pres;from

M.Eng.bras,Ag.S.brces.Hencepraiseach,boldwoman,

concubine,meretrix.
praiseach,broth,pottage,etc.,Ir.praiseach,pottage,kale,M.Ir.

braissech,W.bresych,cabbages;fromLat.brassica,cabbage,
pramh,aslumber,slightsleep:
pramh,priam,heaviness;properly"bleareyedness";cf.Ir.

srdm,eyerheum,
praonan,anearthnut;seebraonan.

prap,quick,sudden,Ir.prab,M.Ir.prap;seeunderpriobadh.
prasach,amanger,crib,frasach,(M'Rury):
prasgan,brasgan,agroup,flock;cf.Ir.prosndn,atroop,com
pany(O'R.):
prat,atrick(Wh.);pratail,tricky;seeprotaig.
preachan,acrow,kite,moorbittern,Ir.preachan,crow,kite,

osprey(accordingtotheadj.applied),M.Ir.prechan,crow,

raven:

34

282ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

preachan,ameanorator(M'A.),Ir.preachoine,crier,M.Ir.
prechoineadha,prsecones;fromtheLat.praeco(n),crier,
auctioneer.

preas,abush,brier,W.prys,brushwood,covert:*qrst,rootqer
ofcrann%TheG.,whichisborrowed,isdoubtlessofPictish
origin.
yLpreas,apress,cupboard,Manxprest;fromtheEng.press.

preas,awrinkle,fold;fromtheEng.press.

preathal,confusionofmind,dizziness;seebreitheal.
/prighig,fry;fromtheEng.frying.

prine,apin;fromtheSc.preen,M.Eng.preon,Ag.S.pre'on,
Norseprjonn,Ger.pfriem.

priobadh,winking,twinkling(oftheeye),Ir.prapinleprapna
sul,inthetwinklingoftheeyes(Keating),fromprap,
sudden,preabainnabipreabanasulamuich(BofMoyra),
M.Ir.prapwf,briefspace(astwinklingoftheeyes),la
brafadsula,olderfnhabrathadsula,wherewegettheseries
prapud,brafad,brathad(g.brotto),0.Ir.brothad,moment.
StokescomparesthesimilarGothicphraseinbrahvaaugins,
wherebrahvmight=aBritish*brap,borrowedintoIrish.
Theformbrafadcouldeasilydevelopintobrap;thedifficulty
isthepassingofthofbrothad(whichgivesg.brotto)into/of
brafad(butseeRev.Celt.1057).TheG.priobadhhasits
vowelinfluencedbypreabadh,kicking,thatis,breabadh,q.v.
Zim.(Zeit.32223)citesbrofte,momentary,andsaysbrafad
ismadefrombro,eyebrow,falsely.

priobaid,atrifle,priobair,aworthlessfellow;fromSc.bribour,
lowbeggarlyfellow,M.Eng.bribour,rascal,thief;from
0.Fr.bribeur,beggar,vagabond,briber,tobeg,bribe,morsel
ofbread,Eng.bribe.Hencepriobaidisfromanearly
NorthernformofEng.bribe.Seebreabanfurther.

priomh,prime,chief,Ir.priomh,aprincipal,primh,prime,0.Ir.
prim,W.prif;fromLat.primus,first,Eng.prime.
*prionnsa,aprince,soIr.,M.Ir.prindsa;fromM.Eng.andFr.

prince(StokestakesitfromFr.direct).
4priosan,prison,Ir.priosun,M.Ir.primn;fromM.Eng.prisoun,

from0.Fr.prison(Stokestakesitfrom0.Fr.prisun).
fpris,price,W.pru;fromM.Eng.pris,from0.Fr.pris,Lat.
pretium.

probhaid,profit;fromtheEng.

procach,ayearoldstag(RobDonn):

proghan,dregs,lees:

proinn,adinner,0.G.proinn(B.ofDeer),Ir.proinn,0.Ir.proind,
praind;fromLat.prandium.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.283

prdis,pride,haughtiness;fromSc.prossie,prowsie,niceandpar
ticular,Dut.prootsch,preutsch,proud,Eng.proud.The

ArranDial,hasprbtailforprbiseil.
proitseach,aboy,stripling;of.brodbalaich,brodan,boy,from

brod.Theterminationisseach,reallyafem.one.InArg.

propanach,aboy,fromprop,alsogeamht.
pronn,food;seeproinn.

pronn,bran,Manxpronn;seenextword.HenceSc.pron,
pronn,pound,bray,mash,Manxpronney,pounding;see,forroot

andform,bronn,distribute,fromtherootbhrud,break,which

thusinG.means(1)distribute,(2)breakorcrush.Hence

pronnag,acrumb,Sc.pronacks.
pronnasg,brimstone;formedonSc.brunstane,Norsebrennisteinn,

Eng.brimstone.Dial,ofBadenochhastheformpronnasdail.
pronndal,muttering,murmuring(Dial,brundlais):
prop,aprop,Ir.propa;fromEng.prop.
propanach,aboy(Wh.):
prosnaich,incite;seebrosnaich.
protaigf,atrick;fromSc.prattick,trick,stratagem,Ag.S.praett,

craft,prcetig,tricky,Eng.pretty,Norseprettr,sltrick,
prothaisd,aprovost;fromtheEng.
pubull,atent,Ir.pupal,g.puible,0.Ir.pupall,W.pabell,pebyll;

fromLat.papilio,butterfly,tent,Eng.pavilion.Seepailliun.
puc,push,jostle;fromtheSc.powk,thrust,dig,M.Eng.pukken,

pouken,pdken,tothrust,poke,Eng.poke,Ger.pochen,knock,

Dial.fuc.
pucaid,apimple;seebucaid.
pudhar,harm,injury,Iv.pudhar(O'B.),M.Ir.pudar,E.Ir.pudar,

pudar;fromLat.pudor,shame.Usuallytakenasborrowed

fromLat.putor,rottenness,Eng.putrid.
puic,abribe:

puicean,aveil,covering,Ir.puicin:
puidse,apouch;fromtheEng.
puinneag,sorrel:
puinneanach,beat,thump;fromM.Eng.pounen,nowpound,

Ag.S.punian.
puinse,punch,toddy;fromEng.punch.

puinsean,puision,poison;fromtheEng.Manxhaspyshoon.
puirleaff,acrest,tuft,Ir.puirledgach,crested,tufted(O'B.,Sh.),

puirleog(O'K.)anIrishword.Seepurlag.
pulag,roundstone,ball,pedestal,alsobulag;fromM.JEng,

boule,aballorbowl,nowbowl,Fr,boule.
pulaidh,turkeycock:Fr.poulet.

284ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

pulas,pothook(Dial.);seebiilas.

punc,apoint,note,Ir.punc,0.Ir.pone,W.pwnc;fromLat.

punctum,Eng.point.
punnan,asheaf,Manxbunney,Ir.punnann,E.Ir.punann,
pundand(Corm.);fromNorsebundin,asheaf,bundle,Eng.
bundle,bind.
/punnd,apound,Ir.punta,punt,M.Ir.punt;fromtheEng.
punnd,aplaceforsecuringstraycattle,apound;fromtheEng.
*pound.

punntainn,funntainn,benumbmentbycoldordamp;cf.Eng.

swoon,M.Eng.swoghne,*swog.Cf.Sc.fundi/.
purgaid,apurge,Ir.purgdid;fromLat.purgatio,Eng.purga
tion,purge.
purgadoir,purgatory,Ir.purgaddir,E.Ir.purgatoir,Br.purgator;

fromLat.purgatorium,Eng.purgatory.
purlag,arag,tatter,fragment:
ypurp,purpais,sense,mentalfaculty;fromEng.purpose.

purpaidh,purpur,purple,Ir.purpuir,M.Ir.purpuir,W.
porphor:fromLat.purpura,Eng.purple.TheoldGadelic
form,borrowedthroughBritish,iscorcur.
purr,thrust,push;fromSc.porr,thrust,stab,Du.porren,poke,
thrust,LowGer.purren,pokeabout;furtherEng.pore.
^pus,acat,Ir.pus;fromtheEng.
*put,thecheek(Stew.,H.S.D.)jfromEng.pout.
yput,thrust,push;fromSc.put,push,thrust,M.Eng.puten,

push,nowEng.put.AlsoG.but,butadh.
Vput,youngofmoorfowl;fromSc.pout(do.),Eng.poult,chicken,
fromFr.poulet,fromLat.pulla,ahen,pullus,youngfowl,
put,alargebuoy,usuallyofinflatedsheepskin;seeminglyof
Scand.originSwedishDial,puta,beinflated;cf.Eng.
pudding,W.pwtyn,ashortroundbody,Cor.pot,bag,
pudding,
putag,oarpin,alsobutag;fromEng.butt.Cf.AmButa
Leodhasach,theButtofLewis.
fputag,apudding,lr.putog;fromtheEng.

putag,asmallrigofland(H.S.D.):
^putan,abutton,W.botwn;fromEng.button.

puth,puff,soundofashot,syllable;onomatopoetic.Cf.Eng.

puff,etc.
puthar,power(M'A.);fromtheEng.power.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.285

rabach,litigious,Ir.rdbach,litigious,bullying:

rabhadh,awarning,soIr.,E.Ir.robuth,forewarning:ro+buth,

latterfrom*buto,rootgu,cry,Gr.f3oi'},shout,Skr.git,be

heard.W.rhybuddisfromtherootqu(Stokes,Rev.Celt12).
rabhairt,reothairt,springtide,Manxroyart,Ir.romhairt,

rabharta,M.Ir.robarta,0.Ir.robarti,malinas,(sing.

*robarte),W.rhyferth:ro+bertio,"profero,"rootbherof

beir.
rabhan,rhapsody,repetition,Ir.rabhdn,repetition:fromroand

*ba,say,root,bhd,Lat.fdri,speak,Eng.fame,fate.
rabhart,upbraiding,senselesstalk;fromroandberofabair,say,

q.v.
rabhd,idletalk:*robant,rootba,speak,asinrabhan.
rac,theringkeepingtheyardtothemast,the"traveller";from

Norserakki(do.).
rac,arake,Ir.rdca,W.rhacan;fromM.Eng.rake,Eng.rake.
rac,adrake;fromtheEng.,earlierEng.endrake.Thelossofd

isduetothearticle,
racadh,tearing;seesracadh.
racadal,horseradish(Sh.,H.S.D.,Arm.),racadal(M'E.),Ir.

rdcadal;seerotacal.
racaid,noise;cf.theSc,Eng.racket.SkeattakestheEng.from

theGaelic,referringtheG.torac,tomakeanoiselikegeese

orducks.Seenextword,
racail,noiseofgeese(H.S.D.);cf.Sc.rackle.Seenextword,
racain,noise,riot,mischief,racaireachd,croaking,Ir.racan;cf.

Br.rakat,rakal,croak,raklat,cryasahen;Lat.raccare,

cryasatiger,Lit.rekti,cry,rootrak.Thewordsaregreatly

onomatopoetic.
racan,abandyorcrookedstick;cf.rac.
racas,sailhoop;seerac.
rach,go,Ir.rachad,Iwillgo,E.Ir.ragat,ibo,0.Ir.doreg,

veniam;rootreg,stretch.Seeeirichfortherootconnections,
rachd,vexation,moan,Ir.rachd,afitasofcryingortears:cf.

racaid.
rachd,strength(Carm.):
rachdan,atartanplaidwornmantlewise:
racuis,rack,roastingapparatus,Ir.raca;fromtheEng.rack,

M.Eng.racke.
radan,arat;fromSc.ration,M.Eng.raton,nowrat.
radh,saying,Ir.rddh,0.Ir.rdd,rdidiu,Ispeak:I.E.rodhejd;
Got.7odja,Ispeak;Skr.rddhayati,bringsabout;rootredh,
redh,re,ofLat.reor,think,ratio,reason.

286ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

radharc,sight,Ir.radharc,E.Ir.radarc,rodarc:ro+darc;for

dareseedearc,behold,
rag,awrinkle,Ir.rag(O'B.,etc.);seeroc.
rag,stiff,benumbed,unwilling,Manx,rag,stiff,Ir.rag(Fol.);

*razgo,rootreg,rag,Lat.rigeo,rigid,Eng.rack,N.rakr,

straight,Lit.rezgu,knit.Hencerogaim(soIr.inLh.,etc.),

sneezewort(Cam.).
rag,arag;fromtheEng.
ragair,extortioner,villain;fromEng.rack,asinrackrant.

Dial.G.hasr6gair,forandfrom"rogue."
ragha,raghadh,choice;seeroghainn.
raghan,churchyard(Sutherland);cf.Ir.rath,barrow,thesame

asG.rath.
raghar,radhar,anarablebutuntilledfield(H.S.D.,Dial.):
raichd,impertinence,idleprating(M'F.,etc.):
raideil,inventive,sly,Ir.raideamhuil,cunning,sly:
raidhlich,rag,castoffclothes(Suth.);Lat.reliquiae.
raidse,apratingfellow;foundedonrhdh%
rainig,came,Ir.rdnaig,0.Ir.rank,venit;forrdnic,rodnic;

seethdmig.
raip,filth,foulmouth,raipeas,foulmouth,rapach,slovenly,

foulmouthed;M.Ir.rap,animalsthatdrawfoodtothem

fromearth,asthepiganditslike(O'Cl.),E.Ir.rap(Corm.,

ropforcows,etc.):rabtho,rootrab,srab,Lat.sorbeol

Stokesgivesthestemas*rapno,rootrapofLat.rapio,I

seize.TheGer.raffen,seize,snatch,hasalsobeensuggested.
raisean,goat'stail:

raite,asaying,dictum;forrhdhte,aparticipialformation,
raiteach,covenanting,affiancing(Suth.);seerath,rdtlian.
raith,aquarterofayear,Ir.rdithe,M.Ir.raithe:*rdtio,from

ft,Skr.rtu,seasonoftheyear,appointedtimeforworship,

Zend(ratu)do.).
raith,athreatening:
raith,pratinglargely(M'D.):
raithneach,raineach,fern,Ir.raithneach,raith,W.rhedyn,Cor.

reden,0.B.raten,Br.raden,Gaul,ratis:*pratis;Lit.

papartis,Russ.paporoti;Eng.fern.
ramachdair,acoarsefellow:
ramair,ablockhead,aromp;cf.ramalair.
ramasg,seatangle:
ramh,anoar,Ir.rdmha,0.Ir.rdme,W.rhaw,spade,Corn,rev,

oar,Br.roenv:*rdmo;rootere,re,ro;Lat.remits,(*re$mo);

Gr./)T/xosjEng.rudder;Skr.aritras.
ramhlair,humorous,noisyfellow;fromEng.rambler.Also,

BadenochDial.,ramalair,rambler.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.287

rail,roar,cry;Skr.rd,bark,ran,sound,rdyana,crying;Ch.SL

raru,sonitus,Letticrat,scold;andcf.Lat.rdna,frog,
rangoir,awrangler;foundedontheEng.
rann,adivision,portion,Ir.,0.Ir.rann,W.rhan,Cor.ran,later

radn,0.Br.rannou,partimonia:*(p)rannd,*pratsnd,root

par,per;Lat.pars,partis,portio;Gr.iroptlv,supply,

7T7r/3WTat(perf.pass,ofTrope.lv).
rann,aquatrain,stave,Ir.rann,E.Ir.rann,rand',fromrann

above{rann,stave,ismas.inE.Ir.,theotherrannisfern.),
ranndair,amurmuring,complaining(H.S.D.,Dial);cf.ran.
rannsaich,search,scrutinize,Ir.rannsuighim;fromNorserann

saka,searchahouse,ransack,whenceEng.ransack.
ranntair,arange,extentofterritory:"division,"fromrann.
raog,arushing(H.S.D.,Dial.);cf.ruaig.
raoic,raoichd,hoarsesoundorcry,wildroaring,asofbull;

raibheic(M'A.),pronouncedraoi'c,roar:*robeuc.
raoine,ayoungbarrencowthathadcalf;cf.Sc.rhind,asin

rhindmart,Ger.rind,cattle,beeves.InSuth.reithneach.
raoir,anraoir,lastnight,Ir.ara<nr%areir,Ir.areir,*preiri,

rootasinriamh(Asc,St.).TheSkr.rdtri,night,hasbeen

compared,butthephoneticsdonotsuit,andalsoLat.retro.

Cf.alsoearar,uiridh.
raoit,indecentmirth;fromSc.riot(do.),Eng.riot.
raon,afield,plain,road,soIr.,E.Ir.roen,road,0.Ir.roe,roi,

plain:^rovesno,*rovesjd1Lat.rus,r&ris;Eng.room.

Norserein,astripofland,suggeststhepossibilityofa

Gadelic*roino.
rapach,dirtymouthed;seeraip.
rapach,noisy,rapal,noise,Ir.rdpal,noise,bustle;foundedon

Eng.rabble.
ras,ashrub(M'F.,notM'A.orM'E.),Ir.ras(O'B.,etc.):
rasan,harsh,gratingnoise,loquacity,rasanach,discordant,Ir.

rdscach,clamorous,talkative;cfranforultimateroot,
rasdail,arake,harrow,E.Ir.rastal\fromLat.rastellus,rake,

hoe,rastrum,fromrddo,scrape,Eng.raze,rash,etc.
rasdail,soundoffryingmeat;cf.rbsd.
rath,prosperity,soIr.,0.Ir.rath,gratia,W.rhad,grace,favour:

*raton,rootrd,give;Skr.rdti,gift,ras,rayis,property,

Zendrdta,gift;Lat.res.
rath,araft,Ir.rathannaibh,(on)rafts(F.M.);Lat.ratis.The

rootisthesameasthatoframh{ret,rdthere),
rath,rathan,surety,vadimoniuni,Ir.rath(O'B.,O'CL),0.Ir.

rdth;cf.0.Br.rad,stipulationes,whichStokesequateswith

Ir.rath,andsaysthatitisfromLat.rdtum(ratumfacere=

288ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

"ratify"),aderivationtowhichLothobjects.Hibernian

Lat.hasrataforsurety.TheLat.andG.areultimately

fromthesamerootinanycase(seeradh).
frath,afortress,residence,Ir.rath,E.Ir.rath,rdith,g.rdtha,

Gaul,ratin,Argentoratum:*rdtis,*rdton;cf.Lat.prdtum,

amead.W.rhath,clearedspot;borrowedfromG.1(Rhys),
rathad,aroad,Ir.rathad,rod;fromM.Eng.roade,road,Ag.S.

rdd;cf.M.Ir.ramhad(O'CL),E.Ir.ramut(Corm.).
r6,themoon,Ir.,0.Ir.re,luna:*revi,Skr.ravi,sun.
re,time,space,Ir.re,0.Ir.re,g.ree,space:*revesi,theeform

of0.Ir.rbi,*rovesjd,discussedunderraon,q.v.Hencethe

prep.r6,during,whichgovernsthegenitive,
reabh,wile,trick,reabhair,subtlefellow,reabhradh,disporting,

asboys(Badenoch),Ir.reabh(O'Cl.),reabhach,mountebank,

thedevil,reabhradh,E.Ir.rebrad,boysplaying,sporting;

rootreb,play.Bez.comparesM.H.G.reben,move,stir,

Swissrabeln,tobrawl,benoisy,towhichaddEng.rabble.

Cf.Zim..Stud.183,84.
reachd,law,statute,solr.,0.Ir.iecht,W.rhaith,Br.reiz,just:

*rektu,fromtherootreg;Lat.rectum,right,rego,rule;

Eng.right.
reachd,aloudsob,keensorrow,lr.rachd(alsoG.rachd),E.Ir.

recht;cf.Eng.reck.
reamhar,fat,Ir.reamhar,ramhar,E.Ir.remor(remro),W.rhef,

thick;rootrem,tobethick;Norseramr,strong,stark.

StokesgivesthealternativesofM.H.G.fram,vrom,sound,

brave,0.Sax.furm,or(Jr.irpefivov,stem,thickend.
reang,awrinkleintheface:"arib;"seereang,boatrib.
reang,arank,series;fromearlySc.renk,M.E.?eng,nowrank;

Ir.ranc,W.rheng,Br.renk;0.Fr.renc.
reang,aboatrib,rangan(Sutherland),reang,abar,pole(Carm.);

fromNorserong,g.rangar,ashiprib.Seerong.
reang,kill,starve(M'F.),E.Ir.ringim,Itear,reangadh,tohang,

reng,piercingortearing.Seetarruing.
reannach,spotted,striped:"starred;"seereannag.
reannag,astar,Ir.reanndn,0.Ir.rind,constellation,signum,

sidus:*rendi,rootred,rd,order;Lit.rinda,row,order,

Ch.Slav.rdu,ordo:Gr.epyjpeSeTai,fixed;Lat.ordo(Fick,

Prellwitz).
reasach,talkative,prattling(H.S.D.,Dial.),Ir.reascach,rdscach;

seerdsan.
reasgach,stubborn,irascible,rgstive:
reic,sell,Ir.reic,asale,0.Ir.recc,asale,reccaim(vb.),also

renim,Isell:root'per,through,over("selloversea");Gr.


OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.289

ircpaca,sell,passthrough,7rL7rpd<TK0),irkpinipt,1&ell;Lit.

pirkti,perku,buy.TheGadelicandLit.showasecondary

rootperk,prek,Gadelic*(jp)rekkd,while0.Ir.renimand

Gr.7T/>v7//aigiveastempernd,prend(Ir.).
r6ic,roar,howl(H.S.D.):
r^idh,plain,smooth,Ir.rtidh,0.Ir.re'id,W.rhwydd,0.W.ruid,

0.Br.roed,M.Br.roez,Br.rouez:*reidi;Eng.ready,Ger.

bereit,Got.garaids,ordered.Also0.Ir.riadaim,Idrive,

Gaul,reda,waggon,alliedtoEng.ride,Ger.reiten,etc.
r&lig,aburyingground,Manxruillick,Ir.reilig,roilig,E.Ir.

rlic(c),relec(c),0.Ir.reilic,cemeterium;fromLat.reliquiae,

relics,
reim,dominion,power,Ir.reim:
r^im,course,order,Ir.reim,0.Ir.reimm,inf.torethim,Irun:

*reidsmen,rootreidofreidh,0.Ir.riadaim,Idrive.

Strachansuggestsasalternatesrootrengh,spring,leap(cf.

W.rhamu,soar),Gr.pt^a,quickly,Ger.gering,light,Lit.

re7igtis,hurry;orrootret,run(seeruith),*retmen,or,rather,

*retsmen,whichwouldonlygiveremm.
r6ir,ar6ir,accordingto,Ir.areir,doreir;dat.ofriar,q.v.
reis,arace;fromtheEng.(H.S.D.).Cf.reise,span,o.E.Ir.
r6is,aspan,Ir.revise:*prendsid,fromsprend,Lit.apresti,to

measureaspan,rootsprend(Strachan).
reisimeid,aregiment;fromtheEng.
r6it,reite,concord,conciliation,Ir.reidhteach;fromreidh,with

terminaltio.
reithe,reath,aram,Ir.reithe,E.Ir.rethe:*retio;cf.Lat.aries

l^eriet),Umbrianerietu(fromeri),Gr.e/3i<os,etc.,asin

earb.
reodh,reotha,frost,Ir.red,reodhadh,E.Ir.reo,reod,0.Ir.rtud,

W.rhew,Corn,rm,gelu,Br.reo,rev.Stokesgivesthestem

as*regu,evensuggestingthattheGadelicformsareborrowed

fromtheCymric;0.Ir.reudherefersto*presatu.I.E.

preus,whenceLat.pruina,Eng.freeze,hasbeensuggested,

butthevowelsdonotimmediatelysuit(preuswouldgive

rua,rborro,inG.);yet*prevo,alongerform(withor

withouts)ofpreus,canaccountfortheCelticforms,
reub,riab,tear,wound,Ir.reubaim,reabaim,E.Ir.rSaim,r4p

gaeth,rendingwind:*reibbo,rootreib,Eng.reap,ripe,and

rip(?).Stokesgivesthestemas*reipn6,rootreipofGr.

kpuiru,dashdown,Lat.ripa,Eng.rive,rift,Norserifna,

rumpi,rifa,break.G.reubainn,rapine,leansforitsform

andforceonLat.rapina.W.rheibio,seize,isfromLat.

rapio.

35

290ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

reubal,arebel;fromtheEng.

reudan,atimbermoth;of.O.Ir.retan,recula,smallthing,from

ret,nowrud,q.v.
reul,pi.,reultan,star,Irreult,g.reilte,E.Ir.retla,g.retland,

retglu,g.retgland("retgle,brightthing,"Corm.);perhaps

ret,thing,and*gland,shining,Ger.glanz(seegleus).
reumail,constant(Arms.);fromre'im,course,
reusan,reason,Ir.reusuu,M.Ir.re'sun,fromM.Eng.reisun,now

reason.
reusbaid,abeggar'sbrat(Arran),arascal:
ri,to,against,Ir.re,0.Ir.n,fri,incompositionfrith,fris,fre,

W.gwrth,wrth,versus,contra,re,Cor.orth,Br.ouz;*vrti,

rootvert,turn;Lat.versus,against,to,verto,turn;Eng.

wards,etc.
riabhach,brindled,greyish,soIr.,M.Ir.rial,astripe:*reibdko,

Lit.raibas,mottledgrey,Lett,raibs,motley,0,Pruss.

roabau,striped.
riabhag,alark,Ir.riabhog,"greyone,"fromriabhach.
riach,cutthesurface,graze.AlthoughthereisI.E.reiko,

notch,break(Gr.ipeUco,tear,Lit,raikyti,drawafurrow,

etc.,Ger.reihr,row,Eng.row),yetitseemsmostprobable

thatriachisavariantofstrioch,q.v.
riachaid,adistributing:
riachlaid,tatteredgarment(Suth.):
riadh,interest;fromanolderHad,running,course(seereidhfor

root).Cf.forforceM.Ir.rith,interest:"running."
riadh,adrill(asofpotatoes,Badenoch):"course,running,"asin

thecaseofriadhabove.Seeriamh.
riadh,asnare:*reigo,rootrigincuibhreach1
riaghailt,arule,Ir.riaghail,0.Ir.riagul,riagol;fromLat.

regula,Eng.rule.Hencealsoriaghail,rulethou,
riaghan,aswing,swinging;cfIr.riagh,gallows,riaghadh,

hanging,gibbeting,0.Ir.riag,gibbet.Cf.riadh,snare,
riamh,adrill(ofpotatoes,turnips,etc,M'A.forSkye);see

riadh.H.S.D.givesthemeaningof"series,number,"Ir.

riomh,0.Ir.rim,number,W.rhif,asindireamh,q.v.
riamh,ever,before,Ir.riamh,0.Ir.riam,antea:*reimo,

preimo,I.E.pri,pri,belongingasacasetopr<>,before,and

per;Lat.pri(inpriscus,primus,etc.),Lith.pri,Got.fri,

Seeroimh.
rian,order,mode,sobriety,Ir.rian,wayorpath,E.Ir.rian,way,

manner:*rtino,rootrei;Lat.ritus,Eng.rite(Strachan).
riar,will,pleasure,Ir.riar,0.Ir.riar,voluntas:*prijard

(Stokes),rootpri,love,please;Eng.friend,Got.frijon,to

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.291

love;Ch.SI.prijati,befavourable;Skr.priyate,begratified,

prindti,enjoy,
riasail,tearasunder,riasladh,mangling,tearingasunder:*reikso,

rootreik,notch,break;Gr.ipeUio,tear1Cfriastradh,riach;

andriaghan,aswing,
riasg,dirkgrass,morasswithsedge,landcoveredwithsedgeor

dirkgrass,Manxreeast,wilderness,Ir.riasg,moororfen,

E.Ir.riasc,morass;*reisko;cf.Lat.rilscum(*roiscum1),

butcher'sbroom,Eng.rush.Sc.reesk,coarsegrass,marshy

land,isfromG.
riasglach,amangledcarcase(H.S.D.,Dial.);fromstemof

riasail.
riaspach,riasplach,confused,disordered;seenextword,
riastradh,turbulance,confusion,wandering,E.Ir.riastrad,dis
tortion.Forroot,cf.riasail.W.rhyvjstro,obstruct(Hend.).
riatach,wanton,illegitimate;cf.Eng.riot.
rib,hair,snare,Ir.ribe,ruibe,hair,whisker.Seenextwords,
ribeag,rag,tassel,fringe,ribean,riband,Ir.ribedg,rag,tassel,

ribleach,alongline,anythingtangled,ribin,riband;from

M.Eng.riban,0.Fr.riban(Br.ruban).
ribheid,areed,bagpipereed,musicalnote,Ir.ribheid;from

M.Eng.reod,nowreed.
ribhiim,rioghann,anymph,younglady,quean,Ir.rioghan,

queen,E.Ir.rigan,aderivativeofrigh,king.Gaelicleans,

byproperetymology,onrighbhean.
irideal,ariddle;fromtheEng.
ridhe,field,bottomofavalley(H.S.D.);betterrighe.See

ruighe.
ridir,aknight,Ir.ridire,E.Ir.ritire,W.rheidyr;fromAg.S.

ridere,horseman,ridda(n),knight,Ger.ritter,knight,Norse

riddari,rider,knight;fromtheverbride(seereidK).
righ,aking,Ir.righ,0.Ir.ri,g.rig,W.rhi,Gaul,rix,pi.riges:

*reks,g.regos;Lat.rex,regis;Got.reiks,ruler,Eng.rich,

ric;Skr.raj,King,ourrajah.
righ,stretch(onadeathbed),Ir.righim,stretch,reach,E.Ir.

rigim,Lat,rego,etc.,asunderrighinn.
righil,areel,dance;seeruithil.
righinn,tough,pliant,tenacious,Ir.righin:*regeni;rootreg,

stretch,Gr.opkyio,stretch,Lat.porrigo,rego,etc.Seee'irich.
rinn,apoint,promontory,Ir.rind,0.Ir.rinnd,rind,W.rhyn,

penrhyn,cape.Ithasbeenanalysedasroind,"foreend,"
E.Ir.ivd,end,Eng.end.Cf.'reannag,however,
rinn,did,Ir.rinn,0.Ir.rigni,fecit;fromroandgniofni,will

do,q.v.Seealsogriiomh.

292ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

riochd,appearance,form,Tr.riochd,0.Ir.richt,W.rhith:*riktu,

*rktu(1);forroot,seethatofdorch.
riodag,kindofseagull(Lewis);N.rytr,seagull.
rioluinn,acloud(Smith):
riof,thereefofasail;fromtheEng.
riofa,brimstone(Munro'sGr.):
rlomhach,fine,costly,handsome,Ir.rimheighe,finery,delicate

ness:*rimo,"measured";rootrimofdireamh1
rionnach,reannach,amackerel:"streaked,spotted,"fromreann,

star,constellation.Seereannag.
riopail,mangle,tear(H.S.D.);foundedonEng.rip.
riplis,weaknessintheback(Suth.);Sc.ripples.
rireadh,arireadh,really,inearnest,Ir.rireadh,darlreadhor

riribh,revera;from*rofhir,verytrue%
risteal,asurfaceplough,usedintheHebrides,drawnbyone

horseandhavingasicklelikecoulter,Sc.nstle;fromthe

Norseristill,ploughshare,fromrista,cut.
rithisd,rithis,ris,arithisd,etc.,again,Ir.arts,0.Ir.arithissi,

afrithissi,rursus.Ascolisuggests*fritheisse,frome'is,

vestigium(seedeis).Othershavederiveditfrom*arfithis,

0.lr.jithissi,absidas,fithis,acircle,orbit.Theaatthe

beginningisforar:*arfrithissi,thatis,air,by,on,q.v.

Therootmaywellbesta,stand,reduplicatedto*sistio:

thus*frith(s/i)issi,"resistere,backness."
TO,very,Ir.rd,0.Ir.ro,W.rhy,Br.re,0.Br.ro,ru,Gaul.

ro(Bosmerta,Eodanos,etc.):*ro,*pro,whichisbotha

verbalandanintensiveparticle;Lat.pro;Gr.7iy>d,before;

Eng.fore,for;Skr.pra,before.
rrdb,coarsehair;foundedonEng.rope.
Vrobair,arobberjfromtheEng.TheIr.hasrobailfor"rob."
robhas,notification,informationaboutanythinglost;cf.robhadh

forroot,theoldformofrabhadh,q.v.
robhd,arunt;Eng.rout1
iroc,arock;fromtheEng.roc,atempestcoveredrock(Heb.),

soM'K.,whoderivesfromN.rok.
roc,awrinkle,crease,Ir.rocdn,rug;fromtheNorsehrukka,

wrinkle,fold,Eng.ruck,fold(Thurneysen).Seerug.
rdc,ahoarsevoice;foundedontheNorsehiokr,rook,croaker,

G.rocas,crow,Norsehrokr,rook.W.hasrhoch,grunt,

groan,Br.roc'ha,whichStokesrefersto*rokka,Gr.pkyKw,

snore,
rocail,tear,corrugate;inthelattersense,itisfromroc,wrinkle,

and,probably,thefirstmeaningisofthesameorigin.See,

however,racadh.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.293

rocas,acrow;fromNorsehrokr,rook,M.Eng.rook,Ag.S.hroc.

rdchd,acough,retching(Dial.);seeroc.

rod,away,road,Ii\rod,E.Ir.rdd;fromAg.S.rdd,M.Eng.

rode,nowroad.
r6d,aquantityofseaweedcastontheshore;cf.Ir.rod,acast,

shot(O'R.),E.Ir.rout.
rdd,arood(oflandormasonwork);fromtheEng.
rodach,seaweedgrowthontimberunderwater;cf.rod,sea

weed.
rodaidh,ruddy,darkish,M.Ir.rotaide:*ruddo,rootrud,roud

ofruadh,q.v.
rdg,rogair,arogue;fromtheEng.
roghainn,achoice,Ir.rogha,g.roghan,E.Ir.rogain,n.pi.,0.Ir.

rogu:*rogu,rootgu,gusoftaghadh,q.v.Stokesgivesthe

stemas*rogonandtherootasrog,which(Bez.Beit.ls)he

correlateswithLat.rogo,ask.Bez.suggestsLit.rogduti,to

cost.
r6ib,fifth,squalidbeard,filthaboutthemouth;cf.ropachfor

root,
rdic,asumptuousbutunrefinedfeast;seeminglyfoundedonthe

Sc.rouchasappliedtoafeast"plentifulbutroughand

ready."
rdic,tear(H.S.D.;Sh.andArm.haveroic);seerocail.
roid,bogmyrtle,Ir.rideog(O'R.),M.Ir.raidleog,darnel,raideog,

bogmyrtle(St.):*raddi.Cf.ras.
roid,aracebeforealeap,abounceorspring:*raddi,*razdi,

rootras,asinEng.race1
roilean,snoutofasow;reallythe"rolled"uppartofthesnout,

andsopossiblyfromEng.roll.
roileasg,aconfusedjoy,roille,afawningortoocordialreception;

cf.Ir.rdthoil,exceedingpleasure,fromtoil,will.AlsoG.

roithleas.
roimh,before,Ir.roimh,0.Ir.rem:*(p)rmo(Stokes),rootper,

asinro(=pro);inform,nearestalliedtoEng.from,Got.

fruma,Lit.pirm,before.Inthepronominalcompounds,

wheresbeginsthepronoun,themandsdevelopaninter
mediatepcoincidentwiththeeclipseofthes:rompa=*rorn

pshu,wheresu^sos(seesa).
roin,roineag(alsor6inn,r6inneag),Ir.rbine,roinne,ahair,

especiallyahorsehair,W.rhawn,coarselonghair,Cor.men,

Br.reun,ahair,bristle,Skr.roman,hair,etc.:*rdni;cf.Ir.

ruain,hairoftailofcoworhorse,ruainne,ahair,
roinn,division,share,Ir.roinn,M.Ir.roinded,divided:*ranni,

anistemfromfromrann,q.v.

294ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

rdisead,rosin;fromtheSc.roset,Eng.rosin.
roiseag,asmallpotato(M'D.):

roiseal,surgeofawave,theimpetusofaboat,anassault,boast
ing;fromtheSc.roust,strongtideorcurrent,Norserost,a

streamorcurrentinthesea.Inthesenseof"boast,"itis

fromSc.rouse,roose,Norserausan,boasting,
rdisgeul,aromance,rhodomontade;fromro,very,andsgeul,a

tale,q.v.
r6ist,roast,Ir.rdsdaim,W.rhostio;fromtheEng.roast,0.Fr.

rostir,from0.H.G.rost,craticula.
roithlean,awheel,pulley,Ir.roithledn;fromroth,q.v.
rol,rola,aroll,volume,Ir.rolla;fromM.Eng.rolle,0.Fr.rolle,

Lat.rotula;nowEng.roll.
rdlaist,aromance,exaggeration;cf.Sc,Eng.rigmarole.
rdmach,hairy,rough:
romag,mealandwhisky(Sutherland):
rdmhan,wildtalk,raving,rigmarole(Dial.);fromEng.row1from

Roman%Cf.W.rhamant,romance,Ir.ramas,romance,
ron,theseal,lr.ran,0.Ir.r6n(before900),W.moelron:*rdno;

Letticrohns,seal(W.Meyer,ZeitP119).Stokesholdsr6n

asanoldborrowfromAg.Shronorhrdn,hrdn,whale,while

theLit.riiinis,Letticronis,seal,mustbefromTeutonic.

ZimmersuggestsNorsehreinn,reindeer,Ag.S.hrdn.Cf.

namesRdndn,Rdndc,MacRonchon.
rong,ajoiningspar,rung,boatrib,rongas,rungas(Dial.),Ir.

runga;fromM.Eng.ronge,rungofaladder,runge,Ag.S.

hrung;nowEng.rung;N.rong,mainrafter,pole.The

wordsreangandrangorrangan,"boatrib,"arefromthe

Norse,
rong,thevitalspark,life:
rongair,alounger;cf.nextword,
rongair,rong,aleanperson;fromrong,rung:ulikealadder."

TheSc.hasrunginthissense:"anugly,bigbonedanimal

orperson."
ronn,aslaver,aspittle,E.Ir.ronna,runningofthenose:*runno\

cf.Eng.run.
rop,arope,Ir.rdpa;fromM.Eng.rope,roop,Ag.S.rdp;now

Eng.rope.
rdpach,slovenly,squalid,Ir.rupach,ayoungslut:*roubtho;cf.

Eng.rub.
rdram,dealingextensivelywithafamilyinprovisions,etc.;

liberality(M'A.):
ros,seed,roslin,flaxseed(Armstrong'sonlyuseforit),Ir.rost

flaxseed,M.fr.ros,genealogy,E.Ir.rosslin,flaxseed

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.295

(Corm.),res,genealogy,towhichStrachancomparesGot.
frasts,forfrassts,fromprosto(Stokes),achild.Ausual
wordforseedisfras,whichalsomeansa"shower,"butboth
areultimatelyfrom*'verso,flow,whenceGr.epcrrj,tporj,dew,
andaparjv,male.Dr.CameroncomparedGr.irpdoov,leek
(*prso),Eng.furze.

ros,apromontory,Ir.ros,promontory(NorthIreland),wood
(SouthIreland;itsusualIr.meaning),E.Ir.ross,promon
tory,wood;intheformersensefrom*prostos,"standing
outbefore,"rootsta,stand,Lat.sto,Eng.stand,etc.;
especiallySkr.prastha,plateau.Inthesenseof"wood,"ros
isgenerallyregardedasthesamewordasros,promontory,
explainedas"promontoriumnemorosum,"withwhichis
comparedW.rhos,amoor,waste,coarsehighland,Br.ros,a
knoll.

rds,rose,Ir,rosa,M.Ir.ros,W.rhosyn:fromtheM.Eng.rose,
Ag.S.rose,fromLat.rosa.Thewordroshasalsothemeta
phoricmeaningof"erysipelas."

rds,knowledge(Carm.):

rosad,mischance,evilspell:*prostanto,"standingbefore,
obstruction,"rootsta.Cf.fa>>said.

rosg",aneye,eyelid,Ir.rosg,0.Ir.rose,oculus:*rogsko,root
reg,rog,see,Ir.reil,clear(*regli);Lit.regiu,Isee(Bez.
apudStokes).Seedorcfi.

rosg,incitement(tobattle),warode,Ir.rosg,E.Ir.rose:*rosqo,
rootseq,say,asinsgeid,co.s//,q.v.

rot,abelch,burstingasofwaves(H.SD.,Dial.);fromFr.rot.

rotacal,horseradish;fromSc.rotcoll.

rotach,arushatstarting,arunning:

rotach,roughweather,rdtach1(Lewis);N.rota,storm.

rotach,ahandrattletofrightencattle:

rotach,acircleoffilthonone'sclothes(M'A.forIslay),rotair,a
sloven:

rotadh,cutting,dividing;fromSc.rot,linesdrawnontheground
toshowtheworktobedone,tofurrow,rut;cf.Eng.mt.

rotal,aship'swake;cf.Kng.rut,route,Lat.ruptd.

roth,awheel,Jr.,O.Ir.roth,W.rhod(f.),Br.rod:*roto,root
ret,rot;Lat.rota,wheel;Ger.rad;Lat,rdtas,Lett,rats;
Skr.rdthas,waggon.Samerootasruith,q.v.Hence
rotha,aroll(oftobacco),rothaich,rollthou,swathe.

rotha,ascreworvice:

ruadh,red,ruddy,Ir.ruadh,E.Ir.rwul,W.rhudd,Corn,rud,Br.
ruz:*roudo;Lat.ritfus,ruber;Gr.kpvdpos;Got.raufis.
Ag.S.re'ad,Eng.red(Sc.reid,Reid)\Lit.raudd,redcolour.

296ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

mag,pursue,maig,flight,Ir.ruaig(n.),E.Ir.ruaic:*rounko,

rouk,rootrou,Lat.ruo,rush,fall.
maim,aflushofangerontheface,Ir.ruaim,ruamnadh,redden
ing:*roudsmen,from*roudofruadh.
ruaimhsheanta,haleandjollythoughold(M'A.forIslay):
maimill,rumble(M'A.);fromtheEng.
ruaimle,adrypool,muddywater(Sh.),Ir.ruaimle.InG.the

wordmeansalsothesameasruaimabove,whenceindeed

ruaimleas"muddypool"mayalsobe.Cf.Sc.drumblie.
maimneach,strong,active,M.Ir.ruamach,E.Ir.ruamna(?):

*rousmen;Lat.ruo,rush,
ruais,arhapsody(M'A.):
ruamhair,dig,delve,Ir.romhairim,rdghmhar,digging,E.Ir.

ruamor;rootrou,reu,rH,dig;Latruo,dig,rata,minerals;

Lit.rduti,digup.
ruapais,rigmarole(M'A.):
ruathar,violentonset,skirmish,spell,solr.,E.Ir.,ruathar,W.

rhuthr,impetus,insultus:*routro,rootrou,torushon;

Lat.ruo,rush.
/rub,rub;fromtheEng.
vrubail,atumult,rumbling(M'A.);formedonEng.rumble.

rue,rucan(H.S.D.,M'A.),rue,mean(M'E.,etc.),arickofhay;

fromSc.ruck,Eng.rick,ruck,Norsehraukr,heap,
rucas,jostlingkindoffondness:
ruchan,rucan,thethroat,wheezing;cf.Sc.roulk(=rouk),

hoarse,Fr.rauque,hoarse,fromLat.raucus.
ruchd,agrunt,belch,rumblingnoise;fromLat.ructo,belch,

erugere,spitout,Lit.rifgiu,belch.Cf.Sc.ruck,belch,
md,athing,Dial,raod(Arg.,Arran),rudach(Arranraodach),

hospitable,Ir.rud(g.roda),raod,0.Ir.ret,g.reto:*rentus;

Skr.rdtna,property,goods;alsorootrdofrath,q.v.
rudan,aknuckle,atendon:*runto:
rudha,apromontory,Ir.rubha,E.Ir.rube:*probio,"being

before;"fromrootbuoftheverb"tobe;seebi.
mdha,ablush,E.Ir.ruidiud;fromrootrud,ashortformof

roudinruadh,q.v.
rudhag",rudhag(Suth.),acrab,partan:
rudhagail,thrift(M'A.):
rudhan,asmallstackofcorn(H.S.D.,M'E.);seeruthan,peat

heap,withwhichandwithrucanthisformandmeaningare

madeup.
rudhrach,searching,groping,Ir.rudhrach,adarkening:
rug,wrinkle,Ir.rug;fromNorsehrukka,awrinkle,fold,Eng.

ruck,acrease.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.297

rug,caught,Ir.rug,E.Ir.rue,rucc,tulit,0.Ir.rouic:*ro+ucc,

whereucc=*udgosa,rootges,carry,Lat.gero,gestum.See

thug.
ruga,roughcloth(M'A.);fromEng.rug,M.Eng.ruggi,hairy,

Swed.ruggig.
rugadh,agreedygraspingofanything;fromSc.rook,depriveof,

rookit,clearedout.
rugaid,alongneck(H.S.D.):
rugair,adrunkard(H.S.D.saysDial.,M'A.saysN.);fromthe

Eng.Forphonetics,cf.rac,drake,
rugha,ablush;seeratherrudha,butrucce(Corm.)shame,

reddening(O'Cl.).
ruic,undesirablefondness(M'D.):

ruicean,apimple:*rudki,fromrud,roud,red,asinruadh.
ruidhil,ruidhle(Arg.;,adance;seeruithil.
ruidhil,ayarnreel;fromM.Eng.reel,hreol,Ag.S.hreol.
ruidhleadh,rolling;fromruith,rath.
ruidhtear,aglutton,riotousliver;fromEng.rioter.
ruididh,merry,frisky,Ir.ruideiseach,fromruideis,asporting

mood.Cf.ruidhtear.
ruig,halfcastratedram;fromEng.rig,ridgeling.
ruig,reach,arriveat,0.[r.riccim,riccu;fromroandiccim,for

whichseethig.Henceguruig,asfaras,0.G.gonice(B.of

Deer),E.Ir.corrici.
ruighe,anarm,forearm,Ir.righ,E.Ir.rig,forearm:*regit,root

reg,stretch,Lat.rego,etc.Seeruigheachd.
ruighe,theoutstretchedpartorbaseofamountain,shealing

ground,E.Ir.rige,rigid,areach,reaches;fromtherootreg,

stretch,asinthecaseoftheforegoingwords,
ruigheachd,ruighinn,reaching,arriving,Ir.righim,Ireach,inf.

riachdain,rochdain,E.Ir.rigim,porrigo:*rego;Lat.rego,

erigo,porrigo,Istretch;Gr.opkyoi,stretch;furtherisEng.

right,etc.Seeeirich.
ruighean,woolrollreadytospin;fromthesamerootasruighe.
ruinn,apoint;seerinn.

ruinnse,alongstickorstake,ananimal'stail,rump:
ruinnse,arinsing,rinser;fromEng.rinse.
tuis,arash;formedfromtheEng.Cf.Lit.russus,rootrud.
ruiteach,ruddy,E.Ir.rutech:*rudtiko,fromrud,roudof

ruadh.(StokesRev.Celt.8366)explaineditas*rudidech,

butthiswouldgiveG.ruideach.
ruith,run,Ir.riothaim,0.Ir.rethim,perf.rdith,inf.rith

^d.riuth),W.rhedu,torun,rhed,race,Br.redek,Gaul.

36

298ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

petorritum,fourwheeler:*reto;Lit.,Lett,ritii,Iroll;Lat.

rota,wheel,rotula,Eng.roll,Lat.rotvndus,Eng.round.

Seeroth.
ruithil,areel,dance,alsorighil,ruidhil:*retoli,rootret,run,

wheel,asinruith;Lat.rotula,littlewheel,rotulare,revolve,

Eng.roll.HenceEng.reel(Skeat).Theborrowingmaybe,

however,theotherway,andEng.reel,dance,bethesameas

reel,aspindleorbobbin.*roteli?
rtim,aroom,Ir.rUm,M.Ir.rum,floor(O'Cl.);fromtheEng.
rumach,amarsh:

rumpull,thetail,rump;fromtheSc.rumple,Eng.rump.
run,intention,love,secret,Ir.,0.Ir.riin,W.rhin:*rilnes;Got.,

0.H.G.,Norserunar,Eng.runes;Gr.ipewdo),seekout;

rootrevo,search,
riisal,search,turnoverthings,scrape,rusladh,risleadh,rustling,

movingthingsabout(Perth);fromEng.rustle;forultimate

root,seeaboveword.
rilSg,afleece,skin,husk,bark,Ir.rusg,0.Ir.ruse,cortex,W.

rhisg,cortex,Cor.ruse,cortex,Br.rusgenn,rusk,bark:

*rusko;whenceFr.ruche,beehive(ofbark),0.Fr.rusche,

rusque,Pied,rusca,bark.StokesthinkstheCelticis

probablyanoldborrowfromtheTeutonicM.H.G.rusche,

rush,Eng.rush,rushes;butunlikely.TheCor.andBr.

voweludoesnottallywithGadelicu;thisseemstoimply

borrowingamongtheCeltsthemselves,
ruta,aram,ridgling;fromNorsehrutr,ram.
rutachd,rutting:fromtheEng.
rutaidh,surly(Carm.):rut,ram(Carm.).
rutan,thehornofaroebuck:
ruth,desire(Carm.):
ruthan(betterrughan),apeatheap(=dais);fromtheNorse

hrugi,heap,
rutharach,quarrelsome,fighting(H.S.D.marksitobsolete;

Arms.),Ir.riitharach(O'R.);fromruathar.

sa,se,san,emphaticpronominalparticleattachedtopersonal
pronounsandtonounsprecededbythepossessivepronouns:
mise,Imyself,thusa,sibhse,ise(she),esan,iadsan;
mocheannsa,acheannsan,hishead.SoalsomodernIr.,
savethatesanisesean:0.Ir.sa,se(1stPers.),su,so,pi.
si(2ndPers.),som,sem(3rdPers.m.andn.,sing.,andpi.),
si(3rdPers./.).Allarecasesofthepronominalrootso,se;
Gr.6,the(=<ro);Ag.S.se,the(m.),Eng.she.Seeso,sin.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.299

sabaid,abrawl,fight;seetabaid:

Sabaid,Sabbath,Ir.Sabdid,M.Ir.sapoit;fromLat.sabbatum,

whenceEng.sabbath;fromHebrewshabbdth.
sabh,sorrel,Ir.samh;bettersamh,q.v.
sabh,ointment,salve;fromSc.saw,Eng.salve.
sabh,asaw,Ir.sabh;fromtheEng.
sabhail,save,Manxsauail,Ir.sabhailim(sdbhdlaim,O'B.);from

Lat.salvare,tosave.KunoMeyersaysfromEng.save.
sabhal,abarn,solr.,M.Ir.saball,Ir.Lat.zabulum;through

BrittonicfromLat.stabulum,astall,Eng.stable.Cf.M.Ir.

steferus=zephyr,
sabhd,alie,fable(H.S.D.,Dial.),straying,lounging;cf.saobk.
sabhs,sauce,Ir.sabhsa;fromtheEng.
sabhsair,asausage;foundedontheEnglishword.
sac,asack,Ir.sac,E.Ir.sacc,W.sach;fromAg.S.sacc,Eng.

sack,Got.sakkus,Lat.saccus.
sac,aload,burden,Ir.sacadh,pressingintoasackorbag,Low

Lat.saccare(do.);fromFr.mc,pillage,thesameasEng.

sack,plunder,allborrowedfromsaccu*,asackorbag.
sachasan,sandeel:
sad,dustshakenfromanythingbybeating,asmartblow,sada;h,

dusting,beating,
sad,aught(M'D.:ChaVeilsadagain,Ihavenaught):
sagart,apriest,Ir.sagart,0.Ir.sacait,sacardd;fromLat.

sacerdos,whenceEng.sacerdotal.
saidealta,soidealta,shy,bashful,Ir.soidta/ta,rude,ignorant;

fromsodal,q.v.
saidh,anuprightbeam,prowofaship,ahandleorthepartofa

bladeinthehandle:
saidh,bitch;seesaigh:
saidh,saidhean,thesaithfish(Arg.);fromN.sei&r,thegadus

virens,nowsei.
saidhe,hay;formedfromtheEng.haybytheinfluenceofthe

article{anthaybecomingasupposeddeeclipsedsay).
saidse,toundofafallingbody,acrash,noise(BadenochDial.

doidse,adint):
saigean,acorpulentlittleman:
saigh,abitch,Ir.saith(Con.,Lane,etc.),sagh,saighin(O'Br.),

M.Ir.sogh,sodh,E.Ir.sod,bitch,shewolf:
saighdear,soldier,archer,Ir.sdighdiur(do.),M.Ir.saigdeoir,

Sagittarius,W.sawdwr,soldier;fromM.Eng.soudiour,

sougeour,Sc.sodger,nowsoldier,confusedinGadelicwithan

earlyborrowfromLat.Sagittarius,archer,
saighead,anarrow,soIr.,0.Ir.saiget,W.saeth,Cor.seth,Br.

saez;fromLat.sagitta.Forrootseeionnsuidh.

300ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

sail,abeam,Ir.sail:*spali,alliedtoGer.spalten,split,Eng.

spill,split.
sail,aheel,Ir.,0.Ir.sdl,W.sawdl,Br.seuzl:*sdtld.Ascoli

haslatelyrevivedtheoldderivationfrom*stdtlo,rootsta,

stand;butstinitialdoesnotinnativewordsbecame8in

Gadelic.
saill,fatorfatness,Ir.saill,fat,bacon,pickle:*saldi;Eng.

salt,etc.;Lit.saldiis,sweet.Seesalannfurther,
saill,saltthou,Ir.,0.Ir.saillim,condio,*saldio,salt:*salni;

seesalann.
sailm,adecoction,oakbarkdecoctiontostaunchblood,acon
sumptionpectoral;foundedonM.Eng.salfe,nowsalve?
saimhe,luxury,sensuality,Ir.sdimhe,peace,luxury,E.Ir.sdim,

pleasant:*svadmi;Eng.sweet,Gr.r)8vs,etc.Butcf.

sdmhach.
saimir,thetrefoilclover(A.M'D.),Ir.seamar;seeseamrag.
sainnseal,ahandsel,NewYear'sgift;fromSo.handsel,M.Eng.

hansell,i.e.handsellan,deliver,
saith,thebackbone,jointoftheneckorbackbone,Ir.saith,

jointofneckorbackbone(Lh,O'B.,etc.):
sal,alsosail,saile,sea,Ir.sdile,E.Ir.sdl,sdile:*svdlos,rootsval,

svel;Lat.solum,sea;Eng.swell(Stokes,whoalsorefers

Br.c'hoalen,salt).ShraderequatesGadelicwithGr.aAs,

salt,thesea,andLat.solum,rootsal.
salach,dirty,Ir.,so0.Ir.,salach,W.halowg,halog,Cor.halou,

stercora,0.Br.kaloc,lugubri:*saldkos(adj.),rootsal,to

dirty;Eng.sallom,0.H.G.salo,dusky,dirty,sal,filth,

isused.
salann,salt,Ir.,0.Ir.salann,W.halen,Cor.haloin,Br.halenn

(*salen):*salannos,salt;Lat.sal;Gr.aAs,salt,sea;Eng.

salt,Ger.salz;Ch.SI.soli.
salldair,achalder;fromSc.chalder,Eng.chalder,chaldron,from

0.Fr.chaldron,acaldron,
salm,apsalm,Ir.,0.Ir.salm,W.andBr.salm;fromLat.

psalmus,Eng.psalm.
saltair,trample,Ir.saltoirim;fromLat.saltare,dance,
samh,thesmelloftheairinacloseroom,illodour:
samh,sorrel,Ir.samh:
samh,agod,giant(Carm.):
samh,aclownishperson;cf.Sc.sow,onewhomakesadirty

appearance,"apig."
samhach,woodenhaft,handle,Ir.samhthach,0.Ir.samthach;cf.

0.Ir.samaiyim,pono(whichAscolirefersto*stam,rootsta,

stand).Cf.nam,together,ofsamhuinn.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.301

samhach,quiet,Ir.sdmhach(Coneyshassamhach),still,pleasant,
fromsdmh,(samh),pleasant,still,E.Ir.sam,same,rest,quiet,
sdim,mild,quiet:*sdmo.PossiblyalliedtoEng.soft,
0.H.G.samfto,softly,Got.samjan,please;andtherootmm
ofsamhradh.StokessuggestsconnectionwithZendhdma,
like,Ch.SI.samu,ipse,Norse,sbmr,samr,Eng.same;or
Gr.rj/jiepos,tame.Cf.sdimhe.

samhail,samhuil,likeness,like,Ir.samhail,like,samhuil,like
ness,simile,W.hafal,similis,0.W.amal,Cornkaval,avel,
Br.haual:*samali;Gr.opxAos,like;Lat.similis;Eng.
same.

samhan,savinbush,Ir.samhdn;fromEng.savin,M.Eng.saveine,
Ag.S.savine,Lat.sabina.

samhnan,samhnachan,alargerivertrout(H.S.D.,Dial.):

samhradh,summer,Ir.samhradh,samhradh,E.Ir.samrad,sam,
W.,Corn,haf,M.Br.hajf,Br.hanv:*samo;Skr.sdmd,
year,Zendhama,summer,Arm.am,year;furtherEng.
summer,Gr.rj/J^po.,day.Theterminationrad=radon(n.).

samhuinn,Hallowtide,Ir.samhain,E.Ir.samuin,samain,sam
fhuin:usuallyregardedasfor*samfuin,"summerend,"
fromsam,summer,andfuin,end,sunset,fuinim,Iend,*vo
neso,rootnes,asincomknuidh,q.v.(Stokes).Forfuin,Kluge
suggests*wentsuffer(Got.winnan,suffer);Zimmerfavours
Skr.van,hurt(Eng.wound);andAscolianalysesitinto
foin.DrStokes,however,takessamainfromtherootsom,
same(Eng.same,Gr.6/xos,like,Lat.simul,whenceEng.
assemble;seesamhuil),andmakes*samanimean"assembly"
thegatheringatTaraon1stNovember,whileCetshamain,
ourCeitein,wasthe"firstfeast,"heldon1stMay.

samplair,acopy,pattern,Ir.samplair,sampla;fromEng.
sampler,sample.

san,asinesan,ipse,iadsan;seesa.

sanas,awhisper,secret,Manxsannish,whisper,Ir.,E.Ir.sanas;
*sanastu,rootsven;Lat.sonare,Eng.sound;Skr.svdnati,
tosound.

sannt,desire,inclination,Ir.,0.Ir.sant,W.chwant,Cor.tv/ians,
Br.c'hoant:*svand$td,desire,rootsvand,svad,desire,please:
Gr.dvSavo),please,rjSvs,sweet;Skr.svad,relish;further
Eng.sweet,etc.

saobh,erroneous,apttoerr,dissimulation,Ir.saobh(adj.),0.Ir.
sdib,soib,latersaeb,falsus,pseudo:*svoibos,turningaside,
wavering,W.chwifio,turn,whirl;Eng.sweep,swoop.

saobhaidh,denofawildbeast,fox'sden:

302ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

saod,journey,intention,condition,goodhumour(Arg.),Ir.saod,

send,journey,0.Ir.set,way,journey,W.hynt,Br.Kent,

0.Br.hint:*sentos;Gotsinfis,journey,way,0.H.G.

sind,Engsnid.Hencesaodaich,drivecattletopasture:

Cf.soad,driveanimalsslowly(Shet.),N.saeta,waylay,sat,

ambush,
saoghal,theworld,anage,life,Ir.saoghal,0.Ir.saigul,saegul;

fromLat.saeculum,race,age,from*saitlom,alliedtoW.

hoedl,life.
saoi,saoidh,agood,generousman,awarrior,ascholar,Ir.saoi,

aworthyman,ascholar,pi.saoithe,E.Ir.sdi,sui,asage,

gsuad:*suvids,rootvidofjios(Thurneysen).Stokes

(Mart.Gorm.)preferssuvet,rootvat,say(seefaith).Rhys

agrees,
saoibh,foolish,perverse,Ir.saobh(do.);seesaobh.
saoibhir,rich,Ir.widkbhir,E.Ir.saidber,opposedtodaidber:

*suadber,from*ad.beri(Lat.adfero),rootbherofbeir,

bring,q.v.
saoibhneas,peevishness,dulness;fromsaoibh,saobh.Ir.has

saobhnds,badmanners;butG.seemsapurederivativeof

saobh.
saoidhean,youngsaith(Lewis);cf.N.seicSr.
saoil,amark,seal;seeseul.
saoil,think,deem,Ir.saoilim,E.Ir.sdilim;cf.Got.saiwala,

Eng.soul,whichKlugesuggestsmaybealliedtoLat.

saeculum,rootsai.
saoitear,oversman,tutor(Suth.);seetaoitear.
saor,free,Ir.saor.E.Ir.sder,0.Ir.sdir,soer:*suviros,"good

man,"free;fromsu(=so)andviros,fear,q.v.
saor,acarpenter,Ir.saor,W.saer,Cor.sair:*sairos,from

*sapiros,rootsap,skill,Lat.sapio,sapientia,wisdom,Ag.S.

sefa,understanding,sense(Stokes,whothinkstheBrittonic

maybeborrowed),
saothair,labour,toil,Ir.saothar,E.Ir.sdethar,0.Ir.sdithar,g.

sdithir:*saitron;alsoE.Ir.sdeth,soeth:*saitu;root

sai,trouble,pain;Got.sair,Ag.S.sdr,Eng.sore,Ger.sehr,

*saira;Lat.saevus,wild;Lit.siws,sharp,rough,
sapair,sapheir,sapphire,Ir.saphir;fromLat.sapphirus,whence

Eng.also,
sar,oppression,saraich,oppress,Ir.sdruighim,0.Ir.sdraigim,

violo,contemno,sdr,outrage,contempt,W.sarhaed,con

tumelia:*sdron,*spdron,rootsper,kick,spurn;Lat.

sperno;Eng.spurn:Lit.spirti,kick;Skr.sphur,jerk

(Stokes).TheW.hastheapretonicshort;isitborrowed

fromIr.(Stokes)%

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.303

sar,excellent,Tr.,E.Tr.,0.Tr.sdr,W.hoer,positive,stubborn,
assertion,OgmicNettasagru,Sagarettos,Sagramni:*sag?'0s,
strong,rootseg;Gr.6xvP%strong,fast,exw,have;Ger.
sieg,victory;Skr.sdhas,might.

sardail,asprat;fromtheEng.sardel(Bailey),nowsardine

sas,straits,restraint,hold,K.Ir.sds,atrap,fixing;fromsdth,
transfix,q.v.

sasaich,satisfy,Ir.sdsaighim,0.Ir.sdsaim;fromsdth,q.v.

sath,plenty,satiety,Ir.sdth,sdith,E.Ir.sdith:*sdti;Got.soj?,
satiety,Ger.satt(adj.);Lit.sdtis;Lat.sat,enough,satur,
full,whenceEng.satisfy,etc.

sath,thrust,transfix,Ir.sdthalh,athrust,push,M.Ir.sdthud,
driving,thrusting,E.Ir.sddim(L.U.),0.Ir.imsadaim,
jacio,W.hodi,shoot;possiblyfromso,se,hurl,asinslot:

sath,saith,bad(Dial,maithnasaith,mathnasatf),M.Ir.sath
(LecanGlossary),saith,0.Ir.saich(cidsaimnomaith):
*sakis,rootsvak,svag,weak,Ger.schwach.

Sathairn,Disathairn,Saturday;seeunderdi.

se,sea,sia,six,Ir.se,0.Ir.se,W.chwech,Cor.wheh,Br.c'houec'h:
*sveks;Lat.sex;Gr.e;Got.saihs,Eng.six;Skr.shash.

seabh,stray(M'A.):seeseaohaid.

seabhach,trim,neat(H.S.D.,Dial.):

seabhag,ahawk,Ir.seabhac,E.Ir.sebac,0.Ir.sebocc,W.hehog,
E.W.hebaue;fromAg.S.heafoc,nowhawk,Ger.habicht,
Norsehaukr,roothaf,I.E.qaj>,Lat.capus,hawk,alliedto
capio.

seabhaid,anerror,wandering,Ir.seabhdid,error,folly,wandering:
*sibo,ashortformoftherootofsaobh1

seac,wither,Ir.seacaim,E.Ir.seccaim,secc,siccus,W.sychu,to
dry,sych,dry,Corn,seygh,Br.sec'h,dry;fromLat.siccus.
Seefurtherunderseasg.

seach,by,past,Ir.seach,0.Ir.sech,ultra,praeter,W.heb,with
out,Corn,heb,Br.hep,without:*seqos;Lat,secus,otherwise,
by,sequor,Ifollow(Eng.prosecute,etc.);Gr.eVo/xat,Ifollow,
Skr.hassdcd,with,together,Zendhaca,out,for.HenceG.
andIr.seachad,past,G.andIr.seachain,avoid.

seachd,seven,Ir.seachd,0.Ir.sechtn,W.saith,Corn,seyth,Br.
seiz:*septn;Lat.septem;Gr.7TTa;Got.,0.H.G.siban,
Eng.seven;Lit.septyni;Skr.saptd.

seachduin,aweek,Ir.seachdmhain,0.Ir.sechtman,Corn,seithum,
Br.sizun;fromLat.septimana,fromseptem.

seachlach,aheiferbarrenthoughofagetobearacalf;cf.0.Ir.
sechmall,prseteritio(=sechm,past,andell,go,asintadhal),
Ir.seachluighim,layaside.H.S.D.suggestsseachlaogh,
"pastcalf."seachla,surviving,stillspared(Suth.).

304ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

seachran,wandering,error,Ir.seachrdn,E.Ir.sechrdn:*sechreth

an,fromseachandruith,run]
seadh,yes,itis,Ir.'seadh,foriseadh,itis;seeisandeadh,it.
seadh,sense;usualspellingofseagh,q.v.
Seagal,rye,soIr.,M.Ir.secul;fromLat.secale,whencealsoBr.

seagh,sense,esteem,Ir.seagh,regard,esteem,strength,seaghdha,

learned(O'Cl.),M.Ir.seg,strength,Gaul,sego:*sego,

strength,pith;Norsesigr,victory,Ger.sieg;Skr.sdhas,

might;furtherGr.exw,have;I.E.segh,hold,
seal,awhile,space,Ir.seal,0.Ir.set,W.chwyl,versio,turning,

Br.hoel,"dumoins,rootsvel,turn.Bez.(apudStokes)

comparesLetticswalstit,movehitherandthither;towhich

cf.Gr.aaXevoi,1toss,
sealbh,possession,cattle,luck,Ir.sealbh,E.Ir.selb,0.Ir.selbad,

W.helw,possession,ownership:*selvd,possession,rootsel,

take,E.Ir.selaim,Itake,Gr.eAetV,take;Got.sa/jan,offer,

Eng.sell.WindischhascomparedGot.silba,Eng.self

(pronominalrootsve).
sealbhag,sorrel,Ir.sealbhdg;usuallyregardedasforsearbhag,

"bitterherb"(cf.Eng.sorrelfromsour).Thechangeofrto

/isadifficulty,butitmaybeduetotheanalogyofmealbhag.
sealbhan,thethroat,throttle:*svelvo,Eng.swallow(*svelko)1
sealg,ahunt,Ir.sealg,0.Ir.selg,W.hela,hel,tohunt,0.W.

helgkati,venare,Cor.helhia,BritishSelgovae,nowSolway:

*selgd,ahunt,rootsel,capture(seesealbh).
sealg,milt,spleen,Ir.sealg,M.Ir.selg,Br.felc'h:*selgd,*spelgd;
'Gr.o7rAayxva?thehigherviscera,airXjv,spleen(*splgken);

Lat.lien;Skr.plihdn,spleen;Ch.SI.slezena,Lit.bluznis:

alsoEng.lung.
seall,look,E.Ir.sellaim,sell,eye,W.syllu,togaze,view,Br.

sellet;cf.solus.StokesgivestheCelticas*stilnad,Isee,

comparingtheGr.cttlXttvos,shining,
seam,seum,forbid,enjoin:
seaman(seaman,H.S.D.),anail,smallrivetednail,asmallstout

person,Ir.seaman,smallrivetednail,E.Ir.semmen,W.,M.

W.hemin,rivet:*segsmen,rootseg,segh,hold,asinseagh.
seamarlan,chamberlain,M.Ir.seomuirlln;fromtheEng.
seamh,mild,peaceful(seamh,Arms.),Ir,seamh;seeseimh,M'A.

givesitsmeaningasan"enchantmenttomakeone'sfriends

prosper."Seeseamhas.
seamhas,goodluck,alsoseanns,goodchance,seamhsail,

seannsail,lucky;fromEng.chance.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.305

seamlach,acowthatgivesmilkwithouthercalf,animpudent

orsillyperson;Sc.shamloch,acowthathasnotcalvedfor

twoyears(WestLothian):
seamrag,shamrock,seamair(M'A.),Ir.seamrog,M.Ir.semrack

(adj.),E.Ir.semmor(B.L.):
vseamsan,hesitation,quibbling,delay,sham;fromtheEng.sham,

NorthernEng.sham,ashame,trick?
Sean,old,Ir.sean,0.Ir.sen,W.,Corn.,and0.Br.hen,Gaul.

Seno:*senos,old;Lat.senex,g.senis,oldman;Gr.cVog,

old;Got.sinista,oldest,Eng.seneschal;Lit.senas;Skr.sdnas.
seanachas,conversation,story,Ir.seanachas,seanchus,tale,

history,genealogy,0.Ir.senchas,vetushistoria,lex,0.W.

hencass,monimenta.Stokesrefersthisto*senokastu,"old

story,"from*kastu,rootleans,speak(seecainntandStokes'

derivationofit).Regardedbyothersasapurederivativeof

*senooritslongerstem*seneko(Lat.senex,Got.sineigo,old,

Skr.sanakds,old),thatis,*senekastu.Henceseanachaidh,

areciterofancientlore,ahistorian,Ir.seanchuidh,aform

whichfavoursthesecondderivation,
seanadh,asenate,synod,Ir.seanadh,seanaidh,E.Ir.senod,W.

senedd,Corn,sened,Br.senez;fromtheLat.synodus,now

Eng.synod.
seanagar,oldfashioned,knowing:cf.Ir.senfha,W.henwr:
seanair,agrandfather,Ir.seanathair,M.Ir.senathair,literally

"oldfather."
seang,slender,lean,Ir.seang,E.Ir.seng:*svengos;Norse

svangr,slender,thin,Sc.swank,swack,supple,Ger.schwank,

supple,alliedtoEng.swing.
seangan,anant(S.InvernessandPerthshiresnioghan),Manx

miengan,Ir.seangdn,M.Ir.sengdn,E.Ir.segon(Corm.)jcf.

Gr.oKvi\p(tlong),gen.okvi^o?orokvcttos,kvI\J/,rootikene,

kene,scratch(seecnamK),Lit.skaniis,savoury(kittling),

Stokes(Bez1865)refersitto*stingagno,Eng.sting,Gr.

<xti(d,prick;K.Meyerderivesitfromseang,slender,
seanns,luck;seeseamhas.
6ap,slink,sneakoff,flinch,Ir.seapaim:"turntailfseenext

word,
seap,atail,ananimal'stailhangingdown(asadog'swhencowed:
sear,eastern;seeear.
searadoir,atowel(Sh.searbhadair);:.fromSc.serviter,servet,

napkin,fromFr.servietta,fromservir,serve,Lat.servio.
searbh,bitter,Ir.searbh,0.Ir.serb,W.chwerw,Corn,wherow,Br.

c'houero:*svervos;0.H.G.sweran,dolere,Ger.sauer,'^Eng.

sour;Lit.swariis,salty.

37

306

ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

searbhant,aservantmaid:fromtheEng.servant.

searg,wither,Ir.seargaim,0.Ir.sercim,serg,illness:*sergoj

Lit.sergii,Iamill;O.H.G.swercan,0.Sax.swercan,become

gloomy,
searmon,asermon,Ir.searmdin,M.Ir.sermon;fromLat.sermo,

sermonis,Eng.sermon.
searr,asickle,saw,E.Ir.serr,0.W.serrjfromLat.serra.
searrach,afoal,colt,soIr.,E.Ir.serrach:*serso;Gr.epcrai,

younglambs?
searrag,abottle;foundedontheEng.jar?
sears,chargeorload(asagun);fromEng.charge.
searsanach,asheriffofficer,estateoverseer,seirseanach,auxiliary

(Arm.,Sh.,O'B.);GaelicisfromtheSc.sergean,sergeand,an

inferiorofficerinacourtofjustice,Eng.serjeant,fromFr.

serjant,Lat.serviens,etc.M.Ir.hassersenach,footsoldier.

searsaigeadh,charging,citation(Suth.).
seas,stand,Ir.seasaim,E.Ir.sessim,0.Ir.tair(sh)hsim,E.Ir.

inf.sessom,G.seasamh:*sistami,Istand,*sistamo(n.),

rootsta;Lat.sisto,stop,sto;Gr.f<m//uu,set;Eng.stand;

Skr.sthd.TheW.sefyll,stare,Cor.,Br.sevell,Br.sa/",come

from*stam(Stokes).
seasg,barren,dry,Ir.seasg,E.Ir.sesc,W.hysp,Br.hesJc,hesp:

*sisqos,fromsitsqo,root^,dry;Lat.siccus(=sitcus),

dry,sifa's,thirst;Zendhisku,dry.
seasgair,oneincomfortablecircumstances,comfortable,Ir.'

seasgair,cosy,dryandwarm,quiet;fromseasg.
seasgan,ashockortrussofcorn,gleanedland:
seasgann,afennycountry,marsh,Ir.seisgeann,E.Tr.sescenn;

from*sesc,sedge,Ir.seisg,sedge,W.hesg(pl.)>Cor.hescen,

Br.hesk,whenceRomancesescha,reed;cf.Eng.sedge,I.E.

rootseq,cut.Zimmerrefersseasganntoseas<7,dry,though

itdenoteswetormarshland,
seat,satietyoffood(Dial.):seeseid.
seic,askinorhide,peritoneum,brainpellicle;seeseich.
seic,mealbagmadeofrushes(Lewis);N.sekk,sack,
seic,arack,manger;fromSc.heck,alsohack.Seejnext.
seiceal,aheckle(forflax);fromSc.andEng.heckle.TheW.is

heislan,fromEng.hatchet.
seich,seiche,ahide,skin,Ir.seithe,E.Ir.seche,g.seched:*seket;

Norsesigg,callus,hardskin.TherootisI.E.seq,cut,Lat.

seco,etc.;cf.forforceGr.Sepfia,skin,from8ei/>a>,flay,Eng.

tear,Lat.scortumandcorium,fromsker,Eng.sAear,etc.
seid,abellyfull,flatulentswelling,seideach,swollenbytympany,

corpulent:

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.307

seid,atrussofhay,abedspreadonthefloor(especiallyseideag

inthelattersense):*seddi:
s6id,blow,Ir.se'idim,E.Ir.se'tim,W.chwyth,ablast,M.Br.

hue'z,Br.c'houeza,blow,Cor.whythe,toblow:*sveiddo,

*sviddo,from*sveizdho,*svizdho;Ch.Slav,svistati,sibilare;

Lat.sibilus,whistling(=sidhilus),Eng.sibilant.
seidhir,achair,fromEng.chair.
seilcheag,asnail,Ir.seilide,seilchide,seilmide,slimide,0.Ir.

selige,testudo;cf.Gr.crcoiAos(tlong),crctnyAos,creoiAir^s,a

snail.Stokesgivestherootassel,alliedtoLit.saleti,creep,

sl'ekas,earthworm,0.Pruss.slayx(do.).Stokesnow,Lit.

seleti,creep,
seile,placenta(Carm.):
seileach,willow,Ir.sailedg,E.Ir.sail,g.sailech,\V.helyg,willows,

Corn,heligen,salix,Br.halek(pi.):*saliks;Lat.salix;Gr.

ekiKT](Arcadian);Eng.sallow.
seileann,sheeplouse,tick:

seiltfar,acellar,Ir.seileir,M.W.seler;fromEng.cellar.
seilisdeir,yellowirisoryellowwaterflag,ir.soileastar,feleastar

(O'B.),elestrom(O'B.),M.Ir.soilestar,W.elestr,fleurdelys,

iris,0.Br.elestr.Cf.L.Lat.alestrare,humectare(Ernault,

StokesinR.C.*329).
seillea^,abee,teillean(Perth),tilleag(Suth.),W.chwil,beetle;

rootsvel,turn,asinseal1W.telyn,harp1
seim,asquint:

seimh,mild,placid,Ir.seimh(O'R.,Fol),seimh(Con.):
seinn,sing,Ir.seinnim,M.Ir.sendim,0.Ir.sennim,playan

instrument,psallo,perf.sephainn(*sesvanva,Stokes);root

sven,sound,asinLat.sonare,sonus,Eng.sound,Skr.svdnati,

sound,
seipeal,achapel,soIr.,M.Ir.sepel;fromM.Eng.and0.Fr

chapele,nowEng.chapel.
seipein,aquart,choppin;fromtheEng.choppin,fromFr.chopines

chope,abeerglass,fromGer.schoppen.
seirbhis,service,Ir.seirbhis;fromtheEng.
seirc,love,Ir.searc,seirc,0.Ir.sere,W.strch,Br.serc'h,concubine,

M.Br.sercli:*serkd,*serko;Got.saiirga,care,Ger.sorge,

sorrow,Eng.sorrow;Skr.surkshati,respect,reverence,take

thoughtaboutsomething.Thefavouritederivationistoally

ittoGr.oTc/ayw,Ilove,whichwouldgiveaG.teirg.
seircean,burdoch(Carm.):
seirean,ashank,leg,spindleshankedperson;forconnectionssee

speir.
seirm,sound,musicalnoise,ringasabell,0.Ir.sibrase,modu

labor;Celticrootsver,sing,I.E.sver,sound;Skr.svara,


308ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

sound,music;Eng,swear,answer,Got.svaran,swear;Lat.

sermo,speech,Eng.sermon.TheW.chwyrnu,hum,snort,is

alsoallied,
seirsealach,robust(seirsealach,H.S.D.),Ir.seinean,astrong

person(O'R.);cf.searsanachfororigin,
seis,one'smatch,afriend,sufficiency,Ir.seas,ship'sseat,Lewis

seis,bench,seat;cf.Norsesessi,benchmate,oarmate,from

sessa,aship'sseat(I.E.rootsed,sit),
seis,anythinggratefultothesenses,Ir.seis,pleasure,delight:

*svedti,rootsveda,svdd,sweet;Gr.e8avo<s,sweet,rj8v<s(do.);

Lat.suavis,sweet;Eng.sweet.
seis,anus,theseat(Suth.):
^_seisd,asiege;formedfromtheEng.siege.

seisean,session,assize,Ir.seisvan;fromLat.sessio,sessionis,a

sitting,session,
seisreach,aplough,sixhorseplough,thesixhorsesofaplough,

Ir.seisreach,aploughofsixhorses,E.Ir.sesrech,plough

team;fromseiseir,sixpersons,aderivativeofse,six.
S6"ist,themelodyofasong,aditty,M.Ir.se'is,amusicalstrain:

*svensti,rootsven,seinn.
sedc,seocan,ahelmetplume,ahelmet;cf.Eng.shock.
seochlan,afeebleperson;fromtheSc.shochlin,waddling,infirm,

shachlin,verbshackle,shuffleinwalking,alliedtoEng.

shackle,shake.
sedd,siad,ahero,ajewel,Ir.sebd,ajewel;seesend,jewel.
vse6g,swingtoandfro,dandle;fromSc.shog,M.Eng.shoggin,

M.Du.shocken.
sedl,method,way,Ir.sedl,amethodofdoingathing,sedlaim,I

direct,steer;E.Ir.sebl,course;W.hwyl,course,condition.

Fromsebl,sail,
seol,asail,Ir.seol,0.Ir.seol,sebl,seol,g.siuil,W.hwyl,0.W.

huil:usuallyreferredto*seghlo(rootofseagh)orto
cTeutonicseglo,sail(alsofrom*seghlo),borrowedintoCeltic.

IneithercaseweshouldexpectIr.*sel,W.*hail,butwe

haveneither.Strachansuggeststhatsedlisformedfrom

gen.siuilontheanalogyofcebl,etc.;whileW.hwylmay

havebeeneffectedbyaborrowfromLat.velum(Cor.guil,

Br.goel).
sedmar,achamber,Ir.sedmra,M.Ir.seomra\fromM.Eng.and

Fr.chambre,Lat.camera.
seorsa,asort,kind,Ir.s6rt;fromtheEng.
seot,ashorttailorstump,theworstbeast,asprout;fromSc.

shot,rejectedsheep("shot"fromshoot),shoot,sternofa

boat,fromtherootofEng.shoot.Cf.Norseskott,fox'stail,

skotta,dangle.

OfTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.309

seotal,shuttleoftrunk(M'D.):

sethinguseth,severally,neither(afternegative);cf.Lat.

secum;"byoneself."
seuchd,atunicorleine(Oss.Balladoflonmhuin):
seud,ajewel,treasure,hero,Ir.send,0.Ir.sit,pi.s4uti,pretiosa,

Med.Ir.,Lat.sentis;from*sent,real,"being,"I.E.sents,

being,participlefromrootes,be;Lat.sens,prae.sews,etc.;

Gr.ets.
seul,seula,saoil,aseal,Ir.seula,M.Ir.sela,W.set,0.Br.siel;

fromLat.sigillum,M.Eng.andFr.seel,Ag.S.sigle.
seum,earnestentreaty;seeseam.
seun,acharm,defendbycharms,Ir.seun,goodluck,E.Ir.sen,

blessing,sign,luck,0.Ir.sen,benedic,W.swyn,acharm,

magicpreservative;fromLat.signum,asign,"signofthe

cross."
seun,refuse,shun,Ir.seunaim,seanaim,M.Ir.senaim;probably

fromtheabove,
seunan,siananinbreacsheunain,freckles:
seusar,acmeorperfection(M'A.forIslay);fromseizure,crisis1
sgab,scab,sgabach,scabbed;fromtheEng.
sgabag,cowkilledforwinterprovision(M'F.):
Sgabaiste,anythingpoundedorbashed(H.S.D.),Ir.sgabaiste,

robbery:
Sgaball,ahood,helmet,M.G.sgaball,ahoodorcape(M'V.);Ir.

scabal,ahood,shoulderguard,helmet,ascapular;fromLat.

scapulae,shoulderblades,whenceEng.scapular.
sgabard,scabbard;fromtheEng.

sgabh,sawdust,Ir.sgabh(Lh.);Lat.scobis,sawdust,powder.
Sg"ad,aloss,mischance;fromtheSc.skaith,Eng.scathe,scath

(Shakespeare),Norseska&i,scathe,Ger.schaden,hurt,
sgadan,aherring,Ir.sgaddn,E.Ir.scatan(Corm.),W.ysgadan

(pi.);cf.Eng.shad,"kingofherrings,"Ag.S.sceadda,Prov.

Ger.schade.
sgadartach,asetofragamuffins(H.S.D.),anythingscattered

(M'A.);fromEng.scatter.
Sgafair,abold,heartyman(H.S.D.,Arm.,O'B.),ahandsomeman

(H.S.D.),ascoldingman(M'A.),Ir.sgafaire,abold,hearty

man,sprucefellow,agaffer;fromtheEng.gaffer%
Sgag",split,crack,winnow,filter,Ir.sgagaim,filter,purgejcf.,for

root,gag.
Sgaipean,aninny,dwarf:
Sgail,ashade,shadow,Ir.sgdile,scdil,M.Ir.scdil,0.Br.esceilenn,

cortina,curtain:*skdli,rootskdofsgath,q.v.
Sgailc,asmartblow,aslap,skelp,Ir.sgailledg;rootskal,make

anoisebyhittingjNorseskella,slap,clatter(skjalla),Ger.

310ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

schallen,resound;Lit.skaliu,givetongue(asahuntingdog).

Cf.Sc.andM.Eng.skelp.Alsosgailleag.
Sgailc,abaldpate,baldness,Sgall,baldness,Ir.sgallta,bald,

bare,scallach,bald:fromNorseskalli,abaldhead,Swed.

skallig,bald,skala,peel,skal,husk,Eng.scale.TheG.

sgailcispossiblyfromM.Eng.scale,scalp;butSgallis

clearlyNorse.
Sgain,burst,rend,Ir.sgdinim:*skadno,rootskhad,sked,skha,

split,rend,cat;Gr.oKtSdwvfxi,scatter;Skr.skhddate,split,
Sgainneal,ascandal,Ir.scannail,M.Ir.scandal;fromtheLat.

scandalum.
Sgainnir,scatter,sganradh(n),Ir.scanruighim,scatter,scare;

cf.Eng.squander,alliedtoscatter.,
Sgainnteach,acorrodingpain,painoffatigue;fromsgdin.
Sgaird,flux,diarrhoea,ir.sgdrdaim,Isquirt,pourout:*skardo;

I.E.skerdo;Lat.sucerda,swinedung,muscerda,mousedung

=musscerda;Skr.chard,vomit;Ch.SI.skardu,nauseating;

Eng.sham.Anotherformis*skart,W.ysgarth,excrement,

Br.skoarz,skarz,void,cleanse,Gr.ctk>p,g.okcitos,Skr.cdkrt,

dung.
Sgaireach,prodigal(Sh.,etc.);fromtherootskarofsgar.
sgaireag,oneyearoldgull,youngscart;fromNorseskdri,a

youngseamew.
Sgairil,howlingofdogs,loudmurmur;seesgairt.
Sgairneach,acontinuousheapofloosestonesonahillside,the

soundofsuchstonesfalling(sgairm,M'A.);cf.Sc.scarnoch,

crowd,tumult,noise(Ayr).Seesgairn.BadenochDial.

sgarmach.
Sgairt,aloudcry,Ir.sgairt:*sgarti,rootgar%
Sgairt,activity,Ir.sgairteamhuil,active:rootskar,skip,spring;

Gr.oKaipui,skip,oKapos,aleap,run;Zend$har,spring.
Sgairt,midriff,intestinecaul,Ir.scairt:"separater,"fromskarof

sgar1
Sgait,askate;fromtheEng.skate,Norseskata.
Sgaiteach,sharp,edged,cutting,Sgait,aprickle,alittlechipof

woodinone'sflesh(Dial.);fromsgath,lop.
Sgal,howl,shriek,yell,Ir.sgal,M.Ir.seal,rootskal,sound,cry;

Norseskjalla,clash,clatter,skvala,squall,squeal,Ger.

schallen;Lit.skaliu,givetongue(asadog);Gr.aKvka^,

whelp:I.E.rootsqel,makeasound,alliedtosqel,split,hit1

Cf.W.chwalu,prate,babble,spread,rootsqvel,sqval.
Sgalag,aservant,Ir.sgoldg(fern.),husbandman,rustic,M.Ir.

scoldc(=gille),E.Ir.scoloca;fromNorseskdlkr,servant,

slave,Got.skalks,servant,Ger.schalk,knave,Eng.marshal,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.311

seneschal.ItcouldhardlybefromLat.sckolasticus,asSkene

(Celt.Scot.1448)thinks.
Sgalain,scalesforweighing,Ir.scdla,abalance,scali(B.ofDr.);

fromtheearlyEng.scale,Ag.S.scale,Norseskdl,abalance.
Sgalan,hut,scaffold,Ir.,M.Ir.scdldn;fromtheNorseskdli,a

hut,shed.Stokes(Bez.Beit.1865)refersittoastem*scdnlo,

cognatewithGr.aKrjvr](Dor.aKdvd),atent,roof,skhd,

cover,shade.
Sgald,burn,scald,Ir.sgall,scald,singe;fromtheEng.scald.
sgall,baldness,Ir.sgallta,bald,bare;seeundersgailc.
Sgalla,anoldhat(M'A.):

sgalla,alargewoodendishcutoutofatree(M'A.):
sgallais,insult,contempt;fromtheNorseskoll,mockery,loud

laughter,skjal,emptytalk,skjall,flattering(H.S.D.gives

"flattery"asameaning):alliedtosgal,q.v.
Sgamal,ascale,squama,Ir.sgamal;fromLat.squdmula,squama.

InG.andIr.Bibles,Acts818,"Scalesfellfromhiseyes"

sgamail.
Sgamal,effluvia,phlegm,Ir.sgamal:sameasabove.
Sgamh,dross,dust;seesgabh.
Sgamhan,thelungs,liver,Ir.sgamhdn,lungs,M.Ir.seaman,W.

ysgyfaint,lights,Cor.skefans,Br.skevent;fromIr.seaman,

levis,W.ysgafn,light,Cor.scaff,Br.skanv,light(cf.for

forceEng.lights,Russ.legkoe,lungs,fromlegkii,light):

*skamrio;cf.Norseskammr,short,0.*H.G.scam,short,
sgann,amultitude,drove:
Sgann,amembrane,Ir.sgann;cf.Norseskdn,athinmembrane,

film,skaeni,film,membrane;*skadno1
Sganradh,dispersing,terror;seesgainnir.
Sgaog,afoolish,giddygirl;cf.Sc.skeich,skeigh,._skittish,Eng.

shy.
sgaoil,spread,scatter,letgo,Ir.sgaoilim,M.Ir.,E.Ir.scdilim;

cf.W.chwalu,disperse,strew,rootsqval,sqvol,alliedtoroot

sqel,split(asinsgoilt,q.v.).RhyssaysW.isborrowed.
Sgaoim,afright,astartfromfear,skittishness:forsgeum1If

so,forscengmen,E.Ir.scingim,Istart;Gr.oKaw,Ilimp,

oKinfia^u),limp;Ger.hinken(do.)';Skr.khanj(do.).Seesgeun.
Sgaoth,aswarm(asofbees),Ir.scaoth,scaoith:*skoiti,from

skhnt,separate;Ger.scheiden,Eng.shed;furtherLat.scindo

(fromrootskheid,split),split.
Sgap,scatter,Ir.scapaim:*skadbo(fromskhad,divide,Gr.

aK&avwjii,scatter),developingintoskabb,which,asskabbth,

becomessgap1,ButconsiderEng.scape,escape.
Sgar,sever,separate,Ir.sgaraim,0.Ir.scaraim,W.ysgar,separ_

ate,0.Br.scarat,diudicari:*skarao,rootsker,eparat

312ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

sunder;Lit.skiriu,separate;0.H.G.seeran,Ger.scheren,
shear,cut,Eng.shear;furtherGr.Ktipa),cut,etc.

Sgarbh,cormorant;fromtheNorseskarfr,N.Sc.scarf(Shet.,etc.).

Sgarlaid,scarlet,Ir.sgdrlbid,M.Ir.scarloit;fromM.Eng.
scarlat,scarlet,Med.Lat.scarlatum.StokesandK.Meyer
takeitdirectfromLat.

Sgat,askate(Dial.);seesgait.

Sgath,lopoff,Ir.sgathaim,E.Ir.scothaim;I.E.,rootskath,cut;
Gr.doKrjdrjs,unscathed,o"xw,cut;Eng.scathe,Ger.schaden,
hurt;Skr.chd,lop.Therootappearsvariouslyasskhe,ska,
skhei,skhe(Gr.o/ceSavi/v/u).Itispossibletorefersgathto
therootseq,cut,Lat.seco,Eng.section.Seesgian.

sgath,ashade,shadow,Ir.sgath,sedth,0.Ir.sedth,W.ysgod,
Cor.scod,umbra,Br.skeud:*skdtos;Gr.ctkotos,darkness;
Eng.shade,Got.skadus,shade,shadow,Ger.schatten;Skr.
chdya,shadow.

Sgath(Sh.,Arm.,sgath,H.S.D.),awattleddoor:

Sgeach,sgitheag,hawthornberry,Ir.sgeach,sweetbriar,haw,
E.Ir.see,g.sciach,alsog.pi.sciad,W.ysbyddad,hawthorn,
Cor.spedhes,Br.spezad,fruit,currant:*skvijat:

Sgeadaich,dress,adorn,Ir.sgeaduighim,adorn,markwithawhite
spot,sgead,speck,whitespot,sgeadach,speckled,sky
coloured;alsogead,spot:

Sgealb,asplinter,Ir.sgealpdg,splinter,fragment,sgealpaim,
smash,split,makesplintersof;seesgolb.Cf.Sc.skelb,
skelf,asplinter,skelve(vb.).

Sgeallag,wildmustard,Ir.sgeallagach,M.Ir.scell,agrain,
kernel;rootsqel,separate,Eng.shell,etc.Stokesequates
Ir.scelldn,kernel,withLat.scilla,squill,seaonion,Gr.
ctklWol.

Sgealp,aslap;fromSc.skelp,M.Eng.skelp.

Sgeamh,yelp,Ir.sceamh,E.Ir.seem,scemdacht;cf.nextword.
AlsoG.sgiamh,sgiamhail,towhichErnaultcompares
M.Br.hueual,crylikeafox.

Sgeamh,severeorcuttinglanguage,Ir.sgeamhaim,Iscold,
reproach:*skemo;Norseskamma,toshame,toscold,Eng.
shame,sham1ThewordSgeamhalsomeans"adisgust"in
Gaelic;also,accordingtoM'A.,"aspeckontheeye,"
"membrane."AlsoIr.(andG.V)sgeamh,polypody.

Sgean,cleanliness,polish;cf.fororiginNorseskina,Eng.shine.

Sgean,suddenfrightorstart,awildlookoftheface;seesgeun.

Sgeanag,akindofseaweed,socalledfromresemblingaknife
blade(Arg.).

Sgeann,astare,gazinguponathing:

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.313

Sgeap,abeehive;fromtheSc.skep,M.Eng.sheppe,askep,

carryingbasket,Norseskeppa,ameasure.
Sgeig,mockery,Ir.sgige,M.Ir.scige:*sheggio:
Sgeigeach,havingaprominentchinorabeardofstrong,straight

hair(Sutherland);fromNorseskegg,abeard,fromskaga,

jutout,Eng.shaggy.
Sgeilcearra,supple,activejcf.sgiolcarra.
Sgelle,misery,pity,Ir.sceile(O'Cl.,Lh.asobsolete,O'B.),sceile

(O'R.):
sgeileid,askillet,Ir.sgilead;fromtheEng.
Sgeileas,abeak,thinface,talkativeness(H.S.D.);seesgeilm.
Sgeilm,boasting,prattling(H.S.D.,Arms.),athinlippedmouth,

aprater'smouth(M'A.);alsosgiolam,sgeinm.Rootskel,

asinsgal.
Sgeilm,sgeinm,neatness,decency;cf.sgean.
Sgeilmse,asurprise,suddenattack:
Sgeilp,ashelf;fromSc.shelf,Ag.S.scylfe,nowshelf.
Sgeimh,beauty,Ir.sgeimh;seesgiamh.
Sgeimhle,askirmish,bickering,Ir.sgeimhle:
Sgelnnidh,twine,flaxorhempthread;cf.Ir.sgainne,askeinor

clueofthread.TheSc.shiny,packthread(pronounced

sheenyie)isapparentlyfromG.;Eng.sheinisfromM.Eng.

sheine,0.Fr.escaigne.SkeatderivestheEng.fromGaelic.

TheG.alonemightbereferredto*shein,fromsghein,sghoin,

rope,string,Lit.geinis,string,Lat.funis,Gr.trxotvos.
Sgeir,arockinthesea,skerry;fromNorsesher,arockinthe

sea,whenceEng.sherry,scaur:"cutoff,"fromrootofEng.

shear,G.sgar.
Sgeith,vomit,Ir.sceithim,E.Ir.sc6im,sceithim,W.chwydu,Br.

c'houeda:*sqveti;cf.Gr.(martyr],thinexcrementasin

diarrhoea(Bez.).sgeithfeith,varicosevein.
Sged,g.sgiach,haze,dimness(Heb.):seeceo.
Sgeoc,alongneck;cf.geoc.
Sgeop,atorrentoffoolishwords,alsoSgeog:
Sgeul,Sgial,atale,Ir.sgeul,0.Ir.seel,W.chwedl,Cor.whethl,

Br.quehezl(quehezl,que=ho):*sqetlon(sqedlon,Rhys),

rootseq,say:Lat.inseque,die,inquam(=insquam1),sayI;

Gr.vv7ro),Itell,evLoire,dixit;Ger.sagen,Eng,say;Lit.

sahyti,say.
Sgeun,dread,disgust,lookoffear,Ir.sgian,fright,wildlook,

M.Ir.seen,affright:*shengno,fromsheng,start,spring,

E.Ir.scingim,start,spring(forrootseesgaoim).Strachan

refersitto*shahno,rootshah,spring,Lit.szohti,spring,Ch.

SI,shahati,Norseshaga,jut^out.

38

314ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Sgiab,asnatch,suddenmovement,Ir.sgiob;seesgiobag.
Sgiamh,beauty,Ir.sgiamh,0.Ir.sciam:*skeimd;cf.Got.

skeima,alight,Ag.S.scima,Norseskimi,agleamoflight,

furtherEng.shine,shimmer.
Sgiamh,asqueal,yell,mew;seesgeamh.
Sgian,aknife,Ir.sgian,E.Ir.scian,W.ysgien,slicer,scimitar,

ysgi,cuttingoff,Br.skeja,cut:*skeend,vb.skeo,cut;Skr.

chd,cutoff,Gr.a\d^(i),cut,oxw;I.E.rootskhe,skha,

split,cut.LindsayrefersGadelicto*scend,alliedtoLat.

scena,apriest'sknife,whosesideformissacena,fromseco,

cut,Eng.section,saw.OthershavecomparedLat.scio,know,

Gr.Keen),cut.
Sgiath,ashield,Ir.sgiath,0.Ir.sciath,W.ysgwyd,0.W.scuit,

0.Br.scoit,Br.skoued:*skeito;Ch.SI.stitu,shield;

0.Pruss.scaytan,Norseskib",firewood,billetofwood,tablet

(Schrader);towhichBez.queriesifLat.scutum(*skoito?)

beallied.
Sgiath,awing,Ir.sgiathdn,sgiath,E.Ir.sciath{sciathnete,

shoulderofthewing),0.Ir.sciath,ala,pinna,W.ysgwydd,

shoulder,Cor.scuid,scapula,Br.skoaz:*skeito,*skeidd,

shoulderbladeJI.E.rootsqid,Lat.scindo;Gr.crx^w,split;

Skr.chid,cut;furtherGer.scheiden,divide(I.E.shheit),

whichagreeswiththeGadelicform.
Sgibeach,sgibidh,neat;seesgiobalta.
Sgid,alittleexcrement(M'A.);fromtheEng.
sgideil,aplashofwater;seesgiodar.
Sgil,skill;fromtheEng.
Sgil,unhusk,shell,Ir.sgiollaim,sgilc,shellingsofcorn,sgilice,the

operationofthemillinshellingcorn:*skeli,I.E.sqel,

separate;Norseskilja,separate,Eng.skill,shell,etc.See

scoilt.Cf.Sc.shillin,shelledorunhuskedgrain.
Sgilbheag,achipofslate(Arg.);fromSc.skelve,athinslice,

Eng.shelf.
Sgilig,shelledgrain(Dial.),fromNorse,whenceSc.shillin,which

seeundersgil.Ir.sgilige,sgileadh,sgiolladh,shellinggrain.
Sgillinn,apenny,Ir.sgillin,shilling,M.Ir.scilling,scillic,from

Ag.S.scilling,Norseskillingr,Ger.schilling.
Sgilm,amouthexpressiveofscoldingaptitude(M'A.);see

sgiolam.
Sgimilear,avagrantparasite,intruder;fromSc.skemmel.Cf.

sgiomalair.
Sginn,squeezeout,gushout,Ir.scinn,gush,start,E.Ir.scendim,

spring;Skr.skand,leap;Lat.scando;Gr.aKavSaXov,Eng.

scandal.Arm.hasSginiohd,squeezing;BadenochDial,has

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.315

Sging,asqueeze,hardship.ThereisanE.Ir.scingim,I

spring,fromskeng,discussedundersgaoim.
Sgioba,ship'screw;fromtheNorseskip,aship.
Sgiobag,aslapgiveninplay,ahastytouchorsnatch,sgiob,

Sgiab,snatch,Ir.sgiobaim,Isnatch,W.ysgip,ysgipiol;cf.

Manxskibbag,skip,hop,fromEng.skip.
Sgiobair,askipper;fromtheSc.skippare,Eng.skipper,Norse

skipari,amariner,
sgiobal,sgiobal(Suth.),abarn,Ir.sgiobdl:
Sgioball,loosefoldsorskirtsofagarment:
Sgiobalta,clever,neat,Manxskibbylt,active,askipping,Ir.

sgiobalta,active,spruce;alsoG.sgioblaich,adjustthe

dress,etc.,tidyup.Cf.Norseskipulag,order,arrangement,

skipa,putinorder,Eng.skipshape.TheGadelicisborrowed.
Sgiodar,aplashingthroughbogandmire,diarrhoea;fromSc.

scutter,skitter.
Sgiogair,ajackanapes,Ir.sgigire,abuffoon,mocker;seesgeig.
sgiolam,forwardtalk,alsosgeilm;alsogiolam.Seesgeilm.

sgiol(Lewis),emptytalk;N.skjal.
Sgiolc,slipinoroutunperceived;cf.Eng.skulk.
sgiolbhagan,fibs(Wh.):
Sgiomalair,aninstrumenttotakethesuetoffapot(M'A.);

fromEng.skim?
Sgionabhagail,"smithereens"(Arg.);fromsgian?
Sgionnadh,starting,eyesstartingwithfear;seesginn.
/Sgionnshuil,asquinteye;fromEng.squint,withaleaningon

G.sgionn,sginn,start,protrude.
Sgiord,squirt,purge,Ir.sgiordadh(n.),sgiurdaim(O'R);either

cognatewithorborrowedfromEng.squirt(Stokes'Lis.).
Sgiorr,slip,stumble,Ir.sciorraim:
*.Sgiort,askirt,edgeofagarment,Ir.sgiorta;fromEng.skirt.

O'Cl.hasIr.sguirdfortunicorshirt.
Sgiot,scatter;fromNorseskjota,shoot,skyti,shooter.M'A.

saysthewordbelongstotheNorthHighlands;Arm.does

nothaveit.Ir.hassgiot,adart,arrow:"somethingshot."
Sglre,aparish;fromAg.S.scir,county,nowshire,O.H.G.scira,

charge.
Sgirteail,adiseaseincattleblackspauldorquarterill(H.S.D.):

"stumblingdisease,"fromsgiorradh1
Sgith,tired,Ir.sgith,weariness,0.Ir.scith,Corn,sqwyth,skith,

Br.skouiz,skuiz:*skito,*skitto(Brittonic*skvitto,accord
ingtoStokes);rootskheibesidekhsei,decay,destroy,Gr.

<pOiio,decay,$di<Tis,phthisis,Skr.kshi,destroy,kshitds,

exhausted(Strachan,Bez.Beit.11300).

316ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Sgithiol,ashealinghut(Carmichael);fromNorseskyli,ashed,

skjol,ashelter,Dan.andSwed.skjul,shed,Eng.sheal.
sgiucan,sgiuchan,thecacklingorplaintofamoorhen:
sgiugan,awhimper;cf.theaboveword.

sgiunach,acharmforgettingallthefishaboutaboatorhead
landintoone'sownboatamidsttheamazementofthe
neighbours(M'A.):
Sgiunach,abold,shamelesswoman(H.S.D.):
Sgiurdan,asquirt;fromtheEng.
Sgiurs,scourge,Ir.sgiursaim,W.ysgors;fromM.Eng.scourge,

Lat.excoriare.
sgiuthadh,alash,strokewithawhip(H.S.D.saysDial.;M'A.

saysNorth):
Sglabhart,ablowonthesideofthehead;fromSc.sclaffert(do.),
sclaffablow,Prov.Fr.esclaffa,tobeat(Ducange),Med.Lat.
eclafa.
Sglaib,ostentation(Hend.):
Sglaim,questionablyacquiredwealth,sglaimire,usurper(M'A.);

seeglam.
Sglamhadh,aseizinggreedilyuponanything,Ir.sclamhaim,I

seizegreedily,scold;alsoG.sglamadh(M'E.);seeglam.
sglamhruinn,ascolding,abusivewords;cf.Sc.sclourie,vilify,
abuse,bedaub.Ir.sglamhadhmeansalso"scold,"andG.
sglamhadh,scoldofasudden(M'A.).Sc.hassklave,to
calumniate.
Sglamhradh,clawingone'sskinforitch(M'A.);seeclamhradh.
sgleamhas,meanness,sordidness,sgleamhraidh,astupidormean

fellow,
gleamaic,plaster(vb.),daubfilthily(M'A.),sgleamaid,snotters

(M'A.):
Sgl&ap,ostentation,Ir.sgleip;M'A.givestheforceof"toflatter,

stareopenmouthedatone."
Sgleo,dimnessoftheeyes,vapour:

Sgled,boasting,romancing,Ir.scleo,boasting,highlanguage:
Sgleo,misery,Ir.scleo(O'Cl.):
sgleobach,sluttish:
Sgleobht,achunk(M'D.):
Sgleog,asnot,phlegm,aknock:
sgleogair,atroublesomeprattler,liar:
Sgle6id,asillyperson,slattern,Ir.scleoid;alsogledid:
sgliamach,slipperyfaced(M'L.):
Sgliat,slate,Ir.scldta;fromM.Eng.sclat,nowslate.
sglimeach,troublesome,asanunwelcomeguest:
sgliobhag,aslap(Dial.);cf.Sc.sclaff,sclaffert.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.317

sgliurach(sgliurach,H.S.D.),aslut,gossip,Ir.sgliurach.The
G.alsomeans"youngoftheseagulltilloneyearold,"when
theybecomesgaireag.
sglongaid,asnot,spit;seeglong.

Sgob,snatch,bite,sting,Ir.sgoballach,amorsel,piece;alsoG.
Sgobag,asmallwound,asmalldram.Seeminglyformed
fromgob,abill,mouth(cf.0.Fr.gobet,morsel,gober,
devour,Eng.gobble).

Sgoch,gash,makeanincision;forscotk;seesgath.

Sgdd,thecornerofasheet,thesheetofasail,asheetrope,M.Ir.
scoti,sheets;fromNorseskaut,thesheetorcornerofsquare
cloth,thesheetrope,ahood,Got.skauts,hem,Eng.sheet.

Sgog,afool,idler,sgogach,foolish,Ir.sgogaire(O'R.),W.ysgogyn,
fop,flatterer:

Sgoid,pride,conceit,Ir.sgoid;G.sgoideas,pageantry,ostenta
tion:

Sgoid,driftwood(Lewis);N.skib"a.

Sgoil,school,Ir.sgoil,E.Ir.scol,W.ysgol,Br.skol;fromLat.
schola,whenceEng.school.

Sgoileam,loquacity;seesgiolam.

Sgoilt,split,Sgoltadh,splitting,Ir.,M.Ir.scoiltim,inf.scoliad,
0.Ir.diuscoilt,scinde(St.Gal.Incant.),Cor.felja,Br.
faoutOjsplit:*sqolto,split,rootsqvel;Lit.skelto,split,
skillu,split;Norseskiljan,separate,Ger.schale,shell,Eng.
shale,skill;Gr.o/caAAw,hoe,ok^AAw,tear.

Sgoim,wanderingabout,skittishness(Hend.);cf.sgaoim.

sgoinn,care,efficacy,neatness:

Sgoirm,throat,lowerpartsofahill(M'P.Ossian);forlatter
force,seeundersgairneach.

Sgoitich,aquack,mountebank:

Sgol,rinse,wash;fromNorseskola,wash,Swed.skolja,rinse,
wash,Dan.skylle.

sgolb,asplinter,Ir.sgolb,M.Ir.scolb,awattle,W.ysgolp,
splinter,Br.skolp:*skolb,rootskel,skol,split(seesgoilt),
fullerrootskelg;Gr.koXo/36<s,stunted,oKokoxp(okoXottos),
stake;Swed.skalks,apiece,alsoGot.halks,halt,Eng.shelf,
spelk(PerrsonZeitP290forGr.andTeut.).

sgonn,ablockofwood,blockhead;sgonnbalaich,lumpofa
boy:*skotsno,"section";fromtherootofsgath.

Sgonsair,anavariciousrascal(M'D.):

Sgop,foam,froth(M'D.):

Sgor,amark,notch,Ir.sgdr;fromEng.score,Norseskor,mark,
notch,tally(G.ispossiblydirectfromNorse).

318ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

<Sgor,Sgdrr,asharprock;fromSc.scaur,Eng.scar,cliff,of

Scandinavianorigin,Norsesker,skerry;0.H.G.scorra,

rock;furtherEng.shore,Ag.S.score.Seesgeirfurther.
Sgdrnan,athroat,Ir.scorndn:
Sgot,aspot,blemish,smallfarm;cf.Sc.shot,aspotorplotof

ground.
Sgoth,aboat,skiff,aNorwayskiff;fromScandinavianDan.

shude,Norseskuta,acutter,smallcraft,
fSgoth,aflower,Ir.sgoth;Lat.scateo,gush(St.ZeitP).
Sgrabach,rough,ragged,Ir.sgrabach,sgrabach(Lh.);fromEng.

scrap,scrappy,Norseskrap,scraps.
Sgrabaire,theGreenlanddove;henceSc.scraber.
sgragall,goldfoil,spangle(Sh.,Lh.,etc.;notM'A.orM'E.),Ir.

sgragall:
Sgraideag,smallmorsel,diminutivewoman,Ir.sgraidedg.M'A.

givessgraid,ahag,oldcowormare,andH.S.D.sgraidht

(do).Cf.Sc.scradyn,apuny,sicklychild,scrat,apuny

person,Norseskratti,wizard,goblin,
sgraig,hitoneablow:
sgraill(sgraill,H.S.D.),railat,abuse:
Sgraing,ascowlinglook,niggardliness;I.E.sqrengo,shrink;

Eng.shrink;Gr.Kpdfi/3os,blight,
sgraist,asluggard,Ir.scraiste(Lh.,etc.):
sgrait,ashred,rag:
Sgral,ahost,alargenumberofminutethings(Heb.);cf.

sgriothail.
Sgrath,outerskinorrind,turf(forroofing,etc.),Ir.sgraith,

greensward,sod,sgraithim,Ipareoffthesurface,W.ysgraf,

whatparesoff,ysgrawen,hardcrust;cf.Norseskrd,dry

skin,scroll(*skrava),Sc.sera,adivot(Dumfries).
Sgrathail,destructive,Ir.sgraiteamhull(O'R.):
Sgreab,ascab,blotch,crust,Ir.sgreabdg,acrust;fromEng.

scrape?
Sgread,ascreech,cry,Ir.sgread,M.Ir.scret:*skriddo,W.ysgri,

rootskri,skrei;0.H.G.scrlan,cry,Ger.schrei,Eng.scream,

screech;Lat.serf6(=serejo),ahawk.
Sgreag,dry,parch;fromtheScandinavianNorwegianskrekka,

shrink,parch,Swed.skraka,agreatdrytree,Eng.shrink^

scraggy(fromScandinavian).
Sgreamh,abhorence,disgust,Ir.screamh:*skrimo,rootskri,

skrei;Norseskr&ma,scareaway,Swed.skrdma,Dan.

skrozmme.
Sgreamh,thinscumorrind,uglyskin(M'A.);rootskrofsgar.
Sgreang,awrinkle:*skretigo,I.E.sqreng,shrink;Eng.shrink

(DrCameron).Seesgraing.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.319

Sgreataidh,disgusting,horrible:*skritto,rootskriofsgreamh,

q.v.Cf.N.skrati,amonster,"OldScratch."
sgreubh,dryup,crackbydrought,sgreath(M'A.,whohas

Sgreoth,parchascloth);cf.Eng.shrivel,fromaScandinavian

sourcebaseskriv,0.Northumbrianscrepa,pine,Norwegian

skrypa,waste;orSc.seme,dry,witheredperson,oldwithered

shoe,Norwegianskrae.
Sgreuch,sgriach,ascream,screech,Ir.sgreach,E.Ir.screch:

*skreik&,rootskrei,asinsgread,q.v.Eng.screech,shriekare

fromthesameroot(notstem).W.ysqrechseemsborrowed

fromtheEng.
Sgreunach,shivering(Arran),boisterous(ofweather,Arg.):

*sqrengno;seesgraing.
Sgriach,ascore,scratch(Dial.);cf.strioch.
Sgribhinn,rockysideofahillorshore(Arm.,M'A.);forsgridhinn,

fromtheNorseskri&a,pi.skriftna,alandsliponahillside.

Seesgriodan.
^grid,breath,lastbreathoflife:*skriddi,rootskriofsgread.
Sgriob,ascratch,furrow,line,Ir.scriob,E.Ir.scrib,mark,scripad,

scratching;fromLat.scribo,write,drawlines,whencealso

Norseskrifa,scratch,write,W.ysgrif,anotch.
Sgriobh,write,Ir.sgriobhaim,0.Ir.scribaim,W.ysgrifo,Br.

skriva,skrifa;fromLat.scribo,write.
Sgriodan,astonyravineonamountainside,trackofamountain

torrent,acontinuousrunofstonesonamountainside;from

Norseskrifta,pi.skritSna,alandsliponahillside,skrifta,to

glide,Ger.schreiten,stride;Prov.Englishscrees,sliding

stones,Sc.scriddan(fromtheGaelic).
Sgrios,destroy,Ir.scriosaim,M.Ir.scrisaim:*skrissifor

*skrsti,rootskarofsgar,q.v.
sgriotachan,asquallinginfant;fromscread.
Sgrioth,gravel(Islay),sgriothail,alotofsmallitems(Badenoch)

(do.)asofchildren(Wh.):*skritu,rootsker;cf.Eng.short,

I.E.skrdh,little,short.
Sgr6b,scratch,Ir.scrobaim:*skrobbo,fromskrob,scratch;Lat.

scrobis,aditch,scrofa,apig("scratcherup");Eng.scrape;

Letticskrabt,scrape,Ch.SI.skreb,scrape.
Sgr6ban,abird'scrop,Ir.scrobdn;cf.Eng.crop,Ger.kropf.
Sgrobha,ascrew,soIr.;fromtheEng.
sgrog,theheadorsideofthehead(inridicule),ahatorbonnet;

vb.Sgrog,putonthebonnetfirmly,scrog;fromtheSc.

scrog,scrug,Eng.shrug.Inthesenseof"head"compare

sgruigean.

320ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

sgrog,sgrogag,anythingshrivelled,ashrivelledoldwoman,old

coworewe,sgrog,shrivel;fromtheSc.scrog,astunted

bush,scroggy,stunted,Eng.scraggy,Dan.skrog,Swed.skrokk,

anythingshrunken,Norseskrokkr.
Sgroill,apeelingorparing,anythingtornoff;fromScandinavian

Dan.skrael,peelingsorparingsofapples,potatoes,Norse

shrill,amob.
sgrub,hesitate,sgrubail,ahesitating,Ir.scrub,hesitate,sgrub

alach,scrupulous;fromEng.scruple.
Sgrud,examine,search,Ir.scritdaim,0.Ir.scrittaim;fromLat.

servitor,Eng.scrutiny.
Sgruigean,neckofabottle,theneck(inridicule),Ir.sgruigin,

neckofabottle,shortneckedperson;cf.sgrog.
Sgruit,anoldshrivelledperson,athinperson,Ir.sgruta,anold

man,sgrutach,lean,sgrut,acontemptibleperson;cf.Norse

skrudda,ashrivelledskin,oldscroll,
sgruthan(sgrti'an),ashockofcorn(Assynt);fromNorseskruf,

haycock.
Sguab,abroomorbesom,Ir.sguab,E.I.scuap,0.Ir.sedptha,

scopata,W.ysgub,Br.skuba;fromLat.scopa.
Sguaigeis,coquetry;of.guag.
Sguainseach,hussy,hoyden(Arg.);possiblyfromSc.quean:

*squeanseach;cf.siiirsach.
Sguan,slur,scandal(Carm.):
Sguch,sprain,strainajoint:"spring";cf.E.Ir.scuchim,I

depart,rootskak,Lit.szdkti,jump,spring(seesgeun).
Sgud,lop,snatch;cf.W.ysgHth,scud,whisk,Eng.scud,Sc.scoot,

squirt,etc.G.isborrowed.
Sgud,acluster:
Sgud,ascout;fromtheEng.
Sgudal,fishguts,offal;cf.cut.
Sguga,coarseclumsyperson,sgugach,asoftboorishfellow;see

guy*

Sguidilear,ascullion;fromtheSc.scudler,scudle,cleanse.
Sguids,thrash,dressflax,Ir.sguitsim;fromEng.scutch.
Sguillear,rakishperson(Glenmoriston):
Sguir,cease,stop,Ir.sguirim,0.Ir.scorim,desist,unyoke:

*$korio,rootsker,skor,separate;seesgar.
Sguird,Sguirt,thelap,asmock,apron,Ir.sguird;fromEng.

skirt,Norseskirta,ashirt.
Sguit,thefootboardinaboat:
Sguit,awanderer(scuite,Shaw):Macpherson'sscuta,whencehe

derivesScottianinventionofhisown?

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.321

Sgulan,alargewickerbasket;fromScandinavianNorseskjola,

abucket,Sc.skeil,tub,skull,shallowbasketofovalform.

InSutherland,Sgulagmeans"abasketforholdingthe

linen."
Sgulanach,flippant,eviltongued(Carm.):
Sgum,scum,foam;fromNorseskum,foam,M.Eng.scum,now

scum,Ger.schaum,foam.
Sguman,askirt,tawdryheaddress,cornrick;fromsgum,

"skimmer"1sguman(Arran).
Sgumrag,afireshovel,aCinderella:
Sgur,scour,Ir.sguraim;fromtheEnglish.
Sgurr,sharphill;Heb.forsgorr.
si,she,Ir.,0.Ir.si;seei.
sia,six,Ir.se;seese.
siab,wipe,sweepalong,puffaway,Ir.siobadh,blowinginto

drifts;*sveibbo,rootsveib,Eng.sweep;Norsesveipr,sweep,

Eng.sweep.Alsosiabh.Hencesiaban,sanddrift,sea
spray,
siabh,adishofstewedperiwinkles(Heb.):
siabhas,idleceremony:
siabhrach,afairy,siobhrag(Arran),siobhrag(Shaw),sibhreach

(M'A.),Ir.siabhra,E.Ir.siabrae,siabur,fairy,ghost,W.

hwyfarinQwenhwyfar,Guinevere(1):*seibro:
siabunn,siopunn,soap,Ir.siabhainn(Fol.),W.sebon;fromLat.

sapo(n),fromTeut.saipo,whenceEng.soap,Ger.seife,Norse

sdpa.
siach,sprain,strainajoint:

siachair,apithlesswretch;anotherformofsiochair.
siad,astink:*seiddo,blow;seeseid.Cf.Eng.shite.
siad,sloth,Ir.siadhail,sloth:
sian,ascream,softmusic(Carm.),Ir.sian,voice,shout,sound,

E.Ir.sian:*sveno,whichStokes(Zeit.2s59)explainsas

^sesveno,rootsven,sound(seeseinn).
sian,apileofgrass,beardofbarley,Ir.,E.Ir.sion,foxglove,W.

flion,digitalis,ffuon,foxglove,0.W.fionou,roses,Br.

foeonnenn,privet.StokesgivestheCelticas*s(p)edno.

GadelicmightbealliedtoLat.spina,thorn,
sian,acharm;seeseun.
sian,storm,rain,Ir.sion,weather,season,storm,0.Ir.sin,

tempestas,W.hin,weather,M.Br.hynon,fairweather:

*send;rootse(sei)asinsin,sior;Norseseinn,slow,late,

M.H.G.seine,slowly,Eng.sith,since.
sianan,breacshianain,freckles;fromsian,foxglove1See

seunan.

19

322ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

siar,westward,aside,Ir.siar,0.Ir.siar;fromsiar,seeiar,

west,andsundersuas.
siaranachadh,languishing,siarachd,melancholy(Dial.);from

siar,"goingbackwards"*?
siasnadh,wasting,dwining(Suth.):
siatag,rheumatism;fromLat.sciatica.
sibh,you,ye,Ir.sibh,0.Ir.sib,si,W.chivi,0.W.hui,Cor.ivhy,

Br.choui:*sves,forsves(Brug.;Stokeshas*sves);Gr.

cr<f)(OL,youtwo,Got.izvis(izvis);thevesisalliedtoLat.vos.

Theformsibhisfor*svisvi.
sic,theprominenceofthebelly(H.S.D.),peritoneum(M'A.):
sicear,particle,grain(Carm.):
sicir,wise,steady;fromSc.sicker,M.Eng.siker,fromLat.

securus,nowEng.sure.W.sicrisfromM.Eng.
Sid,weather,peacefulweatherafterstorm,tide:*sizdi,

"settling,"rootsed,sit"?Ir.hassideinthesenseof"blast,"

fromseid.Alsotid,whichsuggestsborrowingfromN.tib",

tide,time,Eng.tide.
sil,drop,distil,Ir.silim,perf.siblais,stillavit,Br.sila,passez:

*svilio.Stokesgivestherootasstil,Lat.stillo,drop,Gr.

artX.7](do.).Hencesilt,adrop.Cf.Eng.spill;*spild,

destroy,spoil.
sile,spittle,saliva,Ir.seile,0.Ir.saile,W.haliw,Br.hal,halo:

*salivd(Stokes);Lat.saliva.Stokessaysthattheyappear

tobeborrowedfromLat.,whileWhartonthinkstheLat.is

borrowedfromGaulish.
slliche,alean,pithlesscreature:"seedy,"froms\ol1
simid,amallet,beetle,Ir.siomaide:
similear,achimney,Ir.seimileur,simnear,simne;fromEng.,Sc.

chimley,Eng.chimney.
simleag,asillywoman;from*thenextword,
simplidh,simple,Ir.simplidhe,silly,simple;fromLat.simplex,

whenceEng.simple,W.syml.
sin,that,Ir.,0.Ir.sin,0.W.hinn,W.hyn,hwn,hon,Corn,hen,

hon(fern.),Br.hen,Gaul,sosin(=sosin);fromrootso(sjo),

asinsa,so,q.v.
Sin,stretch,Ir.,0.Ir.sinim:*seno,rootse,mittere,letgo;Lat.

sino,situs;Gr.'IrjfXL,send.Cf.sir(from*sero,long).

Alliedisrootsei,sei,si,mittere,Norsesib"r,long,seinn,slow,

Lit.seinyti,reach,
sine,ateat,Ir.,E.Ir.sine,triphne,threeteated:*sveniofor

*spenio,rootspenofLit.spenys,udderteat,0.Pruss.

spenis,teat,Norsespeni,teat,Du.speen,udder,Scspain,wean
sineubhar,fgin,junipertree(Suth.);Fr.genievre.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.323

Sinn,we,us,Ir.sinn,E.Ir.sinn,sinne,0.Ir.ni,sni,snisni,sninni,
W.ni,nyni,Cor.ny,nyni,Br.ni:*nes(Brug.;Stokesgives
nes),accusativeform,alliedtoLat.nos,Skr.nas,Gr.vw.The
sofsniisduetoanalogywiththesofsibh,orelseprothetic
(cf.isse,heis).

sinnsear,ancestors,Ir.sinnsear,ancestors,anelderperson,E.Ir.
sinser,elder,ancestor:*senistero,adoublecomparativeform
(likeLat.minister,magister)fromsean,old,q.v.

Sinte,ploughtraces,fromsin.

sinteag,askip,pace;fromsin.

siob,driftassnow(M'A.);seesiab.

siobag,ablastofthemouth,puff,Ir.siobdg;cf.siab.

sioban,foamoncrestofwaves;seesiaban.

siobail,fish,angle(M'A.),sioblach,fishing:

siobhag,astraw,candlewick:

sioblach,alongstreamer,longperson(M'A.);fromsiab1

Siobhalta,civil,peaceful,Ir.sibhealta,fromIr.siothamhuil,peace
able,E.Ir.sidamail.BorrowingfromEng.civilhasbeen
suggested(Celt.Mag.12169).

Siochaint,peace,Ir.siochdin,peace,siothchdnti,peaceful,
siodhchan,atonement,M.Ir.sidchauta,peaceful;fromsith.

siochair,adwarf,fairy,M.Ir.sidhcaire,fairyhost,sithcuiraibh
(dat.pi.),E.Ir.sitkchaire;fromsith,fairy,andcuire,host
(Ger.heer,army,Eng.herald).

Sioda,silk,Ir.sioda,E.Ir.sita,W.sidan;fromL.Lat.seta,silk,
fromLat.seta,abristle,hair;whenceAg.S.side,silk,Eng.
satin.

siogach,pale,illcoloured,Ir.siogach,streaked,illcoloured,siog,a
streak,ashockofcorn:

siogach,greasy(M'A.),lazy(M'F.):

siogaid,astarveling,leanperson;fromLat.siccus1

Siol,seed,Ir.siol,0.Ir.sil,semen,W.hit:*selon,rootse,sow;
Lat.semen;Eng.seed,Ger.saat;Lit.pas'elys,asowing.

siola,agill;fromtheEng.

siola,awoodencollarforaploughhorse;fromScandinavian
Swed.sela,awoodencollar,Norseseli,harness,sili,astrap,
Sc.sele,awoodencollartotiecattletothestalls.

siola,asyllable,Ir.siolla,E.Ir.sillab;fromLat.syllaba,whence
Eng.syllable.

sioladh,straining,filtering,Ir.siolthughadh,E.Ir.sithlad,W.
hidlo,hidl,afilter;also0.Ir.sithal=Lat.situla,abucket;
fromLat.situla(StokesLismore).G.sioladh,alsomeans
"subsiding,"andleansforitsmeaning,ifnotitsorigin,upon
sith,peace.

324ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

slolag,asandeel:

siolc,snatch,pilfer:

siolgach,lazy,dwarfish:

sioll,aturn,rotation(M'A.),W.chwyl;seeseal.Cf.Ir.siolla,

whiff,glint,syllable;rootofseal.
siolp,slipaway,skulk(Skye):
siolta,ateal,smallwildduck;fromEng.teal?
sloman,aropeofstraworhay;fromtheNorsesima,g.pi.sim?iaf

arope,cord,Sc.simmonds,heatherropes(Orkney),Teut.

*simon,Ag.S.sima,fetter,Shet.simmen;Gr.t/xovia(ilong),

wellrope;I.E.simon,abond,band,seio,bind,
siomlach;seesmmlach.
Sion,something,anything;also"weather,"forsian,whence

possiblythismeaningof"anything"comes.
Sionadh,lord(M'Pherson'sFingal1,341):ifgenuine,theroot

maybesen,old;cf.Lat.senior,nowEng.sir.
sionn,phosphorescent,solussionn,phosphorus,alsoteinesionn

achain.Forrootseenext.
sionnach,valveofbellows,pipereed,piobshionnaich,Irishbag
pipe.Fromrootspend,swing,play,Skr.spand,move

quickly.Gr.ofaSovrj,sling,Lat.pendeo,hang,Eng.

pendulum.
sionnach,afox,soIr.,E.Ir.sinnach,sindack,0.Ir.sinnchenae,

vulpecula:
sionnsar,bagpipechanter,Ir.siunsoir;fromtheEng.chanter.
siop,despise;cuiransiop,turntailon(Hend.);seeseap.
siopunn,soapjseesiabunn.
sior,long,continual,Ir.star,0.Ir.sir,comparativesia,W.hir,

compar.hwy,Cor.,Br.hir:*seros;Lat.serus,late,Fr.soir,

evening,Eng.soiree;Skr.sdyd,evening.Seesian,sin.
*siorra(M'A.,M'E.),siorraimh,siorram(H.S.D.),asheriff,

siorrachd,siorramachd,county,Ir.sirriamh,M.Ir.sirriam;

fromM.Eng.shirreve,nowsheriff,"shirereeve."TheSc.is

shirrausually.
siorradh,adeviation,onset:*sithrad,fromsith%
slorruidh,eternal,Ir.siorruidhe;from*sirrad,eternity,sior.
Sios,down,Ir.sios,0.Ir.sis:*sts,froms(seesuas)andis,or

tos,q.v.
/siosar,ascissors,Ir.siosur;fromtheEng.
siota,ablackguard,apet;fromSc.shit.
sir,search,Ir.sirim(sirim,Con.),E.Ir.sirim:*s(p)eri,rootsper,

footit;Norsespyrja,ask,track,Sc.spere,askafter,Ger.

spuren,trace,track,alsofurtherEng.spur;Lat.sperno

(Eng.spurnallied),etc.Thevowelofsirisshort(otherwise


OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.325

Stokes'Diet.,RhysManxPray.271,whocomparesW.
chwilio).

siris,sirist,acherry,Ir.siris,W.ceirios;fromM.Eng.*cheris,
from0.Fr.cerise,Lat.cerasus,Gr.Kcpaoos.

siteag,adunghill;fromtheEng.Cf.N.saeti.

sith,astride,onset,adartto,Ir.sidhe,gust,M.Jr.sitk,onset;
cf.Ir.sith,intensiveprefix(O'Don.Gr.277),*setu,seti,
mayberootes,ervfxos(Bez.21123),E.Ir.sith,long,W.hyd,
to,asfaras,0.W.hit,longitudo,usquead,Br.heel,length,
during:*seti,rootse,asinsior,long(Stokes).Cf.N.siftr,
long,Eng.sith;rootsit.

sith,peace,Ir.sith,sioth,E.Ir.sith,0.Ir.sid:*sedos(neut.s
stem),rootsed(sed)ofsuidhe,q.v.;Lat.sedo,settle;Lit.
seddti,sit.W.hedd,peace,isfromsed.

Sith,afairy,sithich(do.),Ir.sidh,afairyhill,sigh,afairy,
sigheog(do.),0.Ir.side,deiterreni,whosedwellingiscalled
sidjinfact,side,thefairypowers,isthepi.(gen.s.1)ofsid,
fairydwellingormound,whilditsgen.sing,appearsinmnd
sid?,firside:*sedos,g.sedesos,asinthecaseofsith,peace,
whichisitshomonym(Stokes);rootsed,sed,Gr.e8o<s,a
templeorstatue,literallyan"abode"or"seat;"Lat.noven
sides,novensiles,thenewgodsimportedtoRome.Thurney
senhascomparedLat.sidus,aconstellation,"dwellingof
thegods."Hencesithean,agreenknoll,fairyknoll.

sithionn,venison,Ir.sidhandsidheann(O'R.),M.Ir.sieng,sideng,
deer,W.hyddgig(="stag'sflesh"),fromhydd,stag,red
deer:*sedi,deer;towhichistobereferredM.Ir.segh
(=aghallaidh,O'CL),E.Ir.seg(=ossallaidh,Corm.).

sitig,therafterofakilnlaidacross,onwhichthecornisdried:

sitinn,rollerforaboat:

sitir,sitrich,neighing,Ir.sitreach:cf.se'id,blow(*svidtri).

siubhal,walking,soIr.,M.Ir.siubal,for*siumal,W.chwyf,
motus,chivyfu,move,stir,M.Br.fifual,nowfinval,stir;root
svem,move;O.H.G.Ag.S.swimman,Eng.swim.Cf.W.
syfiyd,move,stir.

siubhla;seeluighesiubhla.

siuc,awordbywhichhorsesarecalled:

siucar(siucar,H.S.D.),sugar,Ir.siucra,W.sugr;fromM.Eng.
sugre,Fr.sucre.

siudadh,swinging;fromSc.showd,swing,waddle,0.Sax.
skuddian,shake,0.Du.schudden(do.),Eng.shudder.

slug,calltodriveawayhens;cf.Eng.shoo!

siunas,lovageplant;seesimais.

siup,atail,appendage;cf.seap.

326ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

siursach,awhore;fromtheEng.,withtheG.fern,termination
seach(seebinnseach).

siuthad,sayaway,begin,goon:*seotu,"hereyou,"fromsoand
tu%Cf.trobhad,thugad.

slabhag,pithofahorn:Sc.sluck1

slabhagan,akindofreddishseaweed,sloke,Ir.slabhacdn\from
Eng.sloke,Sc.sloke,slake.

slabhcar,aslouchingfellow(Suth.),ataunter;fromNorsesldkr,
slouchingfellow,whenceEng.slouch.

slabhraidh,achain,Ir.slabhra,0.Ir.slabrad:*slabrad,from
slab,rootlag.ofGr.Aa//,/3ava>,Itake,catch,Eng.latch.

slachd,thrash,beat,Ir.slacairim;rootslag,sleg,orslg,E.Ir.
sligim,beat,strike,slacc,sword:*slego,besideI.E.,slak,as
inGot.slaha,strike,Ger.schlagen(do.),Eng.slay(Stokes
forsligim);furtherLat.lacerare,lacerate,Gr.Aa/aa>,tear
(Kluge).Henceslachdan,beetle,rod.

slad,theft,Ir.slad,M.Ir.slat:*sladdo.StokesgivestheCeltic
as*stlatto,alliedtoLat.stldta(stlatta),pirateship,and
Eng.steal.ThemodernformspointtoGadelic*sladdo,for
*stlddo,alliedtoEng.steal1

sladhag,asheafofcornreadytobethrashed(H.S.D.):

sladhaigeadh,akindofcustardspreadoverbread(M'D.):

slag,ahollow(Lewis);N.slakki,slope,NorthEng.hollow.

slaib,rnire;seelaban.SkeatrefersEng.slab,slime,butitis
likelynative(cf.slop,etc.).

slaid,amunificentgift:

slaightear,slaoightear,arogue,Ir.sloitire,rogue,sloitireachd,
roguery,M.Ir.sleteoracht,theft(O'Cl.);fromslad(Ir.sloit),
rob.

slaim,greatbooty,aheap:fromtheSc.slam,ashareorposses
sionacquirednotrightly,slammach,toseizeanythingnot
entirelybyfairmeans,Swed.slama,heaptogether.

slais,lash;fromtheEng.

slam,alockofhairorwool,Ir.slam,E.Ir.slamm:^slagsmen,
Gr.Xdxvos,wool,Xd\v^,down(otherwisePrellwitz,who
refersGr.to*vlksnd,rootvelofolann,q.v.).

slaman,curdledmilk,Ir.slamanna,clots,flakes(O'CL),E.Ir.
slaimred(nafola).Cf.lommen,gulp._

slan,healthy,whole,Ir.,0.Ir.sldn:*slno(Brug.),*ss>ldnos
(Stokes);Lat.salvus(=slvo,Brug.),safe,solidus,firm,
Eng.solid;Gr.oAos,whole(<roAFos);Eng.silly,originally
meaning"blessed,"Ger.selig,blessed;Skr.sdrvas,whole,
all.W.,Br.hollisreferredherebyStokes,etc.,more
immediatelyalliedtoLat.sollus,whole,all.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.327

slaod,drag,trail,Ir.slaodaim,drawafter,slide,slaod,araft,
float,E.Ir.sldet,aslide:*rtoiddo,Celticrootskid,slid;
W.litthro,Eng.slide,Ag.S.s/idan,Ger.schlitten,slide,
sledge(n.);Lit.slidks,smooth,Gr.oXurdavm,*slidd.Stokes
explainsthedofslaodasfordd,fromdno:*slaidhno.

slaop,parboil,slaopach,parboiled,slovenly,Ir.slaopach,luke
warm(O'R.);alsoslaopair,asloven,forwhichseenext.

slapach,slapach,slovenly,Ir.slapach,slovenly,slapar,atrailor
train;fromScandinavianNorsesldpr,agoodfornothing,
slaepa,\estispromissaetlaxa(Jamieson),sloppr,Eng.slop,
Sc.slaupie,slovenly,Dutchslap,slack,remiss,Ger.schlaff.
\slapraich,din,noise;fromEng.slap.

slat,arod,twig,Ir.slat,M.Ir.slat,slatt,W.Hath,yslaih,Br.
laz:*slatt&;Eng.lathisfromW.M.Eng.latte,Ag.S.
laHta,0.H.G.latta,Ger.lattearealsoCelticborrows,Fr.
latte(Thurneysen),butKlugeregardsthemascognate.

sleabhag',mattockfordiggingupcarrots,etc.(Carm.);sleidheag,
kindofladle(Lewis);cf.N.sleif.

sleagh,aspear,soIr.,E.Ir.sleg:*slgd;Skr.srj,hurl,sling.

sleamacair,slyperson(Lewis):cf.N.slaemr,bad.

sleamhan,stye(Carm.):

sleamhuinn,slippery,smooth,Ir.sleamhuin,0.Ir.slemon,W.
Uyfn,smooth,0.Br.limn(incompounds):*slibnos,root
slib,sleib;Norsesleipr,slippery,Eng.slip,slippery;Gr.
6X.LJ3p6<s,\i/3p6s,slippery.Seesliabhalso.

sleigeil,dilatory,sleugach,drawling,slow,sly;alsoleug,
laziness;fromtheSc.sleek?

sl^isneadh,backsliding(Heb.):*sleifts,rootofslaodandEng.
slide?

sleuchd,kneel,Ir.sleachdain,0.Ir.slechtaim;fromLat.flecto.

sliabh,amoor,mountain,Ir.sliabh,mountain,0.Ir.sliab:
*sleibos,rootsleib,slib,glide,down,I.E.sleigo;Eng.slope,
fromslip,Norsesleipr,slippery;seesleamhuinn.W.llwyf,
platform,loft,seemsalliedtoG.sliabh.

sliachdair,spreadanysoftsubstancebytrampling,daub:
*sleikto,sleig,Norseslikr,smooth,Eng.sleek,Ger.schlick,
grease,theoriginalideabeing"greasy,"likesoftmud.Cf.
E.Ir.sliachtad,smoothing,preening.

sliasaid.sliasad(sliaisd,Dial.),thigh,Ir.sliasad,0.Ir.sliassit,
poples:adiphthongalformoftherootofslis,q.v.

slibist,asloven;cf.Ir.sliobair,dragalong;fromEngslip,
sloven.

slige,ascaleofabalance,ashell,Ir.slige,agrisset,shell,0.Ir.
e,lanx,ostrea:*sleggio,rootsleg,forwhichcf.slachd.

328ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

slighe,away,Ir.slighe,E.Ir.slige,g.sliged:*sleget,rootslegof
Ir.sligim,Istrike(rosligsetar,roselgatarrotu,theyhewed
outways).Seeslachdfurther.

slinn,aweaver'ssleyorreed,Ir.slinn,asley,M.Ir.slind,pecten,
alsoslige,pecten,whichsuggestsforslinnastem:*slegsni,
slegbeingthesamerootasthatofsligheandslachd.Cf.
Eng.sleyalliedtoslay,smite.Stokesrefersboth0.Ir.
slind,tileandweaver'ssley,totherootsplid,splind,Eng.
split,splint.Seeslinneanandsliseagfurther.

slinnean,shoulderblade,shoulder,Ir.slinnean,M.Ir.slinden:cf.
0.Ir.slind,imbrex,tile,Ir.slinn,slate,tile,alsoE.Ir.slind
ger,smoothsharp,slatepolished(!),slindglanait,whetstone
cleaned:*slindi,rootslid,sleid,smooth,glide,Eng.slide,
Lit.slidiis,smooth.Stokesrefersslind,imbrex,totheroot
splid,splind,split,Eng.split,splint;seesliseag.

sliob,stroke,rub,lick,Ir.sliobhaim,polish,M.Ir.slipihe,
whettened,slibad,whetting,W.yslipan,burnish;from
NorseorAg.S.Norseslipa,whet,makesleek,Ag.S.
slipan,slip,glide,M.L.Ger.slipen,sharpen,M.Du.slijpen,
polish,sharpen.

sliochd,posterity,tribe,Ir.sliochd,M.Ir.slicht,trace,track,
0.Ir.slid,vestigium:*slektu,rootslegofsligheandslachd.
Forsimilarorigin,cf.Ger.geschlecht,race,lineage.
Isllogach,sly,Ir.sliogach,sleek,fawning,sligtheach,sly;from
Eng.,Sc.sleek,Norseslikr,smooth;I.E.sleig,glide(see
sliabh).

sliom,sleek,slippery,slim,thebuttercup(Carm.),Ir.sliomaim
flatter,smooth,glossover;fromEng.slim,sly,crafty,
slender,now"slim,"Sc.slim,naughty,slimo'er,glossover,
0.Du.slim,awry,crafty,Ger.schlimm,bad,cunning.
HenceG.sliomaire,weakling,craven.

sliop,alip,blubberlip;fromEng.lip.

slios,thesideofamanorbeast,flank,Ir.slios,0.Ir.sliss,pi.
slessa,W.ystlis:*stlisti,rootstel,extend,Lat.stldtus,Idtus,
wide,Ch.SI.stelja,spread.

slis,sliseag,achip,Ir.dis,slisebg,E.Ir.sliss:*slissi,from
*splidsti,rootsplid.Eng.split,splice,splint,Ger.spleissen,
etc.Eng.slicehasbeencompared,Eng.slit,rootslid,which
couldalsoproducetheGadelicforms.

slisneach,aplantliketheslanlus(Carm.):

sloe,apit,slough,Ir.sloe:*slukko,for*slugko,rootslug,
swallow,asinslug,q.v.SkeatderiveshenceAg.S.slbh,
Eng.slough.Ger.schlucht,hollow,ravine,isreferredby
Klugetotherootslup,lubricus.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.329

slod,apuddle,Ir.slod;seelod.

sldcan,sloke;fromtheSc.orEng.sloke.

sloinil,surname,Ir.doinnim,Iname,0.Ir.slondim,name,

signinco,slond,significatio,0.W.istlinnit,profatur,M.W.

cystlwn,familyandclanname,W.ystlyned,kindred,ystltn,
.sex:*stlondo,*stlondio,1speak,name,
sloisir,dash,beatagainstsealike,daub;fromSc.slaister,

bedaub,awetliquidmass,tomoveclumsilythroughamiry

road,alsoslestir(BadenochDial,sleastair,bedaub),
sluagh,people,Ir.sluagh,0.Ir.sluag,slog,W.llu,Corn,lu,

Gaul,sldgiinGatuslogi:*slougos;cf.Slav,sluga,aservant,

Lit.slauginti.
sluaisreadh,actofmixing(lime,etc.)withashovel;seenext

word.Cf.Eng.slubber.
sluasaid,ashovel,Ir.sluasad,apaddle,ashovel:
slug,swallow,slugadh(inf.),Ir.slugaim,E.Ir.slucim,slocim:

*sluggo,rootslug,lug,swallow;Ger.schlucken,toswallow,

M.H.G.slucken:Gr.Xvfa,kvyyatvu,havethehiccup.W.

llwnc,gullet,agulp,llyncu,toswallow,0.Br.roluncas,

guturicavit,M.Br.lloncaffarealliedtoE.Ir.longad,now

longadh,eating,whichisanasalisedformoftherootslug,

lug.
smachd,authority,correction,Ir.smachd,0.Ir.smacht,M.Ir.

smachtaigim,Ienjoin,smacht,fineforbreakingthelaw:

*smaktu,fromsmag,rootmag,I.E.magh,bestrong;Eng.

may,Got.magan,beablejGr.p?xo?>means(seemac).
smad,aparticle,jot:"spot,stain"(seesmod).FromSc.smad,

smot,astain,Eng.smut.Ir.hassmaddn,soot,smut.Cf.

alsoM.Ir.smot,ascrap,Ir.smotd/i,ablock,W.ysmot,patch,

spot,
sm&d,threaten,intimidate,boast:
smag,smog,apaw;seesmog.
smal,dust,spot,blemish,lr.smdl,smdl;rootsmal,mal(srnel,

mel),Lit.sindlkas,dust,smelynas,sandfield,smelalis,sand,

Letticsmelis,watersand,Got.mdlma,sand,Norsemelr,sand

hill,Eng.mole.
sm&l,snuff1acandle,Ir.smdl,embers,snuffofcandle;cf.the

aboveword,
smalag,theyoungsaithorcuddie:
smaoin,think;seesmuain.
smarach,alad,agrowingyouth(Badenoch)jrootsmar,from

mar,mer,Gr./xei/oa,boy,Skr.maryakds,amannie,mdryas,

youngman,Lit.marti,bride;alsoW.morwyn,girl,merch,

40

330ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

daughter,Br.merc'h.Cf.AranIr.marlack,childoftwoto

fiveyears,eithersex.
smarag,anemerald,Ir.smaragaid;fromLat.smaragdus,whence

throughFr.comesEng.emerald.
smeachan,thechin,Ir.smeack,smeachan,E.Ir.smech:*smckd;

Lit.smakra,Letticsmakrs,chin,palate;Skr.cmacru,mous
tache,
smeadairneach,aslumber,lightsleep:
8meallach,smealach,remains,offals,dainties:
smeid,beckon,nod,Ir.smeidim,beckon,nod,hiss:*smeiddi,

rootsmeid,smile,Gr.fxeiSdo),smile,Pruss.smaida,asmile,

Eng.smile.W.amneidio,beckon,nod,0.W.enmeituou,

nutus,0.Br.enmetiam,innuo,donotagreeinvowelwith

Gadelic.
smeileach,pale,ghastly,smeilean,apale,punyperson;cf.

meileach.
smedirn,theendofanarrownextthebowstring,smeoirne,back

endofarrowhead(Wh.),Ir.smeirne,aspit,broach(Sh.,

O'R.):
smeorach,athrush,Ir.smdlach,sm6l,M.Ir.smolach;W.

mwyalch,blackbird,Corn,moelh,Br.moualch:*smugal,

*smugl,frommug(seemuch)1StokesderivesW.mwyalch,

blackbird,from*meisalko,Ger.meise,Eng.titmouse.
smeur,smiar,anoint,smear,Ir.smearaim,grease,smear;from

theEng.Forrootseesmior.
smeur,smiar,abrambleberry,Ir.smeur,E.Ir.smer,W.mwyaren,

Br.mouar(pi.):
smeuraich,grope;frommeur.
smid,asyllable,openingofthemouth,aword,Ir.smid:*smiddi,

rootsmid,smeid,smile,laugh,asinsmeid1
smig,thechin,Ir.smig,M.Ir.smeice(O'C.):*smeggi,for

*smekgi,rootsmek,asinsmeachan%
smigeadh,asmile,smiling,Ir.smig,smigeadh:*smiggi,root

smi,smile,forwhichseesmeid.Alsomiog,q.v.
smiodan,spirit;fromSc.smeddum.
smiolamus,refuseofafeast(M'A.);seesmolamas.
smior,smear,marrow,Ir.smior,E.Ir.smir,g.smera,W.mer:

*smeru;0.H.G.smero,grease,Ag.S.smeoru%lard,Eng.

smear,Norsesmjarr,butter.
Xsmiot,throwintheairwithonehandandstrikewiththeother;

formedonEng.smite.
smiotach,cropeared,shortchinned(R.D.),Ir.smiot,ear:
\/smidr,smear;fromtheSc.smear,Eng.smear.Seesmeur.
ysmod,dirt,dust,also(accordingtoM'A.)drizzlingrain;fromSc.

smot,Eng.smut.Seesmad.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.331

smodal,sweepings,crumbs,fragments,smattering,M.Ir.smot,a

scrap;cf.aboveword,
smog,smag,apaw:cf.Norsesmjitga,creepthroughahole,

Ag.S.smugan,creep,Eng.smuggle.Forsmag,seealso

mag.
smolamas,trash,fragmentsofvictuals;cf.strolamas,brolamas.
smuain,athought,Ir.smuaineadh,M.Ir.smuained:*smoudn,

rootsmoud,moud;Got.gamaudjan,remind,causeto

remember;Ch.SI.myslx,thought(Strachan).Cf.M.Ir.

muaidnig,thought,
smuairean,grief,dejection:*smoudro,rootsmoudofabove*?
smuais,marrow,juiceofthebones,Ir.smuais,marrow,E.Ir.

smuas:
smuais,smash,Ir.smuais,inshivers,inpieces;fromEng.smash.
smuc,asnivel,anasalsound(smuch,M'A.);forroot,seesmug

(*smdcc).
smucan,smoke,drizzle;fromEng.smoke.
smudan,aparticleofdust;seesmod.

smudan,asmallblockofwood,Ir.smotan,stock,block,log:
smudan,smoke;seesmuid.
smug,snot,spittle,smugaid,spittle,lr.smug,smugaid:*smuggo,

rootsmug,mug,mucus;Lat.emungo,wipethenose.The

rootmugisabyformofmuq,mucus,seeninLat.mucus,etc.;

forwhichseemuc.
smuid,smoke,Ir.smuid,E.Ir.smuit,smutgur,smutcheo:

*smuddi,rootsmud.Cf.Eng.smut,Ger.schmutz,dirt;

whichZim.thinkstheGadelicborrowedfrom,thoughthe

meaningmakesthisunlikely.Therearethreealliedroots

onEuropeangrounddenoting"smoke"smUgh(Gr.o/azxw>

smoulder),smugorsmaug(Eng.smoke)andsm&d(G.smuid).
smuig,asnout,theface(inridicule):fromtheEng.mug,ugly

face,
smuilc,glumness,dejection;M.Ir.smuilcin,asmallsnout:

"snoutyness."
smurach,dross,peatdross,smuir,dust,aparticleofdust,

smuirnean,amote;cf.Sc.smurach,peatdross,smore,smurr,

adrizzlingrain,M.Eng.smdre,densesmoke,Eng.smother

(=smorther),0.Du.smoor.O'R.hassmurfromSh.,andK.

MeyertranslatesM.Ir.smurchimiltas"grindtodust."
smusach,extractingthejuicefrom(Suth.):
smut,abill,snout,Ir.smut,alargeflatnose,snout:
snag,alittleaudibleknock,awoodpecker(snagandaraich),Ir.

snag,hiccup;cf.Eng.snock,aknock,andthenextword.Ir.

snag,snagardarach,snaghairdara,awoodpecker,seemsfrom

snaidh.

332ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

snagaireachd,cuttingorhackingwoodwithaknife;fromDial.
Eng.snagger,atoolforsriaggingorcuttingoff'snags,thatis
branches,knots,etc.,Sc.snaggersnee,alargeknife,snicker
snee,sneg,snag,cutoffbranches.

snagarra,active;fromtheaboveroots;cf.snasmhor.

snaidh,hew,chip,shape,Jr.snoighim,snaidhim(O'D.)E.Ir.
snaidim,snaisi,peeled,W.naddu,hew,chip,cut,0.Cor.
nedim,ascia(W.neddyf,neddai,adze,Br.eze,neze),M.Br.
ezeff:*snado;Ger.schnat,border,schnate,ayoungtwig,
Swissschndtzencut,Swab,schnatte,anincisioninwoodor
flesh(Bez.apudStokes).Strachansuggeststherootsknad,
Gr.KvaSdXkw,scratch,kvwSwv,tooth(seecnamh).Hence
snas,regularity.

snaig,creep;fromSc.snaik,sneakinwalking,etc.,snaikin,
sneaking,Eng.sneak,snake.Cf.Ir.snaighim,Icreep.

snaim,aknot,Jr.snaidhm,E.Ir.snaidm,d.snaidmaimm,naidm,
bond,nexus:*nadesmen,rootned,bind,I.E.nedh;Skr.
nah,tie,naddhas,tied;Ger.nestel,lace,0.H.G.nestila,a
band;Lat.nodus,fornozdos,aknot.Seenasg.

snamh,swim,Ir.sndmhaim,E.Ir.sndm(inf.),rosno,swam,W.
nawf,natatio,nofio(vb.),M.Br.neuff,Br.neunv:*sndmu,
(n.),sndo,Iswim;Lat.no,ndre;Gr.vdw,flow;Skr.sndti,
bathe,float.

snaodh,head,chief;ceannsnaodli,headchief(Carm.):

snaois,aslice,piece;cf.E.Ir.snaisse,cut,caesus,fromsnaidh.

snaoisean,snuff,Ir.snaoidn,snhin;fromEng.sneezinginsneesing
pouder,theoldnameforsnuff",Sc.sneeshin,sneezm.

snaomanach,astrong,robustfellow,Ir.snaomdnach,stout,jolly
fellow,hearty:"knotty,"from*snadmofsnaim1

snaoidh,abier,lr.snaoi:

snap,thetriggerofagun;fromtheEnglishsnap.

snas,regularity,elegance,Ir.snas:"goodcut,"fromsnadof
snaidh;E.Ir.snass,acut.

snath,thread,Ir.snath,0.Ir.snathe,W.ysnoden,lace,fillet,
noden,thread,Corn,noden,snod,vitta,Br.neudenn:*sndtio,
*sndton,rootsnd,sne,wind,spin;Skr.sndyu,sinew,bow
string;Gr.evvvrjTos,wellspun;Ger.schnur,lace,tie.See
thealliedsniomhandthenextwordbelow.

snathad,aneedle,Ir.sndthad,0.Ir.sndthat,W.nodwydd,0.Corn.
notuid,Br.nadoz,nadoez;*snata?itd,sndteijd,fromsndtof
snathabove;cf.Eng.needle,Goth,nefila,0.H.G.nddala,
Ger.nadel.

sneachd,snow,soIr.,0.Ir.snechta,pi.snechti,nives,W.nyf:
*sniqtaio,*snibi(Welsh),I.E.snigh,sneigh;Got.snaiws,

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.333

Eng.snow,Ger.schnee;Lat.nix,nivis;Gr.vi<f>a(ace),

vi<f>ec,itsnows;Lit.sninga(vb.),snegas,snow;Zend,gnizh.
sneadh,anit,Ir.sneagh,0.Ir.sned,W.nedd,nits,Corn.,nedhan,

Br.nezenn:*sknidd;Ag.S.hnitu,Eng.tw.$,Ger.nws;Gr.

KoviSes,nits.
snicean,astitchofclothing(Arg.):
Singh,drop,fallindrops,oozethroughindrops,Ir.snidhim,

E.Ir.snigim,W.din'eu,effundere,Br.dinou,melt,thaw,

I.E.sneigho,wet;Skr.snih,sne'hati,tobehumid.Allied

tosneachd.
Sniomh,spin,wind,twist,Ir.sniomhaim,M.Ir.snimaire,aspindle.

snim,spinning:*snemu,root,sne,ne;Gr.vrj/xa,yarn.See

snathfurther.W.hasnyddu,nere,Corn,nethe,Br.nczaft.

Inthesenseof"sadness,"thereisE.Ir.snim,distress,Br.

niff,chagrin,
snod,affixafishinghooktotheline,Manxsnooid;fromSc.snood,

thehairlinetowhichthehookisattached,afillet,Ag.S.

snod,fillet,Eng.snood.
snodan,rapidmotionofaboat:
snodha,snodhagaire,asmile;seesnuadh.
snodhach,sapofatree;rootmu,flow,Ir.snuadh,astream,Gr.

veto,swim,Eng.mot,Norsesnua,turn,Got.sniwan,go.
snoigeas,testiness;fromSc.snog,snag,snarl,flout,
snot,smell,snuffthewind,turnupthenoseinsmelling;founded

onEng.snout.
snuadh,hue,appearance,beauty,Ir.snuadh,M.Ir.snuad;root

snu,flow,asinE.Ir.snuad,hair,headofhair,Ir.snuadh,

stream(seesnodhach).
SO,here,this,Ir.so,E.Ir.,0.Ir.seo,so:*sjo(beside*so,asin

sa,se),Skr.syd,sd,the,this,Ger.sie,she,they,0.H.G.

siu,she(=Skr.syd,G.si).
SO,aprefixdenotinggoodquality,Ir.so,0.Ir.so,su,W.hy,

Br.he;Skr.su,good,Zend.hu.
sdbhaidh,so'aidh,turn,prevent,0.Ir.sdim,inf.sood,rootsov,

discussedunderiompaidh.
sobhrach,sdbhrach,(M'L.),primrose,Ir.sobhrog(Fol.),somhaicin

(O'B.),sobhrach(O'K.),E.Ir.sobrach,g.sobarche:
SOC,forepartofanything,ploughshare,snout,Ir.soc,E.Ir.socc,

W.sweh(f.),Cor.soch,Br.soc'h,souch(m.;:*sncco,snout,

pig'ssnout,*sukku,apig,W.hivch,Cor.hoch,Br.hm'ch

(Ag.S.sugu,Eng.sow,Lat.sUs,etc.).SoThurneysen{Rom.,

112),whoclincheshisargumentbyE.Ir.corrbeingboth

"crane"and"beak."Fr.soc,ploughshare,Eng.sockare

fromCeltic.StokessuggeststhepossibilityofCelticbeing

334ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

fromMed.Lat.soccus,vomer,oralliedto0.H.G.seh,vomer,

Lat.secare.
socair,ease,easy,Ir.socair,easy,secure,M.Ir.soccair;opposite

isdeacair,0.Ir.deccair:*diacair,*soacair,from*acar,

convenience,rootcor,place,asincuir.Henceacarach.
SOChair,abenefit,emolument,Ir.sochar,emolument,wealth,

ease,M.Ir.sochor,goodcontract{Sench.Mbr);fromsoand

cor,q.v.
sochar,silliness,ayieldingdisposition,socharach,simple,com
pliant,Ir.socharach,obliging,easy,W.hygar,amiable,Br.

hegar,benignus;fromsoandcar,dear.TheIr.isalso

fromsochar,ease,
sochd,silence,Ir.sochd(O'R.,Sh.),M.Ir.socht:*soptu,rootsvop

ofsuain(DrCameron).
sod,noiseofboilingwater,steamofwaterinwhichmeatis

boiled,boiledmeat,Ir.sod,boiledmeat(O'B.);fromNorse

sob",brothorwaterinwhichmeathasbeenboiled,Eng.

sodden,seethe,sod,Sc.sotter,boilslowly,sottle,noiseof

boilingporridge,etc.
sod,anawkwardperson,astoutperson;fromSc.sod,aheavy

person,sodick,soudie,aclumsyheavywoman,
sodag,apillion,clout;fromSc.sodds,asaddlemadeofcloth,
sodal,pride,flattery,Ir.sodal,sotal,sutal,0.Ir.sotla,pride,

insolence,sotli,animositates;thishasbeenadducedasthe

sourceofEng.sot,Fr.sot.AccordingtoStokes*&puttlo,

W.ffothyll,pustula,Lat.pustula,Skr.phutkar,puff(Stokes),
sodan,caressing,joy,joyousreception:

sodar,trotting,atrottinghorse(Sh.,Lh.,etc.),Ir.sodar,trotting:
sog,sogan,mirth,goodhumour,tipsiness;from*sugg,ashort

formoftherootofsugradh.
sdgh,luxury,riot,Ir.sdgh,M.Ir.sodh,E.Ir.suaig,prosperous:

*suag,rootagofaghaidh,agh.
soidealta,bashful,ignorant;seesaidealta.
soidean,ajollylookingorstoutperson;seesod..
soighne,soighneas,pleasure,delight,Ir.sdighneas:sogne,

rootgen.
soileas,officiousness,flattery,Ir.soilios;fromLat.sollicitus?
soilgheas,wind,afairwind:
soilleir,clear,visible,Ir.soilleir:fromsoandleir.The11is

duetotheanalogyofsoillse.
soillse,brightness,soIr.,0.Ir.soillse,soilse:*svelnestio;see

solusforconnections,
soimeach,prosperous,easy,easycircumstanced,goodnatured,

seemstocombine0.Ir.somme,dives,and0.Ir.soinmech,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.335

lucky,good,Ir.soinmheach,fortunate,happy.Theformer
Stokesderivesfromsoimbis,forwhichseeiomadh;the
latterissonemech,rootnem,underneamh.M.Ir.
somenmnach,goodspirited,isfrommeanmna.

soin,esteem(n.),soineil,handsome;cf.sdnraichfortheroot.

soinionn,soineann,fairweather,Ir.soinean,M.Ir.soinend,E.
Ir.sonend;theoppositeofsoinionnisdoinionn,forsusin
enn,dusinenn,fromsinnowsian,weather,rain(Stokes).

soir,theeast,Ir.soir,E.Ir.sair;froms(seesuas)andair
(=*are),on,q.v.

soir,sack,vessel,bottle;cf.searrag.

soirbh,easy,gentle,soirbheas,success,wind,flatulence(Arg.),
Ir.soirbh,0.Ir.soirb,faoilis,opposedtodoirh,difficilis,root
reborrib,manare(Ascoli).ButcompareGaelicreabh.

sois,snug,fondofease(M'A.);fromSc.sosh,snug,social.

soise,aballoffireinthesky,aportent(M'A.):

SOisgeul,gospel,Ir.soisgeal,soisgeul,0.Ir.soscele;fromsoand
sgeul.

soisinn,taste,decency,rest,stillness;fromSc.sonsy?

soitheach,avessel,Ir.soitheach,M.Ir.soithcch,saithech:*sat'iko:

soitheamh,tame,docile,gentle*.*soseimh,fromseimh1So
Munro,whowritessoisheamh,

sol,ere,before,Ir.,E.Ir.sul;rootsvelofseal.

sdlach,highlydelighted(M'A.;sollach,jolly,Arms.);founded
onsolas.Arm.'swordseemsfromEng.jolly.

solar,aprovision,purveying,preparing,Ir.soldthar;fromso
andlathair.

solas,joy,comfort,solace,Ir.sdlas;fromLat.solatium,Eng.solace.

sollain,awelcome,rejoicing,Ir.sqllamhuin,asolemnity,feast,
rejoicing,E.Ir.sollamain;fromLat.sollemne,Eng.solemnity.

solus,light,Ir.,M.Ir.solus,E.Ir.solus,bright:*svlnestu,root
svel;Ag.S.svelan,glow,Eng.sultry;Gr.<reAas,light,
oeXtjvrj,moon,ikavrj,torch;Skr.svar,sheen,sun.

somalta,bulky,large,placid;fromM.Ir.soma,abundance,with
adj.terminationsailandta.Seesoimeachfurther.

somh,convert,upset(Carm.);cf.Ir.s6m.

son,sake,cause,airsoil,onaccountof,Ir.son,arson,M.Ir.son,
erson;fromE.Ir.son,word(rootsvenofseinn)1

sona,happy,Ir.,E.Ir.sona,oppositeofdona:*sogndvos,"well
doing";rootgnaofgniomh.

SOnn,astoutman,hero;fromsonn,club,staff,M.Ir.suinncatha,
captains,"stavesofbattle."Cf.N.stafnbuar,thestem
men,orpickedmarinesontheforecastle.Cf.Tailleardnbh
natuaighewas"ursainnchathananCamshronach."Seesonn.

336ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

sonn,astaff,cudgel,beam,Ir.,E.Ir.sonn,W.flon,0.W.fonn:

*spo)ido,Gr.arcfievSovrj,asling,o^eSavos,vehement;Skr.

spand,draw,move;Lat.pendo,hang(Rhys).Stokesgives

thestem*spundo,alliedtoNorsespjdt,alance,0.H.G.

spioz,spit,spear.Cf.M.Lat.sponda,trabecula,repagulum.
sonraich,appoint,ordain,Ir.sonraighim,sonrach.special,E.Ir.

sunnraid,0.Ir.sainriud,especially,sainred,proprietas,sain,

singularis,proprius,0.W.han,alium:*sani,especially;

Got.sundro,privately,Eng.sunder;Lat.sine,without;Skr.

sanutdr,without,
sop,awisp,Ir.sop,E.Ir.sopp,W.sob,sopen;fromEng.sop,

Norsesoppa.ZimmertakestheIr.fromNorsesvoppt*,

sponge,ball;StokesderivesitfromNorsesdpr,besom.The

W.sob,sopenfavoursanEng.source.
s6r,hesitate,grudge,shun:
soraidh,afarewell,blessing,Ir.soraidh,happy,successful,M.Ir.

soraid,E.Ir.soreid;fromsoandreidh.
fsorcha,light,bright,Ir.,E.Ir.sorcha;oppositeofdorch,qv.
sorchan,restorsupport,footstool,lightstand,peerman;from

sorcha.
sdrn,aflue,vent,Ir.s6rn,E.Ir.sornn,W.ffwrn,Corn,forn;from

Lat.furnus,oven,whenceEng.furnace.
SOS,acoarsemessormixture;fromSc.soss.
spad,kill,fell,Ir.spaidim,benumb,spaid,spad,aclod(cf.spairt),

asluggard,eunuch;cf.W.ysbaddu,exhaust,geld,fromLat.

spado,eunuch.Hencespadanta,benumbed,
spad,flat,Ir.spad;from*spadofspaid,spade?
spadag,aquarterorlimbofananimalcutoff;fromL.Lat.

spatula,ashoulderblade,spatulaporcina,legofpork,also

spadula,ashoulder,spadlaris,aquarterofabeast.Cf.W.

yspaud,shoulder.
spadair,fop,braggart;cf.Norsespjdtra,behaveasafop.See

spadal,apaddle,ploughstaff,soIr.;fromM.Eng.spaddle,
paddle,dim.ofspade.

spadhadh,astrongandquickpull,theutmostextentoftheout
stretchedarms,thegrasscutbyonescythestroke,spadh,a
scythe'sstroke(Bad.);fromLat.spatium.Meyerobjects.
IfStokes'theorywererightspadhcouldbefromrootspa,
pull,span.Cf.Eng.swath.

spag,aclaworpaw,limbofananimal,clubfoot,spagach,club
footedorawkwardinthelegs,Ir.spdg,claw,clubfoot,
clumsyleg,W.ysbach,aclaw;spagadaghlid,abuffoon,
tomfool(Wh.):

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.337

spagach,utteringwordsindistinctly,spagadh,obliquityofthe

mouth,spaig,awrymouth:
spagluinn,ostentation,conceit:
spaid,aspade,Ir.spdd;fromtheEng.
spaideil,foppish,welldressed:"strutting,"fromLat.spatior,as

inspaisdearbelow?Cf.,however,spadair.
spailp,pride,conceit,spailpean,fop,Tr.spailp,spailpin,rascal,

meanfellow,"spalpeen":
Spain,aspoon,Manxspain;fromNorsespdnn,sponn,spoon,

chip,M.Eng.spon,Ag.S.spdn,chip.Ir.spundg,spoon,is

fromtheEng.
spairn,aneffort,struggle,Ir.spdirn,sbdirn,wrestling,struggling;

fromtheNorsesporna,kickwiththefeet,struggle,sperna,

kick,spurn,Eng.spurn.HennesseyderiveditfromEng.

sparring(Athenceum,15/8/71).
spairiseach,foppish,spairis,havingthehandsinthetrousers'

pockets(M'A.);foundedonSc.spare,openingofthefore

partofthebreeches,
spairt,aturf,clod,asplash,Ir.spairt;verbspairt,daub,plaster,

splash,brain,Ir.spairtim:cf.N.spar&a,poleaxe,whence

M.Eng.spertorspart.
spaisdear,spaidsear,asaunterer,spaisdeireachd,sauntering,Ir.

spaisdeoireachd,promenading,walking;Norsespdzera,walk,

Dan.spadsere,Ger.spazieren,fromItal.(13thCent.),spaziare:

allfromLat.spatior,walk,promenade,
spal,ashuttle,Ir.spdl;fromNorsespdla,aweaver'sshuttle,M.

Eng.spole,nowspool,Ger.spule,bobbin,spool.Hence

spalag,peapod.
spang,thinplateofmetal,spanglejfromNorsesp'ong,g.spangar,

aspangle,M.Eng.spang,nowspangle,Ag.S.spange,aclasp,

Ger.spange,buckle,
spann,sever,divide,wean(achild);fromSc.spain,spane,wean,

prevent,confusedwithM.Eng.spannen,stretch,span,
spann,ahinge,hasp;fromtheEng.spang,aspangle,Ag.S.

spang,ahasp;orAg.S.spannan,toclasp,Norsespenna,

spennir,grasper,Sc.spenn,tobutton,
spaoill,speill,wrap,swathe:*svU,*sveil,asintill,etc.
spardan,aroost,fromspdrr.
sparr,ajoist,beam,roost,Ir.sparra,wedge,spear,E.Ir.sparr,

abeam,joistjfromNorsesparri,aspar,Swed.,Dan.sparre,

0.H.G.sparro,bar,balk,Ger.sperren,aspar,Eng.spar.

HenceG.sparr,driveasanailorwedge,thrust,Ir.sparraim;

G.sparrag,abridlebit,"littlebar."
spathalt,alimb,aclumsylimb;cf.spoil.

338ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

sparsan,thedewlapofabeast,Ir.sparsan(Lh.,O'B.);see

spursan.
speach,awasp,connspeach,forconasbeach,"wranglingordog

bee,"frombeach,bee1TheIr.for"wasp"iseircbheach.

connspeachisreferredbyStokes(Diet.302)to*spekd,Gr.

o<tj;forphoneticscf.padhadh,piuthar,alsospeirand

speal.
Speach,ablow,thrust,stitchintheside,Ir.speach,akick:
speach,doorstep(Carm.).
spead,averysmallfootorleg(M'A.),speadach,sheepskanked

(M'A.),kicking(Badenoch,wherespeadmeansacow'sor

sheep'skick);cf.M.Ir.spedudhud,amusicalinstrument(V),

KunoMeyer's"KingandHermit."Rootspeddo,spend.
speal,ascythe,Ir.speal,scythe,reapinghook,M.Ir.spel:

*speld,Gr.xj/aXk,shears,rootspal,clip,pull,furtherEng.

psalm(soStokes).
spealg",asplinter;fromSc.spelk,asplintattachedtoafracture,

M.E.spelke,asplinter,Norsespjalk,spelkur,splint,Du.

spalk.
spealt,asplinter;fromTeutonicM.Eng.spelde,nowaspill,

M.H.G.sprite,asplinter,Ger.spalten.
spearrach,acowfetter,afetterforwildgoats;seespeireach.
sp6"ic,aspike,Ir.speicejfromNorsespik,aspike,Eng.spike,

Ger.speiche.W.hasysbig.
speil,cattle,herd,Ir.speil,herdofcattleorswine;*speli,allied

toLat.spolium(Stokes).
sp6il,slide,skate;fromSc.speil,play,bonspel,curlinggame,

Ger.spielen,play,
speir,hooforhamofcattle,claw,talon,ankleandthereaboutsof

thehumanleg,Ir.speirr,hough,ham:*speri;compareW.

fer,ankle,ber,leg,shank:Cor.fer,crus,E.Ir.seir,heel,

dipherid:*speret,Gr.a^vpov,ankle,heel;rootsper,Eng.

spwr,spurn,Lat.sperno,etc.
speireach,spearrach,cowfetter,footfetter;fromspeirand

*rich,tie,forwhichlastseebuarach.
sp6"iread,strength,force,courage;foundedonLat.spiritus.
speireag,sparrowhawk;fromM.Eng.sperhauk,Ag.S.spear

hafoc,Norsesparrhaukr,fromsparrowandhatvk.
sp6"is,esteem,liking,Ir.spiis,M.Ir.sbeis;seeminglyfromM.Ir.

sbesailte,special,fromLat.species,look(cf.Eng.rtspect).
speuc,spiac,diverge,divaricate,tearasunder,branch;fromSc.

spaik,aspoke(inawheel),Eng.spoke,Ag.S.spdea.
speuclair,spectacles,Ir.speucldir,aglass,spectacles;fromthe

Latin,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.339

speur,theheaven,firmament,Ir.speur,speir;fromtheL.Lat.

spera,ahemisphere,circle(ofeachplanet),celestialregion,

Lat.sphaera,asphere(whencetheEng.),fromGr,cr^alpa,

globe.Cf.Sc.spere,sphere,circle,"thespeirofthemoon."
spid,spite,Ir.spid;fromtheEng.Hence,spideigorspideag,

ataunt,
spid,speed,haste;fromEng.speed.
spideag,nightingale(spideag,M.F.),Ir.spideog,robin:
spideag,adelicateorslendercreature(Arms,spideag);fromSc.

spit,alittle,hottemperedperson,spitten,apuny,mis
chievousperson,Eng.spit.
spideal,aspital,hospital,Ir.spideul,M.Ir.spidel;fromM.Eng.

spitel,fromO.Fr.ospital,fromLat.hospitale.
spidean,pinnacle;"spideananteampuill":
spiligean,aseedling,dwarfishperson:
spioc,meanness,dastardliness,spiocach,mean:
spiocaid,aspigot,Ir.spiocaid(O'R.);fromEng.sources

M.Eng.spigot,Eng.spike.
spiochan,wheezing,Ir.spiochan;seepiochan.
spiol,nibble,peel,pluck,Ir.spiolaim,spialaim,snatch,pluck.

Seepiol.
spiolg,unhusk,shell;fromtheSc.spilk,pilk,shellpease,etc.,

spilkins,splitpease.Cf.spealg.
spion,pluckup,pull,tear,Ir.spionaim,teaze,probe,pluck,

examine;cf.M.Ir.spin,athorn,fromLat.spina,thorn,
spionnadh,strength,Ir.spionnadh,spionnamhail,strong(Keat.):

*sphenor*sven;seefaod.
spiontag,acurrant,aparticleinthethroat,amaggot,adropof

rainorflakeofsnow,Ir.spiondn,agooseberry,M.Ir.spinan;

fromLat.spina.
spiorad,aspirit,soIr.,0.Ir.spiurt,spirut;fromLat.spiritus,

Eng.spirit.W.hasysbryd,Corn,speris,Br.speret.
spiosradh,spice,Ir.spiosra;fromEng.spicery,0.Fr.espicerie,

spices,fromLat.species.
spiris,ahenroost,hammock;fromNorsesperra,aspar,rafter,

withaleaningonG.iris,roost,
spisniche,pillar,support(Carm.):
spitheag,achip,spelk,smallbitofwood,bite,Ir.spiothdg,a

fingerstoneforthrowingatanobject(Con.,Sh.),spitheog,a

flakeofsnow;aborrowedwordbelongingtotheEng.group

spike,spigot,butlikelytakenfromNorsespik,sprig,spike,
splang,asparkle,flash,Ir.splanc:
splang'aid,asnot,mucus,Ir.spleangaid(O'R.);asideformof

sglongaid1

340ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

spleadh,asplayfoot;fromEng.splay.

spleadh,ostentation,romance,falseflattery,Ir.spleadh;from

M.Eng.spleien,display,fromdispleien,nowdisplay.
spleadhan,asortofwoodenpaddletodigupsandeels;see

pleadhag.
spleuchd,spliachd,stare,squint,spreadoutbytrampling:
spliuc,flukeofananchor(M'A.);foundedonEng.fluke.
spliuchan,spliucan,tobaccopouch,Ir.spliuchdn,apouch,bag,

leatherpurse;henceSc.spleuchan.Cf.W.blwch,abox.
spliug,asnot,icicle,anythinghangingdown:*scluig?Cf.

spliugach,splayfooted:

spliuig,adiscontentedcountenance:

spliut,alamehandorfoot,splayfoot;seepliut.

sp6c,aspoke;fromtheEng.

spoch,addressonequicklyandangrily,intimidate,affront,attack,

Ir.spochaim,provoke,affront,rob;cf.spoth.
Sp6g,spag",aclaw,paw,Manxspaag,Ir.spdg,W.ysbach:
spoil,aquarter(asofasheep,M'A.),spold,apieceorjointof

meat,Ir.spodhla,spdlla,apieceofmeat;fromSc.spaul,

limb,spald,shoulder,fromoldFr.espaule,espalle,L.Lat.

spatula,shoulder,whenceEng.epaulet.Ir.spollaisalso

hence.Cf.spadag,spathalt.
spolladach,sottish:
sp61t,mangle,slaughter,hewdowninbattle,also(Dial.Badenoch)

splutterjfromtheEnglish.Cf.M.Eng.splatten,cutopen,

Sc.sploit,squirt,spout,spoltadh,dropsflyingoutofavessel

whenboilingorstirredcarelessly,
spong,sponge,tinder,Ir.sponc,E.Ir.sponge,W.ysbwng,sponge,

Corn,spong,Br.spone,sponenk;fromLat.spongia,sponge,

fromGr.cnroyytd,alliedtoLat.fungus.
spor,aspur,claw,talon,Ir.spor,M.Ir.sbor,aspurforahorse;

fromNorsespori,aspur,spor,foottrace,Dan.spore,Swed.

sporre,Eng.spur,Ag.S.spora;rootsperofspeir,etc.

Hencesporadh,inciting,scrapingtheearth(asahen),Sc.

spur.
spor,tinder,flint,gunflint;fromEng.spar.
sporan,apurse,Ir.spardn,spordn,sbarrdn,M.Ir.sboran,W.

ysbur:*sburrfrom*burs,fromL.Lat.bursa,apurse,

whenceEng.purse,bursary,;originallyfromGr.Pvpor],a

hide,
sporracan,crumbs(M'F.):
spors,sport,lr.sport(Fol.);fromtheEng.
spot,aspot3fromtheEng.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.341

spoth,geld,castrate,Ir.spothaim,M.Ir.spochad(n.),W.dysbaddu,

Br.spaza;fromLat.spado,eunuch,whenceEng.spay.The

M.Ir.spochadisthoughtbyStokestobefromBr.spac'hein

(inf.).
spracadh,strength,sprightliness,Ir.spracadh;fromEng.sprack,

lively,Norsespraekr,lively,Swed.spraker;fromNorsealso

comesEng.sparkNorsesparkr.
spraic,aseverereprimand;seespreig.
spraidh,aloudblast,reportofagun;cf.Sc.spraich,acry,

Norsespraki,areport,
spreadh,burst,soundloudlywhilebursting,kill,Ir.spreidhim,

spread,burst(spreighim,O'B.),E.Ir.spredaire,brushfor

sprinklingtheholywater;fromM.Eng.spraeden,nowspread.
spreangan,aclovenstickforclosingthewoundofbledcattle;

fromEng.springe,twig,rod,snarewithflexiblerod.
spraidh,cattle,Ir.spre(idh),M.Ir.spre,spreid,W.praidd,flock,

booty;fromLat.praeda,booty.HenceSc.spreith,booty,
spreig,blame,reprove,incite,Ir.spreagaim;foundedonM.Eng.

spraechen,nowspeak,Ger.sprechen.
spreigh,scatter,burst;seespreadh.
spreill,blubberlip:*sbreill,frombreall?
spreisneach,theremainsofawreck:
spre6chan,weakness,weakperson;for*sbrebch,beingthesame

inrootasbrebclaid?
spredd,spreod(H.S.D.),aprojectingbeam,crannspreoid,abow
sprit;fromM.Eng.spreot,asprit,nowsprit;Ag.S.spreot,

M.Du.spriet.Hencespredd,incite,
sprochd,dejection,sadness,Ir.sprochd:*sbroc,M.Ir.broc,

sorrow,anxiety(alsosbrog).Cf.murcachforroot;orbrbn?
sprogan,sprogaill,dewlap,bird'scrop,Ir.sprogaille,sbroyaill,

alsosgroban,sgrogul,neck:*sbroggo.Seebraghad.
spronnan,acrumb;frompronn.
sprot,singlestick(Lewis):N.sproti,stick,
spruan,brushwood,firewood,Ir.sprudn:*sbruan,frombruon.

M'A.hassprudhan,fragments.
sprudan,fingers,sprouts;fromtheEng.sprout.
spruileach,spruidhleach,crumbs,fragments,Ir.spruille(ach),

crumb,fragment,sprudhaille(Lh.),M.Ir.sbruileach.Cf.

spruan.M.Ir.hasalsospuirech,fragmentum,W.ysbwrial,

sweepings,ysborion,refuseoffodder.w

spruiseil,spruce,neat,Ir.spruiseamhuil;fromtheEng.spruce.
spruithean,claw(asofeagle):
spuaic,crownofthehead,apinnacle,callosity,blister,Ir.spuaic.

awelt,callus,pinnacle:

342ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

spuidsear,balingladle(N.H.):cf.Eng.spudge.

spuill,spoil,plunder;fromSc.spulye,laywaste,plunder,Eng.

spoil,Fr.spolier,Lat.spoliare.W.hasysbail,aspoil,
spuinn,spoil,plunder,Ir.spuinim;anotherformofspuill,

borroweddirectlyfromLat.spoliare?
Kspuirse,spurge,milkweed,Ir.spuirse;fromtheEng.spurge,

M.Eng.sporge.
spull,nailofacat,aclutch,spullach,nailed,greedy(M'A.):
spursan,agizzard,Ir.spursdn;cf.sparsan,dewlap,
sput,aspout;fromtheSc.spool,Eng.spout.
srabh,astraw;fromtheEng.:
srabh,fallingwater(Carm.):
srabhard,strife(Suth.R.D.):
srac,tear,rend,rob,Ir.sracaim;G.hasalsoracadh:*srakko,

forrapko,rootrapofLat.rapio?
srad,asparkoffire,Ir.srad:*sraddd,fromstradorstrd,root

ster,asinEng.star,Gr.doT^p.M.Ir.hassrabtine,light
ning,fromthesameroot,
sraid,astreet,Ir.srdid,E.Ir.srdit;fromLat.strdtd(via),

whenceEng.street.K.MeyerderivesitfromNorsestraeti,

whichitselfcomesfromLat.
sraidean,theplantshepherd'spurse,Ir.sraidin(srdidin,(O'B.);

cf.srad.
sraigh,thecartilageofthenose,sneeze(M'A.);cf.rootofsrbn.
sramh,ajetofmilkfromthecow'sudder,Ir.sramh(srdmh,O'R.);

rootster,str,strew.
srann,asnore,buzz,Ir.srann,E.Ir.srand,0.Ir.srennim,sterto:

*stresno,rootster,psterofLat.sterto,snore,sternno,sneeze

(seesreothartfurther).StokesmakestheGadelictobe

*strenvo,likeLat.sternuo.
sraon,stumble,makeafalsestep,rushforwardviolently;cf.Ir.

sraoinim,defeat,overthrow,scatter,M.Ir.srdined,dragging

down,defeat,E.Ir.sroenim,hurl,drag,defeat:*sroino,

rootster,strew,scatter(Eng.strew,etc.).
sraoiiais,ahuff,snuffiness;M'A.hassrdin,ahuff:fromsrbn,

nose?
sratli,avalley,strath,Ir.,M.Ir.srath,meadowlandorholm

alongbanksofariverorloch,oftenswampy(Joyce),0.Ir.

israth,ingramme,W.ystrad,strath,E.W.strat,istrat,

planities:*stratu,rootster,spread,scatter;Lat.strdtus,

fromsterna,Istrew;Gr.crr/acoTos,spread,oropevvvfxi,scatter;

Eng.strew,strand(?).
srathair,apacksaddle,Ir.,0.Ir.srathar,W.ystrodyr;from

Mod.Lat.stratura,fromstratum,sterno,spread.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.343

sream,rheum(M'A.),awrinkle,sreamach,bleareyed,Ir.srdm,

eyerheum,srdmach^bleareyed,sremach(F.M.).Stokes

derivesthisfromAg.S.stred?n,Eng.stream.
sreamadh,curbingorcheckingbythenose:
sreang,astring,Ir.srang,sreang,E.Ir.sreng:*srengo,strengo,

Gadelicrootstreg;immediatelyalliedeithertoEng.string,

Norsestrengr,Ger.Strang(I.E.stregh,Gr.or/ac^co,turn),or

toLat.stringo,bind,draw,Ger.strick,string(I.E.streg).

TheI.E.rootsstregandstregharealliedultimately,sraing,

lie,embroidery(Hend.).
sreath,arow,series,Ir.sreath,0.Ir.sreth:*srito,*srto,root

ser,order,join;Lat.series,row,sors,lot.
sreathan,filmyskincoveringunborncalf(H.S.D.,etc.).When

dried,itwasusedforcoveringvessels:
sreothart,asneeze,Ir.sraoth,sraothfurtach,earliersreod,W.

trew,ystrew,asneeze,ystrewi(vb.),Br.strefia,strevia(vb.),

rootstreu,pstreu(Stokes),furtherster,pster,Lat.sternuo,

sneeze,Gr.irrapwyiai(do.).
sriail,abridle,Ir.srian,E.Ir.srian,W.ffrwyn;fromLat.

frenum(throughW.).
srideag,adrop,spark,srideach,whitestreakedwithdark:

*sriddi,rootsrdofsrad.
sringlean,thestrangles;foundedontheEnglish,
sruit,atorrentofquickwords;foundedonsmth.
srobadh,apush(Sh.),smallquantityofliquor(A.M'D.);see

sruab.
sroghall,awhip,soIr.,E.Ir.sraigell,0.Ir.srogill(gen.),W.

ffrowyll;fromLat.flagellum.
sr61,astreamer,banner,silk,Ir.srdl,satin,byssus;fromLat.

stragulus,coverlet,pall,whenceCor.strait,tapestry,W.

ystraill,amat.Stokes(Lismore)hassuggestedaform

*frol,*fldr,Fr.velours,velvet,Br.flour,velveted.
sroil,anose,Ir.,0.Ir.srdn,W.ffroen,Br.froan:*srognd;

*srokn&(Stokes,Gr./oeyxw>snore,snort,peyKot),*sprognd

(Strachan),towhichLat.spargohasbeencompared.W.has

alsotrwyn(*trugnoortrogni),Cor.trein.
sruab,drinkupwithnoiseofthelips,pullhastilyoutofthe

water:*sroubbo,rootsreub1Cf.sriib,andLit.sriaubiu,

sup,lapup,Ch.SI.sriibati,swallow,Lat.sorbeo,Eng.

absorb.
sruan,shortbreadcakehavingfivecorners(M'A.forIslay):
srub,aspout;fromtheSc.stroup,spout,M.Eng.strupe,throat,

Norsestrjupi,thespoutingtrunkwhentheheadiscutoff,

Swed.strupe,throat.Hencesruban,acockle.

44ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

sruth,astream,Ir.,0.Ir.sruth,g.srotha,W.ffrwd,Cor.frot,
alveus,Br.froud:*srutu,rootsreu,flow;Gr./aixrts,a
flowing,pevfia,astream,/Sew,flow;Eng.stream,Norse
straumr;Lit.sravju,flow.SomehavereferredtheCeltic
wordstotherootspreut,spreu,towell,Ger.sprudel,awell,
spruhen,emitsparks,drizzle,furtherEng.spurt,spout.

sruthladh,rinsing,halfwashing,Ir.sruthlaighim;fromsruth.
/xsta,advantage,use;fromtheEng.foundedonstay1

stabhach,wide,asunder,straddling,Ir.stabhaighim,straddle:

stabhaic,awryneck,asullenattitudeofthehead(M'A.);see
stuichd.PronouncedinArg.staoi'c,staghaic.

stabull,astable,Ir.stabla;fromLat.stabulum,throughthe
English.

stac,aprecipice,steephill,M.Ir.stacc,astack(F.M.),stacc,a
pile,piece;fromNorsestakkr,astack(ofhay),stahha,a
stump,Swed.stack,astack,Sc.(Shetland,etc.)stack,a
columnarisolatedrock,Eng.stack.

stad,astop,Ir.stad,E.Ir.stad(Cormac);foundedonLat.status,
position,stat,stands(Hennessey,Stokes).Cf.Norsesta&a,a
standing,aposition.Ascolicompares0.Ir.astaim,sisto
(^adsadto,rootsedofsuidhe).

stadh(betterstagh),astay,acertainropeinship'srigging;from
Norsestag(do.),Eng.stay,Dan.,Ger.stag.

stadhadh,alurch,suddenbend:

staid,state,condition,Ir.stdid,M.Ir.stait;fromLat.statio(K.
Meyer).W.hasystdd,fromLat.status.Ir.stdidmaybe
fromtheEng.Seenextword.

staideil,stately,Ir.stdideamhuil;fromEng.state,stately.

staidhir,astair,Ir.staighre,M.Ir.staigre;fromtheEng.,and
Ag.S.stdeger.TheG.ispossiblyfromEng.stair,justas
paidhir&ndfaidhirarefrompair&ndfair(DrCameron).

stail,abandage,strap:

stailc,stubbornness,stop,stump,Ir.stailc;cf.tailce;cf.N.stilkr,
stalk.

stailinn,steel;fromNorsestdl,steel,stdlinweapons(pi.),Ger.
stahl,Eng.steel.

staing,apeg,smallpointedrock;fromNorsestong,g.stangar,a
pole,Sc.andEng.stang.

staing,awellbuiltpersonoranimal(M'A.),staingean,obstinate
boorishperson,Ir.stainc,incivility;fromtheabove.

staipeal,astopple,Ir.stapal(O'R.);fromtheSc.stappil,Eng.
stopple.

staipeal,stapull,astaple,bar;fromEng.staple.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.345

Stair,apathoverabog,steppingstonesinariver.DrCameron

hassuggestedconnectionwithDu.steiger,watersidestairs,

Eng.stair.Forstar,from*tar,cross(seethar)1
stairirich,arattling,arumblingnoise;alsodairireach,q.v.

Forsdairirich.
stairn,aparticle,smallquantity(Perth);fromSc.starn,particle,

grain,star,fromstar.
stairn,noise(asthetreadofhorses),aviolentpush:*stairn;

seetairneanachforroot.Cf.Ir.stathruim,clatter,din.
stairneil,stairneanach(Suth.),conceited,ostentatious;from

stairn,noise:"creatingafurore."Eng.stern?
stairsneach,stairseach,athreshold,Ir.tairseack,E.Ir.tairsech:

"crossbeamorstone";forrootseetarsuinn,transverse,
stairt,aconsiderabledistance,trip(M'A.)\fromEng.start?
stait,amagistrateorgreatman,staitean,greatmen;seestat.
stalan,astallion,Ir.stail;fromtheEnglish,
stale,stiffen,stalcanta,firm,strong;forstalc;seetailce.M'A.

givesstaleasmeaning"dashone'sfootagainst(Islay),

threadahook,thump,stare."Inthemeaningof"stalk,"

thewordisfromtheEng.
stalla,anoverhangingrock,craggysteep,precipice,stall,apeat

bank;fromNorsestallr,anyblockorshelfonwhichanother

thingisplaced,pedestal,stepofamast,stall,stalli,analtar,

Eng.stall,Lit.stalas,table,
stallachdach,stupidlydeaf,heedless(Wh.):
stalladh,dashingagainst,thumping(M'A.):
stamag,astomachjfromtheEng.
stamh,seatangle,staf(Lewis),N.stafr,staff.
stamhnaich,reducetoorder,subject,breakin,drub(M'A.),

stannadh,subject(Heb.);fromN.stafr,astick,stafafyir,

rule,fyrirstafni,aimat,stafn,stem%
stamp,stamp,trample,Ir.stampdil,astamping,prancing;from

Eng.stamp.
tStan,tin,Ir.stdn,W.ystaen,Cor.,Br.stean;fromLat.stannum,

tin(for*stagnum;cf.Ital.stagno).Seestaoin.
Stan,astan,below,down;Sutherlandformofabhan,onanalogy

ofa'sifhoghar,a's^samhradh,etc.:
stang,aditch,pool;fromSc.stank,0.Fr.estang,nowetang,

fromLat.stagnum.
Stang,sting,fromSc.stang,sting(asabee),asting,Norse

stanga,prick,goad;furtherEng.sting.
stangarra,thefishstickleback;fromstang,sting.

42

346ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

stanna,avat,tub,Ir.stanna,vat,barrel;fromEng.tun,ton,

M.Eng.tonne.Seetunna.
/stannart,astandard,yard,limit;fromtheEng.Italsomeans

"affectedcoyness."
staoig,acollop,steak,Ir.staoig,M.Ir.stdic;fromNorsesteik,

Eng.steak(Stokes,K.Meyer),
staoin,pewter,tin;seestan.
staoin,juniper,caoranstaoin:
staoin,laziness:

staon,bent,awry,shallow(Hend.),Ir.staon:
staorum,bendingofthebodytoaside;forstaonum.
stapag1,amixtureofmealandcoldwater;fromSc.stappack(do.),

stap,mix,hash,Norsestappa,brayinamortar,
staplaich,loudnoise,noiseofthesea:
stapull,abar,bolt,staple;seestaipeal.
starach,cunning,deceitful(Suth.):
starachd,romping,blustering(M'A.):
starbhanach,astrong,robustfellow:

starcach,firm;fromNorsestarkr,strong,Eng.,Ger.stark.
Starr,shove,dash,starradh,pushingviolently,dashingagainst,

afailingorfreak,cnapstarradh,astumblingblock,obstruc
tion,aballontheendofaspear;cf.starr(shuileach).
starrfhiacail,atuskorgagtooth,Ir.stairfhiacail;fromstarr

andfiacail.
starrshuileach,havingtheeyesdistorted,stard,amooneye

(M'A.);cf.Norsestarblindr,blindwithacataract,0.H.G.

starablind,Ger.starr,stiff,Eng.stare,"fixed"look,Sc.stare,

stiff,starr,sedge,star,aspeckontheeye.
Stat,pride,haughtiness,Ir.stdtamhuil,stately;fromtheEng.

state,M.Eng.stdt,fromLat.status.Cf.staideil,stdta.
yStata,thestateorGovernment;fromtheEng.

Steach,asteach,(to)within,into,Ir.steach,asteach,M.Ir.is

tech,E.Ir.isatech:*insantech,"intothehouse;",from

teach.Cf.stigh.
steadhainn,firm,pointedorpunctualinspeech(M'A.);cf.Eng.

steady.
steafag,alittlestafforstick,Ir.steafog;fromEng.staff.
Steairn,ablazingfire(Perth),"adropinthee'e":
Steall,spout,causetospout,pourout,Ir.steallaim,squirt,

sprinkle,steallaire,atap;fromLat.stillo,Idrop,Eng.distill.
Stear,apoletokillbirdswith(Carm.):
stearnal,abittern,seabird,aninnkeeper'ssign:
st^idh,foundation;fromNorsestaefri,staetSa,establish,Ork.

steeth,foundation,steethe,tofound.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.347

steill,apegorpinforthingshung;cf.Sc.stell,aprop,
st^illeach(steilleach,M'F.),lusty,stout,ruddy;cf.st&dheil,

steady,solid,fromsUidh.
steinle,theitch,mange,Ir.steinle(Lh.,etc.);fromteine,fire1
steoc,anypersonorthingstanding(orsticking)upward,an

attendant(steocairalso);fromSc.stog,stug,stook,stubble,

stumpyhorns,stok,Eng.stick.
ste6rn,guide,direct,manage;fromNorsestjorna(do.),stjdrn,

steering,rule,Eng.stern,steer.Seestiuir.
/.steud,ahorse,steed,Ir.stead(O'R),M.Ir.sted;fromAg.S.

steda,Ag.S.steda,M.Eng.stede,nowsteed.
stiall,astrip,stripe,streak,Ir.stiall,E.Ir.stiall,girdle,strap,

board;cf.W.astell,M.W.ystyll,shingle,plank,Corn,stil,

rafter,0.Fr.esteil,pole,Lat.astella,splinter,orfrom

0.H.G.stihhil,pole,post.
Stic,afault,blemish,pain;fromSc.stick,abungleorbotch,

Eng.stick,stitch(oldersticke).
stic,adhere,stick;fromtheEng.
Stic,ghostlyperson,"imp"(Carm.);N.stygr,shy.
stid,peep,Manxsteetagh,topeep;seedid.
stidean(stidean,H.S.D.),acat,thewordbywhichacatiscalled

toone(alsostididhandtididh,fromSc.cheet,cheety,puss,

cat,Eng.chit,cub,youngster;fromcat,likekitten).
stig,askulkingorabjectlookorattitude;fromNorsestygr,

shy.
Stigh,astigh,inside,Ir.'stigh,astigh,E.Ir.istig,istaig,isintig;

for*insantig,"inthehouse,"fromtigh,house,
stinleag,thehingeofabox,hasp:
'stiobull,asteeple;fromtheEng.

fstiocach,limping:"sticking"%FromtheEng.anyway.
*stiog,astripeincloth(M'A.);fromSc.steik,Eng.stitch.

stiom,stim,aheadband,snood:
xstiorap,astirrup,Ir.stioroip;fromM.Eng.stirop,Ag.S.stigrdp.
stiorc,stretch(atdeath,Arg.);fromEng.stark)
stiorlag,athin,wornoutrag,anemaciatedwoman,stiorlan,a

thinperson;stiorlach,thingruel(M'D.);stirlean,thin

gruelorwaterystuff(Bad.):
stiornach,sturgeon(M'A.),stirean;fromLat.sturio(n),whence,

throughFr.,Eng.sturgeon.
stipean,astipend;fromtheEng.
vstiubhard,asteward,Ir.stiobhard;fromtheEng.

stiuir,steer,guide,Ir.sdiuirim,M.Ir.stiuradorstiurad;from

Ag.S.stebran,steer,nowsteer,Norsestyra,Got.stiurjan.
stiup,alongtailortrain,afoolishperson.Inthelattersense,

theG.isfromSc.stupe,fromLat.stupidus.

348ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

stiuireag,gruel;fromtheSc.stooram,stooradrink,stourreen,

sturoch,awarmdrink,mealandwatermixed,fromstoor,to

stir,agitate.
stob,thrust,stab,fix(asastake),stob,astake,stick,stob(Sc.),

Ir.stobaim,stab,thrust;fromSc.stob,asideformofEng.

stab.Cf.Norsestobbi,astump,Eng.stub,M.Eng.stob.
stdbh,astove;fromtheEng.

stoc,astock,pillar,stump,Ir.stoc;fromEng.stock.
Stoc,atrumpet,soIr.,M.Ir.stocc,E.Ir.stoc;cf.Sc.stockhome,

stockandhom,apipeformedofasheep'sthighboneinserted

intothesmallerendofacuthorn,withanoatenreed,from

Eng.stock.Gadelicisborrowed,
stocain,astocking,Ir.stoca;fromtheEng.
stoim,aparticle,whit,faintestglimpseofanything(Dial.);from

Sc.styme.
stoirm,astorm,Ir.stoirm;fromEng.,M.Eng.storm,Norse

stormr,Ger.sturm.
stdite,prominent;cf.stdtfororigin,
stdl,astool,settle,Ir.stbl,W.ystol;fromAg.S.st6l,nowstool,

Norsestdll,Ger.stuhl.Hencevb.stdl,settle.
stop,awoodenvesselforliquor,astoup,Ir.stopa,a"stoup"or

woodenpail;fromSc.stoup,M.Eng.stope,nowstoup,Du.

stoop,agallon,Norsestaup,astoup.
stop,stop,closeup,Ir.stopaim;fromtheEng.
Stdr,asteepcliff,brokenteeth;cf.sturr,starr.Norsestor.
stdras,store,wealth,Ir.stor,stdrus;fromM.Eng.stor.
stoth,lopoff,cutcornhigh:
stoth,hotsteam,vapour;seetoth.
Strabaid,astrumpet,Ir.strabdid;fromanearlyformofEng.

strumpet,thatis,*stropet,from0.Fr.strupe,concubinage,

stupre,fromLat.stuprum.
strac,astroke,shiporboatplank;fromSc.stroke,Eng.stroke;

fromSc.straik,straitedgeformeasuringcorn,comesG.

strac(do.).SimilarlyG.strac,mower'swhetstone,isfrom

stroke;allarefromtherootofEng.stroke,strike,
stracair,troublesomefellow,gossip,wanderer;fromNorsestrdkr,

avagabond,etc.
straic,pride,swellingwithanger,Ir.strdic:
straighlich,rattling,greatnoise,sparkles;rootsprag,sporg,

crackle,Eng.spark,sparkle,Lit.sprageti,crackle.
Straille,carpet;fromLat.strdgulum,coverlet,
strangair,alazy,quarrelsomefellow,Ir.strangaire;cf.dreangan.
Streafan,film,carpet(Carm.):

streap,climb,striveagainstobstacles,Ir.dreapaim;cf.dreimire.
Streodag,alittleliquor(Skye):

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.349

streud,arow,line(Suth.);fromEng.street.

streup,streapaid,strife,quarrel;fromLat.strepitus.

stri,strife,contentionjfromNorsestrift,Ag.S.strict,Ger.streit.

strianach,abadger:

strioch,astreak,line,Ir.strioc;fromEng.streak.

strlochd,yield,Ir.striocaim,striocail(inf.),fall,behumbled,
submit:

strioghach,prodigal(Rob.):

strlopach,aprostitute,Ir.striopach;from0.Fr.strupe,concu
binage,fromLat.stuprum,dishonour,violation.

strddh,prodigality,Ir.stro,strbgh;seemingly(becauseofpre
servedstinallcases)borrowedfrom,ratherthanalliedto,
M.Eng.strawen,strew,Ag.S.streowian,Got.straujan,I.E.
st7ou,stru.HenceG.struidheas,prodigality,squandering.

Strdic(stroic,Arm.),tearasunder,alongrag,striptornoff,Ir.
stroicim,strdicim,sroic,apiece:*srakki,fromsrac,confused
withstrddh1

strolamas,mess(Glenmoriston):

stropach,wrinkled(H.S.D.):

struidheas,prodigality;seestrddh.

Struill,abaton,cudgel,Ir.sroghall,whip,rod,0.Ir.sraigell;
seesroghall.
A.strumpaid,astrumpet;fromtheEng.

struth,ostrich,Ir.struth;fromLat.struthio,whence,through
0.Fr.ostruche(=avisstruthio),Eng.ostrich.

struthan,cakemadeonSt.Michael'seveandeatenonhisday
(Carm.):

stuadh,awave,gable,pinnacle,scroll,Ir.stuadh,gable,pinnacle,
scroll,stuaidhnimhe,rainbow,M.Ir.stuagnime(do.),stuaid
le'im,leapofthewaves,E.Ir.stuag,arch:*stuag,from
0.Ir.tuag,bow,belongingtothesamerootastuagh,axe.

stuaic(M'A.,Arm.),stuaichd(H.S.D.),alittlehill,round
promontory,Ir.stuaic:*stuagc,fromstuadhabove.M'A.
hasthemeaning"wryneckandsullencountenance,extreme
boorishness,"whichisusuallyrepresentedbystuic.Stokes
givestheCelticas*stoukki,Br.stuckyaf,tofeather,Lit.
stiigti,setonhigh,Eng.steep.

stuaim,modesty,Ir.stuaim,device,mien,modesty:*stuamm,
*tousmen,roottus,teusoftosd,silence.

stuc,stuchd,alittlehilljuttingoutfromagreater,ahorn,Ir.
stucdn,asmallconicalhill,stucach,horned;fromTeutonic
N.stuka,wingofabuilding;So.,Eng.stook,M.Eng.
stouke,ashockofcorn(12sheaves),stooks,smallhorns,Low
Ger.stuke(properlyaprojection),abundle,bunch.But
cf.stuaic.

350ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Stuic,stuichd,aprojectingcrag,anangryorthreateningaspect;
fromstucabove.

stuidearra,studious,steady,glum,Ir.stuideurach,stuideur,a
study.
_.,stuig,incite,spurondogs;fromEng.stick.

^stuird,huffiness,pride,Ir.stuirteamhlachd(Con.);fromM.Eng.
sturte,impetuosity,sturten,impetuous,quarrelsome,Sc.sturt,
vexation,anger,asideformofstart.

stuirt,vertigo,adiseaseinsheepcausedbywaterinthehead,
drunkennessjfromSc.sturdy,from0.F.estourdi,dizzy
headed,nowetourdi,giddyheaded;fromLat.extorpidire.
FromFr.comesEng.sturdy,
istur,dust;fromSc.stour,M.Eng.stour,tumult.

sturr,theruggedpointofarockorhill,sturrach,rugged:
*stiirr,fromturr=tbrr,q.v.1Cf.N.staurr.
,stuth,stuff,metal;foundedontheEng.stuff.
stuthaig,dresswithstarch,starch(vb.andn.);fromSc.stiffing,
starch,Eng.stiff.Perthshirehasstifinn.

suabag,asweepingblow(Suth.KD.):

suacan,apot(M'F.),earthenfurnace(Arm.),abaskethungin
thechimneycontainingwoodtodry(Dial.),anything
wroughttogetherawkwardly,asclay(M'A.),Ir.suachgan
(Lh.),anearthenpot;fromsuath%

suaicean,abundleofstraworhaytwistedtogether,adeformed
person;seesiigan.

suaicheantas.ensign,escutcheon,Ir.suaitheantas,astreamer,
standard,escutcheon,suaichintus,ensigns,colours(K.Meyer),
0.Ir.suaichnid,clear,demonstrate,forsuaithne,"easily
known,"fromaithne,knowledge.

suail,small,inconsiderable(M'F.),Ir.suaill,E.Ir.suail,atrifle:

suaimhneach,genial,secure,Ir.suaimhneach,peaceful,gentle,
peaceable:*sumenmnach%Seemeamna.

suaill,sleep,Ir.suan,E.Ir.,0.Ir.suan,W.hurt,Br.hurt:
*supnos,developinginto*sofno,*sovno,*souno;I.E.root
svop,svep,sleep;Lat.sopor,sleep,somnus;Gr.vttvos,sleep;
Ag.S.swefn,dream,swefan,sleep;Skr.svdprms.

suaineadh,twisting,ropetwistinganything,alinefortwisting
roundanything,E.Ir.,0.Ir.suanem,g.suaneman,funis:
*sognemon,rootsug,soug,Br.sug,trace,W.syg,chain,
trace;Romancesoga,rope,Ital.soga,rope,leatherband,Sp.
soga,alinearmeasure,Port,soga,rushrope,Churwalsch
saga.Stokesfinallyreferssuanemtoastemroot*sogno
besidesegno(whenceE.Ir.sen,anetforcatchingbirds,gin,
rootsegh,hold,Eng.sail),Lit.segu,fasten,saga,sledge.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.351

ThisdivorcessuaineadhfromG.suaiceanandsugan,q.v.

Cf.W.hwynyn,hoenyn,ahairfromahorse'stail,gin.
suaip,afaintresemblance;fromSc.swaup,swap,castorlinea
mentsofthecountenance,Norsesvipr,likeness,look,aswoop

orflash.
(suaip,exchange,swop;fromtheSc.swap,Eng.swop.
suairc,civil,meek,soIr.,E.Ir.suarc(c);opposedtoduairc:

*suarci:
suaiteachan,wagging(tails)(Suth.);fromsuathl
suanach,ahide,skin,fleece,coarsegarment,"ploughrein"

(Suth.);cf.Ir.sunach,akindofplaid:
suarach,insignificant,careless,Ir.suarach:*svogro,rootsveg,

sug,Ger.schwack,weak,siech,sick,Eng.sick.Cf.Eng.

sour,Ger.saner,*sura.
suas,up,upwards,Ir.suas,0.Ir.suas:*suas,fromuas,asin

uasal,andtheprefixs,alliedtothefinalsofLat.abs,ex,

Gr.If,irpos,etc.,andtheinitialsofLat.sub,super;possibly

for*ens,Gr.els,fromen,andmeaning"into,""to"(Rhys'

M.Pray?156).
Suath,rub,mix,knead,Ir.suathaim,knead,mix,M.Ir.suaihaim

(do.),E.Ir.suata,polisheddown,rootsout,sut,mix;cf.

Eng.seethe,NorsesjotSa,cook,seethe,Got.suaths,aburnt

offering.
^subailte,supple;fromtheEng.
subh,subhag(suibheagorsui'eag,Dial.)araspberry,subh,

fruitgenerally(Arg.),Ir.suibh,astrawberry,sughog,rasp
berry(Fob),0.Ir.subi,fragae,W.syfi,strawberry,Br.sivi;

asideformtorootsugasinsiigh.Cf.Gr.vfaap,akindof

mistletoe,
subhach,merry,soIr.,E.Ir.subach,0.Ir.sube,joy;oppositeof

dubhach:*sobvio,"wellbeing,"fromrootbu,be(seebu,

etc.).
subhailc,virtue,Ir.subhailce(subhailce,Con.),0.Ir.sualig,

virtus,sualchi(pi.):*sualich(Asa,Zim.154),rootatof

altram(DrCameron).
suchd,sake,account(M'A.):
sud(Dial,sid),yon,Ir.sud,E.Ir.sut,siut,illud,illic,W.hwnt

(hwnt),other,yonder,Br.hont;fromtherootofso;sud=

sut(Rhys).Alsoud.
sudh,aseambetweentheplanksofaship;fromNorsesice?,

asuture(onlyusedfortheclinchingofaship'sboards),from

s'yja,sow,Eng.sew,suture.
SUg,SUgradh,mirth,Ir.sugadh,sUgradh,E.Ir.sucach:
sug,suck,imbibe;fromSc.souk,sook,Eng.suck,Ag.S.sucan.

Seesiigh.

352ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

sugan,corrashugain,thereflectionofraysoflightfromany

movingluminousbodyfromtherooforwallofahouse:
SUgan,aropeoftwistedstraw,Ir.sugdn,suagan,straworhay

rope,suag,arope(O'R.):*souggo,rootsougofsuaineadh,

q.v.Hencesuigean,acircleofstrawropesinwhichgrain

iskeptinabarn.
SUgh,juice,sap,also(asvb.)drain,suckup,Ir.sugh,sughaim,

E.Ir.sugim:*sdgo,suck,*siigo,juice;Lat.sugo,suck;

Ag.S.sHcan,Eng.suck,soak.W.hassug,juice,sugno,suck.

sug,such,W.sug,fromLat.sucus(Stokes).
SUgh,awave(A.M'D.),motionofthewaves(H.S.D.);rootsup,

swing,Lit.supti,swing,Lat.dissipo,scatter1?
Suicean,agagforacalf;foundedonsiig,Sc.sook.
suidh,sit,suidhe,aseat,sitting,Ir.suidhim,E.Ir.suidim,

sudim,0.Ir.suidigur,suide,aseat:*sodeio,*sodion,root

sed,sod,W.seddu,sedd,Br.azeza,sit;Lat.sedeo;Gr.

tfpfxau,e'Sos,aseat;Eng.sit,seat;Lit.sedeti;Skr.sddati,

sddati,sit,set.
suil,eye,Ir.,0.Ir.suil:*sulis,alliedto*sdvalis,sun,W.haul,

heid,sun,Cor.heuul,Br.heaul;Lat.sdl,sun;Gr.tjXlos,

(=sdvelios),sun;Got.sauil,sun;Lit.sdul'e(do.).
suilbh,cheer,hospitality,geniality:*sulubi,rootlubh,please,

love,Lat.libet,Eng.love.Itinfluencesthemeaningof

SUilbhir,originally"eloquent."
suilbhir,cheerful,soIr.,M.Ir.suilbir,0.Ir.sulbir,eloquence,

E.W.helabar,nowhylafar,eloquence:fromsuorsoand

labhair,speak:"easyspoken."
Sllim,asum,Ir.suim,W.sum,M.Eng.summe;fromLat.summa,

sum,chief,
suim,attention,respect,Ir.suim;ametaphoricuseofsuim,sum

(DrCameron).
ysuipeir,asupper,Ir.suipeir;fromtheEng.

suire,amaid,nymph,Ir.suire(O'Cl.),asiren(suire,O'B.,Lh.,

etc.,mermaids);fromLat.siren,withleaningonsuirghe,

courtship1ThewordisdoubtfulGaelic;H.S.D.findsonly

anOssianBalladtoquote,
suiridhe,acourting,suiridheach(bettersuirtheachorsuireach,

M'A.),awooer,soIr.,alsosurighim,Iwoo,M.Ir.suirge,

wooing,suirgech,procus:*sureg,rootreg,direct,etc.1
Suist,aflail,Ir.suist(e),M.Ir.sust,suiste,W.fust,N.thust,sust,

flail;fromLat.fustis,club,
suith,soot,Ir.suithche,M.Ir.suithe,0.Ir.suidi,fuligine,W.

huddygl(cf.hudd,dark),Br.huzel(Fr.suie):*sodio,root

sed,sit,settle;Eng.soot,Ag.S.sot,Norsesot.Doubtful.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.353

sulair,thegarmet;fromNorsestila,sulan,thegannet,whence

Eng.so^emgoose.
sulchar,cheerful,affable;sideformofsuilbhir1
suit,fat,fatness,joy,Ir.suit,E.Ir.suit:*sultu,rootsvel;Ag.S.

swellan,Eng.swell;Lat.solum,sea;Gr.craAos.tossing.
Sumag,clothbelowapacksaddle;ultimatelyfromL.Lat.sauma,

packsaddle,whenceFr.sommier,mattress,Eng.sumpter.
sumaich,givetheduenumber(asofcattleforpasture);from

Sc.soum.
sumaid,abillow,Ir.sumaid(O'R.andM'L.,sumaid)jseemingly

fromEng.summit.TheG.alsomeans"externalsenses"

(H.S.D.).
sumain,summon,asummons;fromtheEng.
sumainn,asurge,billow;seesumaid.
sumair,thedroneofabagpipe:

sumhail,closepacked,tidy;oppositeofddmhail,q.v.
sunais,lovageaplant,Ir.sunais;alsosiunas:
sunnd,sunnt,goodhumour,cheerfulness,Ir.sonntach,merry

(O'CL,O'B.),sonnda,bold,suntaidh,active,E.Ir.suntich,

spirited:*sondeto,Eng.sound1
sunnag,aneasychairoftwistedstraw:
xsupail,supple(M'A.);fromtheEng.

surd,alacrity,cheerfulness;cf.W.ckwardd,laughter,Corn.

wherzin,ridere;rootsver,sing,speak;Eng.swear,Lat.

susurrus,whisper,etc.M.Ir.sord,bright(*surdo),is

referredbyStokestothesameoriginasLat.serenus.
surrag,ventofakiln;cf.sbrn.
surramsuain,asoundsleep;surram,snoringnoiseasofone

asleep:
susbaint,substance,Ir.substaint;fromLat.substantia.
susdal,abustling,pother,affectedshyness:
suth,anything(Dial.),Ir.,E.Ir.suth,weather;rootsu,produce,

E.Ir.suth,milk;Gr.vet,itrains;asinsugh,q.v.Further

alliedisrootsu,beget,0.Ir.suth,offspring,Eng.sun.
suthainn,eternal,Ir.suthain,0.Ir.suthain,suthin;fromsu,so

andtan,time,q.v.;sutan\s(Stokessee).

T
ta,tha,is,Ir.td,E.Ir.td,is,tdim,Iam,0.Ir.tdu,td,sum,td,
tda,est,especiallyattda(atthebeginningofasentence),est
(=adtdt,Lat.adsto)anditd,itda,"inwhichis":*tdjo,
*tdjet,rootstd,stand;Lat.std,stat,stand,Fr.ete,having
been;Ch.SI.stoja,Istand;furtherEng.stand,Gr.toT7yju,t
(foraLardfxi),set,Lat.sisto.Seeseasfurther.

43

354ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

tabaid,fight,brawl;Br.hastabutoflikeforce;seesabaid.Cf.

Sc.debate.
tabar,atabor,Ir.tabdr;fromtheEng.
tabh,thesea,ocean;fromNorsehaf,Swed.haf,Dan.hav,the

opensea,Ag.S.haef.FromNorsealsocomestheSc.(Shet.)

haaf,opensea.
tabh,aspoonnet;fromNorsehdfr,apocknet.
tabhach,asuddeneruption,aforcing,apull,Ir.tabhach,sudden

eruption,compulsion,tobhackaim,Icompel,E.Ir.tobach,

levying,distraint,fromdobongaim:forrootseebuain.
tabhachd,substantiality,effectiveness,Ir.tdbhachd,M.Ir.

tabhuchta(Meyer):
tabhair,give,soIr.,E.Ir.tabraim,0.Ir.tabur,do,postparticle

formofdobiur,nowG.bheir,q.v.:inf.tabhairt,soIr.See

thoir.
tabhal,asling,Ir.tabhall,E.Ir.taball,W.tafl,acast,tajlu,

jacere,Cor.toula,Br.taol,acast,blow:*taballo,roottab,

tofire,sling;cf.Eng.stab.
tabhairn,aninn,tavern,Ir.tabhairne;fromLat.taberna,Eng.

tavern.
tabharnach,noisy(Suth.):
tabhann,barking,Ir.tathfan:*tosven,rootsven,sound(see

seinn).
tabhastal,tediousnonsense:
tac,alease,tack;fromSc.tack.
tacaid,atack,tacket,Ir.taca;fromtheEng.
tacan,awhile,shorttime;fromtac.
tacar(tacar,H.S.D.),provision,plenty,support,Ir.tacar,a

collection,gleaning,contrivance.Cf.N.taka,income,
tachair,meet,happen,Manxtaghyrt,tohappen,anaccident,Ir.

tachair,hearrivedat;fromtoandcar,turn,
tacharan,aghost,yellingofaghost,anorphan,Ir.tachardn:
tachas,itching,scratching,Ir.tochas:
tachd,choke,Ir.tachdaim,0.Ir.tachtad,angens.Stokesgives

therootastakandreferstoitalsoW.tagu(andystagu),

choke,Cor.,Br.taga.BrugmannandAscolianalysetachd

intotoacht,rootangh,Lat.ango,choke,Gr.ayxw>Eng.

anger.RoottakasinLat.tacere(Prellwitz).
tachras,windingyarn,Ir.tocharais,tochardadh,M.Ir.tochartagh:

*tocert,rootqert,wind,asinceirtle.
tacsa,tacas(Dial.),support,substance;cf.taic.
tadh,aledge,layer;cf.spadh.
tadhal,frequenting,visiting,Ir.tadhall,0.Ir.tadal,dat.tadill,

inf.oftaidlim,doaidlibem,visitabimus,adall,diverticulum:


OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.355

*toadell,from*elno(Stokes),go,M.W.elwyfi,iero,Corn.
yllyf,earn,rootela,Lat.ambulare,walk,Gr.eAawto,drive,
proceed;likelyalsoFr.aller,go.

tadhal,goal,hail;fromEng.hail.

tagair,plead,Ir.tagair(imper.),tagraim,E.Ir.tacraim,0.Ir.
tacre,argumentum:*toadgar,rootgar,asingoir,agair.

tagh,choose,Ir.toghaim,0.Ir.togu,eligo,electio:*toguso,
rootgus,choose,taste;Lat.gusto,taste;Gr.yevm,taste;
Eng.choose.

taghairm,noise,echo,amodeofdivinationbylisteningtothe
noiseofwatercascades,Ir.toghairm,summons,petition,
0.Ir.togairm,invocatio;fromtoandgairm.

taghan,themarten:

tagradh,ghost(Suth.R.D.):

taibhs,taibhse,anapparition,ghost,Ir.taibhse,vision,ghost,
M.Ir.tadhbais,phantasma,0.Ir.taidbse,demonstratio,
tadbat,demonstrat,*tadbator*toadbat,rootbat,show,see,
speak,I.E.bhd,bhanasinban,q.v.Gr.(faavracrfxa,Eng.
phantasmandphantomarecloselyalliedtotheG.

taibid,ataunt;seeteabaid.

taibse,proprietyofspeech:"precision,"E.Ir.tepe,cutting;see
teabaid.

taic,support,proximity,Ir.taca,prop,surety,fastening,toice,
prop,wealth,tacamhuil,firm,aice,support,food,near,M.Ir.
aicc,abond,E.Ir.aicce,relationship:*akki,*pakki~,root
pak,bind;Lat.paciscor,agree,pax,peace;Eng.fang,Got.
fahan,seize:Zendpa$,bind.Therootisatripletpak,
pag,pagh(Gr.Trryyvv^i,makefast,Lat.pango,Eng.page,
etc.).ZimmerrefersE.Ir.aiccetotherootofagus,aig.

taidhe,attention,heed,Ir.uidh,0.Ir.old,did,conoi,servat:
*audi,rootav,watch,Lat.aveo,desire,audeo,dare,Skr.av,
favour(seedillfurther).ThetofG.isduetothephrase
"Thoirtaidhe(=thoirdoaidhe)"Takethyheed:aphrase
towhichthewordispracticallyrestricted,andwhich
accountsfortheshortvoweloftheG.andIr.,thesentence
accentbeingontheverb.

taidheam,meaning,import;seeoidheam.

taifeid,abowstring:

taig,attachment,custom;cf.aig,at.

taigeis,haggis;fromSc.haggis,0.Fr.hachis,Eng.hashtfrom
hack.

taighlich,chattels(Heb.);asideformofteaghlach.

tail,substance,wages,taileas,wages,Ir.tdille,wages,M.Ir.
taile,salarium,W.tdl,payment,Cor.,0.Br.tal,solvit,root

356ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

tal,tel,take,hold;Gr.rakavrov,atalent,Eng.talent,reAos,

toll;Lat.tollo,lift,Eng.thole,etc.
tailce,strength,Ir.talcdnta,strong,E.Ir.talce,tailce:*talkid,

rootalk,strong,Gr.aA/oj,strength,aAe^w,defend,
tailceas,contempt;cf.tarcuis.
taileasg,backgammon,chess,Ir.tdibhleis,backgammontable,

backgammon,M.Ir.taiflis,draughtboard,tables,W.tawl

fwrdd,draughtboard;fromM.Eng.tables,backgammon,

fromtable,Norsetafl<game,chess,
tailebart,halberd;fromtheEng.TheIr.,M.Ir.ishalabard,

whichStokesregardsasderivedfromtheFr.hallebard.
taileas,wages;seetail.
tailgneachd,prophecy;fortairgneachd,q.v.
taille,apprenticefee,premium(M'A.,whohastailleabh);see

tail.
taille,tailleabh(M'A.),consequence,airtaille,onaccountof;

cf.M.Ir.ahaithle,after,asahaithlesin,thereafter,0.G.

asddthle,thereafter(B.ofDeer),aithle,remnant,
taillear,atailor,Ir.tailiur,W.teiliwr;fromtheEng.,M.Eng.

tailor,taylor,fromFr.tailleur.
tailm,atool,sling,noose,Ir.tailmh,asling,E.Ir.tailm(do.),

W.telm,laqueus,Br.talm,sling:*talksmi(Stokes);Ch.

SI.tluka,strike,
tailmrich,bustle,noise;for*tair?nrith,E.Ir.tairmrith,trans

cursus,fromtairm,cross,trans(seethar),andruith,run.
tailp,abundle,bunch(Sh.,O'B,.):
taimh,death,mortality,Ir.tdimh,E.Ir.tdm,plague:*tdmo,

death;cf.Skr.tdmyati,choke,Ch.SI.tomiti,vexare.Cf.,

however,tctmh,rest,
taimhlisg,traduce(Carm.):
tain,cattle,drove,Ir.tdin,cattle,spoil,E.Ir.tain:*toagni,

rootag,drive,Lat.ago,etc.
taing,thanks;fromtheEng.thank.
tainneamh,thaw(Arran),Manxtennue,Ir.tionadh,0.Ir.tinaidt

evanescit,roottenasintana.Seeaiteamh.
taip,amass,Ir.taip;seetap.

tair,contempt,Ir.tdir,E.Ir.tar;for*toshdr;seesdr.
tair,get,obtain,come,Ir.tair,comethou,E.Ir.tair(do.),tair,

venies;fromtairicim,Iarriveat,come,catch,for*toairic,

rooticofthig,q.v.
tairbeart,anisthmus,peninsula:*tarbertd,fromtar(seethar,

cross)andberofbeir:"crossbringing,portage."
tairbhe,profit,soIr.,0.Ir.torbe:Hoforbe,wherebecomesfrom

*bvid,roothi,be(seebu).

OETHEGAELICLANGUAGE.357

tairbheartach,profitable,soIr.,E.Ir.tairbert,yielding,giving
up:*toairber,fromtheverbheir,bring.

tairbhein,surfeit,bloodyflux(Carm.):

tairg,offer,tairgse,anoffer,Ir.tairgim,tairgsin,E.Ir.tairgim,
tharscin(dat.):*toairges,rootges,carry(Lat.gero),asin
agus%Ascolicompares0.Ir.taircim,affero,tairciud,
oblatio,tribuere,fromtoadroic,rooticofthig.

tairgneachd,tailgneachd,tairgire,prophecy,Ir.tairrgire,tair
gire,prophecy,promise,0.Ir.tairngire,promissio:*toair
indgarid,rootgarasingoir.

tairiosg,asaw;seetuireasg.

tairis,thedairymaid'scrytocalmacow:cf.0.Ir.tairissim,sto,
*toairsess,fromsessasinseas,q.v.

tairis,kind,loving,Ir.tairis,loyal,E.Ir.tairisse,true,loyal:
"stable,"fromtoairsess,fromsess,stop,stand,asinseas,q.v.

tairisgein,peatspade;seetoirsgian.

tairleas,turlas,cupboardoraumrie(Perth):Sc.tirless,lattice,
wicket,Fr.trellis.

tairm,necromancy(Sh.,O.R);seetaghairm.

tairneanach,thunder,Ir.toirneack,tdirn;seetorrunnforroot,etc.

taimg,tarrang,anail,Ir.,E.Ir.tairnge;fromtarruing1

tais,soft,Ir.tais,E.Ir.taise,tasse,weakness:*taxi,soft(Gaul.
Taximagulus1),roottak,weak,melting,Gr.raKepos(do.),
t/Jkw,melt;furtherLat.tabes,Eng.thaw.Bezzenberger
suggestsGr.rdyrjvov,ameltingpot,saucepan.

taisbean,reveal,Ir.taisbeanaim,E,Ir.taispenim,taissfenim,
0.Ir.asfenimm,testificor,doairfenus,exploravi;theold
Gaelicrootisfen,ben,whichmaybecognatetoGr.<f>aiv(a
(seetaibkse).Zeussregardedthesasputbeforethebby
metathesis,thewordbeingofthesameoriginastaibhse.

taisdeal,ajourney,taisdil(Cars.),journey(v.imp.)Ir.taisdiol,:
*toasdel,*adsod,rootsod,asinastar.

taisealan,taisealan(M'E.),saints'relics,E.Ir.taisse:

taisg,deposit,storeaway,tasgaidh,depository,Ir.taisgim,E.Ir.
taiscim,doroisechtsa,iddeposui:*toadsec,rootseq,follow,
beside,asinseach,past;theideaoftheverbbeing"put
past."(ErnaultZeit.Celt.2384.segh).

taisgeal,findingofanything,taisgealach,aspy,Ir.taiscealladh,
spying,betraying,M.Ir.taiscelad,0.Ir.taiscelaid,explorator,
pi.taisceltai,dosceulaim,experior;fromtoscel,fromsgeul,
story(Windisch).Hencetaisgealadh,news.

taitheasg,arepartee,ir.taitheasg,aitheasg(O'Br.,etc.),0.Ir.
taithesc,answer,aithesc,admonitio,W.ateb,areply:*ati
seq,rootseq,say,asinsgeul.

358ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

taitinn,pleasing,Ir.taithneamhach,M.Irtaitnemach,bright,
shining,E.Ir.taitnim,Ishine,taitnemach,shining,0.Ir.
taitnem,lucina,light:*taithtennim,toaithtenn,roottenof
teine,fire(Windisch).Stokes(Bez.Beit.18,112),divides
taitnemintotaitandnem,Pictishnamet,albus.

tal,adze,Ir.,0.Ir.tdl:*toaglo(rathertaglo?),Got.aqisi,axe,
Eng.axe(Strachan).StokesgivesapreGaelic*tdkslo,root
tek,Ch.SI.tesla,axe,Lat.telum(=texlum),weapon,Gr.
tktu)v,carpenter;buttekdoesnotappeartohaveaside
formtdk,andtdkslowouldproducetall(tokslo,Foy).But
cf.Lat.pdla,spade,forroot,andforphoneticsG.toreand
Lat.porcus.

talach,complaining,Ir.talach,dispraise,reproach:

taladh,enticing,hushing,caressing;fromNorsetdl,allurement,
bait,trap,Ag.S.tdl,calumny,rootddl,del,Lat.dolus,
guile,SrjkcofxaL,hurt(Dor.SaAeo/xai).

talainte,apartitionordividingwall;fromSc.halland,hallon.
Dial.G.hasalsotallaid.

talamh,earth,soIr.,0.Ir.talam,g.talman:*talmon,for
tlmon,roottel;Lat.tellus,earth(fortel6s),*tel,flat;Gr.
TrjXta,aboard;Ag.S.thelu,board(roottel);Skr.talas,
levelground;Ch.SI.tilo,pavement(roottl).Stokesjoins
hereCeltictalos,brow,Gaul.Dubnotalos,Argiotalos
(PictishTalorgan),W.tdl,brow,Cor.tdl,Br.tal.

talan,featsofarms,chivalry,Ir.talan(O'B.,Sh.,etc.);see
talannfororigin.

talann,atalent,Ir.tallann,0.Ir.talla,nd;fromLat.talentum,
Eng.talent.

talfuinn,ahoe;fromtdlandfonn.

talla,ahall,Ir.alia,M.Ir.all;fromNorsehall,holl,Eng.hall,
alliedtoG.ceall,q.v.

talmaich,honour(Carm.):

tamailt,aninsult,offence,Ir.tdmailt,Br.tamall,reproach,root
stemb,abuse,I.K.stengo,stamp,Gr.otc/x/^w,shake,misuse,
abuse,oro^eco,scold,Eng.stamp(Stokes,JubainvilleRev.
Celt}6,365).

tamll,rest,Ir.tdmh,E.Ir.tdm:*tdmo,rootstdm,std,sta,stand,
Eng.stand,station,stamina;seeseas.Usuallytdmh,rest,
andtdimh,death,arereferredtothesameroot.

tamhasg,blockhead,brownie;seeamhas.Fortermination,cf.
iiruisg,tannazg.

tamhladh,agulpingmovement(M'D.):

tamull,awhile,spaceoftime,Ir.tamall:*toadmelno,from
melno,linger,Gr./zcAag),linger(Stokes).Seemall.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.359

tan,time,antan,when,Ir.tan,antan,0.Ir.tan,intain,intan,
quum,quando:*tand,time;Skr.tan,duration,tand,con
tinually.Roottan,ten,extend,asintana,q.v.

tana,thin,Ir.,0.Ir.tana,Cor.tanow,Br.tanaw,butW.teneu:
*tanavo,thin;Lat.tenuis,thin,tendo,stretch;Gr.ravaos,
raw,long,stretched,t<e/W,stretch;Eng.thin,Ger.dilnn;
Ch.SI.tlnuku;Skr.tanu.

tanaiste,nextheir,tanist,anythingsecond,Ir.tdnaiste,lieu
tenant,secondincommand,heirapparent,0.Ir.tdnai&e,
secundus,imthanu,alternation,innimthdna,talionem:
*toatn,rootatofaih,"re,"Skr.at,also*atsmen,ofdm,
time,q.v.(Strachan).Rhys{Celt.Br.2,308)suggestscon
nectionwithW.tan,till,Lat.tenus,rootten(noroottan?).

tancard,atankard,Ir.tancdrd;fromEng.

tannas,tannasg,anapparition,ghost;fromtherootoftana?

taobh,aside,Ir.taobh,E.Ir.tbeb,tdib,0.Ir.toib,W.,Cor.,Br.
tu:*toibos,rootsteibh,sti,stiff,standing;Lat.tibia,shin
bone(pi.);Lit.staibis,post,shinbone(pi.),staibus,strong;
Gr.crricf)6s,strong;furtherEng.stiff,Lat.stipes,log.

taod,ahalter,cable,hairrope,Ir.te'ad,arope;seetend.

taodhair,anapostate,Ir.taodhaire(Lh.,O'B.):

taodhal,frequenting;seetadhal.

taoghas,thegrave:

taoig,afitofpassion(Sh.,O'R.):

taois,dough,Ir.taos,E.Ir.toes,0.Ir.tdis,massam,W.toes,Br.
toas:*taisto,*stajtsto,rootstaj,concrescere;Gr.otcu's
(g.otcutos),dough,o~reap(g.arearo^for*stajatos,*stajntos);
Lat.stiria,adrop.

taoitear,oversman,tutor(Sutherland,etc.);fromLat.tutor,
Eng.tutor.Seesaoitear.

taom,pourout,empty(vb.),ajet,torrent(n.),taoim,bilgewater,
Ir.taomaim(taodhmaim),taodhm(n.),E.Ir.tdem,ajet,
taeim,sentina,0.Ir.tuismiud,delivery,*tofoesssem:*toad
smmen,rootsem,letgo,fromse,Lit.semiu,draw(aswater),
Lat.simpulum,ladle(Stokes).Cf.0.Ir.teissmim,Ipour
out(=toesssemim).BorrowingfromNorsetomr,empty,
Eng.toom,isnottobethoughtof.

taom,afitofrage,Ir.taom(O'B.,etc.),M.Ir.taem:

taosg,apour,rush,exactfullofaliquidmeasure,Ir.taosgaim,I
drain,pourout,E.Ir.toesca,spilling,taescaire,abaler,
pumper:*toadsemsko,rootsemasintaom?

taosnadh,horseplay(R.D.):

tap,toworwoolonthedistaff,forelock,"buskahook,"(Arg.),
Ir.tap,tapdn;fromM.Eng.top,tuftofhairorflax,top,
Sc.tap.

360ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

tapaidh,clever,active,soIr.,E.Ir.tapad,suddenness,alertness,

top,sudden;fromthesamerootasobann(Stokes),
tapdubh,tattoo(R.D.).
taplach,awallet,repository,Ir.taplaigh;fortaplach,fromtap,

tow,etc.
tarachair,augur,soIr.;fortarathar.Seetora.
taraid,truncheonorstaffofauthority(Hend.):
taran,theghostofanunbaptisedinfant(Sh.,O'R.);fortacharan?
tarbh,abull,Ir.tarbh,E.Ir.tarbh,W.tarw,Corn,tarow,Br.

taro,tarv,Gaul,tarvos:*tarvos;Lat.taurus;Gr.Taupos

(=Tapfos);Pruss.tauris,buffalo,Ch.SI.turu,auroch.

PrellwitzthinkstheCelticnotalliedtoGr.Tavpos,etc.,

whichhereferstotheroottau,tu(stugivesEng.steer).
tarcuis,alsotalcuis,contempt.Ir.,M.Ir.tarcuisne,E.Ir.

tarcusul:
targadh,ruling,governing,assembly(Lh.,etc.),Ir.targadh:
targaid,atarget,Ir.targdid;fromEng.
targair,foretell,Ir.tairrghirim;seetairgneachd.
tarladh,ithappened;seetharladh.
tarlaid,aslave,thrall;fromEng.varlet?
tarmachadh,producing,originating,source,dwelling,Ir.tormach,

anincreasing,agrowingripeforbearing,magnifying,0.Ir.

tdrmack,anincrease:*to~formach,rootmag,power(Eng.

may,might,etc.).
tarmachan,aptarmigan,Ir.tarmochan;Eng.ptarmiganishence

(Skeat).Alsotarman,fromtarm,murmur(Carm.):
tarmachand6,whitebutterfly(Carm.):
tarmus,dislikeoffood:*toairmeas;seemeas.
tamach,thunderclap;seetairneanach.
tarnadair,innkeeper;fromL.Lat.tabernator,tavernkeeper,

Lat.taberna,Eng.tavern.
tarp,aclod,lump(Sh.,O'B.,etc.),Ir.tarp,tarpdn;fromNorse

torf,aturf,sod,Eng.turf.
tarr,lowerpartofthebelly,tail,breast,Ir.tdrr,belly,lowerpart

ofthebelly,E.Ir.tarr,W.tor,Br.tor,0.Br.tar:*tarsd,

tarmsd;Sc.thairm,belly,gut,Eng.tharm,Ger.darm,

bowels;Gr.rpa/xis,tail,entrail,hipjoint.Stokesgivesthe

Celtic*targsd,alliedtoLat.tergus,back,
tarrag,anail;seetdirng.
tarruing,pull,draw,soIr.,E.Ir.tairrngim:*toairrengim,from

E.Ir.ringim,hang,tear,fromreng,anasalisedformofreg,

stretch(seeruighe).
tarraid,alsotearraid,sheriffofficer,tipstaff(Dial.);seeearraid.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.361

tarsuinn,transverse,across,Ir.tarsna,tarsa,trasna,M.Ir.,E.Ir.

tarsnu,across;fromtar,across(seethar),andsainnof

ursainn,q.v.
tart,thirst,Ir.,0.Ir.tart:*tar(s)to;Eng.tkurst,Ger.durst,

Gr.Tpcro[Acu,becomedry;Lat.torreo,burn,tostum(*torstum),

Eng.toast;Skr.tarsh,thirst,Zd.taresh:I.E.ters,dry.
tartan,tartan;fromEng.,Sc.tartan,fromFr.tiretaine,linsie

wolsie.
tartar,noise;reduplicationofroottar,torintbirneanach.
tasan,tediousdiscourseorscolding,Ir.tasanach,tedious,slow

(Lh.marksitobsoleteandqueriesmeaning):
tasdan,ashilling;fromSc.testan,testoon,asilvercoinofthe

16thcenturywithMary'shead(teste)onit,the"inglis

testane"beingworth8shillingsScots,Eng.tester,worth6d;

originallysocalledfromthecoinsofLouisXI[.(1500)with

hishead{teste,Fr.tete,head)onthem,
tasgaidh,depository,atreasure:"Athasgaidh"Thoutreasure;

seetaisg.
tataidh,attract,attachonetooneself,tadadh(inf.),taiteadh

(Perth),tame:*taddam,rootdamofaidich.
tath,cement,join(M'F.,Lh.),Ir.tdthaim,tdth,solderorglue,

W.todi,construct,join:*t&to,*stdto,constitute,rootsta,

stand1?
tathaich,visit,frequent,tendencytovomit(Hend.),Ir.tathuiyhim,

M.Ir.aithigim;formedfromtheprep,aith,back,rather

thanacompoundoftiagaimasinimthich,ourimich(thatis,

*atitig,gobackagain).Stokesprefersrootat,go,formerly

discussedundertctnaiste.
tathunn,barking;seetabhunn.
t6,awoman,female,she,Ir.anti,shewho,ante,hewho

(O'Donovansayseithermeans"heorshewho"or"person

who"),0.Ir.inti,is(qui),indiea(quae),aniid(quod):the

articleandtheencliticparticlei,forwhichseen%,andcf.t\

hewho.
t6,t6a,insipid,slightlyfermented;fromrootofteas;cf.tepid.
teabaid,ataunt,repartee(Dial.),teab,aflippantperson'smouth

(M'A.),teibidh,smart:"cutting,"E.Ir.tepe(toaithbe,

Stokes),acutting,0.Ir.taipe,concisio,brevitas:*tadbe

(=toadbe),reducedrootbe,cut,imdibe,circumcisio,etc.,

rootbi,bin,asinbean,touch,q.v.
teach,jahouse,Ir.teach,0.Ir.tech,teg,g.tige,W.ty,Cor.ti,

0.Br.teg,tig,ti,nowti:*tegos,g.tegesos;Gr.rkyos,roof,

cnkyo),cover;Lat.tegotcover,tectum,house:Eng.thatch,

44

362ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Ger.dach;Lit.si'egiu,cover;Skr.sthagati,cover.Seetigh

forusualnom.case,
teachd,coming,arrival,Ir.teachd,0.Ir.techt,aditus,itio,W.

taith,iter,Br.tiz,diligence,haste:*tiktd,rootstig,steig,as

intighinn,q.v.Somederiveitfromthigortig,q.v.Hence

teachdaire,messenger.
teachd,legal,lawful,M.Ir.techta,Uchta,0.Ir.te'chte,fitting,

legalis,lex:*tenctio,roottenq,become,chance,produce,

Eng.thing,Lit.tenku,chance,befall,Lat.tempus.Dial.

formdeic,chadeic,q.v.
teachd,teuchd,sillyboasting(Arg.).
teadalach,slow,dilatory:
teadhair,atether;fromSc,Eng.tether,tedder,Norsetjdftr,tjor,

Swed.tjuder.
teagair,collect,provide,shelter,Ir.teagar,provision,shelter,

teagarach,warm,snug,teagairim,store,provide;cf.eagar.
teagamh,doubt,suspense;seetheagamh.
teagasg,teaching,soIr.,E.Ir.tecotc:*toaithcosc,forwhichsee

caisg.
teaghlach,family,household,soIr.,0.Ir.teglach,W.teulu,0.W.

telu,Corn,teilu,familia:*tegoslougo,fromthestemsoftigh

andsluagh.Theterminationlackfrom*slougosmakes

abstractcollectivenouns,whichareusedforsingleobjectsor

persons;asdglach,youngman,really"youth,"or"young
people,"justas"youth"isalsousedinEng.asaconcrete

noun"ayouth."
teallach,hearth,forge,Ir.teallach,E.Ir.tenlach,tellach:*tene

lach,fromteine,fire,andterminallach(seeteaghlach).
teallaid,alustyorbunchywoman(M'F.):
teamhaidh,pleasant,Ir.teamhair,pleasant,Tara,E.Ir.temair,

delightful,omnislocusconspicuus:*stemri1
teamhair,time(Suth.):Lat.1
teamhall,slightswoonorstun'Ir.teimheal,darkness,0.Ir.

temel(do.),Skr.tdmas,Lit.tamsa,Lat.tenebrae,temere,

rashly,
teampull,temple,church,Ir.teampoll,0.Ir.tempul,W.teml,

Corn,tempel;fromLat.templum.
teanacadh,deliverance,succour,teanacas,healing:*tindioc,

fromhoc,heal,
teanchair,pincers,smith'stongs,Ir.teanchoir,tongs,pincers,

0.Ir.tenchor,forceps:*tencor,"fireputter,"fromthestem

ofteine,fire,andcor,seenincuir,put.
teanga,teangadh,atongue,Ir.teanga,0.Ir.tenge,gen.tengad:

*tengot,fromstengh,sting(Eng.sting,Ger.Stengel,stalk),

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.363

whichisfromzdngk,fromdngh,whenceLat.dingua,Eng.

tongue?Stokes(Academy,Oct.'91)hascomparedLat.tango

(soWindisch,Scot.Celt.Rev.,34).Rhyshasconsideredthe

probabilitiesofalliancewithW.tafod,Corn,tavot,Br.teod,

olderteaut(*tebdto)inManxPray.2,1367.
teann,tight,tense,nearto,Ir.teann,0.Ir.tend,W.tyn,tight,

stretched:*tendo;Lat.tendo,Istretch,tentus,stretched

(Stokes,Rev.Celt.13,124);inanycasefromroottenoftana.

Foygivessten;N.stinnr,rough,hard.Cf.Gr.arevos.
tearb,separate,Ir.tearbadh(O'CL),severance,M.Ir.terpud,E.Ir.

terbaim,terbud:*terbe,Gadelicreducedrootbe,cut,for

whichseeteabaid?
tearc,scarce,rare,Ir.tearc,E.Ir.terc:*ter(s)qos,rare,rootters,

dry(asintart);Lat.tesqua(=tersquos),deserts.
tearmann,asanctuary,protection,soIr.,M.Ir.termain,termonn,

W.terfyn;fromLat.termoin),terminus,end,"endofrace

forlifebyreachingchurchlands"orTermonlandes(Ducange).
tearr,tar,Ir.tearr;fromM.Eng.terve,Norsetjara.
tearuinn,save,escape,tearnadh(inf.),Ir.tearnaim,E.Ir.

ternaim,ternam,anescape,ernaim,Iescape:*esrn,rootrw,

Eng.run?
teas,heat,Ir.teas,0.Ir.tess,g.Usa,W.,Corn,tes,Br.tez:*testu,

for*tepstu,roottep,burn,heat;Lat.tepeo,bewarm,Eng.

tepid;Ch.SI.teplo,hotly;Skr.tap,behot,Zd.tap,burn.

See,alsofromtep,teine,teth.Henceteasach,fever,
teasairg",save,deliver,Ir.teasa.rgaim,0.Ir.tessurc,servo,

dumesurcsa,defendome:*toessarc,rootark,defend:Lat.

arceo,wardoff;Gr.a/jKew(do.).Seeadharc.
teasd,die,Ir.teasdaighim,die,fail,M.Ir.,0.Ir.testa,deest,fails;

*toesstd,fromtd,Iam.Cf.,forforce,Lat.desum.
teasdam,Ipreserve,help(Carm.):
teasg,cut,cutoff,Ir.teasgaim,E.Ir.tescaim:*toesssc,rootsec,

cut,Lat.seco,Eng.saw.
teibideach,irresolute:"halting,failing;"cf.Ir.tebim,disappoint,

fail,forwhichseetheab.
teich,flee,Ir.teithim,E.Ir.techim,0.Ir.teichthech,vitabundus,

W.techu,skulk,M.Br.techet,flee:*teko,*tekko,flee,I.E.

rootteq,flow,run;Ch.SI.teku,arun,Lit.teku,flow;Skr.

takti,runs,Zd.taka,course,
teididh,wild,fierce(H.S.D.),wildfire(M'A.):
teilg,afishingline:"acast,"fromtilg,cast,Ir.teilgean,casting%
teilinn,musicalinstrument,teilig,achord(Carm.),W.teluor

telyn,harp.Cf.seillean.
teilleach,ablubcheekedfellow(Dial.);cf.meilleach.

364ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

teine,fire,Ir.teine,0.Ir.tene,g.tened,pi.tenti,W.tdn,Cor.,Br.
tan(inpropernamesalsotanet):*tenet,*tenos,Celticroot
te,fromtep,hot,asinteas,q.v.Notfor*te(p)ne,asusually
said,whichwouldgiveteinenow,nor*tepsne,whichwould
producetennenow;teinesionnachain,phosphorescence,teine
Jionn,willo'thewisp(Suth.).

teinn,calamity,strait;anabstractnounfromteann.

teirig,fail,bespent,die,teireachduinn(inf.),Ir.teiricim(O'B.),
E.Ir.tarnic,itended,from*taric,transire(tar,across,and
icornicofthig,lhainig).Atkinsonjoinsitwithtairicim,
arrive(=toairic),asintair,butthemeaningsscarcelysuit.

teiric,hake,herringhake(Carm.):

teirinn,team,descend,Ir.tearnaim,turnaim,E.Ir.tairnim,0.Ir.
tairinnud,dejectio(=toairinnud),from*endo,go,rootend,
ed,I.E.ped,go(Eng.foot,Lat.pes,etc.,G.uidhe,q.v).

teirisi!thedairymaid'scrytocalmacow;seetairis.

teirm,aterm,lr.tearma,earlier,terma(F.M.);fromM.Eng.
terme,fromLat.terminusthroughFr.

tearmasg,tiormasg,amistake,mischance;cf.eirmis.Herete
maybeforde,ontheanalogyofto,do.

t^is,amusicalair;seeseistforderivation.

teismeid,lastwillandtestament;fromLat.testamentum.

teismeadhon,theexactorverymiddle;teistoess,asinteasairg.

teist,testimony,Ir.teisd*teist,0.Ir.teist,W.tyst,Br.test;from
Lat.testis,Eng.test,etc.

te6,te6dh,makewarm;fromteb,q.v.TheIr.verbisteighim,
inf.teaghadh.

ted,warm,tedchridheach,warmhearted;*tepu,Skr.tapus,
hot,roottepasinteth.Cf.Keating's(ThreeShafts,282),

,tedghrddhuigheas,quiardentiusamat,whereAtkinsoncon
siderstedacomparative.

teom,adole(Carm.):

'tedma,skilful,expert,teom,cunning(Carm.):

teth,hot,Ir.teith,comp.teotha(G.andIr.),M.Ir.te,comp.teou:
*teps(?),roottep,hot,asinteas.The0.Ir.istee,te,
fervidus,pi.teit,from*tepents,g.*tepentos,Lat.tepens.

teuchd,congeal,beparched,Ir.tmchdaim,curdle,coagulate,
M.Ir.techtaige,frozen,0,Ir.coiteichtea,concretionis:
*tenkto,fromI.E.tenq,firm,fast;Eng.tight,Ger.dicht,
close.

teud,astring,Ir.tend,tead,0.Ir.tet,fidis,W.tant:tntd,chord;
Skr.tdntu,tdnti,cord:rootten,stretch,thin,asintana.

teugmhail,battle,contest,disease,Ir.teagmhdil,ameeting,
retribution:*toexcomdhdil,seecomhdhail.Inthesenseof
"disease,"seeeugail.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.365

teum,abite,suddensnatch,wound,E.Ir.temm,W.tarn,abite

Corn,tarn,pi.tymmyn,Br.tamm:*tendmen,roottend,cut;

Lat.tondeo,shear,tinea,aworm;Gr.rkv^m,gnawJCh.SI.

^ta",caedere.

tha,is;seeta.Theaspirationisduetotheuseoftdinrelative

sentences,wherethetisintervocalic,
thaillig,came,Ir.thdnaic,thdinig,venit,0.Ir.tdnic,rdnic,venit,
tdnac,veni:*ananka,Ihavecomeareduplicatedperfect;
Skr.dnamca,hasreached;Gr.rjvey/ve,brought:rootenk,
nak(nank),attain,bring,forwhichseethig.Theaspiration
isduetotheanalogyofotherperfectswhichfollowdo.
thairis,over,across,Ir.tairis,E.Ir.tairis,overit,him;fromtar
(thar)andseore,he,it.Theaspirationis,duetoasup
pressed,orsupposedsuppressed,doora.
thall,over,beyond,Ir.thall,0.Ir.thall,tall:*tall,0.Ir.ol,
quam,indoll,altarach,ultra,al,ultra;rootol,el,ol,Lat.
Me(=olle),alius.Alsoeile,other,whichsee.Theform
thalladstandsforthallud.
thalla,come,comealong,"age,"thallaibh(pi.),E.Ir.tallaim,
takeaway,*talno,roottel,bear(seetldtfi,tail,etc.).Also
interjection:thalla!thalla!well!well!
thar,across,Ir.tar,0.Ir.tar,dar,W.tra,over,track,beyond,
rootter,through,past,Lat.trans,terminus;Skr.tar,pass;
I.E.ter,passthrough,bore.Seetora,troimh.
tharladh,accidit,Ir.tarla,E.Ir.dorala,dorla,0.Ir.tarla:
*torola,thelabeingtheremainsofrootplu,asindol
(Ascoli).
theab,nearlydid(withinf.),Ir.dotheibse,hefailed(O'B.):

"grazed"it,from*tebb,graze,cut,asinteabaid%
theagamh,mayhap,perhaps,0.Ir.tecmaing,accidit,tecmang,
eventus,doecmaingim,accido,for*toexcomang,rootang,
near,asincumhang,q.v.Meyertakes0.Ir.ecmaingfrom
adcombangim,bangrootofbuain.Ithasalsobeenreferred
torootmang,mag,Eng.may,etc.
theid,willgo,Ir.teid,goes,0.Ir.teit,venit,it:*toeit,*ento,
*pento,go,reach,rootpet,pent,go,fly,fall;Lat.pet,seek,
"fallon";Gr.7rt7TTw,fall;Got.finnan,Eng.find.
their,willsay;seedeir.

thig,willcome,Ir.tigim,come,E.Ir.tic,ticc,venit,0.Ir.tic/a,
veniet:*toicc,fromice,*enko,come,reach,rootenk,nak,
nank,attain,bring;Gr.rjveyKa,brought(=G.thainig),a
reduplicatedperf.fromey/c;Skr.dnamca,attained;further
nankofadhlacandLat.nanciscor.

366ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

thoir,give,G.,Ir.tabhair,givethou,q.v.TheG.isfortoir,a

crushedformoftabhair,andthisisaspiratedontheanalogy

ofbheir,gheibh,andespeciallyofthug,itspasttense.
thud,aninterjectionofdislikeorimpatience:Sc.hoot,hoottoot,

Swed.hut,whenceEng.hoot.TheG.isborrowed,
thug",gave,brought,Ir.thug,thugas(1stpers.),E.Ir.tuc,tucas,

dofuc,fromuc,ucc,*udge,fromsaorist*egesst,*egessm,

rootges,carry,Lat.gero,gessi(Zimmer,Zeit,s01567);

whencealsoW.dug,hebore,Cor.duk,Br.dougas.
thugad,thugaibh,thuige,etc.,tothee,toyou,tohim;for

chugad,etc.,q.v.Similarlythunisforchun,gun,gu,q.v.

thunwithgen.isforchum.
ti,anyone,person,Ir.ti,person,anti,ante;seete,rii.
ti,intention,Ir.,E.Ir.ti;arti=intends(GlenmassanMS.):
tiachair,perverse,illdisposed,sick,adwarf,Ir.tiachair,perverse

(O'Cl.,Lh.,O'B.),M.Ir.tiachair,troublesome,E.Ir.tiachaire,

affliction,peevishness:
tiadhan,alittlehill,smallstone,Ir.tiadhan,astone,testicle:
tiamhaidh,gloomy,lonesome,Ir.tiamdha,dark(O'Cl.),E.Ir.

tiamda,dark,afraid:
tiarmail,prudent;cf.tlorail.
tibirt,fountains(Uist;Hend.);seetiobart.
tide,time;fromIcel.tits,Sc,Eng.tide,Ag.S.tid,Ger.zeit.
tigh(fortaigh),ahouse,Ir.tigh,0.Ir.teg,tech;seeteach.
tighearn,tighearna,lord,master,Ir.tighearna,0.Ir.tigerne,W.

teyrn,0.W.tigern,Cor.teem,0.Britishtigernus:*tegernos,

tegernios,roottegoftigh,q.v.
tighil,callwhenpassing(M'A.);thetbeingasintigh,theword

seemsavariantoftadhal.
tighinn,coming,Ir.tighim,Icome,E.Ir.tiagaim,0.Ir.tiagu,

tichtu(tichtin),adventus:*tigo,*teigo,fromrootsteigh,stigh,

go;Gr.oTei'xto,walk;Got.steigan,ascend,Ger.steigen,

Eng.stair;Skr.stighnute,stride,
tilg,cast,castout,vomit,Ir.teilgim,0.Ir.teilcim:toesleic,

"letout,"fromtheoriginalofG.leig,let,q.v.
till,pill,return,Ir.tillim(Keating),fillim,pillim(O'B.)(Ulster

hastill):*svelni,turnround,W.ckwylo,turn,revolve,

chwyl,aturn,course,while(forwhichseeG.seal).Cf.fill.
tim,time;fromtheEng.
timchioll,around,acircuit,soIr.,0.Ir.timchell:*toimmcell,

from1.E.qel,move,go;Lat.colo,tend,celer,swift;Gr.

7r(Xo[xai,go,be,d//.<i7roA.os,attendant;Skr.cdrdrni,move,

go.Seebuachaill.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.367

tinn,sick,Ir.tinn,E.Ir.tind:*tenni,roottenoftana,teann,
teinn.Cf.0.Ir.tinaim,evanesco,Lat.attenuo,Eng.
attenuate.

tinne,achain,link,pieceofacolumn,M.Ir.tinne,flitch,E.Ir.
tinde,ring,link,bar,0.Ir.tinne,chalybs;fromtherootten
oftana.Cf.NorseJ?ind,diaphragm.

tiobaaheap(Arg.);fromEng.heaporG.iob%

ftiobart,awell,0.G.tiprat(gen.,Bk.ofDeer),Ir.tiobar,
tiobrad,E.Ir.tipra,d.tiprait,*toaithbrevant,Celticverb
*bervo,seethe,boil;Gr.<$>pkap,(frpearos,awell;Ger.brunnen,
Eng.burn.Seetobar.

tiodhlac,agift,Ir.tiodhlacadh,E.Ir.tidnacul,0.Ir.tindnacul,
traditio,doindnaich,distribuit:toindnank,rootnank,
bring,get,Lat.nanciscor,obtain;alsorootenkasinthig,
q.v.Hencealsotiodhlaic,bury,andadhlac,q.v.

tiolam,ashortspace,asnatch:

tiolp,snatch,graspeagerly,Ir.tiolpaim:

tiom,soft,timid,G.tioma,tenderness,Ir.time,fear,E.Ir.tim,
soft,timid,timme,fear:*temmi,roottern,faint,Lat.timeo,
fear,Eng.timid;Skr.tarn,tofaint,Zd.tarn,perish.

tiomnadh,awillortestament,Ir.tiomna,0.Ir.timne:*toimm
ne,thenofnebeingtheremainsofdn,mandare,mittere
(Ascoli);cf.0.Ir.adroni,deposuit,immerdni,delegavit,G.
aithne,command,q.v.

tiompan,amusicalinstrumentacymbal,Ir.tiompdn,tabor,
cymbal,drum,E.Ir.tiompan,asmallstringedinstrument;
fromLat.tympanum,atimbrel,drum(Windisch).The
differenceofmeaningbetweenE.Ir.andLat.hascausedsome
todoubttheconnection;andStokesgivestheCelticrootas
temppu,achordorstring,Lit.tempiii,stretch,Ch.SI.tPtiva,
chorda.

tiomsach,collecting,bringingtogether,Ir.tiommghadh,E.Ir.
timmsugud:*toimmsag,rootsagasinionnsuidh,q.v.

tionail,gather,Ir.tionolaim,0.Ir.tindlaim,tinolaim,doinola,
applicat:*toinolaim,whereolaisreferredbyStokesto
*oklo,*poklo,joining,uniting,Ger.filgen,tofit,fiige,joint;
Lat.paciscor,bargain,bind;Skr.pdcas,aknot,Zd.pa^,bind.
Ascoliregardsitas*toinodlu,rootlu,phiofdol,but*odlu
wouldrathermean"goout,""gooff."W.cynnull,gathering,
Corn,cuntell,0.Br.contxdlet,are,accordingtoErnault,
borrowedfromLat.contuli.

tionnail,likenessofanypersonorthing:*tionnail,fromionnan,
like.

tionndadh,turning,Ir.tiontodh,O.Ir.tintuith,g.tintuda
tintathigh,interpretes:*toindsout,rootsuofiompaidh,q.v.

368ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

tionnsgainn,abeginning,devising,tionnsgal,ingenuity,Ir.
tionnscnadh,abeginning,device,plotting,tionsgiodal,manag
ing,industry,0.Ir.tinscnaim(=toindscannaim),Ibegin,
tindscetal,abeginning,rootsqend,start,spring,Lat.scando,
ascend,Skr.skandati,hurry,spring.TheW.hascychwyn,
ortus(*sqeno).Theformscetalisforsqent(?).

tiop,pilfer(M'A.);cf.tiolp.

tior,dry(ascorn),kilndry,Ir.tiortha,kilndried(Con.),M.Ir.
tirad,kilndrying,E.Ir.tir,todry;fromtherootoftioram
(0.Ir.tirim).

tiorail,warm,cosy,sheltered,Ir.tioramhuil,cosy;W.tirion,
pleasant,afamiliarobject;cf.Ir.tioramhuil,tiorthamhuil,
homely,national,fromtir.DrCameronregardeditas
takenfromtherootoftioram,whichisultimatelythe
sameasthatoftir.BorrowingfromEng.cheerfulis
unlikely.

tioram,dry,Ir.tirim,M.Ir.tirimm,0.Ir.tirim,tir(vb.):
*tersmi,rootters,dry,asintart,q.v.Seealsotirfor
phonetics.

tiorc,save,deliverfromperil:*terc,*toarki,rootarkof
teasairg,q.v.

tiort,anaccident:

tiosan,watergruel;fromEng.ptisan,Lat.ptisana,barleywater,
fromGr.irTixrdvq.

tiot,tiota,tiotan,amoment,while;cf.Ir.giota,something
small,jot,appendage,fromLat.iota,whenceEng.jot.
Gaelicistiot.

tir,land,earth,Ir.,0.Ir.tir,W.,Corn.,Br.tir,tellus,laterre:
*tersos(*terses);Lat.terra(*tersd),Oscanteerum,terri
torium.Thefurtherrootisters,bedry,asintart;theidea
oftir,terrdis"dryland"opposedtosea.

tit,aninterjectionexpressiveofwetbeingperceivedsuddenly
(H.S.D.):Eng.chut?

tiugainn,come,letusgo;fromdeaspiratedthugainn,"tous,"
forchugainn,q.v.

tiugh,thick,Ir.tiugh,E.Ir.tiug,W.tew,0.W.teu,obtuso,Corn.
tew,Br.teu:*tegu,thick;Eng.thick,Norse}>ykkr,Ger.
dick;Gr.crreyvos,fast,tight.

tiurr,abeachoutofreachofthesea;forantiurr,fromNorse
eyrr,agravellybankbyariverorapromontory,Swed.or,
Dan.brr.tiur,markofseaonshore,tear,stamp(Carm.).

tlachd,pleasure,soIr.,M.Ir.tlacht:tlko,"willing,"fromtoil,
will,q.v.0.Ir.todlugud,petitio,tothlaigim,Idesire,isfrom
*tloq,ofaltach.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.369

tlam,teaze(wool),handfulofwool.StrachanandStokesgive

thestemas*tlagm(readtldgsm)alliedtoGer.flocke,flock

ofwool,Eng.flock.
tlath,mild,smooth,Ir.tlaith(tlaith,O'B.),tlath,E.Ir.tlaith,W.

tlawd:*tldti,"longsuffering,"fromtel,bear,endure;Gr.

tAt/tos,tXol<j),endure;Lat.tollo,raise,tuli,Idtus(for*tldtus),

borne;Eng.,Sc.thole.
tligheachd,liquid,spume:tlighe%
tlus,pity,tenderness,M.Ir.tlusach,wealth}',W.tlws,jewel

(Stokes),E.Ir.tlus(S.n.li.);fromroottl,teloftlath,q.v.
tnuth,envy,Ir.,E.Ir.tnuth;fromtherootten,stretch:

"grasping?'
to,do,verbalprefix=to,ad,Ir.,0.Ir.to,do.Stokescompares

Gothicduto,fromJm(?).W.hasdu,dy,y,Cor.dhi,Br.

do,da.
tdbairt,flux,diarrhoeaspasms:tofoodbert,rootherofheir.
toban,wreathofwoolorflaxonadistaff;fromSc.tappin.
tobar,awell,Ir.tobar,0.Ir.topur,fons:*toodbur,rootbhur,

bhru,towell,boil;Gr.<f>vpiD,mix;Lat.ferveo,well,Eng.

fervid;Skr.bhur,movequickly:furtherseerootbhruin

bruithandbhrevintiobar.Somehavereferredtobarto

therootberofinbhir,abar(obair).
tobha,arope,fromSc.tow,rope,Eng.tow,pull,Norsetog,rope,

Lat.duco.
tobhta,tota,turf,rooflesswalls,knoll;fromNorsetoft,topt,a

clearing,aspaceenclosedbyrooflesswalls,Eng.toft,tuft,

andtop.
tobhta,tota,arower'sbend;fromNorsefiopta.
toch,houghorthighofananimal:*thoch,fromtheSc.hough.
tochail,dig,Ir.tochuilim,tochlaim:*tocladh;seecladh.
tochar,tochradh,dowry,Ir.tochar,M.Ir.tocra,(ace.);cf.0.Ir.

tochur,placing,fromcuir,put.Theideais"something

assignedtoone."HenceSc.tocher.
tdchd,tdch,anunpleasantsmell,tocharortachar,densevolume

ofsmoke(Arg.);rootstou,asintoth.
t6chd,adiseaseoftheeyeincattle;cf.Sc.hock(H.S.D).
ftochmharc,awooing,soIr.,0.Ir.tochmarc:*tocomarc;see

forrootiomchorc.
tocsaid,ahogshead;fromtheEng.
todan,smalltuftofwool(Lewis);N.toddi,atodofwool.So

Badenoch.
todhar,manure,ableaching,seaweedformanure,Ir.tuar,a

bleachgreen,tuarachan,ableacher:
todhlair,mastiff,bettertobhlair;

45

370ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

tog,raise,togail,lifting,Tr.tbgaim,tdgbhail,E.Ir.tdcbaim:

*toodgabim,fromgab,gabh,take,q.v.
togair,desire,Ir.togairim,please,choose,G.inf.togradh,Ir.

togra:*toodgar,rootgarofgoir.
toghaidh,attention,care(H.S.D.);avariantoftaidhe.
toghlainn,exhalation(M'A.);cf.tbch.
toithbheum,reproach,blasphemy,Ir.toibhe'im,blemish,reproach,

E.Ir.toibeim:*tobeim,frombe'im,thatis,beum,q.v.
toic,wealth,riches,Ir.toice;cf.taic.
tdic,aswelling,apuffedupstateoftheface:
toiceil,purseproud;fromtbic.
toichiosdal,arrogance(Sh.,O'B.);seetostal.
toigh,agreeable,cordi(mihiest),docha,preferable,isdochalearn,

Iprefer,0.Ir.toich,acceptus,tochu,acceptior:*togus,root

gus,choose,asintagh.Ithasalsobeenanalysedas*do

sech,or*dofech,rootsseq,veq%Stokesderivesthisfrom

*togis,roottag,take,Lat.tango,etc.
toil,will,Ir.toil,0.Ir.tol:*told,roottel,take,lift,endure;

Lat.tollo,tolero;Eng.thole,tolerate,etc.Seetlachd,tlath.
toill,deserve,Ir.tuillim,0.Ir.tuillim,atroilli,asroille,meruit,

laterdosli,meruit,fromsli(Thur.,Strachan).
toimhseachan,ariddle,Ir.toimseachdn,ariddle,measure;from

tomhas,q.v.
toimhsean,goodsense,toimhseil,sensible(Suth.);fromtomhas.
toinisg,understanding:

toinn,twist;fromNorsetvinna,twine,twistthread,Eng.twine.
toinneamh,themiller'sshareofmealforgrinding(S.Argyle):
tdir,t6rachd,pursuit,Ir.,E.Ir.tdir,Ir.tdruigheachd,tdireacht:

*toforacht,rootregoftirich.Rhysagrees.Cf.0.Ir.

toracht,successus,processus(=toracht),tiarmdracht,pursuit

(*toiarmforacht).FromIr.tdruighe,pursuer,comesEng.

Tory.
toirbheart,efficiency,bounty,Ir.toirbheart,gift,munificence;

seetairbheartachfortheroots.
toirleum,amightyleap;cf.E.Ir.tairlingim,jumpoutof,jump

off,alight,turlaim(inf.):*toairling,forwhichseeleum.

Hencetdirlinn,alight(M'A.).
toirm,anoise,Ir.toirm,tormdn,E.Ir.toirm,tairm:*torsmen,

roottoroftorrunn.Cf.W.twrf,tyrfan,tumult,Lit.tarme,

declaration.Cf.seirm,foirm.
toirmisg,forbid,soIr.,M.Ir.tairmiscim,prohibit,hinder:

*tarmisc,fromtarmi,thecompositionformoftar,across,

andscorsec,say,asincaisg.
toirn,toime,agreatnoise,sound,Ir.tdirn;roottoroftorrunn.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.371

toirnichte,foetid,"high"(Wh.):

toirp,asod(M'A.);fromNorsetor/,Eng.turf.

toirrcheas,conception(Bible):

toirsgian,apeatcuttingspade,toirpsgian(M'A.);ahybrid

fromNorsetorf,turf,peat,andG.sgian.Cf.Norsetorf

skeri,peatcutter,
toirt,respect,value,taste,Ir.toirt,quantity,value:
toirt,giving;fortabhairt.Seetabhair,thoir.
toiseach,thebeginning,front,Ir.tosach,0.[r.tossach,initium.

Seethenextword,
tdiseach,abeginning,achief,Ir.toiseach,acaptain,0.Ir.toisech,

praestans,leader,W.tywysog,dux,princeps,WelshOgmic

tofisacandtovisaci(Lat.):*tovessikos,rootved,lead,bring;

Lit.wedil,lead,Ch.SI.vedct,duco;Zd.vddhayeiti,bring,

lead.0.Ir.hasalsodofedim,Ilead.
toisg,anoccasion,opportunity,Ir.toisg,circumstances,state,

journey,business,M.Ir.toisc,business,0.Ir.toisc,necessity:

*tosech,root,seq,follow,asinseach.
toisgeal,theleft,unlucky:

toisgeal,rewardforfindingalostthing;seetaisgeal,
toit,smoke,fume,Ir.tdit,M.Ir.tutt,smoke:*tutto,roottu,stu,

Eng.steam1Seetoth.
toitean,alittleheap;fromEng.tuft.Inthesenseof"pieceof

flesh,"Ir.toitean,thisisfromt(5it,roast,smoke(seetoit),

scarcelytobederivedfromFr.tot,hastilyroasted,fromLat.

tostus.
tolg,tulg,ahollowinmetal,dent,fr.tolc,hole,crevice,E.Ir.

tolc,W.toic.RhyssaysW.isborrowed.
toll,ahole,Ir.,E.Ir.toll,W.twll,Br.toull:*tukslo,roottuh,

pierce,punch;Gr.tvkos,hammer;Ch.Slav,roottuk,pierce,

istuknati,effodere,tuhalo,cuspis.
tolldhubh,tollbooth,agaol;fromtheEng.
tolm,ahillochofroundform;fromNorsehdlmr,aholm,islet,

"inch,"Sc.holm,Eng.holm,Ag.S.holm,mound,billow,

Ger.holm,hill.
torn,ahillock,Ir.torn,M.Ir.tomm,W.torn,Br.dastum,toheap:

*tumbo,hillock;Gr.rvfipos,cairn,mound,Eng.tomb;Skr.

tunga,high,height;furtherLat.tumulus.W.tornhasbeen

regardedasfromtheEng.tomb.Butstom,Skr.stamba,

"busch."
tomad,tomult,bulk;seesomalta.
tomh,offer,threaten,M.Ir.tomaithim,0.Ir.tomad,g.tomtho,

minationes:*tomat,rootmat,throw,Lit.metu,throw.

372ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

tomhas,measure,soIr.,0.Ir.tomus:*tonius,wheremus
(*messu)comesfromrootmet,me,measure;Lat.metior,
mensus,Eng.measure;Gr.fxerpov,ameasure.AlliedisG.
meas,q.v.

tomult,bulkjalsotomad.Cf.somalta,large,bulky:

ton,anus,Ir.,E.Ir.ton,W.tin:*tukn&,tukno(Welsh),root
teuk,Ag.S.J?edh,Eng.thigh,Teut.*theuha(Strachan,
Stokes);fromroottu,swell.

tonn,awave,Ir.,E.Ir.tond,0.Ir.tonn,W.,Corn,ton,Br.tonn:
*tunnd,roottu,swell;Lit.tvanas,aflood,tvinti,swell;
furtherLat.tumeo,swell,Eng.thumb.Stokesgivesthe
Celticas*tundd,Ag.S.fiedtan,howl,Norsefijdta,whistle
(asthewind,etc.).SomehavecorrelateditwithLat.tundo,
beat,roottund,tud,Skr.tud,push.

ttonn,ftoinnte,skin,Ir.tonn,hide,skin,E.Ir.tonn,skin,
surface,W.tonn,cutis,Br.tonnenn,rind,surface,hairofthe
head:tunnd,skin,hide,whencepossiblyLowLat.(9thcent.)
tunna,acask,"wineskin,"nowEng.ton.

tonnag,awoman'sshawlorplaid;fromLat.tunica.Cf.M.Ir.
tonach,tunic.

tora,augur,Ir.tarachair,E.Ir.tarathar,0.Cor.tarater,W.
taradr,Br.tarazr,tarar:*taratro;Gr.rkperpov;Lat.
terebra:rootter,through,asinthar.

toradh,produce,fruit,solr.,0.Ir.torad:*torad,from*rato,
rootrat,ra,give,asinrath,q.v.

toranach,grubworm,Ir.torain,cornmaggots(O'B.),toran
(Con.,etc.);fromtor,bore,asintoral

tore,aboar,Ir.,0.Ir.tore,W.twrch,Cor.torch,Br.tourc'h,
0.Br.turch:*torkos,from*orko,inuircean,q.v.:I.E.,
porkos,swine,Lat.porcus,Lit.parszas,Eng.farrow.Stokes
givesCelticas*torkos,Jubainvilleas*turcos.

tore,acleft,notch(Carm.):

torcan,speciesofbere,biforkedcarrot,lr.turcan1(Carm.):

torchar,afall,killing,torchuir(vb.),Ir.torchair,fell,0.Ir.
torchar,Ifell,dorochair,cecidit,arachrinim,difficiscor,root
ker,Skr.car,breaktopieces,crndmi,break;seecrion.

torghan,apurlingsound;fromtoroftorrunn.

torr,ahillofconicform,heap,castle,Ir.tor,tower,castle,crest,
E.Ir.tor,tuir,d.turid,atower,W.twr,Cor.tur,Br.tour:
,*turi,*turet,I.E.roottver,hold,enclose,Lat.turris,Gr.
TvpoLs,tower.SomeholdthattheCelticisborrowedfrom
Lat.G.torr,withrr,ispossiblyfortorth(cf.*turet).It
alsomeans"crowd"inG.andE.Ir.,and"heap"alsoinW.

OF*THEGAELICLANGUAGE.373

torrach,pregnant,Ir.torrach,pregnant,fruitful,E.Ir.torrach:
*torthaco,from*torato,toradh,fruit,q.v.W.torwybig
bellied,hasbeencompared,fromtor,belly,G.tdrr.

tdrradh(torradh,H.S.D.),burial,funeralsolemnities,Ir.tdrradh,
watchingorwakingofthedead,E.Ir.torroma,attending,
watching:

torrunn,thunder,Ir.toran,agreatnoise,E.Ir.torand,thunder,
W.tarann,Cor.taran,tonitruum:*torannos;Gr.Topos,
sound;Lit.tarti,say.Gaul.Taranis,theGaulishJoveor
Thor,andG.tairneanachshowanagradeoftheroot.

tosd,silence,soIr.,0.Ir.tost:*tusto,roottus,teus,whence
E.Ir.to,tua,silent;0.Pruss.tussise,silet,Ch.Slav,tichu,
silent;Skr.tush,silere,tushnim,silently,tds,calm=clos
(Hend.).

tosg,atusk;fromtheEng.

tosg,ahack,gash,dent(Wh.):

tosg,apeatcutter(Dial.);fromSc.tuskintuskspawd(Banff),
tuskar(Ork.andSh.),tusk,cutpeats.Cf.Shet.tushker,
fromN.torfskeri,turfcutter.

tosgair,anambassadororpost,Ir.toisg,ajourney,business.
Seetoisg.

tostal,arrogance,Ir.tbsdal,toichiosdal(O'B.),0.Ir.tochossol,
violation:*toconsal,fromsal,leap(seetuisleadh)1Also
toichiosdal.

tota,rower'sbench,turf;seetobhta.

toth,afoulblastofvapour,alsostoth,q.v.;seetoitforroot.

trabhach(trabhach,M'F.),rubbishcastashore,thegrassflorin\
fromtraigh%Cf.,however,drabhas.traiblieanach,bedraggled
fellow(R.D.).Cf.Sc.drab.

trabhailt,millhopper(M'A.);possiblyfromLat.trabula.

trachdadh,negotiating,proposal,soIr.;fromLat.tracto,treat.

trachladh,fatigue;fromSc.trachle,draggle,fatiguingexertion.

tradh,alance,fishingspear,Ir.tradh,lance,treagh,spear;from
theroottar,tra(seethar),through,Lat.trdgula,adart.

traigh,theshore,Ir.traigh,E.Ir.trdig:*trdgi;seetraogh.

traill,aslave,Ir.traill(O'B.),M.Ir.trdill(notwellknownto
glossographers);fromNorseJ?raell,Eng.thrall.

traille,thefishtusk:

trait,troidht,apoultice,cataplasm,rag,Ir.treata{treata,Con.),
plaster:

tramailt,awhim(M'A.):

trang,busy;fromSc.tkrang,Eng.throng.

traod,onewastingawaywithsickness(Hend.);cf.Ir.(Keat.
traothaim,wearout,amweary.

374ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

traogh,ebb,Ir.trdighim,traoghaim,E.Ir.trdgim,W.treio,ebb,

trai,ebbtide,traeth,shore:*trdgo,fromtrdg,I.E.tragh,

draw,Lat.traho,etc.;seetroidhforroot,
traona,thecorncrake,Ir.traona;seetreanritrean.
trapan,acluster,Ir.trapdn:
trasd,across,trasdan,crossbeam,crozier,0.Ir.trost,trabs,from

tar,traofthar.Cf.W.trawst,rafter,whichStokesand

LoththinktobeborrowedfromLat.transtrum,asalso0.Ir.

trostmentionedabove.Sc.hastrastortrest,beam,from

earlyFr.traste,Lat.transtrum.
trasg,afast,Ir.trosgadh,0.Ir.troscud:*trusko,*trudsko,root

trud,distress,burden,Lat.trudo,push,Eng.threaten.See

trod,trom.
trath,time,season,Ir.,E.Ir.trdth:*trdtu,roottra,tar,through

(seethar).Cf.W.tro,turn,time,Br.tro,occasion,round;

Eng.turn.
tre,through,Ir.tre,tre,E.Ir.tre,tria,tri,0.Ir.tri,tri,tre,

0.W.troi,nowtrwy,Cor.,Br.dre,0.Br.tre,dre:*trei,

*tri,rootter,passover,through;Lat.trans,across;Skr.

tirds,through,over,Zd.tar6(do.).Seetherootinthar,

tora,troimh;alsoinEng.through.
treabh,plough,till,Ir.treabhaim,E.Ir.trebaim,inhabit,cultivate,

treb,adwelling,W.tref,homestead,0.W.,0.Br.treb:

*trebo,ahouse;Lat.tribus,trebus,atribe,Eng.tribe;Eng.

thorp;Lit.trobd,dwelling,building.Hencetreabhair,

houses,treibhireach,prudent,
treabha,athrave;fromNorsefcrefi,Eng.thrave.
treachail,dig,treachladh(1)digging(2)fatiguing:*treclad;

for(1)seecladhandcf.tochail;for(2)cf.Sc.trachle.
treaghaid,adartingpain,stitch,Ir.treagh(d)aim,Ipierce

through,M.Ir.treghat,pangs,smart,treaglad,transpiercing;

Ir.treagh,aspear:"piercing."Seetradh.
trealaich,lumber,trash,Ir.trealamh,lumber,apparel,instru
ments,E.Ir.trelam,weapons,furniture,apparel:*trelam;

forlam,seeullamh.
trealais,thespleen(M'F.):
trealamh,indisposition(M'F.):
trealbhaidh,adult,grownup(M>A.forIslay):
treall,treallan,ashortspaceortime,Ir.treall,M.Ir.trell,root

ter,through,Eng.thrill,pierce.
tr6anritr6an,corncrake,Ir.traona:
treann,cut(Carm.):
trea,third,Ir.treas,0.Ir.tress:*tristo,fromtris,thrice,Gr.

rpis,Skr.tris,roottrioftri,three.W.trydydd,third,isfor

*tritijos.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.375

ftreas,battle,skirmish,Ir.treas,E.Ir.tress.Forroot,cf.the

nextword.W.hastrln,battle,bustle,treis,violence,
treasa,stronger,Ir.treas,strong,treise,stronger,0..Ir.tressa,W.

trech,fortior,Br.trec'h:*treksjos,fortior,roottreg,streg,

sterg,strong,Eng.stark,Lit.stregti,stiffen,Pers.suturg

(*strg),strong.Stokesrefersittotheroottreg,trag,draw,

leap,asintroigh,traogh.Seetreunfurther;treasaisits

comparativereally,
treasdach,thoroughpaced(ofahorse);cf.Ir.trosddn,apace,

jump;roottreg,draw,walk,asintroigh.
treasg,refuseofbrewedmalt,groats,Ir.treasumha,dross,copper

dross,treascach,draffy,M.Ir.tresc,refuse,offal:*tresco?
treibhireach(treibhdhireach,Dictionaries),prudent,upright,

0.Ir.trebar,prudent,M.Ir.trebaire,prudence;fromtrebof

treabh,q.v.
treig,forsake,Ir.treigim,E.Ir.tre'cim,W.trancu,perish:

*trankjd,abandon,roottrak,push,press,asindurachd

(Stokes),
treis,awhile,space,alsogreis,Ir.treibhse,dreibhse(O'B.),

treimhse(Con.);seegreis.
treisg,treisginn,weaver'spaste,trash(M'A.,Arg.),Ir.treisgin

(Con.,etc.),dreislinn(Monaghan);cf.Sc.dressing.
treodhair,asmith'snailmould,Ir.treoir,treoir;fromire,trem,

through1
tredir,strength,Ir.treoir,conduct,strength,M.Ir.treorach,

strong,E.Ir.tredir,vigour:*tregri,roottregoftreasa.
tredraich,guide,Ir.treoruighim,M.Ir.treoraigim:*tragri,root

tragoftroigh1
treubh,atribe;fromLat.tribus,atribe.Seetreabh.
treubhach,valorous,strenuous,treubhantas,bravery;for

*treuntas,fromwhichtreubhachisdeduced.M'Kinnon

(Gael.Soc.Tr.13,341)refersittotreubh,tribe,
treud,flock,heard,Ir.triad,trend,E.Ir.tret:*trento,roottrem,

Lat.turma,troop,Ag.S.}>ruma,heap,company(Strachan,

Stokes).WindischhascomparedGr.arparos(*strntos)to

treud.
treun,brave,Ir.treun,0.Ir.tren,fortis,W.tren,strenuous,

force:*tregno,roottregoftreasa,q.v.Stokesgivesthe

Celticas*treksno,whichwouldproduce*tresno,modern

treann.
tri,three,Ir.,0.Ir.tri,W.tri,Cor.try,Br.tri:*treis;Lat.tres

(*treies);Gr.r/oets;Got.J>reis,Eng.three;Lit.trys;Skr.

trdyas.
triall,going,journey,Ir.triall,E.Ir.triall:*triall,"go
through,"rootelloftadhal1

ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

trian,thirdpart,athird,Ir.,E.Ir.trian,W.traian:*treisano;
seetreas,tri.

triath,lord,chief,E.Ir.triath:*treitos.StokescomparesLat.
tritavus,stritavus,ancestorinthe6thdegree.

trie,frequent,often,Ir.trie,E.Ir.trice:*trekki,roottregof
troigh(Stokes,Strachan).

trid,trid,through,by,Ir.trid,E.Ir.trit,pereum,id:*treit,
fromroottreioftre,through;thefinaltisthedemon
strativepron.to(Eng.that,Gr.to);apron.*emti,*enti
(Stokes).

trid,rag,clout,stitch;"Cha'n'eiltridair":

trileanta,thrilling,quavering;cf.E.Ir.trilech,song,0.Ir.
trirech,songofbirds.Cf.Eug.trill,Ital.trillaie,Sp.trinar:
aninitiativeword,Eng.thrillisfromtheroottre,ter(see
tora),"piercing,"whichmayalsobetheultimateoriginof
theG.words.

ttrilis,locksofhair,Ir.trilis(obs.),E.Ir.triliss;cf.Eng.tress,
fromLat.tricia,trica,plait,Gr.rpixa,inthreeparts,root
tri,three.

trill,sandplover(Heb.,MissFreer):

trilleachan,trileachan(drilleachan,M'A.),thepiedoyster
catcher,seapiet:

trillsean(drillsean,M'A.),lantern,rushlight,aglimmer,Ir.
trilisedn,torch,lantern,earliertrilsen,facula,trillsech,spark
ling:"piercing,"fromtre,ter,asintrileanta1

trinnseir,aplate,trencher,Ir.trinsiwr;fromEng.trencher.

trioblaid,trouble,tribulation,Ir.triobloid,E.Ir.tre'blait;from
Lat.tribulatio,Eng.tribulation.

triobuail,vibrate,quiver;fromEng.tremble%

trionaid,atrinity,Ir.trionoid,trionoid,E.Ir.trindit,0.Ir.trin
dbit;fromLat.trinitdt,trinitas,atrinity,fromtres,three.
TheGadelicisdevelopedfrom*irin(i)tdti.

triubhas,trews,trousers,Ir.triUs,M.Ir.tribus,0.Ir.trebus,
breeches,L.Lat.tubrucus(Isidore),tribuces(DuCange),
"thighbreeches"(D'Arbois);fromSc.trews,Eng.trooze,
trouses,nowtrousers,trunkhose.

triucair,arascal;fromSc.truker,trukier,adeceitfulperson,
from0.Fr.tricher,totrick,alliedtoEng.trick.

triuchan,astripeofdistinguishingcoloursintartan:

triuthach,triuth(M'F.),hoopingcough,triogh(M'A.),afitof
laughingorcoughing,Ir.triuch,trioch:rootpsterof
sreothart?

trobhad,comethouhithertome;oppositeofthugad:*toro'ad%
*toromht,"tobeforeyouf*

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.377

trdcair,mercy,Ir.,0.Ir.trocaire,W.trugaredd,Cor.tregereth,

M.Br.trugarez,0.W.trucarauc,merciful:*trougokarja,

"lovingofthewretched,"fromtherootsoftruaghandcar,

love,
trod,aquarrel,scolding,Ir.troid,M.Ir.trot,quarrel,combat,

trottach,quarrelsome:*truddo,roottrud,distress,bother;

Eng.threat,Norseprjota,fail,lack;Lat.trUdo,push,Eng.

obtrude;Ch.SI.trudu,difficulty.
trog,raise,trogail,raising,Manxtroggal,earliertrogell:torood

gab,thatistosay,togwiththeprep,roinserted.Seetog.

Rhys(ManxPray.2,138)comparesE.Ir.turcbdl,arising(as

ofthesun):*toforgab.
trog,trash(Dial.),busydealing,trdg,busydealing,fromSc.

troke,tobargain,barter,trog,oldclothes,troggin,pedlar's

wares,Eng.truck,fromFr.troquer,barter,truck,
trogbhoil,grumbling(M'A.),trogbhail,quarrel(Nich.,trogbhail,

Arm.,Sh.,O'R.):
troich,adwarf;seedroich.

trdidht,cataplasm,rags,shapelesswornshoe(Skye);seetrait.
troigh,misspelttroidh,afoot,Ir.troigh,0.Ir.traig,g.traiged,

W.traed,0.Cor.truit,pes,M.Br.troat:*traget(*troget?),

foot,roottrag,leap,draw,Gaul,vertragos,greyhound;I.E.

tragh;Got.fcragjan,run,Ag.S.J>rah,course;Lat.traho,

draw,
troileis,anytriflingthing;foundedonEng.trifles1
troimh,through,0.Ir.tremi,trans,super:*trimo,fromtriof

tre.Forthemiormh,cf.roimh,comh.
trom,heavy,Ir.trom,0.Ir.tromm,W.tnvm,Cor.trom,Br.

troum,:trudsmos,"oppressive,"fromtrud,oppress,distress;

Got.usJ?riutan,oppress,Eng.threat;Lat.trudo,push.See

trodfurther.Forotherviews,seeRhys'Led.2,114,Zimmer

Zeit2\208.
troman,dwarf,elder,Ir.tromdn,0.Ir.tromm,g.truimm;also

G.droman(M'A.):
tromb,theJew'sharp;fromSc.trump(do.),Eng.trump,from

Fr.trompe.
trombaid,atrumpet,Ir.trompa,L.M.Ir.trompadh;fromthe

Eng.
troraid,aspire,steeple(M'F.);foundedonEng.turret.
trosdail,dull,seriouslyinclined,Ir.trosdamhuil,serious,con
fident:
trosdan,acrutch,support,Ir.trostdn,crutch,pilgrim'sstaff,W.

trostan,longslenderpole.Seetrasdforroot.

46

378ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

trosg,acodfish,Ir.trosg;fromNorsefiorskr,Dan.torsk,Ger.
dorsch.

trot,trot,trotan,trotting;fromtheEng.

truacantas,compassion,Ir.truacdnta(O'B.):*trougcan,
"expressingpity,"fromtruaghandcan,say.

truagh,wretched,pitiful,soIr.,E.Ir.triiag,0.Ir.trbg,W.tru,
Corn,troc,miser,Br.tru,Gaul.Trogos:*trougo,miser,root
streug,rub,wear;Gr.aTpevyofiai,amwornout,distressed;
Ch.SI.strugati,scratch,distress,Lit.strugas,carvinginstru
ment;Norsestrjuka,tostroke,Ger.straucheln,stumble
(Windisch,Prellwitz).StokesrefersittotherootofNorse
}>ruga,press,firtigan,compulsion,0.H.G.drUh,compes.
FromCelticcomesEng.truant.

truaill,asheath,soIr.,E.Ir.truaill:*troudsli,roottreud,
trwl,pushjEng.thrust,Lat.trudo.S33furthertrod,trom.

truaill,pollute,violate,Ir.truail/im,E.Ir.trualnim,0.Ir.
drudilnithe,corruptus,oellned,inquinatio,illuvies,elnithid,
violator,fromeln,0.Ir.aslenaimm,polluo,G.rootlen(ten,
Ascoli),fcedare(Lat.lino,smear,asinleanV).Ascoli
analysestruaillintoderuadlen(derintensive),while
Thurneysenrefersthetru,dru,totherootofLat.trux,
trucis.drueslen(Stokes).E.Ir.tru,wretched,Eng.throe
(Stokes).

trudair,astammerer,adirtyorobsceneperson,Ir.trudaire,a
stammerer(Lh.,O'B.,Con).Inthefirstsense,thewordis
Ir.;inthesecondsense,itisG.only,andlikelyofthesame
originastrusdar.NorseJyrjdtr,knave,baddebtor,hasbeen
adducedasitsorigin.

truilleach,adirtyorbaseperson,filthyfood:*truslic,roottrus
asintrusdar1OrfromSc.trolie,apersonofslovenly
habits,trollop%

truis,tear,snatch,truss;fromSc.truss,toeatinaslovenly,
scatteringfashion(Ork.),Icel.tros,Eng.trash.Inthesense
of"truss,"theG.isfromEng.truss.Hencethecrytodogs
togetouttruis!

trup,atroop;fromtheEng.

trus,trussorbundle,collect,Ir.trusdalaim,trussup,girdle,W.
trwsa,atruss;fromEng.truss,Fr.trusser,fromL.Lat.
tortiare,tortus,twisted.Seealsotriublias.

trusdar,afilthyfellow,filth;cf.Ir.,E.Ir.trist,curse,profligacy,
L.Lat.tristuf,improbus.

trusgan,clothes,apparel,Ir.truscdn,trosgdn,clothes,furniture;
foundedontrus.Cf.Eng.trousseaufromthesameorigin.

truthair,atraitor,villain;fromSc.trucker,deceiver,trickster1
OrfromEng.traitor1Cf.trudair,

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.379

tu,thu,thou,Ir.,0.Ir.tic,W.ti,Corn,ty,te,Br.te:*t&;Lat.

tic;Gr.av;Eng.thou;Pruss,tou;Zd.tu.
tuagh,axe,soIr.,M.Ir.tuag,E.Ir.ticagach,hitting:*tougd

rootteugh,tuq,hit,strike;Gr.revx^i,fashion,tvkos,

hammer,tvkolvtj,flailjCh.SI.tukalo,cuspis.Stokesprefers

comparisonwithSkr.tuj,hit{*tug).
tuaicheal,dizziness,tuachioll(Sh.),winding,eddying,moving

againstthesun,leftabout:*tofocell(forcell,seetimchioll),

Ir.tuachail,going,confusedwith*tuathcell,"left(north)

going"1Cf.tuaineal.
tuaileas,reproach,scandal,soIr.(Lh.,O'B.,etc.):*tofoless;

from*lisso,blame,discussedunderleas1
tuailt,tubhailt,atowel;Ir.tudhoille;fromtheEng.
tuainig,unloose(Dial.);seetualaig.
tuaineal,dizziness,stupor,Ir.toineall,swoon,trance(Dineen):

*tofoinel,rootelloftadhal1Or*tofoneul1
tuaiream,aguess,aim,vicinity,Ir.tuairim;alsotuairmse:

*toformed,rootmedofmeas.
tuaireap,turbulence:

tuairgneadh,confusion,sedition,Ir.tuargdn,noise,discontent:
tuairisgeul,description,report,Ir.tuarasgbhdil,M.Ir.tuarascbal,

description,0.Ir.tuarascbaim,fortoforasgab,rootgabof

gabh.
tuairmeis,hiton,discover:*dofoa,irmess;seeeirmis.
tuaimeag,an}^thinground,aboss,tidyfemale,tuairnean,a

mallet,beetle,Ir.tuairnin,mallet;cf.nextword.
tuaimear,aturner,Ir.turnoir;fromtheEng.
tuaisd,adolt,sloven,tuaisdeach,unseemly:
tuaitheal,wrong,leftwise,Ir.tuaitkhhil,E.Ir.tuatkbil;from

tuathandseal:seedeiseilforlatterrootandform.Ir.has

tuathal,thelefthand,awkward,
tualaig,loose(Arm.),haveflux,tuanlaig(n.elided,Perth),

tuainig,tuanag,loosening(Dial.):fromleig,*tofoleig.
tuam,tuama,atomb,Ir.tuama;fromLat.tumba,Eng.tomb.
tuar,food,0.Ir.tuare:*taurio,rootstaur,place,store,Eng.

store,Skr.sthdvara,fixed:rootsta.
tuar,hue,appearance;cf.Ir.,M.Ir.tuar,anomen,presage:

*tovor,rootver,vor,oifhuairl
tuarasdal,wages,soIr.,MIr.tuarustul,tuarastal:*tofoar<is

tal,roottal,tel,take,lift,M.Ir.taile,salarium,W.tdl,pay
ment,Cor.,Br.tal,solvit;1.E.tel;Gr.tcAos,tax,rdXavTov,
talent;Lat.tollo;Eng.thole.Seetail,tldt/i.
tuasaid,aquarrel,fight,Ir.fuasaoid,animosity,spite,E.Ir.

fuasait,"entwickelung,"development:tofoadsedd,G.

380ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

rootseddfromsizd,sised,set,"setto"beingtheidea1
Rootsedofsuidhe.Butcf.faosaid.

tuasgail,loose,untie,Ir.tuaslagadh,releasing,E.Ir.tuaslaicim:
*tofoaslecim,fromleeofleig,let,q.v.

tuath,people,tenantry,soIr.,0.Ir.tuath,populus,W.tud,
country,nation,Cor.tus,Br.tud,Gaul.Tout,Teuto:*touta,
people;Lat.Umbr.toto,state,Oscantuvtu,populus,Lat.
totus,all;Got.J>iuda,people,Teutonic,Deutsch,German,
Dutch;Lettictduta,people,0.Pruss.tauto,land.

tuath,north,Ir.tuath,tuaith,0.Ir.tuath,left,north:*toutd,
*tuutos(adj.),lefthand,left,"good,"Got.J?iu]?,good;cf.
Gr.eviovvfxos,lefthand,*'goodomened."Rhys(Manx
Pray.2,62)suggeststhattherootissu,turn(seeiompaidh):
*dohitth(*tosu),"turningto";W.aswyoraseu,lefthand,
beingalsohence*adsoui.

tuba,atub;fromtheEng.

tubaist,mischance,M.G.tubbiste(D.ofL.),ArranG.tiompaiste,
Ir.tubaiste:

tuban,tuftofwoolonthedistaff;seetoban.

tuch,smother,becomehoarse,tuchan,hoarseness:*tuch;cf.
W.ig,sob,hiccup.

tudan,asmallheaporstack(dud,M'A.):

tug,brought;seethug.

tugaidean,witticisms(Dial.,H.S.D.):

tugha,thatch,covering,tugh(vb.),Ir.tuighe(n.),tuighim(vb.),
E.Ir.tuga,Utgim,W.to,acover,thatch,toi,tegere,Cor.to,
tectum,Br.to,toenn:*togio,*togo,roottog,steg,asintigh,
teach.

tughag,apatch:

tuig,understand,Ir.tuigim,0.Ir.tuiccim,tuccim:*toodges,
rootgesoftug.Somehavegiventhestemas*toodcesi,root
qesofchi;butthiswouldgiveG.tuic.0.Ir.tuicse,electus:
*toodgus,rootgus,taste,Eng.gusto.

tuil,aflood,Ir.,0.Ir.tuile:*tulid,roottu,swell;Gr.tvXos,
knob,weal;Skr.tula,tuft;Eng.thumb,tumid,etc.(See
tulach).SoStokesZtU.s\235.The0.Ir.rootol,toflood,
abound,givestolam,aflood,imrol,fordil,abundance,etc.
Therootpol,pelhasalsobeensuggested,asiniol.

tuilis,overloadingstomach(Carm.):

tuille,tuilleadh,more(n.),Ir.tuille,tuilleadh,addition,tuilleamh,
wages,addition,E.Ir.tuilled,tuillem,addition,inf.totuillim,
enhance,deserve,asinG.toill.Twowordsaremixed:
*toeln,deserve,andtooln,much,more,E.Ir.oil,great,
huilliu,plus,*olnios,rootpol,pel,many,Gr.irokvs,Lat.plus

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.381

etc.(seeiol).Stokesequatesthe0.Ir.uilliu,oil,withLat.

pollere,whichisfrom*polno,rootpolasabove(Wharton).

TheG.syntaxoftuilleshowsitscomparativeforceintuille

na(morethan)aswellastuilleagus,Ir.tuilleadhagus

(additionand),
tuimhseadh,beating,thumping,tuinnse,ablow(Gael.Soc.Tr}b,

260),M.Ir,tuinsim,calco,tuinsem,bruising,*toudnessim

(Str.);foundedonLat.tundo,beat.Stokesqueriesifcognate,
tuineadh,anabode,possession,Ir.tuinidhe,possession(O'Cl.),

E.Ir.tunide;alsotuinneadh(Ir.andG.):*tones,root

tiesasincomhnuidh,q.v.
tuinneasach,deathful,Ir.tuinneamh,tuineamh,death:
tuinnidh,firm,hard,Ir.tuinidhe(O'B.,Sh.),immovable,clocha

tuinidhe;fromtuineadh,theideabeing"settled,fixed."
tuir,relate,tuireadh,relating,Ir.tuirtheachda,relation,rehearsal,

E.Ir.turthiud,pi.tuirtheta,tale,fromret,ran(asinruith).

Cf.aithris.E.I.tuirem,reciting,isfrom*torim,rootrim,

number(asinaireamh).
tuireadh,adirge,lamentation,Ir.tuireamh,dirge,elegy;forroot

seetuirse.
tuireann,asparkoffirefromananvil,Ir.tuireann(O'B.,etc.),

E.Ir.turend(V):*torind%Forrind,seereannag.
tuireasg,asaw,Ir.tuiriosg,E.Ir.turesc:*tarthesc,fromteasg,

cut.q.v.
tuirl,tuirling,descend,Ir.tuirlingim,E.Ir.tairlingim,0.Ir.

doarblaing,desilit*'toairling;forling,jump,seeleum.
tuirse,sadness,Ir.tuirse,M.Ir.tor,sad,E.Ir.toirsi,torsi,0.Ir.

toris,toirsech,tristis;roottor,ter,tre,Lat.tristis,sad.
tuis,incense,Ir.,M.Ir.,E.Ir.tuis\fromLat.tus,Gr.6vo$.
tuisleadh,astumbling,fall,soIr.,0.Ir.tuisled,prolapsio,tuisel,

casus,dofuislim,labo:*tofoesssali?)i,rootsal,spring;Lat.

salio,leap,dance,Eng.insult;Gr.aAAo/xcu,leap;cf.Lit.

sele'ti,glide,creep.Ascolianalysesitinto*tofoisl,where

isliswhatremainsofiselorlosal,low.
tuit,fall,Ir.tuitim,0.Ir.tuitim,inf.tutimm,ace.pi.totman,also

tothimm,*todtim,Gadelicroottim,W.codivm,afall(cf.Ir.

cudaim),codymu,cadere,Cor.codha;cf.Eng.tumble,Fr.tomber,

fall.Usuallyexplainedas*tofothe't,fromtheid,whichwould

naturallybetuidinG.,evengrantingthatthecrasisof

ojothesimplylandedinui,nottomentiontheinf.inpre
servedm(tuiteam).Roottud(Thur.);totudthink.
tul,entirely,Ir.tul(i.e.tuile,O'Cl.),increase,flood:anadverbial

useoftherootformoftuil,flood]Cf.Ir.tola,superfluity,
tul,fire,hearth,heap(Garni.):

382ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

tulach,ahillock,Ir.,E.Ir.tulach;roottu,swell;Gr.rvkos,

knob,rvXr](vlong),swelling,weal;Lat.tumor,tuber,a

swelling;Eng.thumb.
tulag,thefishwhiting,Ir.tullog,thepollock;cf.pollag.
tulchann,tulchainn,agable,posterior,Ir.tulchdn,hillock;from

tulach1
tulchuiseach,plucky(Hend.):
turn,dip,tumadh,dipping,soIr.,E.Ir.tummim:*tumbo;Lat.

tinguo,tingo,wet,Eng.tinge,tincture;0.G.H.duncon,dip,

Ger.tunken,dip,steep,
tunna,atun,ton,Ir.,E.Ir.tunna;Ag.S.tunne,M.Eng.tonne,

Norsetunna,Ger.tonne;allfromLat.tunna,acask.Stokes

{Bez.Beit.18)suggestsborrowingfromtheNorse;Kluge

regardsthewordsasofCelticorigin.Onthisseeftonn.
tunnachadh,beating,dashingseetuimhseadh.
tunnag,aduck,Ir.tonnog1
tunnsgadh,upheaval(R.D.):
tur,gutur,entirely,Ir.tura,plenty(turanamhad,plentyof

enemies),E.Ir.tor,acrowd(dat.tur);seetbrr.
tur,atower,Ir.tur;fromM.Eng.tour,tur,from0.Fr.tur,Lat.

turris.
tur,understanding;cf.M.Ir.tier,research,examination,0.Ir.

tuirim,rotuirxet,scrutatisunt,fortofoshirim,fromsir,search,
turadh,dryweather,tur,dry(withoutcondiment),soIr.,E.Ir.

turud,terad,adj.tur,dry,tair:roottor,teroftioram'.
turag,atriflingillness(asofachild)Arg:
turaman,rocking,nodding;seeturraban.
turcais,tweezers(M'A.),pincers;seedurcaisd.
turguin,destruction(H.S.D.fromMSS.),M.Ir.tuarcain,smiting,

E.Ir.tuarcaim(dat.),flitting:*tofoargimirootorg,0.Ir.

orgun,orcun,occisio,0.Br.orgiat,Caesar'sGaul.Orgetorix:

*urg,rootvrg,verg,press,Lat.v/rgeo.Stokessuggests

connectionwithGr.kpkxOo),tear;BezzenbergergivesZend

areza,battle,fight;BrugmanncomparesSkr.rghayati,raves,

rages,0.H.G.arg,whatisvileorbad.
turlach,alargefire:*turlach,fromIr.ur,dr,fire,Gr.irvp,Eng.

fire.
turlach,abulky,squatperson;seetbrr,turadh.Cf.W.twrllach,

aroundlump.
turlas,smallcupboard(Perth);seetairleas.
turloch,alakethatdriesinsummer,Ir.turloch;fromturand

loch.
turn,aturn,job;fromtheEng.

OFTITEGAELICLANGUAGE.383

turraban,turraman,rockingofthebody,nodding,grief(turadan,

Sh.).Henceturrachadal,aslumberingdrowsiness,

"noddingsleep":
turrag,anaccident:

turradh,asurprise,takingunawares(Skye):
turraig,airdothurraig,atstool(M'A.):
tarram,asoftsound,murmur;onomatopoetic.Butcf.toirm,

torrunu.
turtur,aturtle,soIr.,W.turtur;fromLat.turtur.
turus,ajourney,Ir.,E.Ir.turns,0.Ir.tururas,incursus,aururas,

properatio:*toreihstu,root,ret,run(seeruith).
tus,thebeginning,Ir.tus,0.Ir.tuus,tiis,W.tywys,leading;see

tbiseach.
tut,interjectionofcoldorimpatience;fromEng.tut.Seethud.
tut,aquietbreakingofwind,stench,Ir.tut,M.Ir.tutt,stench:

alliedtotoit,q.v.Cf.Keating'stutmhar,smoky.
tuthan,aslut(Arm.,M'L.),Ir.tuthdn;fromtherootofthe

aboveword.

ua,0,from,Ir.ua,d,0.Ir.ua,hua,6:*ava,ab;Skr.dva,ab,

off;Lat.au(aufero),away;Ch.SI.u,ab,away.Seeo.
uabairt,expulsion:*odbert,prefixedbyua1fromtheroother

(inheir).
uabhar,pride,soIr.,0.Ir.uabar,vainglory,W.ofer,waste,vain

(Ascoli):*oubro,rooteug,rise,Gr.vfipis,insolence(see

uasal).Ithasalsobeenanalysedinto*uaberlikeuabairt=

"elatio,"elation,
uachdar,surface,summit,soIr.,0.Ir.uachtar,ochtar:*ouktero,

rooteug,veg,rise,bevigorous,asinuasal,q.v.Cf.W.uthr,

admirandus.
uadhinuadhbheist,monster,uadhchrith,terror;seeuath

below,
uaigh,agrave,Ir.uaigh,M.Ir.uag,E.Ir.uag,*augd,alliedto

Got.augo,eye,Eng.eye.Seeforforcedearc.SoStokes,

andrightly.
uaigneach,secret,lonesome,soIr.,M.Ir.uagnech:*uathgen,

"lonesomekind,"fromuath,lonesome,single;Norseauftr,

empty,Got.aufis,waste,desert;Lat.dtium,rest.
uaill,pride,Ir.uaill,E.Ir.uaill,0.Ir.uall:*ouksld,rooteug,

vegofuasal.
uaimh,acave,den,Ir.uaimh,g.uamha,M.Ir.uaim,g.uama,

0.Ir.huam,specus(alsohudd,specu):*oumd.Bezzenberger

suggests*poumd,alliedtoGr.7rw/xa,alid(*7rcov/xa);Strachan

384ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

comparesGr.ew?j,bed(Ger.wohnen,dwell).W.ogof,cave,

den,iscorrelatedbyAscoli.
uaine,green,Ir.uaine,uaithne,E.Ir.uane.Strachansuggests

thepossibilityofaGadelic*ugnio,rootveg,bewet,Gr.

vypos,wet(seefeur).
uainneart,bustle,wallowing,Ir.unfuirt,wallowing,tumblingj

alsoG.aonairt,aonagail:
uair,anhour,Ir.uair,0.Ir.huar,uar,g.hore,W.awr,Cor.our,

0.Br.aor,Br.eur,heur;fromLat.hora,Eng.hour.Hence

uaireadair,awatch,timepiece,Ir.uaireaddir(*horatorium?).
uaisle,pride,nobility,soIr.;fromuasal,q.v.
uallach,aburden,Ir.ualach:*podl;O.H.G.fazza,slbundle,

Ger.fassert,hold(Strachan).AlsoG.eallach,q.v.
uallach,gay,proud,sofr.;fromuaill.
uamhag,sheeplouse:
uamharr,dreadful,Ir.uathmhar,E.Ir.uathmar;fromuath,fear,

q.v.Usedadverbially,likeEng.awfully,todenoteexcess.

Dial,uarraidh.
uamhas,dread,horror,uathbhas,Ir.uathbhds,E.Ir.uathbhds:

*uathbds,"dreaddeath";seeuathandbds.
uamhunn,horror,Ir.uamhan,awe,horror,E.Ir.uamun,homan,

0.Ir.omun,homon,rarelydmun,fear,W.ofn,fear,awe,

Cor.own,Br.aoun,Gaul,obnos,Exobnus,Fearless:*obnos,

fear.Bez.cfs.Got.biabrjan,beastounded(butabrsmeans

"powerful"),andGr.a<vw,suddenly,
uan,alamb,Ir.,M.Ir.uan,W.oen,pi.wyn,Cor.oin,Br.oan:

*ognos;Lat.agnus;Gr.a/xvos(ford/3vos);Ch.SI.jagne;

alsoAg.S.eanian,toyeanorlamb(*aunon).
uar,waterfall,heavyshower,confluence(SutherlandDial.),Ir.,

E.Ir.iiardn,freshspring;seefuaran.Arm.hasuaran,

freshwater,
uarach,hourly,temporary(H.S.D),homely(M'L.);fromuair.
uasal,noble,proud,Ir.,0.Ir.uasal,W.uchel,Br.uhel,huel,

Gaul,uxello:*oukselo,high,rooteug,veg,rise,increase;

Gr.v\//rjX.6<s,high,avo>,increase;Lat.augeo,increase,vigeo,

bestrong;Eng.up,Ger.auf;Lit.duksztas,high.
tuath,dread,Ir.uath,0.Ir.uath,Cor.uth,Br.eus,heuz,horror;

*pouto,rootpu,foul;Lat.putris,Eng.putrid,foul%
ub!ubub!interjectionofcontemptoraversion,0.Ir.upp.
ubag,ubaidh,acharm,Ir.uptha,upadh,sorcerer,0.Ir.upta,

fascinatio,uptha,Manxobbee,sorcery:*odbat,fromba,

speak(seeob,refuse).Zimmerrefersittorootbenofbean,

hurt,touch,
ubairt,rummagingamongheavyarticles,bustle(Dial.);see

ubraid.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.385

ubh!ubh!interjectionofdisgustoramazement;cf.Eng.phew.
ubh,anegg,Ir.uhh,,ngh,0.Ir.og,ub(]),W.wy,pi.wyan,Cor.

UV>y,Br.u,vi:*ogo8",Gr.&j3eov,egg,furtheruiov,Lat.

ovum,Eng.<<#/.ThephoneticsasbetweenCeltieandthe

otherlanguagesissomewhatdifficult;buttheconnection

isindisputable,
ubhal,apple,Ir.ubhall,E.Ir.uball,uhnll,().Ir.ahall,W.a/a/,

Cor.auallen,Br.avallen:*aballo,*abaU6n;Engapp/e,

Ger.apfel\Lit.obMys.StokesnowqueriesGer.ofotf,fruit,

0.H.G.o&az,Ag.S.ofet,fruit,
ubhla,afine,penalty:
ubraid,confusion,dispute,alsouprait:*udhert,fromherof

heir.
ucas,ugsa,coalfish,stenlock:
uchd,thebreast,soIr.,0.Ir.utkt:*pohtu;Lat.pectus?Stokes

andBezzenbergergive*puptutLetticpups,woman'sbreast,

Lit.papas,breast(Eng.papfromLat,pappa).St.now

givespoktus,alliedtopectus.Seeiochd.
ud,yon,yonder,Ir.Ad,E.Ir.lit;for%ud(mt),<].v.Forlossof

s,cf.thearticle.
udabac,outhouse,porch,backhouse(udabac,Uist);fromNorse

utibak,"outback"1
udail,causetoshake,waver,remove,Ir.udmhall,quick,stirring

(O'Cl.),0.Ir.utmall,unsteady,ittmaiUe,instability:utof

sud+tamall(Rhys).
udail,inhospitable,churlish,udlaidh,gloomy,cf.Norseutlagi,

anoutlaw,utlagtS,outlawry,
udalan,aswivel,Ir.udaldn(Fob,O'R.);fromudail.Cf.ludnau.
udhar,aboil,ulcer;alsoothar,q.v.
udlaiche,astag,oldhart(Arm.):
udrathad,utraid,freeegressandregresstocommonpasture;

fromtheNorsecf.utreitS,anexpedition,"outroad."
ugan,theupperpartofthebreast,Ir.ugdn,crawrofafowl,

ugann,fishgill(Heb.):
Ughdair,author,Ir.ughdar,E.Ir.ugtar,0.Ir.augtor;fromLat.

auctor.
ugsa,coalfish;seeucas.

uibe,amass,lump(asofdough),iob;cf.taoh\*udl>io,"out
being."Butcf.Lat.offa,ball.
uibhir,anumber,quantity,Ir.uibhir,uimhir,E.Ir.numir,

number;fromLat.numerus,Eng.number.
uidh(uidh),care,heed,Ir.uidh(obs.),0.Ir.oid;seetaidhe.
uidh,aford,thatpartofastreamleavingalakebeforebreaking

intoacurrent;alsoanisthmus(M'Kinnon,uidh,aoi);from

47

386ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Norseeift,anisthmus,neckofland.HenceEyeorVInear

Stornoway,olderEy,Huy,Eie.
uidh,uidhe,ajourney,distance,Ir.uidhe,E.Ir.ude,0.Ir.huide,

profectio:*odion,rootpod,ped,go;Lat.pes,pedis,foot;

Gr.7r<n'?,7roSos,foot;Eng.foot;Skr.padyd,footstep,
uidheam,accoutrements,apparatus,Ir.ughaim,harness,trap
pings,0.Ir.aidmi,armamenta,W.iau,juguni,0.Cor.iou,

Br.geo,ieo,*yougo,yoke;Eng.yoke,Ger.jock;Gr.uyov;

Lat.jugum;Lit.jungas.TheGadelicrequiresaform

*adjungmi.Cf.0.Ir.adim,instrumentum,pi.n.admi.
uig,anook,cove;fromNorsevile,bay,creek,Eng.wick,wick.

HencetheplacenameUig(Skye,Lewis).Henceuigean,a

fugitive,wanderer,
uigheil,pleasant,careful;fromaoighinthefirstmeaningand

fromuidhinthesecond,
uile,all,thewhole,Ir.uile,0.Ir.uile,huile:*polios,rootpol,

pel,full,many,Gr.ttoXXos(=ttoXlos),much,many;seeiol.

Stokesandmostphilologistsreferitto*oljos,Eng.all,Ger.

all,Got.alls(*oln6&,Mayhew).Somehavederiveditfrom

*soli,Lat.sollus,whole,Gr.b'Xos,whenceStokesdeducesthe

BrittonicwordsW.oil,all,Corn,hoi,Br.holl,oil(seeslan).
uileann,elbow,Ir.mile,g.uilleann,M.Ir.uille,pi.ace.uillinn,

0.Ii'.uilin(ace),W.,Cor.elin,Br.ilin,elin:*olen:Gr.

a>A'//v,(hXevT];Lat.ulna;Ag.S.eln,Eng.ell,elbow.
uilear,enough,etc.;seefui/e<tr.

uill(uill,H.S.D.),oilthou,uilleadh,oil(n.);seeola.
uilleann,honeysuckle,soIr.(O'B.),M.Ir.feithlend,woodbine;

seeunderfeith.
uilm,coffer(Carm.):
uim,circum,Ir.uim,0.Ir.imm;acompositionformofmu,

q.v.Henceuime,abouthim,it,Ir.uime,0.Ir.uimbi;

uimpe,abouther(=imbslorimbshi).
uin,uine,time,Ir.uain,time,opportunity,E.Ir.uine,0.Ir.

nain,leisure,time:*utnio,rootut,vetoffeith,wait.

Strachangives*ucnasareducedform,fromeuq,Skr.okas,

comfort,vkt)Xos,freefromcare,atease.
uinich,bustle,tumultus;seeuainneart.
uinicionn,lambskin(Carm.);foruainicionn.
uinneag,awindow,M.G.fuinneog,M.Ir.fuindeog,fuindeoc;

fromNorsewindauga,Sc.winnock,Eng.window(=windrye).

FromAg.S.windaege(Stokes,Lis.).
uinnean,anonion,Ir.uinniun,M.Ir.uinneamain,uindiun,W.

wynwynyu:fromLat.unionem,0.Fr.oignon,Eng.onion,

fromunus,one.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.387

uinnean,ankle:

uinnseann,ash,Ir.uinseann,M.Ir.fuindseog,ashtree,0.Ir.

indhuinnius,W.on,onen,earlieronn,onnen,Br.ounnenn,

Cor.onnen:*osnd,*osnestu;Lat.ornus(*osinos);Lit.4sis,

ash,Russ.jaseni.Cf.Eng.ash.
uipear,unhandycraftsman,bungler:
uipinn,atreasure,hoard;cf.uibe.
uir,mould,dust,earth,Ir.,M.Ir.air,E.Ir.dr,g.dire:*Hrd;

Norseaurr,loam,wetclay,mud,Ag.S.ear,humus.Stokes

hesitatesbetween*urdand*ugrd,Gr.vypds,wet.
uircean,ayoungpig,Ir.uircin,M.Ir.orcdn,porcellus,oircnin

(do.),ore,porcus;*porkos;Lat.porcus;Eng.farrow,pork;

Lit.pdrszas,boar,
uiread,asmuch,amount,Ir.oiread,0.Ir.erat,airet,lengthof

time,distance,ciaeret,quamdiu:*arevetto,rootvetof

feith.
uireas,below,down;seeioras.
uireasbhuidh,need,poverty,soIr.,M.Ir.auresbadh;fromair

andeasbhuidh,q.v.
uirg'hioll,facultyofspeech,speech,Ir.ulrghiot,acommand

(O'B.),uraghail,uradhall,speech(Keat.),EIr.uirgill,

forurfhuigell,M.Ir.urfhoighill:
uiridh,anuiridh,lastyear,Ir.annuraidh,E.Ir.innuraid,0.Ir.

urid:*peruti;Skr.parut,lastyear;Gr.Trkpvvi,Dor.

izkpvTi;rootvetoffeith.
uirigh,acouch,bed:*airsed,rootsedofsuidhe?
uiriollach,aprecipice(H.S.D.fromMSS.):*airailech,fromail,

rock,q.v.
uirisg,offspringoffairyandmortal(M*F.);seeitruisg.
uirlios,awalledgarden,Ir.uirlios(O'B.,etc.);fromairandlios.
uimeis,afurnace,Ir.uirneix,fdirneis(O'B.),M.Ir.forneis;from

Eng.and0.Fr.fomaise,Lat.fornacem,fornaoc,oven,
uimeis,tools,implements,Ir.uimeis(Fob,O'R.),uirlis(Con.);

seeairneis.
uirsgeil,aspreading(asofdungorhaytodry);fromairand

sgaoil.
uirsgeul,afable,romance,soIr.:fromairandsgevl.
uis,use,utility;fromtheEng.use,Lat.usus.
uiseag1,alark,Ir.uixe6<j,fuisedg,W.uchedydd,Br.ec'houedee,also

W.ucheda,tosoar;from*ux,up,asinuas,uasal?
uisg',uisge,water,Ir.uisge,O.Ir.uisce,usee:*udskio,rootud,

ved;Gr.vSiop,v8os;Eng.water,etc.;Skr.uddn;further

Lat.unda,wave.Stokessuggeststhepossibilityofuisgt

beingfor*ushio,andalliedtoEng.wash.

388ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

uisliginn,disturbance,fury:

uislinn,sport,diversion,Ir.uslainn(Lh.,etc.):

uist,hist!whist!Lat.stIEng.hist!

ula,ulachan(pi.),beard,Ir.,E.Ir.xdcha,g.ulchain:*ulukon;

*pulu,beard:Skr.pula,pulaka,horripilation;Gr.rrvXcyyes,

hairofchairs(Hes.).HenceUlaid,Ulster.Itmayberoot

v.l,vel,cover(seeolann).
ulag,block,pulley,"snowball"(VVh.);fromEng.pulley,L.Lat.

polanus*
ulag",oatmealandwatermixed:
ulaidh,atreasure,Ir.uladh,charnelhouse,E.Ir.ulad,stone

tomb;rootid,vel,cover?AGadelic*alveto,alliedtoLat.

alvus,abelly,alveus,channel,hasbeensuggested.
illoh,youbrute!(Sutherland);fromNorsetilfr,wolf.
ulbhach(ul'ach),ashes,W.ulw,pi.uhvyn:*polviko,*polven;

Lat.pulvis,dust,pollen,pollen,
ulartaich,ulfhartaich,howlingjfrom*ul,bark(Gr.vAaw,bark,

Lat.ulida,owl,etc.),andartofcomhart,q.v.
ullachadh,preparation,preparing,lr.ullmhuighim,1prepare;

fromullamh,ready.
ullag,amouthfulofmeal(Sh.);cf.ulag.
ullamh,ready,lr.ullamh,forurlamh,E.lr.erlam,paratus;from

airandlam,thelatterbeingfromlamh,hand:"tohand,

handy."Usuallyreferredtorootlas,desire,Lat.lascivus,

Eng.lascivious.
ultach,alapful,armful,Ir.ullthach(O'B.),M.Ir.utlach,lapful,

urtlach,lap:*artlac;roottol,tcl,lift(seetoil,tlath).G.

ulatliach,burdeninone'sarms=ultach(Wh.).
umaidh,dolt,blockhead;seeumpaidh.
umha,copper,brass,lr.umha,O.lr.humce,ume,copper,brass,

umaide,humide,acneus,\V.efydd,O.W.eniid,acre;*umaj<>

(Stokes),*omja(Ascoli),*umajo,ajo=aes(Bez.).
umhail,heed,attention,lr.umhail,limhail(O'B.,Con.);cf.next

word,
umhal,obedient(umhailt,Dial.),lr.umhal,E.Ir.,U.Ir.umal,

W.u/yll,Corn,huvtl,Br.vud;fromLat.humilis,Eng.

humble.
umlagh,atine,unlagh(Arg.);fromSc.unlaw,unlach,atine,

transgression,unlaw.
umpaidh,aboor,clown,idiot(Sh.,O'lL);seeumaidh.
ung,anoint,Ir.uugaim,0.lr.ongim;fromLat.unguo.W.has

eneniofrom*o7nj.
unnsa,anounce,lr.unsa,W.wnsjfromEng.TheO.lr.is

unga,fromLat.uncia.

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.389

unradh,adversity(Campbell'sTales,II.Macarusgaich);aform

ofanrath?
tip,push,upag,apush;cf.W.hwp,apush,effort.Cf.pitc.

Onomatopoetic.
ur,fresh,new,Ir.,E.Ir.iir,0.Ir.hurde,vividarium,W.ir,

fresh,green:*iiros,*puros;Lat.purus,Eng.pure.

Usuallyreferredto*ugros,Gr.vypos,wet,Lat.uvidus,

moist,rootveg.
urcag,tholepin(N.Lochaber).Cf.arcan,acork,
urchair,ashot,cast,Ir.urchur,E.Ir.urchur,aurch'>r,erchor,W.

ergyr,0.B.ereor,ictum;*arekoru,acast;fromcuir,

send,q.v.
urchall,fetters,shackles,soIr.(Lh.,etc.):*arecol,root,col,eel

oftimchioll?
urchasg,physic,antidote,Ir.urchosg,preservative,antidote:

*airckosg,fromcosg,casg,stop,q.v.
urchoid,hurt,mischief,Ir.urchoid,0.Ir.erchoit:*arekonti,Gr.

kvt0),stick,prick,k<u'i/(i>,kill.Stokesprefers*$koutias

stem,alliedtoEng.scathe.
url9,face,hair,breast,lr.urla,lockofhair,longhairofthe

head,E.Ir.,urla,irla:*airla,wherelaisforvia,rootvel

offait?
urlabhairt,eloquence,Ir.urlabhair,elocution,E.Ir.erlabra:

*airlabhair;seelabhair.
urlach,stag(R.D.):
urlaich,turnfromindisgust(Arg.):
urlaim,readiness(M'F.),Ir.drlamh,ready;seeullamh.Hence

alsourlaimh,expert,0.Ir.erlam,irlam.
urlamhas,possession,Ir.urlamhus,forlamhus;fromfor,super,

andlam/i,hand:"upperhandedness."
urlann,astaff,Ir.urlann,astaff,spearstaff,M.Ir.urlaim,staff

ofaspear:*airlann,fromlann:alsoE.Ir.irlond,hinder

endofaspearorship,
urlar,afloor,lowestpart,lr.urldr:*nirldr,fromlar,floor,q.v.
urnuigh,aprayer,lr.umuighe,().G.ernaede(B.ofDeer),0.lr.

trnigde,irnichte:*arenakd,Istrivefor,rootnah,enh,asin

thig?Zimmergivestherootigh,desire,(Jr.l\avav,desire,

Lit.igijti,striveafter,Skr.th,longfor,dividingitinto*air

txmig(*airinLg?).0.1lr.amigim\ig=Gr.lxaPIarn=

*paran,Gr.Trapd(St.Zeit.36).
urra,aperson,infant;cf.nextword.
urradh,urrainn,authority,guarantee,author,Ir.urra(dh),

surety,author,defendant,wrrain,stay,prop,M.Ir.errudus,

responsibility;fromrath,rhthan,surety.Urradhawerea

chiefs"gentlemen,"payingrentorservice(Sil.Gad.;.

390ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

urrainn,power,isurrainn,ean;Ir.urra,power,urrain,stay.

Seeaboveword.
urrail,forward,bold,urranta,Ir.urrdnta,bold,confidentinone's

might:fromurradh.
urram,honour,respect,Ir.urram,urraim,honour,deference,

submission,M.Ir.urraim,homage:*airreim?
urras,surety,guarantee,Ir.urrudhas,urrus;fromurradh.
ursainn,adoorpost,Ir.ursa,g.ursarin,E.Ir.ursa,aursa,irsa,

d.ursaind,W.gorsin:*arestan,rootsta,stand,
uruisg",aBrownie;fromuisge,air+uisg.
us,impudence(M'A.):
usa,easier,Ir.usa,0.Ir.assu,facilius,asse,facilis:cf.W.haws,

fromhawdd,easy;furtherFr.aise,Eng.easy,Got.azets,

easy,
usaid,querulousness(M'A.andWh.):
usgar,ajewel,bellonliquor:
usga(r),holy,sacred(Carm.):
uspag,apush,pang,Ir.uspog;cf.ospag.
uspair,anuglyorlumpishfellow,Ir.uspdu,ashapelesslump,

chaos,clumsyfellow.Seeuspan.
uspairn,strife,Ir.uspairneachd:*udspairn,fromspdim.
uspan,ashapelessmass,Ir.uspan:alsousp(usp);cf.uibe,

*uibs1
ut!ut!interjectionofdisapprobation,Eng.tut,hoot,W.hwt,etc.
utag,utag(Arg.),strife,confusion;also"push,jostle,"ut,push.

Cf.put,putag.
utan,aknuckle(Sh.,O'R.),betterutan:
uth,anudder,E.Ir.uth.Stokesgivesthestemas*(p)utu,Lit.

guputimas,aswelling,putliis,swollen.Lat.uber,Gr.ovdap,

Eng.udderhavebeencompared,buttheGadeliclacksthe

terminaler,andtheconsonantistratherthandordh.Cf.

Lat.uter,skinbag.
uthard,above,onhigh,Ir.o'.s,drd.Gaelicisfor*forard,"on

high;"seeairanddrd.
utraid,districtroad(Carm.);seeudrathad.
Utrais,aconfusedmassofanything,afidgeting.

orTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.

391

SUPPLEMENTARYWORDSNOTGIVENTNTHEBODY
OFTHEDICTIONARY.

I.FromtheSutherlandDialect
(PerRev.AdamGunn).

bore,thatch,afterwardsmanure,
cealdair,slowmovingfellow;

fromthe"r"likeinstrument

usedformakinghanksof

yarn,
cionlas,"confoundyou,"=

stringfortyingfingersof

dead,
dam,mud,gutter,
dusd,deadbody,
failmisg,bold,stormyday;

"teamhairfhailmisg,"

"stormyweather."
faoirisgeadh,sprinkling,
firiasg;muinntiranfhireisg,

salmonfishers.Seefireun

(Ed.),
garragartan,corncrake,
giorrasach,hare,
goireag,cole.

lampan,curdledmilk.See
lamban(Ed.).

leumachan,frog.

meanmainn,itchonpointof
noseprognosticatingnews.

meireachadh,starvingwith
cold.Seemeilich(Ed.).

milis,whitebutton;cf.Sc.
smylies.

murdmhard,mumbling.

rangan,puttingofftimeun
necessarily.

smagach,toad.Seemaqan

sn^ip,turnip.Seeneip(Ed.),
stiucan;"isfhiachestiucan

dheth,"twelvetimesbetter.
t'ig,why*?
tighinntoghainn,vacillating.


II.FromthePerthshireDialect
(PerRev.C.M.Robertson).

aoghaist,fishingtackle(line
andhook),adgaoisd?

bata:gubata,toabundance.
Cf.M'A.buta,surplus.

be6,air:"thaambe6fasfuar,"
"theairisgettingcolder";
"beoghaoithe,""breathof
wind."

bleithteach,kindofgruel.

brabhd,anythingbulky(especi
allyaperson).

braodag,atantrum,huff.

buidean(reotaidh),icicle,bod?
bulbhag(chloiche),aboulder,
buta,youngbird.Seeput

(Ed.),
ceabhgach=ciagach,q.v.
ciad,opinion,impression;cf.

ceudfath.
cl6imhneag,flakeofsnow;

cloimh+boinne?
clionach,partition,
enfcadag,fircone,
cramhuinn,alarge(hearth)tire.

392

ETYMOLOGICALOICTIONRAY

curraidh,sittingonhunkers.

Sc.v.pwr,"Onhiscoorie

hunkers,"saidofslidingonice

inacrouchingposition(Ed.).
deanaich,atwork,
diaghaltach,fondof.
draichd,stallion(Arms.),drudge.
drug,illness:unnamedillness;

cf.dreag.
dubhreabha(reabhgan),a

mole;cf.Arm.'sdubhreotha,

Shaw'suirreothadh=dubh

threabhadh.
faghairt,ask=farraid.
frioghlaisg,shredofskinrising

atnails,
fucadh,pushingheavily,
furlaich,revoltagainst."Dh'

fhurlaichmiris"=abhor,
futhair,thedogdays.See

futhar(Ed.).
geabhag,atwist.
giolc=syiolc.
iomaltas,hesitation,
lad,loudtalk,
leatach,remote,
leiceid,aslap.
liab,arag,tatter.Seelebb

(Ed.),
lomh,adiet=longadh.
luig,desire,long,
luis,outrushofwater,
luthasaich,allow.Seeludhaig

(Ed.).
maoidheanach,friendly,
moislich,stir(outofsleep),
muganach,thickanddamp,
murthail,grumbling;murlaich.
niannradh(clach),grinding

(stone);(nnelided).

niarraidh,middling(asto
health,whenasked).

priotaoil(accentonlastsyll.),
clatter,heavynoiseoffalling
things.

prois,beseech,pray,urge.

raidh(air),scolding,threaten
ing.

raigealtach,rascal,rollicking
fellow.

ramh,pi.ramhchan,aroot(of
tree).

reamalair=ramhlair.

riasgach,blustering(ofwea
ther).

riodacn,kind.

ruaig,showerofrain.

saich,sick(Arms,soithich,s.
"ill"),saoick.Cf.maitkno
saith.

samht,athud.

seanagair,

sagaciousone.

Seeseauagar(Ed.),
sgeilceil,crackling(ofwood),
sgiorlaich,crush(anything

softandjuicy).
Sgiut=sgiot.
Sglogaid=sglongaid.
siach,avoid,
siochadh,peace,
sic\ctir),attemptupon,
sladaig(air),workinghardat.
smaiteard,youth,"young

spark."
snaoic,chunk(offood),
spacadh,wrestling,
suigeartach,merry.
tomaneallaidh,spider.See

damhanallaidh(Ed.).

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.393

NATIONALNAMES.

Albion,GreatBritainintheGreekwriters,Gr."AX/Slov,AA/?iW,
Ptolemy'sAAoviW,Lat.Albion(Pliny),G.Alba,g.Albainn,
Scotland,Ir.,E.Ir.Alba,Alban,W.Alban:*Albion(Stokes),
"whiteland";Lat.albus,white;Gr.aA(/>os,whiteleprosy,
white(Hes.);0.H.G.albiz,swan.

Armoric,belongingtoBrittany,Lat.(Caesar)Armoricns,Aremori
cus(Orosius),*aremori,"bythesea"(seeairandmuirin
Diet.),M.Br.Armory,Brittany,armor,landbythesea,Br.
arvor,maritime.

Britain,G.Breatann,Ir.Breatain,E.Ir.Bretan,n.pi.Bretain,
theBritons,W.Brython,Briton,Corn.Brethon,Br.Breiz,
Brittany,Lat.Brittania(Cassar),Brittani,Britons,HperTavoi
(Strabo).ThebestGr.formsareIT/aeTTcu'oi,IT/oeTTaviK^,
W.Prydain,Britain,E.Ir.Gruithne,aPict,0.Ir.(Lat.)
Cruithnii(Adamnan,OruthiniPopuli):*Qrtani&,root</rt,
towhichvStokesrefersG.cruithneachd,wheat,thoughthe
usualreferenceistoG.cruth,picture,form,stillretaining
thenotionof"pictured"menasintheoldexplanationsof
Pict.Stokes,Rhys,etc.,regardtheLat.Brittaniaasaword
ofdifferentoriginfromtheGr.Hp^Travia,andG.Ornithine:
though,asamatteroffact,theLat.seemstohavebeena
badrenderingoftheGreek.TheGruithneorPictsthus
gavetheirnametoBritain,asbeing,about300\i.c,itsthen
Celticinhabitants.

Brittany;theBretonlanguage;fromBritainabove.Britons
pouredintoFranceinthefifthandsixthcenturies.

Caledonia,northernScotland(Tacitus),Gr.KaXrj^oviot(Ptol.,
etc.),Lat.Caledonii(Lucan,Martial,etc.),0.G.Dun
Callden,DuniC'alien,l)\\\\Keld,fortoftheCaledonians,
G.DunChaillinn;explainedbyWindischasfrom*cald,the
rootofG.coille,theforcebeing"woodlanders."Stokesand
othersobjectbecauseofthe7/(Lat.e)inKaA?;8;butifthe
Eng.andGaelicmodernformsarethedescendantsofthe
wordCaledoniaaslocallyspoken,theobjectioncannothold.

Celts,Lat.Celtae(Caesar),Gr.KeXrot,KcAtcu,KcAtikos,appearing
inthefifthandfourthcent.B.C.inHerodotus,Xenophon,
etc.:*Keltos,"thelofty,"rootqel,raise,go,Lat.cthus,

48

394ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

high,Eng.excel,Lit.keltas,raised.Rhysrefersthename
totherootqel,slay,Ag.S.hild,war,Norse,hildr,Lat.
percello,hit,Lit.kalti,strike:theCeltaebeing"smiters."

Cornwall:Cornish,Ag.S.Cornwalas,theWalasorWelshof
theCornorHorn,E.Ir.itiribBretannCornn(Corm.),in
thelandsoftheBritonsoftheCorn.ForWalasseeWales.

Crlithne,aPict;seeunderBritain.

CxMRY,theWelsh(pi),Cymraeg,theWelshnamefortheWelsh
language;thesingularofCymryisCymro,olderCymmro:
*Commrox,pi.CommrogesorCombroges(cf.Caesar'sAllo
broges,"Otherlanders"),countrymen,"colanders,"from
brog,mrogofbrughinDiet.,q.v.TheE.Ir.Gaelicfor
Walesisfoundinthephraseisinchomreic=imKymrischen
(Zim.Zeit.32162).

Erin;seeIreland.

Gaelic,Gael,thenameofthelanguageandpeopleoftheScottish
Highlands,G.Gaidhlig,Gaidheal,Ir.Gaoidhilig,Gaedhilig,
theIrishlanguage,Gaoidheal,Irishman,E.Ir.Gdedel(1100
a.d.),Gaideli(Giraldus),W.Gwyddel,Irishman:*Gddelos
(forSc.Gaelic)or*Gdidelos(forIrish),rootghddh,Eng.good,
Ger.gut,etc.%TheScotchformseemsthebest,asitsuse
hasbeencontinuous,theracebeingonlyafourthitemin
Scotland.StokesgivesaprotoGaelic*Goidelosor*Geidelos,
whichBez.comparestotheGaul.Geidumni,andwhich
StokescompareswithLat.hoedus,goat("Goatmen,"cf.
OscanHirpini)orLit.gaidys,cock.

Galli,Gaul,nowFrance,Lat.Gallus,Galli(fourthtofirstcent.
b.c.),Gr.TaXdrrjs,TaXdrat(thirdandsecondcent.B.C.);

aij^jfromtherootgal,bravery,whichseeinDiet.,withdiscussion
ofGalliandG.Gall,Lowlander,stranger.

Ireland,Irish;G.'Eireann,Ir.'Eire,g.'Eireann,E.Ir.'Eriu,
'Erenn,W.Ywerddon,Iwerddon,M.W.Ewyrdonic,Irish,
Ptol.'lovepvia'lepvrj(Strabo),Lat.Hibernia,Iverna(Mela),
Ierne(Claudian,fourthcent,a.d.),Evernili,Irish(Adamnan):
*Iverjbn,*Everjon,usuallyreferredtoPiverjo,Skr.pivari,
fat,Gr.Iltepta,theGrecianseatoftheMuses,tt'uhv,fat
(Windisch,Stokes):"richsoiled,swelling."Othersreferit
toG.iar,west,orSkr.dvara(fromava,G.bho),western,
lower.Noderivationcanbesatisfactorywhichdoesnotat
thesametimeaccountforthesimilarlynamedHighland
riverscalled'Eire,'Eireann,Eng.Earn,Findhom.

Man,Manx;ManxManninagh,Manx(adj.),Gailck,Gaelk,the
ManxGaelic,E.Ir.inisManann,IsleofMan,agenitivefrom
*Mana(=Lat.Mona),earlyW.Manau,Lat.Mona(Caesar),

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.395

Ptol.Moi/ctoi8a,Monapia(orMona?)TheE.Ir.godname
MananndnMacLir(sonoftheSea)isconnectedwith
theIsland;Skr.Manu,theLawgiver;TeutonicMannus
(Tacitus),Eng.man.

Picts;G.Cruithnich,forwhichnameseeunderBritain.The
namePicticanscarcelybeseparatedfromtheGaul.Pictavi,
nowPoitiers;and,ifthisbethecase,theusualderivation
fromLat.pictus,painted,mustbeabandoned.Windisch
adducesE.Ir.cicht,engraver,carver,forwhichaBrittonic
pikt,pictmaybeclaimedasaparallel(*qict);thisagain
leavestheideaoftattooingintact,andsoagreeswiththe
historicalfacts.

Scotland,Scots;E.Ir.Scott,pi.n.Scuil,d.Scottaib,Irishmen;
AdamnanScotia,Ireland,Scoti,theIrish,ScotiBritanniae,
ScotsofDalriada,etc.,Scoticus,Irish,Scotice,intheGaelic
language,Lat.(fourthcent.)Scotti,Scoti,*Skottos.Stokes
translatesthenameas"masters,owners,"alliedtoGot.
skatts,money,Ger.schatz,treasure,stock,Oh.SI.skotu,pro
perty,cattle.Therootka%hurt,scathe,cut,ofEng.
scathe,hasbeensuggested,eitheras"cutters"orkltattooed
ones"(soIsidoreofSaville).Rhyshassuggestedconnection
withW.ysgwthr,acutting,carving"tattooedorpainted
men."

Wales,Welsh;Ag.S.Weaias,Walas,theWelshthenameof
thepe5pleinpi.beingusedforthecountry,Wylisc,Welsh,
Wytiscemen,theWelsh;sing,ofWeaiasisWealh,aforeigner,
Welshman,0.H.G.tvalh,foreigner,Celt,Ger.walinwal
nuss,Eng.walnut:fromtheGaul,nationoftheVolcae,
borderingontheGermans,*Volkos,*Volkd,"thebathers,"
fromvole,bathe(seefaileinDiet.).Stokesconnectsthe
namewithLit.toilkti,pull,referringtotherestlesswander
ingsoftheGauls.

396ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

PERSONALNAMESANDSURNAMES.

Adam,G.Adhamh,Ahv(Fer.MS.),Aivzoe(D.ofL.),EIr.Adam,
0.Ir.Adim(g);fromHebrewAdam,red.HenceMac
adam,M'Caw,andfromDial.G.Adaidh(adiminutivefrom
Sc.)M'Cadie,M''Adaidh.

Adamnan,6.Adhmhnan(pronouncedYownanorYonan),earlier
Adhamhnan(Gghamhnan,M'V.),E.Fr.Adanutdn,Lat.
Adamnanu*(seventhcent.),StAdamnan(died704a.d.),
"littleAdam,'*aGaelicdiminutivefromAdam.Hencethe
personalnameGilleownan(1495),GinltaAdhamhndin,father
ofSomerled(twelfthcent.),Gillaagamnan(1467MS.),
whenceSkenededucestheMarlennans,q.v.

Alexander,6.Alasdair,Alky(1>.ofL.),Alaxandair,(1467
MS.),M.Ir.Alaxandair;fromLat,Alexander,fromGr.
AAeiWfyos,"defendingmen."HenceG.M'Alasdair,Mac
alister;furtherMacandie(fromSandy).

Allan,G.Ailean,E.fr.Ailene,Adamnan'sAilenus,from<<l,
rock?TheNormanAlan,whenceScotchAllanmostly,is
0.Br.Alan,Alam/nun,NenniusAlanus,fromAlemanntus,the
Germantribename"AllMen."Cf.Norman,Frank,
Dugall,Fingall.HenceMacallau.

Alimn,G.Ailpein,E.Ir.Alpin(Dalriadicking693):fromPictish
orWelshsourcesM.W.Elphin,Ellin,whichStokessug
geststohefromLat.Albinu*,fromalbus,white(orallied
rather?).HenceG.M'Ailpein,Macalpine.

Andrew,G.Aindrea(ADndra,Dial.).Gilleanndrais,Eng.GU
landers,St.Andrew's'////r,M.(;.Andro(D.ofL.),Ainnrias,
Gilleainnrias(1467MS.),E.Ir.Andrias;fromLat.Andreas,
g.Andrew,fromGr.'AvS/reas,areduceddoublestemmed
namenowshowingonlydv8f),man(seeneart).Hence
Macandrew,Gillander^Anderson.

Angus,G.Aonghas,fr.Aonghu*,g.Aonghusa,E.Ir.'Oengus,
0.Ir.'Oingus,\\\,Cor.Ungust:OinogwtVrS,"unique
choice,"fromaonandgus,choice(Eng.<lioost,Lat.</t'sf".<.
taste,asinG.tagh).HenceM'Aonghuis,Mae4nnes:further
MtAiii8h.

Archibald,G.Gilleasbuig,Bishop'sgille(seeeasbuiginDiet.),
M.G.Gillespih(D.ofL.),Qillaespic(1467MS.).Hence
Gillespie.ThenameArchibald,Ag.S.Arcebald,Arcenbald

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.397

orErcenbald,whichvaguelymeans"rightbold"(0.H.G.
erchen,right,real),hasnoapparentconnectionwithGillespie
inmeaningororigin(cf.similarlyLudovicandMaol
domhnuich).

Arthur,G.Artair,M.G.Artuir,E.Ir.Artuir,Artur,fr.Lat.
Arturius,sonofJSdan(Adamnan),W.Arthur,towhichthe
Lat.Artnrius(Juvenal)hasbeencomparedandsuggestedas
itssource(itbeingmaintainedthattheGensArtoriaof
YorkshirelastedfromRomantoDomesdayBooktimes,where
Artorappearsinthedaysor"EdwardtheConfessor).If
nativetoBrittonic(whichisprobable),itisfrom*ai*tos,
abear,W.arth,0.Ir.art,whencethenamesArt,Artgal,
Artbran.Rhyspreferstorenderthe*artoas"cultor,"
fromar,plough[Arth.Leg.,4048),allyingArthurtothe
ideaofa"CultureGod."HenceG.M'Artair,Macarthur.

Bain,fromG.ban,white.TheBainsofTullochappearinthe
sixteenthcenturyvariouslyasBaytieorBane,withacon
temporarynearthemcalledJohnMakferquhairM^Qillehane
(1555).ThislastnameisnowM'lllebhain,"Fnirgille,"
renderedintoEng.byWlajte;whencealsoM'Gilvane.

Bartholomew,G.Parian,Ir.Parthalon,E.Ir.Partholon,Lat.
PartholomceusorBartholomoeus(Nennius,ninthcent.),the
nameofapersonagewhoisrepresentedasthefirstinvader
ofIrelandaftertheFlood(278yearsafter!).Thepproves
thenametobenonGadelic;andasthehistorianstake
PartholonfromSpain,theSpanishBarTolemonoflegend
hasbeensuggestedastheoriginal.Prof.Rhysthoughtit
camefromtheIverniansorPreCelticraceinIreland.Hence
theClanMacfarlane,G.M'Pharlain.

Brown,G.M'A'Bhriuthainn,M.G.M'abhriuin(1408Gaelic
Charter),frombritheamhain,theformer(Sc.Gaelic)genitive
ofbritheamh,judge,q.v.HenceMacbrayne.

Cameron,G.Camshron,Camaran,MLG.Cdmsroin,g.(M'V.),
Camronaich(D.ofL.),Gillacamsroiu(1467MS.),Charter
Eng.Camroun(1472);explainedasfromcamsrbn,"wry
nose,"whichisthemostprobableexplanation(cf.caimbeul,
E.Ir.cerrbel,wrymouth).Connectionwithcamerariusor
chamberlain(ofScotland)unlikely,orwitlithefourteenth
centuryDeCambrunsorCameronparishinFife.

Campbell,(i.Caimbeul,M.G.Cambel(1467MS.),CamheU
(1266,etc.),fromcambel,wrymouthed(camandbeul;see
Cameron).ThereisnoDeCambelinthenumerousearly
references,butDeCampobelloappearsin1320asaLatin

398ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

formandanetymology;this,however,shouldnaturallybe
DeBellocampoasNormanFrenchidiomandLatindemand
aformwehaveinBeauchampandBeecham.DeCampello
orDeCampellis(littleplain)hasbeensuggested;but
unfortunatelyforthesederivationstheearliestformsshow
node:Cambellwasanepithet,notaplacename.

Carmichael,G.M'Gillemhicheil,SonofthegilleofStMichael,
M.G.Gillamichol(1467MS.),O.G.Gillemicel(B.ofDeer).
ThenameCarmichaelisreallyLowlandfromtheParish
nameofCarmichaelinLanark(Michael'scaerorcathair,q.v.).

Cattanach,Chattan,G.Catanach,M.G.pluralCattanich(D.of
L.),"belongingtoClanChattan,"ClaimGiltacatan(1467),
whichclaimsdescentfromGillacatain(1467MS.),servant
ofStCatan,whosenamedenotes"littlecat"(seecat).

Charles,G.Tearlach,M.Ir.Toirrdhealbhach(MacleanGene
alogy),EnglishedasTirlaghandTurlough,E.Ir.Toirdelbach,
LatinisedandexplainedasTurriformis,"Towershaped,"
butthetoirinGaelictookthephoneticsoftheprefixtair,
super,andhencethemodernG.form.HenceM'Kerlie.

Chisholm,G.Siosal,Siosalach,DeChesholme(thirteenthcentury
documents),DeCheseholme(1254),aBordername,theplace
nameChisholmbeinginRoxburgh:Cheshohn(aholm,but
Chesf).

Clark,G.Cleireach;seecleireachinDiet.AlsoM'A'Chleirich,
whenceGalwegianJBPCMery.

Coll,G.Colla,M.G.Colla(M'V.,1467MS.),E.Ir.Colla:*Col
riavos,fromcol,eel,high,asinCeltce(seeabove).

Colin,G.Cailean,M.G.Callane(D.ofL.),Cailin(1467MS.),
Colinus(Lat.of1292).Thisisapersonalname,oncemore
orlesspeculiartotheCampbells,theChiefbeingalwaysin
GaelicM'Cailein.ItsrelationtoEng.andContinentalColin
isdoubtful.Cf.Coiledn,"whelp,"andpersonalname;the
G.isadialecticformofoldcoiledn(seeFol.),cuilean,
whelp.

Ckerar,G.Criathrar,thenameofaLochtaysideclanwho
regardthemselvesasMackintoshes,explainingthenameas
"riddler,"fromcriatkar(whichseeinDiet.):thederivation
isright,butforthemeaningcomparetheEng.nounand
nameSieve(w)right.SeeCelt.Mag.6,38.

Cumming,G.Cuimein,Cuimeanach,earliestEng.formCornyn,a
NormanfamilydatingfromtheConquest,belongingtothe
NormanhouseofDeComines,aterritorialdesignation.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.399

David,G.Daibhidh(Classical),Daidh(C.S.);henceClannD&Lth
ortheDavidsons,abranchoftheClanChattan.InC.S.,
DavidsonappearsasD^ibhiosdan.

Dermid,G.Diarmad,M.G.Dermit(D.ofL.),Diarmada,gen.
(1467MS.),E.Ir.Diarmait,0.Ir.Diarmuit,Diarmit,Ir.
Lat.Diormitius(Adamnan).Zimmerexplainsthenameas
Diaermit,"Godreverencing,"fromdinandermit:*are
ment,"onminding,"rootmerit,asindearmad,q.v.

Dewar,G.Dedir,Deoireach,documentsDo'ire(1487),Jore
(1428);fromdebradk,apilgrim,q.v.HenceMacindeor.

Donald,G.Domhnall,M.G.Domnall(1467MS.),gen.Donil
(D.ofL.),0.G.Domnall(B.ofDeer),E.Ir.Domnall,Ir.
Lat.Domnallus(Adamnan),Domnail(do.,ablative),EarlyW.
Dumngual,laterDyfnwal:*Dumnovalos,fromdubnoof
domhan,andvalo(seeflath),meaning"worldwielder,world
ruler,"muchthesameinmeaningasDumnorix,worldking,
Caesar'sopponentamongtheAedui.Seedomhan,fiath.
HenceM'Dnomhnuill,Macdonald.

Duff,M.Ir.Dubh(ClannDubh,ClanDuff,ofwhichwasMac
beth,etc.),earlierDub,KingDuffintenthcentury;from
Gadelicdub,nowdubh,black,q.v.Asapersonalname,itis
acurtailmentofsomelongerordoublestemmedname(cf.
Fionn,Flann,red).HenceMacduff(ClenmcDuffe,1384).
ThefamilynameDuffismerelytheadjectivedubhused
epithetically.

Duffy,Ir.Dubhthaigh;seeMacphee.

Dugald,G.Dughall,M.G.Dowgall,g.Dowle(D.ofL.),Dubgaill,
gen.(1467MS.),thirteenthcenturydocumentsgiveDugald
(1289),Dufgal(1261),M.Ir.Dubgall(firstrecordedDubgall
isat912a.d.),fromEarlyIr.Dubgall,aDane,"Black
stranger,"asopposedtoFinngall,aNorwegian,"Fair
foreigner."See,forderivation,fionnandGall.Hence
M'Dhughaill,Macdougall,Macdowel,etc.

Duncan,G.Donnchadh(Dial.Donnach),M.G.Duncha(D.ofL.),
Donnchaid,gen.(1467MS.),0.G.Donchad(B.ofDeer),
E.Ir.Donnchad:*Donnocatus,*Dunnocatus,"Brown
warrior,"fromdonnandcath,q.v.TheGaulishDonnoof
personalnameshasbeenreferredbyDeJubainvilletothe
samemeaningandoriginasM.Ir.donn,king,judge,noble
awordoccurringinO'Davoren'sglossary.

Edward,G.'Eideard('Eudard,Dial),Imhear,Iomhar;thefirst
istheEng.Edwardborrowed,thesecondistheNorseIvarr
borrowed(seeMaciver).HenceM4'Eideard,WEdirard.

tOOETYMOLOGICALDTPTIOXARY

Ewrn,G.Eoghann(Dial.Eoghainn),M.G.Eoyan,Eoghan,E.Ir.,
0.Ir.Eoyan:*Aviy<ws(*Avigenos,Stokes),"wellborn,
good,"from*avi,friendly,good,Skr.dvi(do.),Got.aviliud,
thanks,Lat.aveo,desire,possiblyGr.cv,good(cf.here
Evyevrjs,Eugenius),W.hasEutigirn,Eutut,0.Br.Eucant,
Euhocar,Gaul.Avicantus.Rhys(Ilib.Lect.63)referslr.
EoghanandW.Owento*Esugen,Gaul.Esugemis,sprung
fromthegodEsus.ZimmerregardsOwenasborrowedfrom
Lat.Eugenius.Cf.,however,theevoofOgmicEvacattos,
nowEochaidh.HenceMacewen.

Farquhar,G.Fearchar,M.G.Fearchar,Fearchair,Ir.Fearchair
(F.M.,year848a.d.):*Vercaros,"superdearone";for
fear,seeFergus,andforcarseeDiet,above.Hence
M'Fhearchair,Macerchar,Farquharson,J/'Farquhar.

Fergus,G.Fearghas,M.G.Fearghus,Fergus,E.Ir.,0.Ir.
Fergus,g.Fergusso,W.Gurgust,0.Br.Uuorgost,Uurgost:
*Vergustus,"superchoice";forverorfear,seeinDiet,far,
air(alliedtoLat.super),andforgustus,seeunderAonghus
above.SomeregardFerhereasG.fear,man,*viroor*vtr.

Fingal,G.Fionn,Macpherson'sGaelicFionnghal,whichreally
shouldmean"Norseman,"orFairforeigner,M.G.Fionn
ghall,aNorseman(M'V.),riFionngal,kingofManandthe
Isles(M'V.),Fingal(ManxChrun.),kingofManandthe
Islesfrom1070to1077:fromfionnandGall,q.v.Fingal
asthenameoftheGaelicmythicheroisaninventionof
Macpherson's,aslikewiseishisGaelicFionnghal.Asa
matteroffactthenameisaGaelicformofthefemalename
Flora!SeeFionnaghalintheaddendumtothislist.

Finlay,G.Fionnla,Fionnlagh(misspeltFionnladh),M.G.
Finlay(D.ofL.),Finlaeic,gen.(1467MS.),Fionnlaoich,
gen.(DuanAlbanach),E.Ir.Findlasch(Lib.Leinster),Finn
loechandFinlaeg,gen.(MarianusScotus).Thoseearly
formsandtheNorseFinnleihrprovethatthenamemeans
"Fairhevo"(fionnandlaock).Itisapopular(10thand
11thcentury)renderingofFinnlug,"Fairattractiveone,"
theoldername.Ithasbeenexplainedas"Faircalf,"which
wouldsuitthephoneticsalso.HenceFinlayson,Mackinlay
(M'Fhionnlaigh).

Forbes,G.Foirbeis,Foirbeiseach,earlydocumentformDeForbes
(thirteenthcent.),sonamedfromtheplacenameForbesin
Aberdeenshire.

Eraser,G.Friseal,Frisealach,circ.1298thepatriot'snameis
variouslySimonEraser,Frasel,Fresel,Frisel,inDomesday
B.Fresle,BattleAbbeyRolls(1)FrisellorFresell;usually

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.401

referredto0.Fr.freze,astrawberry,*frezele,fromLat.
fragula,fragum,Fr.fraisier,strawberryplant.Forsense,
cf.thenamePlantagenet(broom).Strawberryleavesform
partoftheFraserarmorialbearings.Thewordmayalso
mean"curled"(Eng.frizzle,frieze).

Galbraith,G.M'A'Bhreatnaich,sonoftheBriton(ofStrath
clyde).Thenameappearsinthethirteenthcenturyin
Lennox,etc.,asGalbrait(fromGallandBreatofBreatann
above).

George,G.Se6ras,Seorsa,Deorsa,ultimatelyfromGr.yew/>yos,
afarmer,"workeroftheearth"(777,earth,Spy6%Eng.
work).HencetheBorderM'George.

Gilbert,G.Gilleabart,Gillebride.GilbertisfromAg.S.Gisle
bert,"Brighthostage"(seegiallinDiet);GillebrideisSt
Bridget'sslave,anexceedinglycommonnameonce,butnow
littleused.

Gilchrist,G.Gillecriosd,M.G.Gillacrist,Ir.Gillacrist(several
ineleventhcentury):"servantofChrist."HenceMlGil
christ.IttranslatesalsoChristopher.

Gillespie,G.Gilleasbuig;seeArchibald.

Gillies,G.Gilliosa:"servantofJesus."FromM4ALlos
comesthe"English"formLees,M'Leish.

Glass,G.Glas,anepithet,beingglas,grey.SeeM'Glashan.

Godfrey,G.Goraidh,M.G.Gofraig(1467MS.),Godfrey(do.),
Ir.Gofraidh(F.M.),M.Ir.Gothfrith,Gofraig,alsoGofraig
(Tigernach,989),E.Ir.Gothfraid(Lib.Lein.),E.W.Gothrit
{Ann.Camb.).TheNorsename,foritisNorsementhatare
referredto,isGo&rdd~'rorGudrod(alsoGorbfrr),butthe
earlierGaelicshowsratheranamealliedtotheAg.S.
Godefrid}Ger.Gottfried,"God'speace."ModernGaelicis
moreliketheNorse.TheDictionariesgiveG.Guaidhreas
theequivalentofGodfrey;forwhich,however,seeM'Quarrie.

Gordon,G.G6rdan,Gordon,Gordonach;fromtheparishname
ofGordoninBerwickshire.TheDeGordonsarewellin
evidenceinthethirteenthcentury.Chalmersexplainsthe
placenameasGordyn,"superdunum"(seefaranddun).

Gow,G.Gobha,asmith,nowusuallygobhainn,q.v.Hence
Maccowan,Macgowan,Cowan.

Grant,G.Grannd,Grant(1258),anEnglishfamilywhichsettled
aboutInvernessinthethirteenthcentury,Eng.Grant,
Grand)fromFr.,Eng.grand.

Gregor,G.Griogair,Griogarach,M.G.M'Gregar(D.ofL.),
M.Ir.Grigoir,E.Ir.(Lat.)Grigorius(GregorytheGreat,
died604),fromLat.Gregorius,Gr.Tfyqyoptos,afavourite

49

402ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

ecclesiasticalnamefromthethirdcenturyonward(cf.Gr.
yprjyoptu),bewatchful,Eng.care).HenceM'Griogair,Mac
gregor,Gregory.

Gunn,G.Guinne,Gunnach,earlydocumentsGun(1601),Clan
gwn(1525),inKildonanofSutherland,originallyfrom
Caithness;fromtheNorseGunni(twelfthcentury),the
namethenofasonofOlaf,aCaithnesschief(Ork.Saga).
ThisGunniisashortor"pet"formofsomelongernameof
twostems,withgunnr,war,asthefirstandchiefone(cf.
Gannarr,whichisanoldOrkneyname,Gunnbjorn,Gunn
laugr,Gunndljr,warwolf,Gunnstein,Gunnvaldr).

Harold,G.Harailt,M.Ir.Aralt,fromNorseHaraldr(samein
rootsandoriginasEng.herald).HenceMacraild.

Hector,G.Eachunn(Dial.Eachainn),M.G.Eachuinn,g.(M'V.),
Eachdhuin,g.(M'V.),Eachdhonn,g.Eachduinn(1467MS.),
Ir.Eachdonn(year1042):*Eqodonnos,"horselord,"like
EachlhighearnaofMacechern.Ofcourse"Brownhorse"is
possible;cf.Gr.Havdnnros.Thephoneticsareagainst
*Eachduine,"horseman,"asanexplanation.

Henry,G.Eanruig;from0.Eng.Henric,nowHenry,from
GermanicHeimrik,"homeruler"(Eng.homeandricin
bishopric,rich).HenceMackendrick,Henderson.

Hugh,G.'Uisdean(Huisdean),inArgyleEoghan,M.G.
Huisduinn,whichcomesfromNorseEysteinn,"J0y(1)stone."
TheDictionariesalsogivetheG.Aodh(seeMackay)as
equivalenttoHugh,whichisitselffromGermanicsources,
Teutonicroothug,thought.

James,G.Seumas,M.G.Semus(M'V.);fromtheEng.James,a
modificationofHebrewJacob.

John,G.Iain,olderEoin,incompoundsSeathain,asMacGille
Sheathainn,nowM'llleathainn.

Kathel,G.Cathal,M.G.Cathal(M'V.),Ir.Cathal(common
fromseventhcenturyonwards),0.W.Catgual:*Katuvalos;
seecath,war,andvalunderDonald.HenceAPAll,Mackail.

Kennedy,G.Ceanaideach,Ceanadaidh,Kennedy{Kenedy,John
M'Kennedy,fourteenthcentury)isthefamilynameofthe
oldEarlsofCarrick,nowrepresentedbytheMarquisof
Ailsa;itisafamousIrishnamebornebythefatherofBrian
BoruinthetenthcenturyIr.Ceinneidigh,E.Ir.Cennetich,
gen.;fromceann,head,andeitigh,ugly:"uglyhead."Called
alsoM'UalraigfromWalrickKennedy(sixteenthcentury),
whofirstsettledinLochaber:WalrickmaybeG.Ualgharg
confusedwithTeutonicVlrick,olderUodalrich,"rich
patrimonially."

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.403

Kenneth,G.Coinneach,M.G.Coinndech,Coinnidh,g.Coinndigh,
g.(M'V.),0.G.Cainnech,g.Caennig(B.ofDeer),E.Ir.
Cainnig,gen.,Ir.Lat.Cainnechus(Adamnan):*Cannicos,
"fairone,"fromthesamestemascannach(rootqas),q.v.
TheEng.Kennethisadifferentword:itistheoldScotch
kingnameCinoed(E.Ir.form),0.G.Cinathd(B.ofDeer),
Ir.Cinaedh,"firesprung,"fromcinofcinnandaedof
Mackay.

Lachlan,G.Lachlann(Dial.Lachlainn),Lachunn,M.G.Loch
linn,g.(M'V.),Lochloinn,n.andg.,Lachlan,g.(1467MS.),
Ir.LochlainnMacLochlainn(F.M.,year1060);probably
fromLochlann,Scandinavia,possiblycommencingasMac
Lochlainne,aScandinavian("sonofL.").Lochlann
evidentlymeans"Fjordland."

Lamond,G.M'Laomuinn,Laman,M.G.Ladmann,earlydocu
mentsLawemundus(Lat.of1292),Laumun(circ.1230),
M.Ir.Laghmand,Lagmand;fromNorselagamatSr,logmaftr,
lawman,pi.logmenn,"lawmen,"bymeaningandderivation.
HenceMlClymont,D.ofL.V'Clymont,Clynelymyn.

Laurence,G.Labhruinn,M.G.Labhran(1467),Ir.Laurint
(Saint),fromLat.Laurentius,StLaurence,theultimatestem
beingthatofLat.laurus,alaurel.HenceM'Labhruinn,or
Maclaren.

Lewis,G.Luthais;fromFr.Louis,fromChlovis,theFrankish
king(fifthcentury),degradedfromoldGermanChlodwig,
nowLudioig(*Klutovigos,famedwarrior,rootsincliitand
Eng.victory).HenceEng.Ludovic,whichisrenderedin
G.byMaoldonuich,shavelingoftheChurch.

Livingstone,G.M'Anleigh;seeMacleay.

Luke,G.Lucais.HenceMaclucas.

Magnus,G.Manus,Manus,M.G.Magnus,Manuis,g.(1467
MS.),Ir.Maghnus,NorseMagnuss,fromLat.mognus,inthe
nameofCharlemagneCarolusMagnus.

Malcolm,G.Calum,earlierGillecalum,M.G.Mylcollum(D.of
L.),Maelcolaim,0.G.Malcoloum,Malcolum,Gilliecolaim,
ir.Maelcoluim:frommaol,bald,andcalum,adove(Lat.
columba),theparticularCalummeantherebeingStColumba.
HenceMaccallum.

Malise,G.Maoliosa,E.Ir.Maelisu,servantofJesus.Hence
alsoMellis.

Matheson,G.M'Mhathan,Mathanach,M.G.MacMatgamna
(1467MS.),Macmaghan(ExchequerRollsfor1264),theIr.
Macmahon,"sonofthebear,"forwhichseemathghamhuin.
MathesoninPerthshireandKintyreis,aselsewhereoutside
theHighlands,forMathewson,G.M'Mhatha.

404ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONRAY

Menzies,G.MMnnear,M&innandMfcinnearachlocally,early
documentsdeMengues(1487),deMeyners(1249);De
MeyneriawouldmeanmuchthesameasDeCamera,thatis,
"ofthehousehold,"frommesn,masn,givingFr.men(our
menage,menagerie,menial),fromLat.mans(ourmansion),
frommaneo,remain.Therootanywayismanofmansion
andmanor,andthenameisalliedtoMannersandMain
waring.

Morgan,M.G.ClannMhorguinn(M'V.),0.G.Morgunn,g.
Morcunt,W.Morgan,Cor.and0.Br.Morcant:Moricantos,
"seawhite,"fromthestemofmuirandroothid,burn,asin
connadh(Lat.candeo,shine,Eng.candle).SeeMackay.

Morrison,G.Moireasdan,earlierM'Gillemhoire,Mary'sservant,
M.G.Gillamure,whenceGilmour.ThenameMorrisisfor
Maurice,fromtheLatinsaint'snameMauricius,"Moorish."

Munro,G.Rothach,MacanRothaich(Dial.Munro).Inthe
fourteenthcenturythenameis"ofMonro,"whichshowsit
isaterritorialname,explainedasBunroe,themouthofthe
Roe,ariverinCountyDerry,Ireland,whencethefamilyare
representedashavingcomeintheeleventhcentury.

Murdoch,G.Muireach,Murchadh;thefirstisM.G.Muiredh
aigh,gen.(M'V.),Murreich(D.ofL.),Muireadhaigh,g.
(1467MS.),Ir.Muireadhach,E.Ir.Muiredach,0.Ir.(Lat.)
Muirethachus,Adamnan'sMuiredachus,"lord,"alliedto
muirennandmuriucdn;Ag.S.masre,clarus;Br.cono
morios(1)(StokesR.C.1876.)TheformMurchadhisinIr.
thesame,E.Ir.Murchad:*Moricatus,seawarrior.Hence
(fromthefirst)M'Mhuirich(inArran,etc.,becomingCurrie),
andfromthesecond,Murchison,Murchie,andIr.Murphy.
Seemurrachabove.

Murray,G.Moirreach;fromthecountynameMorayorMurray,
earlyGadelicformsbeingMoreb,Muref,andNorseMorhcefi
(influencedbyNorsehaf,sea):*Morapia,frommorofmuir,
sea,and*apia,theterminationofseveralCelticplacenames.
AndrewMorrich,Kiltearn,1672.

Myles,G.Maolmoire,servantofMary,anoldandcommonname.
MylesisfromtheMed.Lat.Mito,withaleaningonmiles,
soldieracommonnameintheMiddleAges.

Macalister;seeAlexander.

Macandrew;seeAndrew.

Macarthur;seeArthur.

Macaskill,G.M'Asgaill;fromNorse'Askell,for*'Asketill,the
kettle(sacrificialvessel)oftheArisesorgods:"avesselof
holiness."

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.

405

Macaulay,G.M'Amhlaidh,Ir.MacAmhlaoibh,M.Ir.Amlaibh,
E.Ir.Amldib,'Alaib;fromNorse'Oldfr,Anlaf(oncoins),
"theAnses'relic"(Eng.left).

Macbean,G.M'Bheathain,fromBeathan,EnglishedasBean
(1490,Beane,1481)orBenjamin:*Bitdtagnos,life'sson,
frombeatha,life,withtheterminationagnos,meaning
"descendantof,"Eng.ing,nowusedliketheEng.toform
diminutives.AlsoMacbain,Macvean.

Macbeth,G.M'Bheatha(Dial.M'BheathainandM'Bheathaig),
M.G.Macbethad,0.G.Macbead(B.ofDeer),M.Ir.Mac
bethad,Macbeth1058,1041a.d.):"sonoflife,"frombeatha,
life.Itisapersonalnameoriginally,notpatronymic.
FromMacbethcomeM'Bey,M'Vey,M'Veagh.

Maccaig,G.M'Caog,Ir.MacTaidhg,sonofTeague,E.Ir.Tadg,
possiblyalliedtoGaul.Tasgius,etc.TadgexplainedbyO.
CI.andDav.as"poet."

Maccallum,G.M'Caluim;seeunderMalcolm.

Maccodrum,G.M'Codrum;fromNorseGuttormr,GotSormr,
Ag.S.Guthrum:"goodorgodserpent"(orm).

Maccoll,G.M'Colla;seeColl.

Maccombie,G.M'Comaidh,M.G.M'Comie(D.ofL.):"sonof
Tommie,"orThomas.

Macoonachie,G.M'Dhonnchaidh,sonofDuncan,whichsee.
TheClanDonnachiearetheRobertsonsofAthole,sonamed
fromDuncandeAtholiainBruce'stime:theEnglishform
ofthenameisfromRobert,Duncan'sgreatgrandson,who
helpedinbringingthemurderersofJamesI.toexecution.

Maccormic,G.M'Cormaig,fromCormac(Cormag),E.Ir.
Cormac,Adamnan'sCormacus:*Corbmac,charioteer,from
corb,chariot,Lat.corbis,basket.Seecarbad.Fromcorbalso
comesCairbre,O.Ir.Coirbre.

Maccorquodale,M'Corcadail,M.G.Corgitill,g.(D.ofL.),early
documentsMahcorquydill(1434);fromNorseThorketill,
Thor'skettleorholyvessel(seeMacaskill).

Maccrimmon,G.M'Cruimein;fromRumun(onaManxRune
inscription),fromNorseHromundr(forHrbtSmundr,famed
protector)%CeannfaeladMacRumain,Bishop,d.820;
Human,thepoet,d.742;Ruman,thebishop,d.919.Erig
anagaidRumuind,MS.Bodl.Lib.Laud.610,fol.10,a,a
(O.Don'sGram.).

Macculloch,G.M'Cullach,earlydocumentsM'Culloch(1458),
M'Cullo,M'Cullach(1431)inEasterRoss:"sonofthe
Boar"(cidlach)1M'Lulach,sonofLulach(littlecalf%),has
beensuggested,andthisappearsasM'Lulich.

406ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Macdermid;seeDermid.

Macdonald;seeDonald.

Macduff;seeDuff.

Macechern,G.M'Eachairn,M.G.M'Caychirn(D.ofL.),early
documentsMackauchern(1499),Ir.Echthmhern(Annals
846a.d.):"Horselord,"fromeachandtighearna.Also
EnglishedasM'Kechnie(*MacEchthigema).

Macfadyen,G.M'Phaidein,earlydocumentsM'Fadzeane(1540);
fromPaidean,Pat,apetformofPatrick.

Macfarlane;seeBartholomew.

Macgill;fromaG.M'Gille,usedasacurtailment,especiallyof
MacmillanorM'Gillemhaoil.

Macgillivray,G.M'Gillebhrath,sonoftheServantofJudg
ment,frombraih,judgment,q.v.

Macglasiian,G.M'Glaisein,asideformofM'Ghilleghlais,the
Greylad,M.G.M'lllezlass(D.ofL.),documentsM'Gille
ylasch(1508).Fortheformationofthisname,cf.Gille
naomh(Macniven),Gillemaol(Macmillan),M'Gillebane
(1555),M'Gilleuidhir(M'Clure,dunlad),Gilroy,redlad.

Macgowan;seeunderGow.

Macgregor;seeGregor.

Machardy,G.M'Cardaidh:

Macindeor;seeDewar.

Macinnes;seeAngus.

Macintyre,G.Macantsaoir,sonofthecarpenter;seesaor.

Maciver,G.M'lamhair,M.G.M'Inihair(1467MS.),Ir.Imhar,
E.Ir.Imair,g.;fromNorse'Ivarr.

Mackay,G.M'Aoidh,fromAoidh,0.G.Aed,0.Ir.Aed,Adam
nan'sAidus,g.Aido:*Aidus,fire,E.Ir.aed,fire,Gr.afflos,
fire,brand,Lat.aedes,house(=hearth),aestus,heat,0.H.G.
eit,fire,pyre.HencetheGaul.Aedui.

Mackellar,G.M'Ealair,M'Eallair,olddocumentsMahhellar
(1518),Makalere(1476),M'Callar(1470),all"ofArdare"
inGlassary,Argyle.EllarM'Kellar,1595,provesthe
nametobeEalair.M.Ir.Flair,theGaelicformof
Lat.Hilariusborrowed.

Mackenzie,G.M'Coinnich;fromCoinneack,whichseeunder
Kenneth.

Mackerchar,G.M'Fhearchair;seeFarquhar.

Mackessack,forG.M'Isaac,sonofIsaac.AlsoMackieson,
M'Kesek,1475;Kessokissone,Kessoksone,1488;Makesone,
1507;Makysonn,1400(mostlyinMenteithandS.Perth),
fromKessoc,Kessan,personalnamescirc.1500,alsoSt.
KessogorKessock.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.

407

Mackillop,G.M'Fhilib,forPhilip(=Filip),where/(=ph)is
aspiratedanddisappears;fromLat.Phillipus,fromGr.
4>tAt7T7ros,loverofhorses(seegaolandeach).

Mackinlay,G.M'Fhionnla(idh);fromFinlay.

Mackinnon,G.M'Fhionghuin,M.G.Fiongkuine,g.(M'V.),in
Macjingun(1400),0.G.Finguni,gen.(B.ofDeer),Ir.
Finghin,M.Ir.Finghin,Finnguine,E.Ir.Finguine:*Vindo
gonios,"fairborn"(fionnandgin);of.forforceandpartial
rootGr.KaAAiyei^s,andyovosinpropernames.

Mackintosh,G.Macantoisich,theThane'sson(seetbiseach),
M.G.Cla?maant6isaigh,ClansMackintosh(M'V.),Toissich
(D.ofL.),Mackintoshes,Clannantoisigh(1467MS.),early
documentsM'Toschy(1382).

Mackirdy,G.M;Urardaig'h,M'Urarthie,1632;M'Quiritei,
1626;Makmurrarty,1547;Makiverarty,1517;commonin
ButeandArranofold,fromMuircheartach,"seadirector"
(muirandceart);whencealsoM'Murtrie,M'Mutrie.

Maclachlan,G.M'Lachlainn;seeLachlan.

Maclagan,G.M'Lagain(Lathagaininitsnativedistrictof
Strathtay),documentaryMaklaagan(1525):*MiGillaagan,
sedquid1

Maclaren,G.M'Labhruinn;seeLawrence.

Maclarty,G.M'LabhartaighandLathartaich,fromFlaith
bheartach,Eng.Flaherty:"dominionbearing"or"princely
bearing"(seejlat/iandbeartach).

Maclean,G.M'llleathain,forGill'Sheathain,JohnorSeathan's
servant,M.G.Giollaedin(M'V.),Gilleeoin(1467MS.),
documentsMakgilleon(1390);fromgilleandSeathain{Iain)
orFbin,John,thelatterbeingtheclassicG.forthename.
JohnmeansinHebrew"theLordgraciouslygave."

Maclearnan,soG.;fromGUI'Frnan,StErnan'sgille.The
LatinnameofthissaintisFerreolus,"Ironone";from
iarunn.

Macleay,G.M'Anleigh,orearlierM'An16ibh,documents
M^Conleif(1498inEasterRoss),Dunslephe,gen.(13069,
Kintyre),DunslafMakcorry(1505),M.G.Duinsleibe,gen.,
Ir.Donnsleibhe,E.Ir.Duindslebe,gen.:"BrownoftheHill,"
fromdonnandsliabh(not"LordoftheHill,"asother
similarnamesexistindubh,e.g.Dubhsleibhe;seeMacphee).
Capt.ThomasregardedtheM'Leaysofthenorthwestas
descendedfromFercharLeche,F.thephysician,whogets
landsinAssyntin1386,beingthusMlAnleigh,physician's
son,ManxCleg,Legge.TheAppinM'LeaclanEnglished
theirnameasLivingstone,ofwhomwasthecelebrated
traveller.

408ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

Maclellan,G.M'Gillfhaolain,M.G.M'Gillelan(D.ofL.),Gilla
faelan(1467MS.),StFillan'sslave,E.Ir.Faeldn,0.Ir.
Fdilan,fromfdil,nowfaol,wolf,q.v.HenceGiljillan.

Maclennan,G.M'lllinnein,ServantofStFinnan,Ir.Mac
Gillafinnen(commoninfourteenthandfifteenthcentury),
M.Ir.Finden,E.Ir.Finnian,Adamnan'sVinnianus=Finnio,
Finnionis=Findbarrus;fromJinn,jionn,white:thefull
name,ofwhichFinnanisapetform,wasFindbarror"Fair
head,"Eng.Fairfax.SkenededucedMaclennanfromM.G.
M'Gillaagamnan,Adamnan'sgille,documentsGilleganan
Macneill(1545),Gilleownan(1427).

Macleod,G.M'Ledid,M.G.M'Cloyd(D.ofL.),M'Leod(MS.
1540),documentsMacloyde(fourteenthcentury),0.G.Le'ot
(B.ofDeer),NorseSagasLjdtr,earlofOrkneyintenth
century,andotherwiseacommonNorsename;thewordis
anadj.meaning"ugly"(!),Got.liuta,dissembler,Eng.little.

Macmahon,G.M'Mhathain;seeMatheson.

Macmartin,G.M'Mhairtinn,nodoubtforearlierGillamartain,
gen.(1467MS.,anancestoroftheCameronchiefs):Eng.
Martin,fromLat.Martinus,thenameofthefamousfourth
centuryGaulishsaint;itmeans"martial."

Macmaster,G.M'Mhaighistir,sonoftheMaster.

Macmichael,G.M'Mhicheil,doubtlessforearlierGillamichol;
seeCarmichael.

Macmillan,G.M'Mhaolain,M'Grhillemhaoil,sonoftheBald
gille(cf.M'Glashan).ToMaolanmustbecomparedthe
OgmicMailagni.

Macnab,G.M'Anaba,M.G.m<ynnab(D.ofL.),MlAnAba
(1467MS.):"sonoftheAbbot"jseeaba.

Macnair,G.M'Anuidhir;forMaclainuidhir,sonofdun
(odhar)John(cf.Makaneroy,1556,nowMacinroy,and
Makaneduy,1526,nowMacindoe).Suchisthesourceofthe
Gairlochbranchofthename.ThePerthshireseptappears
indocumentsasW'lnayr(1468),Macnayr(1390),whichis
explainedasMlAnoighre,sonoftheheir.MNuirsin
Cowal(1685),JohnMaknewar(1546,inDunoon);Tho.
M'Nuyer(1681,Inverness).Prof.Mackinnonsuggested
MlAnfhuibhir,sonofthesmithorfaber;norshould
MlAnfhuidhir,thestranger'sson,beoverlookedasapossible
etymology.

Macnaughton,G.M'Neachdainn,M.G.M'Neachtain(1467),
O.G.Nectan,PictishNation(Bede),fromnecht,pure,root
nigofnigh,wash.

OFTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.409

Macnee,G.M'Righ;D.ofL.M'onee,M'Nie,1613;M'Knie,
1594;M'Kne,1480(MenteithandBreadalbane).From
macnia,champion%

Nacneill,G.M'Neill,documentsMakneill(1427).SeeNeil.

Macnicol,G.M'Neacail,M.G.M'Nicail,fromLat.Nicolas,Gr.
NiKoAa?,"conqueringpeople."HenceNicholson.

Macnish,G.M'Neis;fromM'Naois,theNaoisbeingadialectic
formofAonghusorAngus.

Maoniven,G.M'Ghillenaoimh,thesaintlygille(cf.forformin
Eng.Macglashan).DocumentaryformGilneivM'llwedy
(1506).TheM.G.andIr.GUIaNanaemh,servantofthe
saints(1467MS.),isadifferentname.TheIr.M'Nevinis
forM'Cnaimhin.MacNimhein(Oranaiche520).

Macphail,G.M'Phail;sonofPaul.SeePaul.

Macphee,G.M'aPhi,M.G.M'affeith(D.ofL.),M'Duibsithi
(1467),documentsMacdujfie(1463),forDubshithe,Blackof
peace(dubhandsith).

Macpherson,G.M'Phearsain,sonoftheParson,M.G.
M'apharsone(D.ofL.),documentsM'Inphersonis(1594Acts
ofPari.).BeanMakimpetsone(1490,CawdorPapers),Mak
farson(1481,KilravockPapers),ArchibaldM'Waltervie
DonchoviePersoun(whoin1589haslandsinGlassary
ofArgyle);TormotM'Farsane(vicarofSnizort,1526).The
BadenochM'PhersonsareknownasClannMhuirich;the
SkyeseptarecalledCananaich(fromLat.canonicus,canon).

Macquarrie,G.M'Guaire,M.G.Guaire,M'Guaire(1467MS.),
Macquharry(1481),M'GoireofUlva(1463,Makquhoryin
1473);fromGadelicGuaire,*Gaurios,E.Ir.guaire,noble;
Gr.yavpos,proud,exulting;furtherLat.gaudeo,rejoice,
Eng.joy.

Macqueen,G.M'Cuinn,documentsSweenM'Queen(1609,Clan
ChattanBond),M'Queyn(1543,Swynethenalsoasapersonal
name,inHuntly'sBond),Makquean(1502,personalname
Soynealsoappears),M.G.Suibne,gen.(1467MS.,Mackin
toshgenealogy),MSoenith(D.ofL.),documentsSyffyn
(1269,theKintyreSweens),Ir.Suibhne(Sweeney),E.Ir.
Subne,Adamnan'sSuibneus:*Subnios,rootben,go:"Good
goingVTheoppositeDuibne(O'Duinn,etc.)appearsin
OgamasDovvinias(gen.).Cf.dubhach,subhach.Usually
MacqueenisreferredtoNorseEng.Sweyn,NorseSveinn,
whichgivesG.Af'Suain,nowMacSwan,aSkyename.
PronouncedinArg.MacCvi'neorCuibhne,forM'Shuibhne,
whichisthebestspellingforArgyle.

Macrae,G.M'Rath,M.G.gen.Mecraith,documentsM'Crath
(1383inRothiemurchus),Ir.Macraith(years448,onwards):

50

410ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY

"SonofGraceorLuck,"fromrath,q.v.Apersonalname
likeMacbeth.

Macraild;seeunderHarold.

Macranald,G.M'Raonuill;seeRanald.

Macrory,Macrury;seeRory.DocumentsgiveMakreuryin
1427.

Mactaggart,G.M'AntSagairt,sonofthepriest.

Mactavish,G.M'Thaimhs,forM'Thamhais,sonofThomasor
Tammas,M.G.ClyneTawssi(D.ofL.),documentsM'Cawis
andM'Cause(1494,1488,inKillinofLochtay).

Macvicar,G.M'Bhiocair,documentsMakvicar(1561,when
landsaregivennearInveraraytohim):"SonoftheVicar."

Macvurich,G.M'Mhuirich,M.G.Mhuireadhaigh(M'V\):the
BardicfamilyofM'Vurichclaimeddescentfromthepoet
MuireachAlbanach(circ.1200a.d.).Theynowcallthem
selvesMacphersonsbyconfusionwiththeBadenochClann
Mhuirich.

Neil,G.Niall,solr.,E.Ir.Mall,Adamnan'sNellis,gen.:
*Neillos,*Neidslo;seeniataforroot,themeaningbeing
"champion."HenceMacneill.Thewordwasborrowed
intoNorseasNjdll,Njal,andthenceborrowedintoEng.,
whereitappearsinDomesdayBk.asNigel,alearnedspelling
ofNeil,whenceNelson,etc.

Nicholson,G.M'Neacail;seeMacnicol.

Norman,G.Tormoid,Tdrmod(Dial.Tormailt,forearlierTor
mond),documentsTormode(DavidII.'sreign);fromNorse
ThvrmdtSr,thewrathof*Thor,Eng.mood.Theform
TormundalternateswithTormod(1584,1560):"Thor's
protection;"whencetheDial.Tormailt(cf.larmailtfor
phonetics).Cf.Gearmailt,Germany.
Patrick,G.Padruig,Paruig(withpetformPara),forGille
phadruig,M.G.Gillapadruig,Ir.Pddraig,Giollaphdtraicc,
0.Ir.Patrice;fromLat.Patricius,patrician.HenceMac
phatrick,Paterson.
Paul,G.P61(Classic),Pal(C.S.);fromLat,Paulus,frompaulus,
little,Eng.few.

'Peter,G.Peadair;fromLat.Petrus,fromGr.Tlhpos,rock,stone.
Philip,soG.;seeMackillop.

Ranald,G.Raonull,M.G.Raghnall(M'V.),Ragnall,Raghnall
(1467MS.),Ir.Ragnall(common);fromNorseRbgnvaldr,
rulerof(from)thegods,orrulerofcounsel,fromrogn,regin,
thegods,Got.ragin,opinion,rule;whenceReginald,Rey
nold,etc.HenceM'Raonuill,Macranald,Clanranald.
Robert,Raibert,Robart,Rob,M.G.Robert(D.ofL.),Roibert
(1467MS.);fromEng.Robert,Ag.S.Robert,fromhro,htotS,

OPTHEGAELICLANGUAGE.411

fame,praise,andberht,bright,nowbright,"brightfame."
HenceRobertsons(=ClannDonnchaidh),Macrobbie.

Roderick,Rory,G.Ruairidh,M.G.Ruaidri(1467MS.),0.G.
Ruadri,Ir.Ruaidhri,gen.Ruadrach(Annalsat779,814),
0.Ir.Ruadri,E.W.Rotri,Rodri;fromruadh,red,andthe
rootofrigh,king1TheTeutonicRoderickmeans"Famed
ruler"(fromhrotSandrik,thesamerootasG.righ).The
terminalri,reck(oldgen.)isareducedformofrigh,king
(Zimmer,who,however,regardsRuadriasfromN.Brorehr,
butthisinGallowayactuallygivesRerik,M^Rerik,MlCrerik,
1490,1579,thusdisprovingZimmer'sview).M'Cririckstill
exists.

Ross,G.Rosach,Ros;fromtheCountynameRoss,sonamed
fromros,promontory.

Roy,G.Ruadh,red.HenceMacinroy,earlierMakaneroy(1555),
forM'lainRuaidh,RedJohn'sson.

Samuel,G.Samuel,Somhairle.ThelatterraallyisSomerled,
M.G.Somuirle(M'V.),Somairli(1467MS.);fromNorse
Sumarli&i,whichmeansamariner,viking,"summersailor,"
fromsumarandli&i,afollower,sailor.

Shaw,G.Seaghdh,EnglishedasSeth;evidentlyformerlySi'ach
orSe'ach,SchiachM'Keich,Weemin1637(=ShawM'Shaw),
Jo.Scheach,Invernessin1451,Jo.andTho.Scheoch,king's
"cursors"14551462,SythachMacmalloninBadenochin
122433,FercharfiliusSeththerein1234,M'SithiginB.of
Deer:*Sithech,M.Ir.sidhach,wolf.Thefemalename
SitheagwascommonintheHighlandsinthe17thcentury
(Shiak,Shihag).TheSouthernShawsofAyrshireand
GreenockarefromDeSchaw(1296),fromSc.andEng.
shaw,shaws;thesouthernnameinfluencedthenorthernin
spellingandpronunciation.InArgyle,theShawsarecalled
ClannMhicghi\leSheathanaich.

Simon,G.Sim.ThisistheLovatpersonalname;hence
M'Shimidh,Simmie'sson,thenamebywhichtheLovat
familyispatronymicallyknown.HenceinEng.Sime,Mac
kimmie,MiKim,Simpson,etc.

Somerled;seeSamuel.

Sutherland,G.Suthurlanach;fromthecountyname.

Taggart;seeMactaggart.

Thomas,G.T6mas,Tamhus(M'F.),M.G.Tamas(1467MS.).
HenceMactavish,Maccombie.

Tokquil,G.Torcull(Torcall);fromNorseThorkell,ashorter
formofThorketill,whichseeunderMaccorquodale.

Whyte,G.M'lllebhain;sonofthefairgille.SeeBainabove.

412ETYMOLOGICALDICTIONARY.

William,G.Uilleam,M.G.William(1467MS.);theG.isbor
rowedfromtheEng.,0.Eng.Willelm,Ger.Wilhelm,"helmet
ofresolution"(fromivillandhelm).HenceMacivilliam.

SOMENATIVEFEMALENAMES.

Beathag,Sophia,M.G.Bethog(M'V.),Bethoc(ChroniclesofPids
andScots:nameofKingDuncan'smother),for*Bethdc,the
fern,formofBeathan,discussedunderMacbean.

Bride,Bridget,E.Ii\,0.Ir.Brigit,g.BrigteorBrigtae:*Brgnti
(Stokes),anoldGaelicgoddessofpoetry,etc.(Corm.);
usuallyreferredtotherootbrg,high,CelticBrigantes,high
ornoblepeople;Skr.brhati,high(fern.);furtherGer.berg,
hill,Eng.burgh.TheNorsegodofpoetrywasBragi,whose
namemaybealliedtothatofBrigit.ThenameoftheGr.
goddessA<t>po8iTrj(Bkrgitd)andtheTeutonicnameBerhta
(fromthesamestemasEng.bright),havebeencomparedto
thatofBridget(Hoffman,Bez.Beit.18,290);butthisderiva
tionofAphrodite("foamsprung"1?)isunusual.

Diorbhail,Diorbhorguil,Dorothy,M.G.Derbhfdil(M'V.),Ir.
Dearbhail,Dearbhforghaill,respectivelytranslatedby0'Don
ovan"truerequest"(seehill)and"trueoath"(E.Ir.forgall,
0.Ir.forcell,testimony,fromgeall).Hencethehistoric
nameDevorgilla.

Fionnaghal,Flora,M.G.Fionnghuala(1469MS.),documents
Finvola(1463),Fynvola(1409),Ir.Finnghuala:"Fair
shouldered";fromfionnandguala.

Mor,Mdrag,Sarah,M.G.Mor(M'V.),Ir.Mor(year916);from
mor,great,whileHebrewSarahmeans"queen."

Muireall,Marion,Muriel,Ir.Muirgheal(year852):Morigeld,
"seawhite";frommuirandgeal.

Oighrig,Eighrig,Euphemia,M.G.Effric(D.ofL.),med.
documentsAfrica,Ir.Aithbhric,olderAffraic(twoabbesses
ofKildaresocalledin738and833);fromAfricaf

Raonaild,Raonaid,Rachel;fromNorseRaqnhildis,"God's
fight."Cf.Ronald.

Sorcha,Clara,Ir.Sorcha;fromtheadj.sorcha,bright,the
oppositeofdorcha,q.v.

Una,Winifred,Winny,Ir.Una;usuallyexplainedasfromUna
(nuna,M.Ir.=gorta),hunger,famine,whencetheIr.
proverb:"NibhionanteachambionUnalanaleathgan
niina"ThehousewhereUnaisisneveradayorhalfone
withouthunger."W.newyn,Cor.naun,Br.naon,M.Br.
naffin,*novengo,Eng.need.Cf.E.Ir.uinchi,scarcity,Eng.
want,wane.Una,daughteroftheKingofLochlan,isrepre
sentedbyKeatingasConnCedcathach'smother(second
century).

OTHERWORKSbyDRMACBAIN,
M.A.,LL.D.

HISTORYOFTHECLANMATHESON,with

GenealogiesoftheVariousFamilies.ByAlex.Mackenzie,
F.S.A.Scot.,ClanHistorian.2ndedition,largelyrewritten
andaddedtobyAlexanderMacBain,M.A.,LL.D.Illus
trated.LargePaper,25s;Demy8vo.,15s.

PERSONALNAMESANDSURNAMESOF

THETOWNOFINVERNESS.8vo.,cloth,3s6d.

MACEACHAN'SGAELICDICTIONARY.

EditedandenlargedbyDrMacBainandJohnWhyte.2s6d.

HOWTOLEARNGAELIC.Orthographical

Instructions,ReadingLessons,andGrammar.ByDrMac
BainandJohnWhyte.Is3d.

HIGHERGRADEREADINGSINGAELIC,

withOutlinesofGrammar.ByDrMacBain.Is6d.

THECELTICMAGAZINE.Vols.xii.and

xiii.18861888.Demy8vo.,3s6d.

THEHIGHLANDERSOFSCOTLAND.By

Wm.F.Skene.Newedition,editedbyDrAlexanderMac
Bain.10s6d,orin2Vols.,Buckram,12s6d.

OUTLINESOFGAELICETYMOLOGY.Is.

ACHAPTERONPERSONALNAMES,with

Ptolemy'sGeography.Is.

THESCOTTISHHIGHLANDER:inAnecdote

andStory.ByRoderickMaclennan.Illustrated.192
pages.1905.2*6d.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THEPLACENAMESOFELGINSHIRE.By

D.MathesoQ,F.E.I.S.,lateHeadmaster,Anderson'sInstitu
tion,Elgin.EightIllustrations.208pages.1905.6s.

OPINIONSOFTHEPRESS.

Thisbookcontainsthenamesandetymologiesofaboutathousand
placesinElginshire.Theetymologiesgivenforthenamesmay,inthe
majorityofcases,beacceptedascorrect,andsomeofthemshowresearch
andingenuityindetectingtheoriginalformofCelticnames."Banffshire
Journal."

MrMathesonconsiderstheoldrecordsofElginshirethemost
importantofallsourcesofinformationonthismostinterestingsubject,as
embodyingveryapproximately,ifnottheoriginalform,atleastthe
originalsound.ThisseemsasensibleviewMrMathesonisevidentlya
philologist."DailyJournal."

MrD.Matheson,latelytheheadofaneducationalinstitution,and
noweditorofthe"NorthernTimes,"isthelatestrecruittotheslowly
increasingauthorsonplacenames.Hisworkonthe"PlaceNamesof
Elginshire"isahandsomevolumeofover200pages....Everyone
interestedinplacenamesshouldhaveit.Asaworkinglistofnames
withsomehistoricfacts,thebookwilldo."NorthernChronicle."

Thisbookisofgreatinterest,goingovertheplacenamessystemati
callyparishbyparish.Theparishesaretakenintheiralphabeticalorder,
andtheplacenamesineacharedealtwithindetail,afullindexbeing
givenattheend.Thebookisanotablecontributiontotherapidly
growingliteratureofplacenames,andrelating,asitdoes,toacompara
tivelysmallcounty,itmayberegardedasexhaustive.Theworkis
scholarly,andcommendablyfreefromfancifulinterpretations.Thegen
eralstudentofplacenameswillfindinitmuchvaluableaidtothereading
oftopographicalnomenclature."AberdeenFreePress."

MrMatheson'sviewsofbothraceandlanguagearenotinfull'accord
withthoseoftheextremeclassics,whosedelightistorevelintheglory
ofmereacademicexcellence,buthisworkwillbenonetheless
popularonthataccount.Weheartilyrecommendthebookasonethat
willinterestandinstruct....IfMrMathesontouchessomesensitive
spotsbyhisviewsonthem,andontheplacenamesofElginshire,hewill
beinthebestofcompany;andifhostilecritics"swearatlarge"athim.
allthemorewillhisworkberead,andthemoreitwillbereadthe
morewillitserveitspurposetoinstructandinteresthiscountrymenon
thesubject,andtoawakenstillfurtherthegrowinginterestinthetopog
raphyandalltheotherintereststhatfollowinitswake."ObanWeekly
News."

THEBATTLEOFSHERIFFMUIRRelated

fromOriginalSources.Illustratedby20OriginalPenand
InkDrawings.64Pages.1898.ByanF.S.A.(Scot.).
Fscap4to.,3s6d.

OPINIONSOFTHEPRESS.

Wehaveseldomseenamoredaintyproductionthanthisquarto.
'NorthernChronicle."

Theanonymousauthorhastoldthestoryofthefightfromsuen
originalauthoritiesasthedespatchesofMarandArgyleandFreebairn's

ADVERTISEMEMTS.

Perthprintof1715.Hisunpretentiousnarrativeisvaluablechieflyasthe
workofonewhoevidentlyisthoroughlyacquaintedwiththetopography
ofthebattlefield.Theplanandbird'seyearehelpful."Glasgow
Herald."

Theactualfactsoftheeventandofthelocalityareveryclearly
relatedanddescribed,fromoriginalsources."Scotsman."

THEHIGHLANDBRIGADE:ItsBattlesand

itsHeroes.ByJamesCromb.NewEdition,withAppendix
toendofBoerWarbyD.L.Cromb.Illustrated.320
pages.1897.3s6d.

OPINIONSOFTHEPRESS.

ThelateJamesCrombwasareadyandwellinformedwriter.Especi
allyonHighlandmattershehadaccumulatedastoreofinteresting
information,andhisskillasawriterandabilitytogroupandclothe
historicalfigureswereconspicuouslyprovedinthebookshenowandthen
gavetothepublic....Inthispresentvolumethereisasstirringa
narrativeasfictionisteverpenned....Thesubjectstirstheblood,
quickensthepulse,andstrengthenstheweakestintheirstruggleagainst
themightwhichistoooftenclaimedasright,fortheHighlandBrigade
wereevernotedforundauntedcourageinthefield."ObanTelegraph."

Thebookconcludeswithajustlymeritedpanegyriconthemenofthe
HighlandBrigade....Thevolume,containingmanyportraitsand
otherillustrations,isonewhichoughttobeineveryHighlandhousehold.
"ObanTimes."

Theworkisproducedinexcellentstyle,andshouldbeinthelibrary
ofeverypatrioticGael."HighlandNews."

THELIFEOFFLORAMACDONALD.By

theRev.AlexanderMacGregor,M.A.Illustrated.152
pages.1901.2s6d.

MrMacGregor,ofInverness,knewprobablymorethananyofhis
contemporariesofthehistory,traditions,andfolkloreoftheOuter
HebridesandSkye,andinparticularhewasanauthorityoneventsof
theeighteenthcentury.His"LifeofFloraMacdonald"isclearlythe
workofamanwhoknewhissubjectthoroughly,whohadstudiedevery
thingconnectedwiththedistinguishedheroine,andwhowroteinaspirit
ofgenuinesympathywiththeHighlandersandtheirleadersinthe
memorablepartwhichtheyplayedinthegreatdramaofthe'45.The
bookisadmirablygotupandillustrated;themanyvisitorstotheHigh
landswillinespecialwelcomeit."Scotsman."

TheRev.AlexanderMacGregorwaseminentasaGaelicscholar,and
asacontributortotheliteratureoftheHighlands.Probablythebestof
hiswritings,andcertainlytheonewhichwillfindmostreadersand
admirers,ishis"LifeofFloraMacdonald."Solongasromancethrows
herbrilliantplaidoverthe'45,solongwillacornerofthegarmentcover
theheroicmaidenwhoseadventureonbehalfofthefugitivePrince
Charliehasbeenthefruitfulthemeofsongandstory.MrMacGregor
writeswithHighlandfervouraswhowouldnotwithsuchasubjectand
hisnarrativeisfullofincident.Oneoftheportraitsisareproductioncf
AllanRamsay'spaintingoftheheroine."GlasgowHerald."

ADVERTISEMENTS.

HISTORYOFTHEPROVINCEOFMORAY.

ComprisingtheCountiesofElginandNairn,thegreater
partoftheCountyofInverness,andaportionoftheCounty
ofBanffallcalledtheProvinceofMoraybeforetherewasa
divisionintoCounties.ByLachlanShaw.Newedition,in
ThreeVolumes.Enlargedandbroughtdowntopresent
timebyJ.F.S.Gordon.408pages,424pages,479pages,
10s6d.1882.

CONTENTS.

IntroductionsEarlyHistoriansEarlyInhabitantsoftheProvince
DruidsLanguageNamesRomanInvasionBuchanan'sDescription
CeltsandPictsCuldeesReligionHousesDressGeographyParishby
ParishFam.lyofGrant,Gordon,Duff,Shaw,FarquharsonMackintosh,
Macpherson,Innes,Moray,Duchart,Leslies,Cumming,Culbin,Brodie,
Calder,Rose,Lovat,Macdonald,ChisholmNaturalHistoryCiviland
PoliticalHistoryMilitaryHistoryEcclesiasticalHistoryPrimitive,
Roman,ProtestantChurches,etc.,etc.

THEHIGHLANDERSOFSCOTLAND.By

thelateWilliamF.Skene,LL.D.,F.S.A.(Scot.).Edited,
withExcursusandNotes,byAlexanderMacBain,MA.,
LL.D.227pages.1902.10s6d;or2vols.Buckram
12s6d.

OPINIONSOFTHEPRESS.

ThebeginnerinCeltichistorycandonothingbetterthanstarthis
readingwith"TheHighlandersofScotland,"bySkene,editedbyMac
Bain."ObanTimes."

TheoriginandhistoryoftheHighlandClansisinteresting.Respect
isduetotheviewsexplainedbyDrMacBain,theeditorofthework.
"SaturdayReview."

Initspresentformthisbookwillbemorevaluablethaneveritwas.
"DundeeAdvertiser."

Itwasahappythoughttoreprintthework,andtobringituptodate
bymeansofnoteswhichembodythecriticallabouroftheseventyyears
thathaveelapsedsinceitsfirstissue.ThistaskwasconfidedtoDrAlex
anderMacBain,ahighauthorityonCelticmatters,towhomweowethe
excellentarticleonthePictsin"Chambers'Encyclopoedia."Thisnew
editionofSkene'sHighlanders,withDrMacBain'slearnedannotations,
welldeservesaplaceinthelibraryofeverystudentofScottishhistory.
"Scotsman."

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THECELTICMAGAZINE.AMonthly

JournaldevotedtotheLiterature,History,Antiquities,Folk
Lore,Traditions,andtheSocialandMaterialInterestsof
theCeltathomeandabroad.ConductedbyAlexander
Mackenzie(lateSecretaryoftheGaelicSocietyofInverness),
andtheRev.AlexanderMacGregor,M.A.,andDrMacBain.
13vols.10s6d,each.

OPINIONSOFTHEPRESS.
Thearticles,etc.,arethoseinwhichHighlanderstakedelight."John
o'GroatsJournal.

Noonecanopenitspageswithoutfindingsomethingofpleasure,
profit,orinstruction."AmericanScotsman."

TheMagazineoughttofinditswayintothehandsofeverytrue
Highlander."GreenockHighlander."

THEROMANCEOFPOACHINGinthe

HighlandsofScotland.AsillustratedinthelivesofJohn
FarquharsonandAlexanderDavidson,thelastoftheFree
Foresters.ByW.M'CombieSmith.190pages.1904.
PortraitsandIllustrations.3s6d.
CONTENTS.
JohnFarquharsonLanaveyLostontheGrampiansALessonin
DeerStalkingTwoDayswithaPoacheroftheOldSchoolGamekeepers
OutwittedHowtheDeerwereCarriedOffInitiatingaSportsman
SportsmenandKeepersSoldSevenDeerShotinSixtySecondsStalking
StalkersRunningtheBlockadeADreamanditsFulfilmentFoxChasing
''Nell"AlexanderDavidson.g

Readsmorelikearomancethanaplainnarrativeoffacts."Stirling
Observer."

HECTORMACDONALD:TheStoryofHis

Life.ByDavidL.Cromb.Authorof"TheHighland
Brigade:ItsBattlesandItsHeroes,"etc.NineIllustra
tions.158pages.1903.2s6d.

THEFEUDSOFTHECLANSBytheRev

AlexanderMacgregor,M.A.;togetherwiththeHistoryof
theFeudsandConflictsamongtheClansintheNorthern
PartsofScotlandandintheWesternIsles,fromtheyear
mxxxi.untomdcxix.Firstpublishedin1764"fromaMS.
wroteinthereignofKingJamesVI."176pages.1907.
3s6d.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

HIGHLANDSUPERSTITIONS,connected

withtheDruids,Fairies,Witchcraft,SecondSight,
Hallowe'en,SacredWellsandLochs,withseveralcurious
instancesofHighlandCustomsandBeliefs.BytheRev.
AlexanderMacGregor,M.A.64pages.1901.2s.

GAELICPUBLICATIONSissuedby
ENEASMACKAY.Stirling.

BINNEASNAMBARD(BardicMelody).

Leabharannsambheildain,6rainisduanagannanGaidheal
Albannachairamfoillseachadhmailleri'mfuinn,leCalum
MacPharlain.Part1.2s6d.

GUNDTHUGISPEISDONARMUNN.A

GaelicTalebyJohnMacCormick.Paper,Is;Cloth,Is6d.

ANTREORAICHE,LEABHRANSGOILAIR

SONNACLOINNE.AGaelicPrimerforChildren.By
MalcolmMacFarlane.Illustrated.3d.

DAINTHAGHTE.GaelicPoems,mainlyforusein
Schools,selectedandeditedbyMalcolmMacFarlane.3d..

ANSMEORACH(TheMavis),and
AMBRUDHEARG(TheRobin).Twocollections
ofGaelicSongs,withSolFaMusic.3deach.

ELEMENTARYLESSONSINGAELIC.By

LachlanMacBean.Cloth,8d.

GUIDETOGAELICCONVERSATIONAND

PRONUNCIATION.ByLachlanMacBean.Cloth,Is6d

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THESONGSANDHYMNSOFTHEGAEL

ByLachlanMacBean.Cloth,3s6cl;Paper,2s6d.

GAELICPSALMTUNESLachlanMac
Bean.Paper,Is.

DAINEADARTHEANGAICHTE.ASeries

offreeGaelicTranslationsbyT.D.MacDonald.Cloth,
2s6d.

RELIQUIAECELTICAE,TEXTS,PAPERS,

ANDSTUDIESINGAELICLITERATUREAND
PHILOLOGY.ByAlexanderCameron.EditedbyAlexander
MacBain,LL.D.,andJohnKennedy.2Volumes.Cloth,
20s.

MODERNGAELICBARDSWithPortraits

CompiledbyM.C.MacLeod.

THECELTICMAGAZINEConductedby

AlexanderMackenzie.13Volumes.66s.OddVolumes,
10s6deach.

THEPLACENAMESOFELGINSHIREBy

D.Matheson.8vo.,6s.

THEEDINBURGHPERIODICALPRESS,

ByW.J.Couper,M.A.2Vols.;Demy8vo.10s.

ANTIQUARIANNOTES.ByCharlesFpaser

Mackintosh.NewEdition,editedbyKennethMacDonald,
Inverness.Demy8vo.21s.

ANTIQUARIANNOTES.SecondSeries;op

InvernessshireParishbyParish.Demy8vo.21s;Large
Paper42s.

HIGHLANDSECONDSIGHT.ByN,Macrae;

PrefacebyRev.Win.Morrison.{Morocco3s6d;Cloth2s6d.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

PUBLICATIONSissuedbyENEAS
MACKAY,Stirling.

THECANADIANBOATSONG.Words

attributedtoJohnGait,ChristopherNorth,etc.(Piano
forte)Music,Chrs.HelenMackay.Is6dnet.

PROPHECIESOFTHEBRAHANSEER

(CoinneachOdharFiosaiche).ByAlexanderMackenzie.
2s6d.

HISTORYOFTHEFRASERSOFLOVAT,

withGenealogiesofthePrincipalFamiliesofthename,also
theFamiliesofDunballochandPhopachy.ByAlexander
Mackenzie,F.S.A.Scot.25s;LargePaper42s.

HISTORYOFTHEHOUSEANDCLANMAC
KENZIE.ByAlexanderMackenzie.Demy8vo.25s.

HISTORYOFTHECAMERONS,withgen
ealogiesofthePrincipalFamiliesofthename.ByAlex.
Mackenzie,F.S.A.Scot.25s;LargePaper42s..

HISTORYOFTHEMUNROSOFFOULIS,

withgenealogiesofthePrincipalFamiliesofthename,
addingthoseofLexingtonandNewEngland.25s;Large
Paper42s.

HISTORYOFTHECHISHOLMS,with

genealogiesofthePrincipalFamiliesofthename.25s.

BIBLEBEGINNINGS.ByRevJohnSinclair,

M.A.;withashortPrefacebytheRev.ProfessorSayce(of
Oxford),D.D.,LL.D.Crown8vo.5s.

ROBERTBURNSINSTIRLINGSHIRE.By

WilliamHarvey.3s6d.

FOURORIGINALETCHINGS.ByD.Y.

Cameron,A.R.A.;inPortfoliowithdescriptiveletterpress.

22s.

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