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Turbulence Modeling
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
Outline
1. Characteristics of turbulence
2. Approaches to predicting turbulent flows
3. Reynolds averaging
4. RANS equations and unknowns
5. The Reynolds-Stress Equations
6. The closure problem of turbulence
7. Characteristics of wall-bound turbulent flows
8. Turbulence models and ranges of applicability
7.1. RANS
7.2. LES/DES
7.3. DNS
9. Example: diffuser
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
Characteristics of turbulence
• Randomness and fluctuation: u = U + u′
Characteristics of turbulence
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
RANS
URANS
LES
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
Reynolds Averaging
• Time averaging: for stationary turbulence
• Spatial averaging: for homogenous
turbulence
• Ensemble averaging: for any turbulence
• Phase averaging: for turbulence with
periodic motion
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
∂U i ∂U j 2
−ui′u j′ = ν T + − δ ij k
∂x ∂xi
j 3
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
dy
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∂U 2 ∂V 2 +
A0+
Inner layer: ν Ti = lmix
2
+ lmix = κ y 1 − e− y
∂y ∂x
Outer layer: ν T = αU eδ v* FKleb ( y; δ )
0
−1 2
dP dx
Closure coefficients: κ = 0.40 α = 0.0168 A+ = 26 1 + y
−1 ρUτ2
y
6
FKleb ( y; δ ) = 1 + 5.5
δ
δ v* = ∫ (1 − U U e ) dy
Comments: δ 0
+
A0+
Inner layer: ν T = l ω lmix 2
= κ y 1 − e− y
i mix
Outer layer: ν T = α Ccp Fwake FKleb ( y; ymax CKleb )
0
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
∂t
j
∂x j ∂x ∂xk σ
k ε ∂xk ∂xk
∂U ∂U j ∂U 2 ∂U ∂U − y + A2+
P = ν T i
+
i
− k k
D1 = 1 − e
− y+ A0+ D2 = 1 − e
∂x ∂xi ∂x j 3 ∂xk ∂xk
j
Cε 1 Cε 1 1 1 D2 − y + A0+ D +
A2+
f2 = + 1 − + D D
1 2 ⋅ D D + +e + +1 e− y
Cε 2 Cε 2 κ y +
1 2
D1 D2 A0 A2
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
+U j = cb1S%ν% − cw1 f w + (ν + ν% ) +
∂t ∂x j d σ ∂xk ∂xk σ ∂xk ∂xk
χ3 χ 16
1 + cw6 3 ν%
f v1 = fv 2 = 1 − fw = g 6 6 S% = S + 2 2 f v 2 S = 2Ωij Ωij
χ +c
3 3
1 + χ f v1 κ d
v1 g + cw 3
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
α=
13
β = β0 fβ β * = β 0* f β σ=
1 1
β0 =
9 1 + 70 χω
* σ* = fβ =
25 2 2 125 1 + 80 χω
1, χk ≤ 0
Ωij Ω jk Ski 1 ∂k ∂ω
χω = β 0* =
9 fβ * = 1 + 680 χ k2 χk =
(β ω) 1 + 400 χ 2 χ k > 0 ω 3 ∂x j ∂x j
* 3
0 100
k
ε = β *ω k
19 May 2010 l = k1 2 ω
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
Dt k ∂x j ∂x j T k 3 k
∂ νt ∂ k Dε ε ε 2 ∂ νt ∂ε
Dk
= P −ε + = − + ν +
ν +
C P C
ε 1 ε 2
k ∂x j σε ∂ x j
, Dt ∂x j σ k ∂x
j
Dt k
k ν
4
Cε 1 = 1.3 + 0.25 1 + ( C L d 2 L ) L = max CL
2
T = max , 6
, Cη
ε ε
ε ε
, 1− n
v2f-kω model: ν T = Cµ k v n 2
ω
,
Dv 2 ε ∂ ∂v2 1 v2 2 1 v ′2 P
= kf − 6v 2 + (ν +ν t ) L ∇ − f=
2 2
( C1− 1) − − 5 − C2 k
Dt k ∂x j ∂x j T k 3 T k k
1− n
Dk ∂U i ∂ νt ∂ k Dω ω ∂U i 2 ∂ ν ω∂
= τ ij − β *ω k + 2 v
ν + = α τ ij − βω + ν + t
Dt ∂x j ∂x j σ k ∂x j Dt k ∂x j k ∂ x
σ ∂
x
j ω j
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
• Large scale motions are generally much more energetic than the small scale
ones.
• The size and strength of large scale motions make them to be the most
effective transporters of the conserved properties.
• LES treats the large eddies more exactly than the small ones may make
sense
• LES is 3D, time dependent and expensive but much less costly than DNS.
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
DES Formulation
• Modification to RANS models was straightforward by
substituting the length scale d w , which is the distance to the
closest wall, with the new DES length scale, l% defined as:
l% = min(d w , CDES ∆) ∆ = max(δ x , δ y , δ z )
• where C is the DES constant, ∆ is the grid spacing and is
DES
= ρβ *kω = ρ k 3 2 / lk −ω lk −ω = k 1 2 ( β *ω )
k
DRANS
32
D k
=ρ k l% = min(lk −ω , CDES ∆)
DES
l%
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
Resolved
Total
Resolved/Modeled/Total Reynolds
stress (URANS)
Modeled Total
Resolved
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
-5/3
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
Examples (Diffuser)
• Mean velocity
predicted by V2f
agreed very well
with EFD data,
particular the
separation region
is captured.
• K-ε model fails to
predict the
separation caused
by adverse
pressure gradient.
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Lecture # 05 Turbulence Modelling
Examples (Diffuser)
v2f
k-ε
References
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