REVIEWER IN IMMUNO (VMCB 124) It does not have to be 100% contact

CONTENTS:
I. TERMS
II. THREE LAYERS OF DEFENSES
III. PROCESSES

I. TERMS
A. Lecture 1
Immunology deals with immunity and
the immune system
Immunity this is related to DEFENSES
Thumping this is due to
bronchopneumonia and is characterized by
consolidated/hard lungs
Phagocytosis eating bacteria
Characteristics of defenses:
Non-specific a characteristic of bodily
defenses which means active against
DIFFERENT microbes
Specific a characteristic of bodily
defenses which means antibody specific to
bacteria
With memory if same microbe
Without memory not same microbe
B. Lecture 2
Sentinel cells protector/guide;
recognizes and responds to invading
organisms
Found in highest concentration below
the body (most likely to enter)
Others: epithelial cells & endothelial
cells, fibroblasts
Major sentinel cells:
- A) macrophages -
Inflammation innate mechanism for
concentrating defensive cells characterized
by redness due to more blood going to the
site of infection to deliver more cells to
attack the pathogen(s)
Two types of signals that trigger innate
defenses of the body:
1. Microbial PAMPs Pathogen-Associated
Molecular Patterns
Can be inside the invader or on the
surface
Molecules produced by invading
microorganisms (exogenous signal
2. DAMPs Damage-Associated Molecular
Patterns or Alarmins
From the dead/dying/damaged
(endogenous signals)

Page 1 of 3
//Krista
 eventually antigens
leads to located outside
inflammation of the cell
IMPORTANT neutralizes
pathogens
CHARACTERI
2. Cell-
STICS: mediated
provides immunity
immediate (CMI)
protection but protection
short-lived provided by
no memory effector cells
or increase in - Cytotoxic
II. THREE LAYERS OF DEFENSES response lymphocyt
es (CTL)
controls
- NK cells
infection until - Activated
adaptive macropha
response is ges
induced act mainly
against
abnormal cells
- Virus-
infected
cells
- Tumor cells
- Foreign
cells
- Aged cells
Memory Aid: PIA
III. PROCESSES
Physical Innate Adaptive
Barriers Defenses Defenses 1. Mucociliary escalator
first line of AKA AKA
this is observed in the respiratory tract
defense natural/non- acquired/spec
A. specific ific and this mechanism occurs in order to
ANATOMIC minutes to days to keep the bronchi unblocked
BARRIERS: hours weeks the goblet cells produce mucus to
skin, nasal cells & T and B protect the epithelial cells (anatomic
mucosa, molecules cells barrier) the cilia pushes mucus
mucosal cells: (lymphocytes) upward like an escalator to replenish
epithelium dendritic, has the surface
(enterocytes if macrophages, memory so when an animal: inhales pathogens
in GIT) neutrophils, response: pathogens will be trapped in the
B.PHYSIOLOG natural killer recognizes mucus cilia will push the mucus out
I- CAL (NK) cells and destroys
BARRIERS pathogen will be gone
molecules: invaders and
self- cytokines (IL-1, learns from Other info:
cleansing TNF-, IL-6), the process - Q: What destroys the cilia and can
mechanisms: complement provides cause inflammation?
coughing, proteins ultimate - A: microplasmas, Bordetella
vomiting, - Complem defense of the bronchiseptica (BL), Canine
mucociliary ent body Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV), Canine
escalator, proteins COMPONENTS: Influenza Virus (CIV), CDV, CHV,
diarrhea, form 1. Humoral or Pasteurella, etc.
urine flow, the antibody-
mediated
2. How do sentinel cells recognize invaders
tears, acidic membran and what are the consequences?
pH, protection
e attack provided by Using molecules
commensal complexe antibodies, Example: virus sentinel cells will
bacteria in s (MAC); produced by
skin held detect that it is not normal in the body
plasma cells,
antibodie which act mainly so its foreign PAMP (pathogen-
s against associated molecular patterns)

Page 2 of 3
//Krista
 produced by the virus (invading
microorganism) will interact with the
PRR (TLR) which is also knows as the
pathogen recognition receptor (toll-like
receptors) once they interact,
sentinel cell will produce molecules
(proteins) such as: pro-inflammatory
cytokines (IL-1, TNF-, IL-6),
chemokines, vasoactive molecules, and
antimicrobial molecules attract other
cells such as neutrophils and
macrophages inflammation more
blood will go to the site of infection
deliver more cells to attack the
pathogen(s)

Page 3 of 3
//Krista