Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Lecture Compilation
In the diagnosis of various diseases, new technologies, new medicines are being developed
and discovered to treat some killer diseases like cancer, tuberculosis and more.
Children on the other hand are now enjoying the new taste of medicines like strawberry,
cherry, orange that delights them.
There are new trends in the field of medicine such as cosmetic surgery, artificial human
insemination, laser surgery and more. (Dr.Ronnie Bouing)
A new concept were develop a product to suit the consumers preferences and needs.
Examples are a new scent of a laundry soap from calamansi to floral, different flavours of instant
juices.
Researchers have already developed a device that allows you to see through eight-inch-
thick concrete walls, but now, scientists have devised another way to reveal objects that are hidden
from view: a camera that can see around corners.
Have you heard about a virtual supermarket shopping?
In the earlier times, communication takes a very long and slow process on how to relay of
messages to someone. Nowadays, communicating with our family and friends across continents
would only take a few seconds, we can even see them while communicating without the expense of
a long distance call.
This convenience shows the advanced technology prevalent in our global community.
Ceaseless innovations such as cellphones, laptops, notebooks, tablets, wi-fi, plastic money are now a
part of our everyday lives.
Activity: Think about an evolution and a new trend in the hospitality industry because
of research.
Introduction to Research
Meaning of Research
- Research is a quest for an answer to a question. Knowing the answer to a question requires
a scientific method and not merely asking from various persons or merely observing several
situations that may out-rightly provide haphazard answers to posed questions.
- Research or re-search to research again, to take another more careful look, to find out
more.(Seltiz et al., 1976)
- Research is systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that
may lead to the development of generalizations, principles or theories resulting in
prediction and possibly ultimate control of events. (Best & Khann, `89)
Activity: : Write your own definition of research ,based on the different meanings.
Characteristic of Research
1. Basic Research is the type which is conducted for the sake of knowing. Also known as
theoretical research
2. Applied Research is done when the purpose is to obtain knowledge for practical application also
known as practical research.
Applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. One might say that the goal of the applied scientist
is to improve the human condition .
For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
improve agricultural crop production
treat or cure a specific disease
improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation
Methodology of Research
- In quantitative research your aim is to determine the relationship between one thing (an
independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population.
Quantitative research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or
experimental (subjects measured before and after a treatment). A descriptive study
establishes only associations between variables. An experiment establishes causality.
- Quantitative research is all about quantifying relationships between variables. Variables are
things like weight, performance, time, and treatment. You measure variables on a sample of
subjects, which can be tissues, cells, animals, or humans. You express the relationship
between variable using effect statistics, such as correlations, relative frequencies, or
differences between means.
Quantitative Qualitative
General Framework -Seek to confirm hypotheses about -Seek to explore phenomena
phenomena -Instruments use more flexible,
-Instruments use more rigid style iterative style of eliciting and
of eliciting and categorizing categorizing responses to questions
responses to questions - Use semi-structured methods such
-Use highly structured methods as in-depth interviews, focus
such as questionnaires, surveys, groups, and participant observation
and structured observation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE (Bouing , R)
Research Title & Knowing the Problem
Before we proceed to your Research title, a researcher must be able to identify the problem
first. Research problem refers to the research title. The title is a very important part of all thesis
documents, as it introduces readers to the nature. Many professors recommend that students create
their theses titles only after they have completed writing their theses so that they can be sure that the
title accurately reflects the content of the theses document. Other professors recommend that
students begin the entire thesis with the thesis title and use the title as a method of directing the
content.
Before we state the problem, let us learn first the standards in writing a title.
1. The title must be concise. It contains only the words enough to hint the content of the
research. Omit phrases and words like:
A Study of
The Implications of
A Comparative Study of
An Assessment of
An Analysis of
Inquiry
Investigation
These are overused words and phrases or can be stated in the body of the study.
Activity:
Construct a problem and a title out of your course (Hospitality Industry). There are several
general ideas to choose from such as:
Lodging (hotel, motel, inn)
Restaurant (bar, fine dining, fast food, cafe , restaurant, cafeterias)
Food service (catering, bartending et al.)
Food (baking, culinary, herbs, spices, sanitation et al.)
Event (birthdays, wedding, corporate event)
theme parks and recreational parks
transportation (air, land and water transportation)
Travel (places, travel agency, forms of transporation)
Tourism ( tourist, tourist destinations, festivals, eco tourism)
Yourself the student
University offering a hospitality courses
Restaurant
Analyze the given topic: Discrete Negative Emotions and Customer Dissatisfaction Responses
Among the Quick Service Restaurant Along Katipunan Quezon City
Note: Sometimes, we need to analyze the words carefully , other unnecessary words are need to be
omitted, and can be placed on the scope and limitation of the study or avoid associating the
place with negative situation or image)
Constructing a Statement of the Problem
1. What is the problem? (how, what, when, where, who, which, why?)
2. Who has the problem or who is the client/customer? This should explain who needs the
solution and who will decide the problem has been solved.
3. What form can the resolution be? What is the scope and limitations (in time, money,
resources, technologies) that can be used to solve the problem.
4. Limit the problem The problem may be very broad, try to focus on scope and boundaries
research should be SMART ( Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic & Time Bound)
These steps may help you in the construction of the statement of the problems:
1. Make a clear and analytical introduction which usually encompasses the main
problem the title, stated in the expanded form.
2. The first question inquires the information linked to the introduction.
3. Create subsidiary questions clearly, logically and subsequently derived from the
problem.
4. Ensure that you construct a question that elicits the presentation of the new
knowledge or situation to a problem.
6. Check if your questions are sufficient, about 3-6 statements, and are able to elicit
information that provide substantial answer to make the main problem (Bauing)
Example Statement of the Problem:
The researchers aims to know the Discrete Customer Dissatisfaction Responses Among the
Quick Service Restaurant Along Katipunan Quezon City.
Activity # 1: (Individual)
- Underline the key words focus of the study .
- Construct a statement of the problem on the following research titles:
1. Tour Guide Performance and Tourist Satisfaction: a Study of the Package Tours in a
Selected Travel Agencies In Metro Manila
2. Tipping and Service Quality of a Fine Dining Restaurant
3. Pampanga as a Culinary Tourism Destination
Title Page
It includes the title of the research which shall stated briefly. It may of at least one line but
not exceed three lines written in full uppercase making a V form. Other information in the
title page include the name of the university, the degree to which the researcher is a
candidate, the name of the researcher and the month and year when the paper will be
presented. The font size of the title page shall not be smaller than 12 not bigger than 14
using Time New Roman, Arial, Bookman Style, or as prescribed by the institution.
Chapter I
Introduction
Thesis introduction is the first part of a thesis paper. Thesis introduction allows the
readers to get the general idea of what your thesis is about. Thesis introduction acquaints the
readers with the thesis paper topic, explaining the basic points of the thesis research and pointing
the direction of your research.
The thesis topic preface, or the background information on the thesis paper topic;
The tasks to complete in order to attain the goals, or the direction of the thesis research
development;
Remember that your thesis introduction has to contain all the information presented above. But it is
not enough just to know the components of the thesis introduction if you want to succeed in thesis
paper writing. You also have to know several secrets of the thesis introduction writing. We will tell
you these secrets, so that you could prepare a brilliant thesis introduction.
You should write your thesis introduction after composing the entire thesis paper. It will
allow you to analyze the whole work, and discover the best way to introduce your thesis to
the readers.
You should not use any terms in your thesis introduction, since it can baffle the readers. You
should present the terms related to the topic of your thesis paper only in the main body of
the thesis paper.
Remember that one of the main tasks of the thesis introduction is to attract the readers
attention to your thesis paper.
You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily measure, and of course, your
hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question.
The hypothesis must be worded so that it can be tested in your experiment. Do this by
expressing the hypothesis using your independent variable (the variable you change during
your experiment) and your dependent variable (the variable you observe-changes in the
dependent variable depend on changes in the independent variable). In fact, many
hypotheses are stated exactly like this: "If a particular independent variable is changed, then
there is also a change in a certain dependent variable."
Example Hypotheses
"If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the independent variable], then it will increase
the flow of water [flow of water is the dependent variable].
"Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature is the independent variable] will
increase the amount of sugar that dissolves [the amount of sugar is the dependent
variable]."
"If a plant receives fertilizer [having fertilizer is the independent variable], then it will grow
to be bigger than a plant that does not receive fertilizer [plant size is the dependent
variable]."
This tells the coverage and boundaries of the study. It tells the attributes and characteristics
that are included or excluded. Scope and Limitation may be applicable to place, time, people,
value or other factors. (Bouing)
The "scope" section is where you list what you are doing. The "bounds" section is where you
set the boundaries and you list some thing explicitly that you are not doing because they are
outside the bounds of the project.
Activity:
1. Each member of the group should work on Chapter 1 (Introduction, Statement of the
Problem, Hypothesis, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitation). Ready to
present on the following week the outcome. (Research 1 class only)
2. Research 2 Bring a hard copy of your manuscript, analyze and scrutinize your
Chapter 1. Be ready to answer questions from the class.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE
Related Literature
Citation
It is a way of strengthening or concretizing ones idea by citing the similar or relevant ideas or
findings of other researchers and authorities. Documentation was done through footnoting or
parenthetical reference citation. Modern writers is now using parenthetical reference style. The
style is called American Psychological Association style or APA style
When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found
In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al."
(Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.
Kahneman et al. (1991) found
Group activity:
1. Each member furnish a copy of foreign and local literature of their study.
2. Harmonize the information following the sequence of the question under Statement
of the Problem
3. Lift, adopt, paraphrase or quote the essential substance of a written source.
4. Present the output to the class
(Bouing)
Theoretical / Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is the researchers idea on how the research problem will have to be
explored. This is founded on the theoretical framework, which lies on a much broader scale of
resolution. The theoretical framework dwells on time tested theories that embody the findings of
numerous investigations on how phenomena occur.
The conceptual framework, on the other hand, embodies the specific direction by which the
research will have to be undertaken. Statistically speaking, the conceptual framework describes the
relationship between specific variables identified in the study. It also outlines the input, process
and output of the whole investigation. The conceptual framework is also called the research
paradigm.
Research Paradigm
Paradigm is a chart, diagram or illustration of the existence of the problem. It provides solutions
and the outcomes of the processes or intervention done.
Definition of Terms
This part simplifies the key words used in the study. It serves as the glossary of the research paper.
Terms may be defined conceptually or operationally. Conceptual definition includes those lifted
from the dictionary or written resources. Operational definition refers to the definition constructed
by the researcher as applied to the present study. (Bouing)
Activity:
Present to the class your Theoretical Framework, and explain why you derived or how this theory
applies to your study.
Illustrate a Conceptual Paradigm of your study to the class and explain how the research problem
will have to be explored.
Chapter III
Research Design
refers to as a scheme or plan of action for meeting the objectives of the study.
- Each research design has its own applicability factors to consider:
nature of problem
objectives of the study
attributes ad geographical dispersion of the subjects
Investigators capability
Availability of resources and time element
2.Descriptive Research Design - aims to find out what prevail in the present conditions or
relationships, held opinions and beliefs, process and effects and developing trends
b. Trend Study - predicts on the basis of available data, the direction and future status
of certain phenomenon like population size, school, population size, school
enrolment, business growth, household expenditures and residential location.
Example: Trends in Breastfeeding Prevalence and Duration by Zelda
d. Content Analysis/ Document Analysis to find out the type and the quality of
message found in current documents deals with communication, processes.
Example : Rhetorical Patterns of Speeches of Pres. Benigno Aquino III
e. Feasibility study scheme use when the objective of the study is to find out the
viability of starting a business venture, implementing a development
program,establishing an institution, forming organization, putting up a television
network or constructing a commercial building. Components: market, technical,
financial and management aspects of the desired undertaking.
Example : Establishment of Food Service Business in Antipolo City by A.M Somoray
f. Development study a scheme to find out how and to what extent individuals grow
or develop in terms of physical, intellectual, emotional and social dimension.
Types: longitudinal (years to finish) and cross section (one point in time)
Example : The Development of Social Awareness Among Filipino Children by
PNC Research Center
g. Follow-up study is conducted with the goal of finding out what happened to
individuals who completed a program a program, a treatment or a course of study.
Example: OLFU Student Monitoring Program : A Follow up Study
h. Evaluation study to find out whether or not a given program is working or an
institution is successful.
Example: An Evaluation of the National Tuberculosis Program in Western Visayas by
V.B. Ardales
i. Ethnographic study is a field method study and uses the techniques of observation
and integration to the group and conservation and interviews with informants.
Observes beliefs, attitudes, fears and hopes of cultural or ethnic groups, real life
setting.
Example: Belief sand Customs of Farmers in Gapan, Nueva Ecija
j. Relational study to find out the direction and extent of relationship between two
Or more paired variables or two or more sets of data.
Example: Relationship Between Economic Status and Academic Performance and
Career Preference of Senior High School Students in the Iloilo City
The manipulated variable is called the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (presumed "cause." ) The
variable that is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable
is called the DEPENDENT VARIABLE. (presumed "effect.")
4.Factorial Research Design - design is often used by scientists wishing to understand the effect of
two or more independent variables upon a single dependent variable.
5. Action Research Design - learning by doing - a group of people identify a problem, do something
to resolve it, see how successful their efforts were, and if not satisfied, try again. While this is the
essence of the approach, there are other key attributes of action research that differentiate it from
common problem-solving activities that we all engage in every day.
6.Participatory Research Design - Is an arranged effort by the researcher and the people to conduct
a study the result of which is relevant to actions for transforming or improving peoples condition.
is a recognized form of experimental research that focuses on the effects of the researcher's direct
actions of practice within a participatory community with the goal of improving the performance
quality of the community or an area of concern.
7.Operations Research Design - Is the application of analytic methods that help decision makers
choose among various options to accomplish specified goals. It is useful in solving problems that are
related to the conduct and coordination of operations of organizations.
Sampling Procedure
Some statisticians suggest the Slovin formula in computing the sample size.
n = N
1+Ne2
The margin of error may be .01 to .05. But the lower the margin of error, the higher the accuracy of
the result.
Activity : Compute the sample size. Where the number of population is 1,200 and the margin of
error is 3%
n = N
1+Ne2
N = 1,200
E = .03
n=?
n = 1,200
1 + 1,200 (.03)2
n = 1,200
1 + 1,200 (.0009)
n= 1,200
1+ 1.0800
n= 1,200
2.0800
n= 575.92 or 580
Validity refers to the degree of appropriateness, correctness, truthfulness and accuracy of the study.
In other words, the procedure shall measure what is intended to measure. (Bouing)
Types of Validity
1. Content Validity - pertains to the degree to which the instrument fully assesses or measures
the construct of interest. For example, an educational test with strong content validity will
represent the subjects actually taught to students, rather than asking unrelated questions.
2. Face Validity - is a component of content validity and is established when an individual
reviewing the instrument concludes that it measures the characteristic or trait of interest. It
requires a personal judgment, such as asking participants whether they thought that a test was
well constructed and useful.
3. Criterion Validity - assesses whether a test reflects a certain set of abilities. To measure the
criterion validity of a test, researchers must calibrate it against a known standard or against
itself.
Example:
For market researchers, criterion validity is crucial, and can make or break a product. One
famous example is when Coca-Cola decided to change the flavor of their trademark drink.
Diligently, they researched whether people liked the new flavor, performing taste tests and
giving out questionnaires. People loved the new flavor, so Coca-Cola rushed New Coke into
production, where it was a titanic flop.
The mistake that Coke made was that they forgot about criterion validity, and omitted one
important question from the survey.
People were not asked if they preferred the new flavor to the old, a failure to establish
concurrent validity.
The Old Coke, known to be popular, was the perfect benchmark, but it was never used. A simple
blind taste test, asking people which flavor they preferred out of the two, would have saved
Coca Cola millions of dollars.
Reliability - The degree of consistency between two measures of the same thing. (Mehrens and
Lehman, 1987).
The measure of how stable, dependable, trustworthy, and consistent a test is in measuring the
same thing each time (Worthen et al., 1993)
Example 1 : If we wish to measure a person's weight, we would hope that the scale would register
the same measure each time the person stepped on the scale.
Example 2 : If we wanted to measure the length of a piece of wood, the tape used better yield the
same measure each time. Even if you had someone else re measure the wood, the result should be
consistent.
Example 3: Assume that you gave a student a history test yesterday and then gave the test again
today. You found that the student scored very high the first day and very low the second day. It could
have been that the student had an off day or that the test is simply unreliable.
Scientists frequently use statistics to analyze their results. Why do researchers use
statistics? Statistics can help understand a phenomenon by confirming or rejecting a hypothesis. It
is vital to how we acquire knowledge to most scientific theories.
Statistical treatment of data also involves describing the data. The best way to do this is through
the measures of central tendencies like mean, median and mode. These help the researcher explain
in short how the data are concentrated. Range, uncertainty and standard deviation help to
understand the distribution of the data. Therefore two distributions with the same mean can have
wildly different standard deviation, which shows how well the data points are concentrated around
the mean.
Statistical treatment of data is an important aspect of all experimentation today and a thorough
understanding is necessary to conduct the right experiments with the right inferences from the data
obtained.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE