EMT

First Aid Training

Paediatric
First Aid
Booklet

07713163209
1firstaidtraining@gmail.com
0930 - 0945 Introduction

0945- 1015 Aims of First Aid

Dealing with an Emergency
What is in a first aid box
Responsibilities of the First Aider

1015-1045 Priorities of Treatment

Primary Survey
Secondary Survey
Recovery Position

1045-1145 CPR Adult, Child, Baby

On your own and with help

11.45-1230 Choking Adult, Baby, Child

1230-1300 Heart Attack, Anaphylactic Shock, Head Injuries,

Epilepsy, Fainting

1300-1330 Bleeding and Wounds

Nose Bleeds
Bones and Muscle Injuries

1330-1400 Burns and Scalds

1400-1430 Asthma
Bites and Stings
Diabetes
 Aims of First Aid

Preserve life

Prevent worsening

Promote recovery
Whos Who?

Baby
0-1 year

Child
1 - Puberty

Adult
Puberty onwards
 Responsibilities of the
First Aider

Arrival at the scene

1 2

3 4

5 6

Dealing with the casualties

1 2

3 4

5 6

The clearing-up process

1 2

3 4

5 6
 Casualty Communication
1 Make and keep eye contact with your casualty at all times
Give your casualty your undivided attention. This will let the casualty
know that he/she is your top priority. Look the casualty in the eye to
establish rapport. Establishing rapport is building a trusting relationship
with your casualty.

2 Tell your casualty the truth

Even if you have to say something very unpleasant, telling the truth is
better than lying. Lying will destroy the casualtys trust in you and
decreases your own confidence.

3 Use language that the casualty can understand

Avoid technical medical terms that the casualty may not understand.

4 Be careful of what you say about the casualty to others

A casualty may hear only part of what is said. As a result, the casualty
may seriously misinterpret what was said. Therefore, assume that the
casualty can hear every word you say, even if you are speaking to others
and even if the casualty appears to be unconscious or unresponsive.

5 Be aware of your body language

Non-verbal communication is extremely important when dealing with a
casualty. In stressful situations, casualties may misinterpret your gestures
and movements. Be particularly careful not to appear threatening.
Instead, position yourself on a level with the casualty, when it is practical
to do so.

6 Always speak slowly, clearly and distinctly

7 Use the casualtys proper name if you know it

Ask the casualty what he or she wishes to be called.

8 If the casualtys hearing is impaired, speak clearly and face them in

order for them to read your lips
Do not shout. Shouting will not make it easier for the casualty to
understand you.

9 Allow time for the casualty to answer or respond to your questions

Sick or injured people may need time to answer even simple questions.

10 Act in a calm, confident manner whilst caring for the casualty

When calling 112 or
999

Call 999 or 112 in a Emergency

and
111 for Non Emergency situations
 First Aid Kit

There are many different sizes and types of

FIRST AID KITS.
You must purchase the type you need for
your business.

Your risk assessment of first aid needs will

identity your particular requirements which
may vary from one business to the next.

It must be fit for purpose

and
easily accessible
 Whats in a First Aid Box?

Other useful items

Saline Solution, Foil Blanket, Burns dressing

kit, Disposal ice packs and micro pore tape,
scissors

Not suitable

Potions, lotions and sprays

Priorities of treatment
Primary Survey

Look all around

Approach from feet, give them a

verbal command then see if they
respond to pain

Head tilt and chin lift

Normal breathing (look listen

and feel for 10 secs)
 Airway

When the airway is closed the

tongue falls back and blocks
the airway

A head tilt and chin lift must

be performed

This frees the tongue and

opens the airway

However, on a baby you must

maintain a neutral airway, Tilting
the airway to far back on a baby
can block it.
 Breathing

Secondary Survey
The secondary survey is a quick Head to Toe check
looking for any clues to explain why they are
unconscious, and removing any sharp objects from
pockets that might hurt them when in the recovery
position.
 Recovery Position
If the casualty is breathing and we have performed the
secondary survey we must roll the casualty into the
recovery position. The recovery position keeps the
airway open and drains any vomit.

1. Place the arm out to the side. Lean

over the casualty and link the hand
closest to their head with your hand and
place on their cheek closest to you

2. Lift their knee so the foot is flat on the

floor. Push gently on the knee towards
you and they will roll over.

3. Release your hands and open

the airway by tipping the chin back

Recovery position for a baby is

slightly different. You hold baby in
your arms, head lower than bottom to
drain vomit and airway open
 Recovery Position
If the casualty is breathing and we have performed the
secondary survey we must roll the casualty into the
recovery position. The recovery position keeps the
airway open and drains any vomit.

1. Place the arm out to the side. Lean

over the casualty and link the hand
closest to their head with your hand and
place on their cheek closest to you

2. Lift their knee so the foot is flat on the

floor. Push gently on the knee towards
you and they will roll over.

3. Release your hands and open

the airway by tipping the chin back

Recovery position for a baby is

slightly different. You hold baby in
your arms, head lower than bottom to
drain vomit and airway open
 Recovery Position

When do you place a

casualty in this position?

Priorities?

What I should not do!

 Chain of Survival

1. Early Recognition and call for help

Recognise those at risk of cardiac arrest and call for
help in the hope that easily treatment can prevent
arrest

2. Early CPR
Start CPR to buy time until advanced medical help
arrives

3. Early defibrillation
Automated External Defibrillators (AED) give an
electric shock to reorganise the rhythm of the heart. If
you have access to one - use it. The earlier the AED
is used the greater the chance of the casualty
surviving.

4. Post resuscitation care

Provide professional help in order to restore the
quality of life
 CPR

Baby Child Adult

Initial rescue
breathes

Ratio of
compressions
to breathes

Depth of
compression

Rate of
compression

CPR technique

Rescue
Breathes
technique
 Adult Choking

Your aims are to remove the obstruction and to arrange urgent removal to
hospital if necessary.

If the obstruction is mild:

Encourage them to continue coughing

Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth.
If the obstruction is severe:

Give up to five back blows

Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction.

If the obstruction is still present:

Give up to five abdominal thrusts

Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction.

If the obstruction does not clear after three cycles of back blows and
abdominal thrusts:
 Baby Choking
Your aims are to remove the obstruction and to arrange urgent removal to
hospital if necessary.

If the obstruction is mild

Remove any obvious obstruction from the mouth.

If the obstruction is severe:

Give up to five back blows

Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction.

If the obstruction is still present:

Give up to five chest thrusts

Check the mouth and remove any obvious obstruction.

If the obstruction does not clear after three cycles of back blows and
abdominal thrusts:

Dial 999 (or 112) for an ambulance

Continue until help arrives.
 Bleeding
When someone is bleeding you are aiming to
control the bleed to prevent and minimise the
effects of shock, and minimise infection. To
control the bleed you must use direct pressure
unless there is an object in the wound when
indirect pressure must be applied.
 Bleeding
Put on disposable gloves.
Ask the casualty to sit down or lay down.
Ask the casualty to put pressure on the
wound and elevate

Using a sterile dressing apply direct pressure

to the wound.

Bandage the pad or dressing firmly to control

bleeding, but not so tightly that it stops the
circulation to fingers or toes.

Elevate the wound above the heart.

If blood comes through the dressing do not

remove it bandage another over the
original.If blood seeps through both
dressings, remove them both and replace
with a fresh dressing, applying pressure over
the site of bleeding.

Treatment for shock

 Nose Bleed

A nose bleed can be dangerous if the casualty loses a lot of

blood. In addition, if bleeding follows a head injury, the blood may
Signs and appear thin and watery. The latter is a very serious sign because
Symptoms it indicates that the skull is fractured and fluid is leaking from
around the brain

Ask the casualty to sit down

Advise them to tilt their head forwards to allow the blood to
drain from the nostrils
Treatment Ask the casualty to breathe through their mouth (this will also
have a calming effect) and to pinch the soft part of the nose
Reassure and help if necessary
Tell the casualty to keep pinching their nose
Advise them not to speak, swallow, cough, spit or sniff because
this may disturb blood clots that may have formed in the nose
After 10 minutes, tell the casualty to release the pressure. If the
bleeding has not stopped, tell them to reapply the pressure for
two further periods of 10 minutes
Once the bleeding has stopped and with the casualty still
leaning forwards, clean around their nose with lukewarm
water
Advise the casualty to rest quietly for a few hours. Tell them to
avoid exertion and in particular, not to blow their nose,
because these actions will disturb any clots.
Do not let the head tip back; blood may run down the throat
inducing vomiting
What I should If bleeding stops and then restarts, tell the casualty to reapply
not do! pressure
If the nosebleed is severe, or if it lasts longer than 30 minutes in
total, take or send the casualty to hospital in the treatment
position
 Amputations

Turn off any machinery

Treat the casualty to stop the blood.

Find the amputated part and wrap in plastic such

as cling film

Wrap this is a sling and submerge in ice.

Make sure the casualty and amputated part arrive

at hospital together
 Fainting

Fainting is a temporary reduction of blood supply to

the brain. People normally recover very quickly

Reaction to pain, exhaustion, lack of food or

emotional stress.
Causes Fainting is also common after long periods
of sitting still, especially in warm
atmosphere.

Signs and
Loss of consciousness and slow pulse rate
Symptoms
Pale, cold sweaty skin

If the face is pale, raise the tail,

Remove stress
Treatment
Ensure they get plenty of fresh air
Loosen tight clothing
 Head Injuries

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

When do I dial 999?

 Epilepsy

A sudden burst of excess electrical activity in the brain

- causing a temporary disturbance. A seizure also called a
convulsion or fit consists of involuntary contractions of
many of the muscles in the body.

Sudden loss of consciousness

Possible loss of bladder control
Signs and
Casualty becomes rigid
Symptoms
Saliva may appear
Convulsive movements begin

Allow them to have their seizure

Protect the casualty to make sure they do not injury
Treatment themselves more - protect the head
Note what time the seizures started
Once the seizure has stopped place them in the
recovery position if they are breathing

Call 999 if the casualty is unconscious for more than

When do I
10 minutes
dial 999?
Having repeated seizures
If it is the casualty first seizure
If they seizure lasts more than 5 mins
 Asthma

The muscles of the air passages contract and go into

spasm as a result making it difficult to breathe out.

Difficulty in breathing
Signs and Wheezing
Symptoms Difficulty in speaking
Coughing
Distress/anxiety
Blue tinge to lips

Allow them to take their inhaler (the

reliever - normally with blue caps)
Treatment
Keep the chest open
Blow out for longer than in
Help the casualty use their inhaler - some
have a spacer

What I should Never leave them alone

not do Never take them to colder air
 Anaphylaxis

A serve allergic reaction of the bodys immune

system. It causes chemicals to be released in the
blood which widen the blood vessels and cause air
passages to narrow.

Breathing becomes difficult

Signs and Blotchy patches on the skin
Symptoms Swelling around the face
Feeling of terror

999 instantly
Treatment Ask if they have an epi pen
Help the casualty sit in a comfortable position
Monitor vital signs until more qualified help
arrives.

Straight away - before EPI PEN is

When do I dial administered
999?
 Diabetes
Diabetes is a long term condition where the body
fails to produce sufficient amounts of the hormone
insulin, which controls the bodies blood sugar levels.
When the levels are not managed correctly one of
two types of attacks can happen
 Heart Attack

Heart attacks occur when there is a sudden

blockage in the blood supply to the heart muscle.

Pale, cold clammy skin,

Pain in chest, shoulders, jaw, back
Signs and Dull/crushing pain
Symptoms Anxiety
Shortness of breath

Call 999 instantly

Treatment reassure the casulty
Ask if they have any medication
Loosen tight clothing
Place in W position
Monitor vital signs

When do I Instantly
dial 999?
 Types of Burns

Burns Causes

Wet

Dry

Chemical

Electrical
Treatment of burns

1. Run a burn under cold running water

for 10 minutes unless its a chemical
burn. Chemical burns need to be placed
under the tap for 20 minutes

2. Remove any jewellery that is NOT

attached to the burns. Jewellery can
restrict the blood flow

3. Cover with cling film to prevent

infection. Seek medical help if the burn is
a child, bigger than 50p, deep and on
the face, hands, feet and genitals.
 Soft Tissue Injuries

Sprains occur when the ligaments are over stretched

across a joint - typically the ankle or wrist.

Strains occur when the muscle is torn.

Fractures

Open Fractures
An exposed wound leads down to a
fractures or the ends of the broken bone
might stick out through the skin

Closed Fractures
The skins is not broken. There might be
bruising, swelling and deformity

Complicated Fractures
Associated with either open or closed
fractures, but it may also include injury to
major blood vessels, brain, lungs, nerves
or other parts of the body

Greenstick Fractures
More common in young children who
have more flexible bones. This type of
fracture can easily be confused with a
sprain or strain.
 Treatment of Fractures

Fractures must be immobilised to reduce the potential of further

damage to the injury. Use a support sling for a broken arm and
a elevation sling for a broken collar bone or to elevate a bleed.

Support Sling

Elevation Sling
 Meningitis

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes that

cover the spinal cord and brain (the meningitis). Meningitis
is usually caused by a virus or bacteria and the resulting
inflammation can cause damage to the spinal cord and
brain

Viral meningitis is the most common and not usually life

threatening however bacterial meningitis is less common
but more serious, potentially life threatening and can cause
severe brain damage.

Headache that can be severe

Generally feeling unwell/Fever
Fatigue and irritability
Stick neck and joint an muscle pain
Signs and Dislike of bright lights
Symptoms Convulsions/seizures
A rash that does fade when a glass is rolled over
Bulging or tense soft spot on the baby head Drowsy,
floppy and unresponsive
Unusual crying (high pitched), moaning
If the rash appears - call 999
Treatment If you are in doubt seek medical help urgently
 Poisoning

There are many potential poisons with accompanying

symptoms and signs

Poisons can enter the body through:

The mouth through ingestion

The mouth and nose through inhalation
The eyes through absorption
The skin by injection or absorption

Plant poisoning can be serious depending on the type of plant
and the amount ingested by the child

It is important that you try to identify any substance such as a

chemical, tablet or plant eaten to assist doctors to give the
best treatment

Where possible always take a sample of the plant or the

container of the chemical (material safety data sheet) or
tablets with you to hospital so it can be identified.
 Poisoning
Bleach, oven cleaner, paint stripper etc
Recognition if it is swallowed

Redness, blistering, burns and swelling to the

face, mouth and lips
Distressed breathing, leading to unconsciousness

Treatment
Household Check the airway and their breathing.
Be prepared to resuscitate (use a face shield)
Call for an ambulance
If the casualty is conscious, keep them
sat up and give them sips of water to dilute.

Identify the poison that was taken

Do not induce vomiting

Recognition
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pains
Diarrhoea
Fever
Headache
Impaired consciousness
Food
Treatment
Encourage the casualty to rest
Offer them plenty of bland fluids to drink
Try to establish the source of the poisoning in case medical
assistance is required
Call for an ambulance if their condition deteriorates
Recognition
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pains
Diarrhoea
Seizures
Plant/Drug Impaired consciousness

Treatment
The same treatment can be applied
as you would for drug poisoning
 Stings

Bee stings can cause a casualty to suffer from

anaphylaxis,

Signs and Symptoms

The casualty will complain of pain
In most cases there will be swelling in the
area around the sting
There may be redness

Treatment
If the sting is visible try to remove it by
brushing away from the skin with a credit card
Apply a cold compress to relive the pain and
swelling
For stings in the mouth the casualty should
suck on a ice cube
Call 999 if the casualty suffers anaphylaxis
 Bites

Animal bites can become infected with germs so

it is important to clean the wound thoroughly.

Signs and Symptoms

Pain/shock
Animal bite marks and puncture wounds
Bleeding
Swelling

Treatment
Clean the wound with warm soapy water.
Make sure tetanus jab is up to date
Treat for bleeding and shock if required
Seek emergency help if the wound is deep and
large
After cleaning, dry carefully and cover wound
with a sterile dressing
 Effects of heat (Hot)
When the body temperature increases, Heat
Exhaustion occurs and if that is not treated a person
could offer Heat Stroke

If Heat exhaustion is
not treated it will
lead to Heat stroke
 Effects of heat (Cold)
When the body temperature has dropped below 35
degrees Celsius you cold suffer from Hypothermia
 Foreign Bodies - Eyes
The most common foreign objects found in the eyes are:
Par7cles of grit , Dust, Loose eyelashes, Contact lenses

Any eye injury is poten7ally serious and can result in damage, infec7on or
in extreme cases, blindness.

Never aCempt to remove a foreign body if it is on the coloured part of the

eye or embedded in the eyeball.
Foreign Bodies - Ears + nose
In rst aid terms a foreign body is an object of any size that
enters the body through an orice such as the ears, nose or
mouth or when an object penetrates the skin such as a
splinter
A foreign body may enter the body by accident such as an insect or it is not
uncommon for children to play and to place small objects in their ear
or up their nose
Any foreign object that enters the ear can damage the eardrum or canal
Depending on the object it can cause temporary or permanent damage