A Theoretical Approach to human behavior and the social

environment:
A theory is a coherent group of principles, concepts and ideas
organized to explain some observable occurrence or trend.

Theories provide conceptual frameworks on how to view the

world (Theory, theoretical perspective, and conceptual
framework can be used interchangeably).

A person-in-environment sees people as constantly interacting

with various systems around them.

These systems include the family, friends, work, social services,

politics, religion, good and services, and educational systems.

Social work practice is then directed at improving the interactions

between the person and the various systems.

Systems theory
To understand the concept of a system theory, we need to
understand the following terms: a system, boundaries,
subsystem, homeostasis, role, relationship, input, output,
feedback, interface, differentiation ,entropy, negative entropy,
and equifinaliity

A system
A system is a set of elements that are orderly and interrelated to
make a functional whole.
There are succinct boundaries between different systems or
subsystems
A subsystem
This is a secondary or subordinate system that is a component
of a larger system. For example in a family, we have the parental
and sibling subsystems.
Homeostasis

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 This is the tendency for a system to maintain a relatively stable,
constant state of balance. If something disturbs the balance, the
system will readjust itself and regain stability.
Role
A role is the culturally established social behavior and conduct
expected of a person in any designated interpersonal
relationship. Each individual involved in a system assumes a role
within that system.
Relationship
This is a reciprocal, dynamic , interpersonal connection
characterized by patterns of emotional exchange,
communication, and behavioural interaction
Input
This involves the energy, information, or communication flow
received from other systems
Output
This is the response of a system, after receiving and processing
input, that affects other systems in the environment.
Differentiating an output and an outcome
Output refers to the result of a process; while outcomes are
specified variables that are measured for the purpose of
evaluation. While output is what is done, outcomes measure
positive effects of a systems process.
Feedback
This is a form of input in which a system receives information
about its own performance. As a result of negative feedback
involving problematic functioning, the system can choose to
correct any deviations o mistakes.
Positive feedback is motivational and is a certificate to continue
the good performance.
Interface
This is the point at which two systems (individuals, families,
groups, organizations, or communities) come into contact with
each other or communicate.
Differentiations

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 This is a systems tendency to move from a simpler to a more
complex existence.

Entropy
This is the tendency of a system to progress toward
disorganization, depletion, and death.
Negative entropy
This is the process of a system toward growth and development.
It is the opposite of entropy. Individuals develop physically,
intellectually, and emotionally as they grow. Social service
agencies grow and develop new programmes and clientele.