Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Computer Science and Information Technology Prof. Dr. hab. A. Popescu, Chairman
Prof. Dr. eng. A. Graur (Romania); Prof. Dr. hab. A. Gremalschi; Prof. Dr. hab. V. Perju; Prof. Dr. hab. I. Costa; Assoc. Prof. Dr.
hab. I. Bolun; Assoc. Prof. Dr. hab. E. Guuleac; Assoc. Prof. Dr. V. Nedelciuc; Assoc. Prof. Dr. V. Beliu; Assoc. Prof. Dr. V.
Moraru; Assoc. Prof. Dr. B. Izvoreanu; Assoc. Prof. Dr. N. Secrieru; Assoc. Prof. Dr. V. Gsc; Assoc. Prof. Dr. S. Zaporojan
(scientific secretary).
Civil Engineering, Urbanism and Architecture Prof. Dr. hab. E. Lvovschi, Chairman, corresponding member ASM
Prof. Dr. hab. Gh. Moraru; Prof. Dr. hab. M. Andriu; Prof. Dr. D. Ungureanu; Assoc. Prof. Dr. hab. I. Rusu; Assoc. Prof. Dr. S.
Orlov; Assoc. Prof. Dr. V. Topore; Dr. A. Cantasel; Assoc. Prof. Dr. N. Grozavu; Assoc. Prof. Dr. V. Grama; Assoc. Prof. Dr. A.
Ababei; Assoc. Prof. Dr. N. Lupuor (scientific secretary).
5 April, 1929 - Ivar Giaever is a physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo
Esaki and Brian Josephson for their discoveries regarding tunnelling
phenomena in solids.
6 April, 1949 - Horst Ludwig Strmer is a German physicist. He was awarded the 1998 Nobel
Prize in Physics jointly with Daniel Tsui and Robert Laughlin "for their
discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations".
19 April 1854 - Anghel Saligny (19 April 1854 17 June 1925) was a Romanian engineer, most
famous for designing the Feteti-Cernavod railway bridge (1895) over the
Danube, the longest bridge in Europe at that time. He also designed the storage
facilities in Constana seaport.
20 April 1809 - James David Forbes (20 April 1809 31 December 1868) was a Scottish
physicist and glaciologist who worked extensively on the conduction of heat and
seismology. He invented the seismometer in 1842.
22 April, 1904 - Julius Robert Oppenheimer (22 April, 1904 18 February, 1967) was an
American theoretical physicist. He is among the persons who are often called the
father of the atomic bomb for their role in the Manhattan Project, the World
War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons.
25 April 1874 - Guglielmo Marconi (25 April 1874 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor. He
shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun in
recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.
29 April 1854 - Jules Henri Poincar (29 April 1854 17 July 1912) was a French
mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and a philosopher of science. He
is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist
by Eric Temple Bell.
15 May 1859 - Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in
crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. In 1903 he
received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skodowska Curie, and
Henri Becquerel.
21 May 1964 - James Franck (26 August 1882 21 May 1964) was a German physicist and Nobel
laureate. In 1925, Franck received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
25 June 1894 - Hermann Julius Oberth (25 June 1894 28 December 1989) was an Romanian
physicist and engineer born to a Transylvanian Saxon family in Sibiu. He is
considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics.
26 June 1824 - William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (26 June 1824 17 December 1907), was an
Irish and British mathematical physicist and engineer. At the University of
Glasgow he formulated the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
Column supported by Valeriu Dulgheru
Design Industrial si de Produs
Proiecte studentesti
MERIDIAN
INGINERESC
Technical and applied scientific publication founded in
9 February 1995
2
2014
Typesetting and desktop publishing:
Dulgheru Valeriu
Cover: Podborschi V.
Trifan N.
ISSN 1683-853X
Published by Technical University of Moldova
CONTENT
Abstract...... 3
Titu-Marius I. Bjenescu. Some key elements for a better reliability of electronic devices,
and consumer satisfaction................................................................... 11
Marina V., Marina Regarding to thermomecanics of irreversible processes..................... 19
Viorica.
Rachier V., Sobor I., Assessment of wind energy resource of Moldova.............................. 23
Chiciuc A.
Ivashenko N., Bulyandra About pore structure of sugar beet pulp.............................................. 30
A., Verbitskiy B., Lutzik
Yu., Bernic M., Ciobanu E
Cucu ., Todos P., Streamlining the management of internships - an imperative
of the time........................................................................................... 32
Guvir S., Ghencea C.
Pntea V., Maciuga A., Super luminescence phenomenon in ternary compounds
Radu R., Stoicev P., of type CdGa2 S4 ..................................................................................... 35
Kulev M.
Sveatenco N. Influence of the thermoviscoplastic properties of the structural
model subelements on the thermoviscoelastic characteristics of
material............................................................................................... 38
Derevyanko V.N., Biological fouling of ultrafiltration membranes during operation...... 46
Nechitajlo N.P.
Manoli I., Beiu I. The convenience of using compressed natural gas in public
transport of passengers........................................................................ 49
Chiricu I. Reducing the Environmental Impact of Slag Steelworks
by Using it in Road Structures............................................................ 52
Rusanovschi M., Stoicev Comparison of geometric parameters of cations in cobalt (III)
P., Rusanovschi V . and rhodium (III) compounds............................................................. 55
Brsan A. Some optimization possibilities regarding the kinematics
of the Geneva mechanisms.................................................................. 59
Bostan I., Dulgheru V. Planetary precessional transmissions: generation technologies.......... 63
Guu M. Analysis of a wind turbine composite blades using a
finite element model........................................................................... 73
Livin G., Lucache D.D., On controlling the magnetic suspension of a flywheel system........... 77
Dnil E.
Puiu C., Iagru R., Estimates on measuring the consumers satisfaction......................... 82
Puiu V., Neamu Fl. V.
Dogotaru S., Ursu M. Visions on housing management........................................................ 90
Dulgheru V. The psychology of creativity... 97
Manolea Gh. Personalities from the meridians of the engineering universe............ 99
REZUMATE
Bjenescu, T.-M. I. Cteva elemente-cheie pentru o Cucu ., Todos P., Guvir S., Ghencea C. Eficientizarea
fiabilitate mbuntit a dispozitivelor electronice i managementului stagiilor de practic un imperativ
pentru satisfacia consumatorului. De-a lungul fazei de al timpului. Un rol important n formarea universitar a
implementare a tuturor proiectelor trebuie rezolvate o viitorilor specialiti revine stagiilor de practic, acestea
multitudine de probleme i provocri. Unele sunt fiind un prim pas spre adaptarea i integrarea studenilor
stpnite prin reproiectare i munc asidu, altele cer mai n mediul profesional. Eficiena stagiilor n mare msur
mult investire din partea fabricantului. Fiabilitatea este depinde de calitatea monitorizrii procesului
unul din atributele majore care determin alegerea organizare desfurare - evaluare a acestora. n baza
componentelor electronice pentru aplicaiile critice analizei situaiei existente la capitolul dat n articol este
privind securitatea instalaiei. De aceea ingineria argumentat necesitatea mbuntirii managementului
stagiilor de practic. Sunt propuse o serie de msuri
fiabilitii trebuie s fac parte integrant din proiectarea
concrete, referitoare la acest compartiment i anume:
produsului i din dezvoltarea sistemului. Proiectanii de
implementarea sistemului de monitorizare online a
sisteme au la dispoziie cteva posibiliti pentru a procesului de desfurare a stagiilor de practic;
mbunti fiabilitatea i durata de via util a aplicarea criteriul cumulativ de evaluare final a stagiilor.
produselor. Aceste metode sunt discutate n lucrare. Unul din avantajele evidente a msurilor propuse este
motivarea studenilor de a avea o atitudine responsabil
Marina V., Marina Viorica. Cu privire la fa de toate activitile preconizate n perioada
termomecanica proceselor reversibile. Progresul desfurrii stagiilor de practic.
tiinific i tehnologic este n mare msura condiionat de
nivelul de cunoatere a comportrii materialelor n Pntea V., Maciuga A., Radu R., Stoicev P., Kulev M.
funcie de structura lor i istoria aciunii exterioare. Fenomenul de superluminescen n compuii
Studiul relaiilor dintre tensorii tensiune i deformaie nu ternari de tipul CdGa2 S4 . In lucrare sunt expuse
poate fi realizat n afara principiilor generale ale
termodinamicii. Pornind de la aceasta realitate vom rezultatele investigaiilor asupra influenei condiiilor de
examina n mod detaliat principiile termodinamicii la excitare (temperatura, intensitatea, durata impulsului
nivel local. excitant) i se propune mecanismul fenomenului de
superluminescen, fenomen care a fost nregistrat
Rachier V., Sobor I., Chiciuc A. Evaluarea resurselor pentru compuii CdGa2 S 4 n anumite condiii de excitare
energetice eoliene ale Moldovei. n conformitate cu a luminescenei: energie nalt a fluxului de electroni
Planul Naional de Aciuni n Domeniul Energiei din 100 keV i durata impulsului 103 s la temperatura 80 K .
Surse Regenerabile a Republicii Moldova, energia
electric regenerabil va fi produs din cea eolian i Sveatenco N. Influena proprietilor
pn n anul 2020 este necesar de circa 400 MW termovscoplastice ale subelementelor modelului
capacitate eoliana. n lucrare se face o ncercare de a structural asupra caracteristicilor termovsco-elastice
evalua potenialul energetic eolian folosind programe de ale materialului. Un element de volum macroscopic
calcul moderne, datele de intrare topografice, date omogen i izotrop poate fi reprezentat sub forma unui
istorice despre vnt ale Serviciului Hidro-meteorologic conglomerat compus dintr-un numr infinit de
de Stat i msurtori pe teren efectuate n perioada 2002- subelemente legate cinematic ntre ele. Elementul de
2003 i 2010-2013 la nlimi de 30-70 m deasupra structur se identific cu mulimea particulelor materiale,
nivelului solului. Pentru cele trei regiuni de dezvoltare care se grupeaz dup un parametru comun, ce
economic ale Republicii Moldova - sud, centru i nord guverneaz fenomenul considerat. Subelementele posed
sunt produse hrile resurselor eoliene n termeni de numai proprieti elementare, ns n rezultatul
viteza medie anual a vntului, densitatea de putere interaciunii la scara macroscopic pot fi descrise diferite
eolian i capacitate electric eoliana instalata. Valorile fenomene. Se consider c funciile reologice, care
maxime ale vitezei medii anuale ale vntului i densitatea reflect proprietile termovscoplastice ale subelemen-
de putere eolian la 100 m deasupra nivelului solului telor, depind de viteza de deformare a elementului
sunt: la sud - 8,08 m/s i 518 W/m2, centru - 8,05 m/s i corpului, ceea ce influeneaz caracteristicile termo-
501 W/m2, nord - 7,56 m/s i 605 W/m2. vascoelastice ale materialului. Coerena cinematic a
subelementelor conduce la influena reciproc a
Ivashenko N., Bulyandra A., Verbitskiy B., Lutzik Yu., fenomenelor de diferit natur.
Bernic M., Ciobanu E. Despre structura poroas a
pulpei sfeclei de zahr. n articolul este prezint analiza Derevianko V.N., Nechitaylo N.P. Ancrasarea
efectuat asupra unui volum de pulp de sfecl de zahr, biologic a membranelor de ultrafiltrare n timpul
curbele integral i diferenial de distribuie a funcionrii. Aceast lucrare analizeaz factorii, care
microporilor dup raza acestora i aria suprafeei lor. La duc la murdrirea elementelor membranei n timpul
fel este prezentat influena microporilor asupra funcionrii. O atenie special este acordat depunerilor
procesului de uscare.
pe elementele membranei, care este factorul de baz, care
duce la scderea critic a performanelor membranei. Au
fost stabilite criteriile de baz de cretere a controlului speciale prin dezvoltarea de noi tipuri de transmisii pe
depunerilor. Au fost propuse modaliti de dezvoltare a baza transmisiilor planetare precesionale cu angrenaj
tehnologiei membranei, care va permite evitarea multipar, care au fost dezvoltate de ctre autori.
depunerilor sau reducerea costului membranei. Noile Multiplicitatea absolut a angrenajului precesional (pn
tehnologii trebuie s fie dezvoltate pentru a controla la 100% perechi de dini aflate simultan n angrenare,
depunerile. Acest lucru va extinde n mod semnificativ comparativ cu 5% -7% - n angrenajele clasice) asigur
domeniul de aplicare a ultrafiltrrii pentru tratamentul creterea capacitii portante, mas i dimensiuni reduse.
apelor naturale i reziduale. Articolul prezint aspectele teoretice ale generrii
profilelor non-standarde ale dinilor.
Manoli I., Beiu I. Oportunitatea utilizrii gazului
natural comprimat n transportul public de cltori. Guu M. Analiza palei din material compozit
n acest articol sunt prezentate aspectele tehnice i turbinei eoliene, folosind un model de elemente finite.
economice de adaptare a vehiculelor la alimentarea cu Aceast lucrare prezint designul final al palei turbinei
gaz natural comprimat. Un alt factor important care eoliene mici executate din poliester armat cu sticla
influeneaz asupra costurilor de operare privind (GRP), dezvoltat la Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei
folosirea CNG au fost legate de depozitarea gazelor. n prin analiz cu element finit (FE). Variabilele de
lucrare sunt prezentate metodele actuale de stocare a proiectare sunt considerate legate de parametrii de
aprovizionrii cu gaze naturale. materiale compozite: direcia fibrelor, direcia straturilor,
grosimea nveliului grosime bazate pe numrul de
Chiricu I. Reducerea impactului asupra mediului a straturi compozite. Drept constrngeri sunt deformaiile
zgurilor de oelrie prin utilizarea lor n structuri vrfului palei, eforturile admisibile i vibraiile de
rutiere. Articolul analizeaz posibilitatea utilizrii zgurii rezonan ale palei. n funcie de rezultatele analizei FE
de oelrie n construciile rutiere. Depozitarea acesteia pala optimizat va fi destul de rigid n condiii de
n halde pune serioase probleme de mediu, prin ocuparea furtun, va suporta frecvene de rezonan periculoase i
unor mari suprafee de teren i instabilitatea straturilor de va cntri aprox. cu 20% mai puin.
haldare, ce ating grosimi de zeci de metri. Rezultatele
experimentale au confirmat posibilitatea utilizrii cu Livin G., Lucache D. D., Dnil E. Controlul
succes a zgurii de oelrie ca nlocuitor al agregatelor suspensiei magnetice a unui sistem de volant. Lucrarea
naturale n straturile rutiere. Prin aceasta se realizeaz o trateaz stabilitatea unui sistem de stocare a energiei cu
scdere semnificativ a costului lucrrilor (zgura, fiind volant magnetic, cu ajutorul unui controller polinomial
un deeu industrial, este mult mai ieftin dect agregatul RST. Comportamentul sistemului este analizat pe baza
natural). De asemenea, utilizarea agregatelor din zgur variaiei parametrilor constructivi i a perturbaiilor,
are ca rezultat protejarea mediului nconjurtor, prin utiliznd programe de simulare.
eliminarea spaiilor de depozitare a zgurii i prin
conservarea ambientului natural (extracia agregatelor Puiu C., Iagru R., Puiu V., Neamu Fl. V. Estimrile
naturale poate perturba apa freatic, poate accentua prin msurarea satisfaciei consumatorului. Aceast
eroziunea etc.). lucrare i propune s susin faptul c un proces de
Rusanovschi M., Stoicev P., Rusanovschi V. msurare a satisfaciei consumatorului efectuat ntr-un
Compararea parametrilor geometrici ai cationilor n mod obiectiv i corect poate oferi datele i informaiile
aliajele de cobalt (III) i rodiu (III). n lucrarea propus necesare pentru a face compatibile, n cadrul procesului,
sunt prezentate rezultatele investiiilor, privind 11 toate prile participante. Acesta va avea ca rezultat o
structuri cristaline pentru compararea deosebirilor valoare durabil la consumator i o orientare
conformaionale cationilor geometrici i compararea participativ a propriilor angajai i parteneri n msur
cantitativ ale metalelor tranzitive de Co(III) i Rh(III) pentru valoarea adugat.
cu liganzi TSC(tiosemicarbazid) i Halcogencarbami.
(Tio, Seu), distribuii simetric pe coordonata Lig-M-Lig. Dogotaru S., Ursu M. Viziuni asupra administrrii
n baza sistemei propuse st tratarea empiric de fixare a fondului locativ. Prezenta lucrare analizeaz situaia n
conformaiilor, care-s testul de bine sunt studiate. n domeniul locativ, privind administrarea cldirilor ce
lucrare sunt analizate i totalizate datele despre compuii aparin mai multor proprietari. n rezultatul privatizrii
coordinativi a metalelor tranzitive Co(III) i Rh(III). fondului locativ i urmare unor deficiene n legislaie,
blocurile locative au rmas s fie administrate de ctre
Brsan, A. Posibiliti de optimizare a cinematicii serviciile specializate ale autoritilor locale, care
mecanismelor malteze. Lucrarea propune cteva ntmpin mari dificulti n procesul de ntreinere a
variante de optimizare a cinematicii mecanismelor de tip activelor ncredinate. Autorii scot n eviden
maltez. Sunt prezentate trei mecanisme: mecanismul problemele identificate i propun soluii pentru
maltez cu canale curbe, mecanismul maltez cu canale de redresarea situaiei n cldirile ce au caracteristicile
tip Y i mecanismul maltez clasic acionat prin condominiului, accentul de baz fiind pus pe
intermediul unui mecanism cu cam. responsabilizarea proprietarilor pentru ntreinerea
blocurilor locative.
Bostan I., Dulgheru V. Transmisiilor planetare
precesionale: tehnologii de generare. Unele probleme
ale transmisiilor mecanice pot fi rezolvate cu efecte
ABSTRACT
Bjenescu, T.-M. I. Some key elements for a better professional environment. The efficiency of internships
reliability of electronic devices, and consumer largely depends on the quality of monitoring their
satisfaction. There are many problems and challenges organization - deployment evaluation process. Based
which must be overcome during the implementation on the analysis of the existing situation, in this article it is
phase of all projects. Some are overcome with underlined the necessity to improve the management of
engineering redesign and hard work, while others require internships. There are proposed a number of concrete
more investment by the manufacturer. Reliability is one measures regarding this issue, namely: implementation of
of the major attributes that define the choice of electronic online monitoring of the internships deployment
components for safety-critical applications. That is why process; application of the cumulative criterion for the
reliability engineering should be an integral part in final evaluation of internships. One of the obvious
advantages of the proposed measures is to motivate
product and system development. There are several ways
students to take a responsible attitude towards all
in which designers can assist in improving the reliability
activities envisaged in the period of internships.
and lengthen the life of products. These methods are
discussed in the paper.
Pntea V., Maciuga A., Radu R., Stoicev P., Kulev M.
Super luminescence phenomenon in ternary
Marina V., Marina Viorica. Regarding to compounds of type CdGa2 S4 . The paper presents the
thermomechanics of irreversible processes. The
scientific and technologic progress is conditioned by results of investigations on the influence of excitation
level of knowing of material behaviour in function of his conditions (temperature, intensity, exciting impulse
structure and history of exterior action. Studding of duration) and proposes the mechanism of super
relations between stress and strain tensors cant be luminescence phenomenon, a phenomenon that was
realized without the basic thermodynamic principles. We recorded for the compounds under certain conditions of
will exam in basic way the thermodynamic principles at excitation of luminescence: high-energy electrons flow
the local level. 100keV and impulse duration 103 s at the
temperature 80 K .
Rachier V., Sobor I., Chiciuc A. Assessment of wind
energy resource of Moldova. According to Moldovas
Sveatenco N. Influence of the thermoviscoplastic
National Renewable Energy Action Plan, renewable
properties of the structural model subelements on the
electricity will be produced mainly from wind and by
thermoviscoelastic characteristics of material. The
2020 is necessary about 400 MW wind capacity. In this
paper an attempt is made to assess the wind energy volume element V0 , being isotropic and homogeneous at
potential using modern software, topographical input the macroscopic level, can be represented as a
data, historical wind data from State conglomerate composed of an infinite number of
Hydrometeorological Service and field measurements kinematically connected subelements. Structural element
conducted during 2002-2003 and 2010-2013 at heights of identifies the set of material particles, which grouped
30-70 m above ground level. For three Moldovas according to a common parameter governing the
development regions - south, center and north are considered phenomenon. Subelements possess only
produced wind resources maps in terms of average simple properties, but in result of their interaction at the
annual wind speed, wind power density and installed macroscopic level one may describe various phenomena.
wind capacity. Maximum values of annual average wind It's assumed that rheological functions, reflecting
speed and wind power density at 100 m above ground thermoviscoplastic properties of subelements, depend on
level are: south 8,08 m/s and 518 W/m2, center - 8,05 the rate of deformation change of the body element, and
m/s and 501 W/m2, north 7,56 m/s and 605 W/m2. this fact influences the thermoviscoelastic characteristics
of material. The kinematic coherence of subelements
Ivashenko N., Bulyandra A., Verbitskiy B., Lutzik Yu., leads to the interdependence of phenomena of the
Bernic M., Ciobanu E. About pore structure of sugar different nature.
beet pulp. The article presents some beet pulp micro-
pore volume, integral and differential distribution curves Derevjanko V.N., Nechitaylo N.P. Biological fouling of
of micro-pores by radiuses, effective pore radius, and ultrafiltration membranes during operation. This
surface area. It is shown their influence on the drying work analyzes factors, that lead to fouling of membrane
process. elements during operation. Special attention is given to
biofouling of membrane elements, which is the basic
Cucu ., Todos P., Guvir S., Ghencea C. Streamlining factor, that leads to critical decrease of membrane
the management of internships - an imperative of the performance. Basic criteria of biofouling increase control
time. An important role in university training of the were found. Ways of membrane technology
future specialists lies on the internships, which is a first development, that will allow to avoid or decrease cost of
step towards adapting and integrating students into the membrane biofouling reducing, were suggested. New
technologies must be developed to control biofouling. of mechanical transmissions can be solved with special
This will significantly expand the scope of application of effects by developing new types of transmissions based
ultrafiltration for the treatment of natural and waste on planetary precessional transmissions with multiple
waters gear, that were developed by the author. Absolute
multiplicity of precessional gear (up to 100% pairs of
Manoli I., Beiu I. The convenience of using teeth simultaneously involved in gearing, compared to
compressed natural gas in public transport of 5%-7% - in classical gearings) provides increased lifting
passengers. In the article technical and economical capacity and small mass and dimensions. The article
aspects of the vehicle adjustment to CNG supply are presents the theoretical aspects of nonstandard profiles
presented. Aspects of the diesel oil and petrol engines generation.
adaptation to CNG were also brought up. Another
significant factor which influences the operating costs of Guu M. Analysis of a wind turbines composite
the CNG usage is the gas storage. In the paper, actual blades using a finite element model. This paper
methods of storage of the natural gas supply are also presents the final design of glass-reinforced polyester
presented. (GRP) blade for small wind turbine developed at the
Technical University of Moldova by finite element (FE)
Chiricu I. Reducing the Environmental Impact of analysis techniques. The design variables considered are
Slag Steelworks by Using it in Road Structures. This related to the composite material parameters: fiber
article deals with possible use of slag steelworks in road direction, layers direction and blade shell thickness based
construction. The storage of slag steelworks in waste on number of composite layers. The constraints are tip
dumps pose serious environmental problems by deformations, allowable stresses and resonant vibration
occupation of large areas of land and instability of dump of the blade. According to FE analysis results the
layers, which can reach tens of meters in thickness. The optimized blade will be stiff enough in storm conditions,
experimental results confirmed the successfully use of will operate out of dangerous resonance frequencies and
slag by replacing the natural aggregates in road layers. will weigh approx. 20% less.
This provides a significant decrease in the cost of work
(slag - an industrial waste - is much cheaper than natural Livin G., Lucache D. D., Dnil E. On controlling the
aggregate). The use of slag aggregates also results in magnetic suspension of a flywheel system. The paper
environmental protection by removing slag storage areas deals with the synthesizing of a polynomial RST
and conservation of natural environment (extraction of controller to insure the stability of a flywheel energy-
natural aggregates may disrupt ground water, may storage system. Considering variations of the
increase erosion, etc). constructive parameters and perturbation, by means of
simulation programs the system behaviour analyses is
Rusanovschi M., Stoicev P., Rusanovschi V. performed.
Comparison of geometric parameters of cations in
cobalt (III) and rhodium (III) compounds. In this Puiu C., Iagru R.,, Puiu V., Neamu Fl. V. Estimates
paper are given the results of the study of crystal on measuring the consumers satisfaction. This work
structures in terms of determining the conformational intends to sustain the fact that a process of measuring the
differences, the quantitative comparison of the geometry consumers satisfaction carried out in an objective and
of complex cations, transition metals of rhodium (III) and correct manner, may offer the necessary data and
cobalt (III) with TCS, and rhodium (III) and cobalt (III) information for making compatible, within the process,
dioximins with two symmetric ligands of all participating parties. It will result a sustainable value
chalcogencarbamide (Thio, Seu) on the axial coordinate at consumer and a participative orientation of the own
Lig - M - Lig. The basis of the proposed systematics is employees and partners able for added value
the empirical approach of fixation of the adequately
studied and typical cases of conformation. In this paper Dogotaru S., Ursu M. Visions on housing
are collected, compiled and analyzed data on the management. This paper analyzes the existing Housing
structure of transition metal coordination compounds Stock ]n the view of administration of buildings
with chalcogene-containing ligands: thiosemicarbazide belonging to several owners. Following the privatization
and chalcogenocarbamides. of the housing stock and due to shortcomings in
legislation, apartment buildings remained to be
Brsan A. Some optimization possibilities regarding administered by the specialized services of the local
the kinematics of the Geneva mechanisms. The paper authorities which encounter difficulties in the
proposes some kinematical optimizing solutions for the maintenance of the entrusted assets. The authors
Geneva mechanism. Three mechanisms are presented: a highlight the identified issues and propose solutions to
curved slotted Geneva mechanism, a Y type Geneva address the alleviation of the situation in the buildings
mechanism and a conventional Geneva mechanism that have condominium features, the core focus being put
driven by a cam mechanism. on the owners responsibility to maintain apartment
buildings.
Bostan I., Dulgheru V. Planetary precessional
transmissions: generation technologies. Some problems
SOMMAIRE
Bjenescu, T.-M. I. Quelques lments-cl pour une spcialistes revient aux stages, cest un premier pas vers
meilleure fiabilit des dispositifs lectroniques et pour la l'adaptation et l'intgration des tudiants dans le milieu
satisfaction du consommateur. Pendant la phase professionnel. L'efficacit des stages dpend en grande
dimplmentation de tous les projets il y a beaucoup de partie de la qualit de suivi du processus "organisation-
problmes et dfis qui doivent tre rsolus. Les uns sont dveloppement-valuation". Bas sur l'analyse de la
matriss en repensant le projet et en le retravaillant situation actuelle, l'article met laccent sur la ncessit
durement, tandis que les autres demandent plus d'amlioration de la gestion des stages. On propose toute
dinvestissement de la part du fabricant. La fiabilit est un une srie de mesures concrtes, savoir: la mise en uvre
des attributs majeurs qui dfinit le choix des composants du systme de suivi du processus de dveloppement des
lectroniques pour les applications critiques concernant la stages en ligne; lapplication du principe cumulatif de
scurit de linstallation. Cest pour cela que lingnierie de lvaluation finale des stages. Le premier avantage
la fiabilit doit tre partie intgrante du produit et du concernant les mesures proposes c'est la motivation des
dveloppement du systme. Il y a quelques possibilits que tudiants afin d'adopter une attitude responsable l'gard de
les concepteurs de systmes utilisent pour amliorer la toutes leurs activits lors de la priode de stage.
fiabilit et la dure de vie des produits. Ces mthodes sont
discutes dans larticle. Pntea V., Maciuga A., Radu R., Stoicev P., Kulev M. Le
fnomne de superluminescence pour le composs de
Marina V., Marina Viorica. Le procd de thermo- tip CdGa2 S 4 . On expose les rsultats des enqutes sur
rversibilit. Le progrs scientifique et technologique est
largement conditionne par le niveau de connaissance du linfluence des conditions d'excitation (temprature,
comportement des matriaux en fonction de leur structure et intensit, dure d'impulsion excitante) et on propose le
de l'histoire de l'action extrieure. L'tude des relations mcanisme du phnomne de superluminescence, un
contrainte dformation entre tenseurs ne peut se faire en phnomne qui a t enregistr pour les composs
dehors des principes gnraux de thermodynamique. CdGa2 S 4 sous certaines conditions d'excitation de la
Compte tenu de cette ralit, nous allons examiner en dtail luminescence: haute nergie du flux d'lectrons 100 keV et
les principes thermodynamiques locales. la dure d'impulsion 10 3 s la temprature 80 K .
-. .
, .
.
, ,
. .
, .
. ,
,
.
.
.
,
.
. .
.
., .
. ., ., ., ., K .
CdGa2 S 4 .
. (-
, ,
. ) -
, -
.
CdGa2 S 4 , -
., ., . - : 100 keV
. 10 3 s 80 K .
, .
,
, , 2020 .
400 .
,
, , .
,
, 2002-2003 2010- , .
2013 30-70 .
- , , ,
.
. ,
100 : - 8,08 ,
/ 518 /2, - 8,05 / 501 /2, ,
- 7,56 / 605 /2. ,
.
Ivashenko N., Bulyandra A., Verbitskiy B., Lutzik Yu.,
Bernic M., Ciobanu E.
.
.
, .., ..
, . ,
. -
. .
,
O., ., ., . ,
.
. ,
,
.
. 5% -7% - )
-
.
., .
.
.
.
.
- .
. ,
, ()
. - ,
. -
(FE).
. :
, ,
.
.
. ,
.
, -
.
( - ,
- , 20% .
).
., .., .
, .
( RST
,
, ..). .
,
., ., ., .
() (). ., .., ., ..
.
,
, ,
, ,
(III) (III) TCS,
(III) (III) , ,
(Thio , , .
Se) Lig - M - Lig.
, .
. ,
- ., .
- .
:
. ,
.
.
. ,
,
. :
; ,
Y
, .
.
,
., .
.
: .
,
,
.
,
.
( 100%
Some key elements for a better reliability of electronic devices, and consumer satisfaction 11
Analysis (FMEA) and Reliability Growth. It is critical Optoelectronics are playing increasingly
that these tools and analyses be directly linked to the important role in communications. Cost increasing
design team. bandwidth demand, and reliability are some of the
Reliability improvement is a major goal in reasons for the importance of optoelectronics in
many applications. Accelerated life testing is a well communication. The internet explosion, e-
known technique for reliability improvement of commerce, and the increasing data networks will
electronic systems. The reliability of a system is continue this drive.
affected by the reliability of its components and the The reliability of most electronics is established
way they are interconnected to serve its intended by performing various accelerated life tests. These
mission under certain operating conditions. Failure tests generally provide stresses that are much higher
of components due to fatigue crack growth is a than those to be experienced in service. The purpose
major problem in industry. The failure process of these tests is to cause the component to fail,
initiates with the presence of small cracks which thereby identifying the weakest failure mode. The
can cause catastrophic fracture or slow crack same mode of failure and the failure mechanism
growth. When treating a problem of this type, many must be carefully characterized and observed at all
aspects of the problem should be treated as random the test conditions. Any deviation in the failure
variables. The probabilistic finite element method mode with change in stress conditions is an
(PFEM) has been shown to be a practical approach indication that the test may not be valid in
for solving problems of this type. predicting the failure at use condition.
The reliability of an electronic system is a For most electronics, these accelerated tests
function of the reliability of its subsystems. The conditions are generally linked to the junction
board on which the components are assembled is temperature. Hence, these components and the
more important that these since its reliability mechanisms that cause their failures are assumed to
seriously affect the reliability of the overall system. be thermally activated. It is also important to state
The reliability of the manufactured printed circuit that the mode of failure must not be confused with
board (PCB) is a function of both the reliability of the failure mechanism.
the components used on the board itself. Many The devices are tested at increasing time
designers forget the importance of the underlying intervals; failed units are removed from test and
board in the reliability of the overall electronic failure analysis is performed. Cross-sectional
system. analysis of the failed devices is performed.
The inclusion of redundancy to a system to Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy
increase its reliability is expensive in weight and dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are used to
size as well as cost. At the same time operating characterize the various interfaces. Surface sensitive
costs decrease, as component reliability is Auger electron microscopy (AES) and x-ray
increased, through savings in warranty costs, photoelectron spectrometry / spectroscopy (XPS)
repairs, maintenance, shut down due to failure and are not successful in characterizing the interface to
restart time. An investigation into design the silver epoxy.
improvements to unreliable components is likely to In some instances, failed devices are revived by
show that there is an overlap between the normal scratching the aluminium pad to the epoxy bleed out
capability distribution curve of a particular item and left behind a lot of epoxy that was difficult to
its duty distribution (e.g. component strength sputter through, even after 24 hours, for AES or
capability and applied load distribution). To effect XPS analysis.
an improvement requires a safety margin between The main population failures are quite different
the two curves. from the weak population. Although the failure rate
There are several ways in which designers can is decreasing in this population, it is temperature
assist in improving the reliability and lengthen the dependent.
life of products. These methods are discussed in the At higher temperatures, the change in shape
following sections. factor indicates that probably different degradation
mechanisms are present. If the main population
continues to fail at decreasing failure rates, this
2. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT suggests that oxidants are being generated within
the package to sustain oxide growth and cause
The most important environmental components failure.
with respect to degradation of electronic devices are If the failures observed within the screened
particles and water vapour. population supports the assertion that at high
Some key elements for a better reliability of electronic devices, and consumer satisfaction 13
temperatures, oxidants are being generated within improve product quality, and product reliability1,
the package, this proves the hypothesis. These parameter design is first, tolerance design is last.
oxidants cause aluminium oxidation and oxide This "two-step" optimization technique utilizes
growth. The oxidants are probably generated due to the idea that improving the functionality of a
epoxy degradation. process will reduce the variability, thus resulting in
Although the epoxy is cured at temperatures in more precise control of the product quality. To
excess of 110C prior to package sealing, some of incorporate the Taguchi method into product
the reaction products might still be trapped within improvement engineering, three design criteria must
cured mass. These reaction products that are be considered: (a) System Design - Development of
generally oxidants and high in water content a system to meet a defined objective. (b) Parameter
subsequently outgas within the sealed package, Design - Selection and optimization of controllable
cause device failure. Changing the metallization parameters within the system. (c) Tolerance Design
from the reactive aluminium to a noble element like - Determination of limitations in variability for each
gold can eliminate this failure mode and the parameter.
associated mechanisms. The most important advantages of robust design
The degradation of the devices indicates that include providing a simple and systematic
there are two distinct populations. One population is framework for identifying critical characteristics in
weak and fails quickly; the other, the main products or systems, and achieving best quality and
population, is more resistant to the degradation. The reliability characteristics while minimizing the
weak population is a small fraction of the total variation and cost.
population. To maximize robustness engineers improve the
A reliability model indicates that the weak intended function of the product and increase their
population can be effectively screened from the noise to factors which can lead to a decrease in
total population. performance. Engineers can simplify their designs
and the process to reduce the cost [4]. Results: (i)
Improvement through quality, reliability, and
3. ROBUST DESIGN durability. (ii) Manufacturing cost reduction. (iii)
Design cycle time reduction. (iv) New knowledge.
Robust design methodology comes a great way Assuring quality, reliability, and safety is an
in improving engineering productivity. The integral part of product development. But
customer satisfaction can be ensured when one companies often address product quality to late
considers the cost of failure of a product along with using disjoint processes with inadequate cross-
the noise factors such as environmental variation, functional communication. Non managing quality
manufacturing variation, and component and reliability in an integrated way throughout the
deterioration. Robust design has proven to be very product lifecycle (Figure 1) is costly to companies,
effective for improving quality, manufacturability, both in profitability and reputation.
and reliability of products and processes at low cost, Robust design is a very powerful tool to use
and simultaneously reducing development interval. during product development to minimize the
Since the introduction by Taguchi [3] in the 1990s, sensitivity of the product performance to variations
the method has resulted in significant quality in the manufacturing condition and the variations in
improvement in many industries. the environment the product is used. Robust design
Taguchi methods to robust design focus on the has been proved to be a very good tool to mitigate
principles of producing higher quality goods faster the sources of variation in the product development.
and cheaper, with more consumer satisfaction. The
idea is to develop a family of products or processes
that are optimized so in the future all that is required 1
is proper scale-up. These approaches use non- Product reliability is quantified as MTBF for repairable
product and MTTF for non-repairable product. As the product
standard statistical analyses with a novel matures, the weaker units fail, the failure rate becomes nearly
methodology to approach manufacturing processes, constant, and products have entered what is considered the
which can be applied in numerous ways. normal life period. As components begin to fatigue or wear out,
The main principles behind the Taguchi method failures occur at increasing rates. Wearout in industrial
electronic devices is usually caused by the breakdown of
for robust design are: (i) Robustness is first,
electrical components that are subject to physical wear and
adjusting average to meet the target is last. (ii) To electrical and thermal stress. It is this area that the MTBF
calculated in the useful life period no longer apply. A product
with an MTBF of ten years can still exhibit wearout in two
years.
14 Some key elements for a better reliability of electronic devices, and consumer satisfaction
PLAN
Identify critical to
quality requirements
INOVATE DESIGN
Improve next generation Evaluate system reliability
products and systems and risks
QLM
SERVICE TEST
Manage repair, Link test plan/results
maintenance, and to product requirements
corrective actions and design
MANUFACTURE
Implement and monitor
quality controls
Figure 1. Quality lifecycle management (QLM) unites the quality-related activities of each stage in the
product lifecycle through a single database platform (After [3]).
4. DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY (DfR) predictive method based on fuzzy logic, applied for
the manufacturing of electronic components, is
Design for reliability aims to understand, given in [5a].
identify and prevent underlying failures even before The component reliability is influenced by the
the devices are build. In developing the design for materials, the concept and the manufacture process,
the products, the following characteristics are but strongly depends on the taking over input
usually missed: (a) key failure modes and failure control conditions, so not only the component
rate of the product, (b) key failure mechanisms that manufacturer, but also the equipment manufacturer
may be present in the service environment, (c) may contribute to the reliability growth of the
usable life of the product, (d) cost of maintenance equipment. If the failure rate of the equipment is
required to maintain the inherent reliability, (e) constant during the real life, this is a consequence of
availability, and (f) rigorous testing (Design for a good component selection during the
reliability and quality). This relatively new concept manufacturing process. The choice of components
is an important step in building the reliability of a makes the product.
product or of a component (with other words, to The DfR approach starts with capturing the
achieve the built-in reliability), being linked with customer voice, translated in an engineering
the concept called concurrent engineering (CE). CE function [5b]. Then, a design immune to the action
is a feature that ensures the design is not completed of perturbing factors must be created, and this can
before reliability requirements are identified and be done with the Taguchi methods. This means: (i)
dealt with. Basically, the DfR consists of the to develop a metric capturing the function while
following two elements: anticipating possible deviations downstream, and
a) A collection of design rules for making an (ii) to design a product that ensures the stability of
electronic component reliable, not only the metric in the presence of deviation. Finally, the
electronically, but also mechanically and visually. design team must use reliable prediction methods.
The design rules have to be continuously updated, In principle, DfR means to pass from evaluate and
to reflect the best practices ensuring the maximum repair to anticipate and design.
component reliability. Robust design and thermal In recent years, several approaches to integrate
design produce the major part of these rules. robust design [6 - 11] have been proposed. The
b) Predictive methods able to asses the reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) is a
reliability of the future device, based on design data method to achieve the confidence in product
and on models describing the time and stress reliability at a given probabilistic level, while the
behaviour of similar products. An example of robust design optimization (RDO) is a method to
improve the product quality by minimizing
Some key elements for a better reliability of electronic devices, and consumer satisfaction 15
9. NANOTECHNOLOGIES
Research and development pursue the further
miniaturization of devices; the integration of
semiconductor electronic devices with various
materials and functions is essential for the
sustainable development of microelectronics in the
future. The more than Moore approach is aimed
at the development of semiconductor electronic Figure 2. Relationship among three research
devices by the diversification of functions and the directions of more Moore, more than Moore,
improvement of the performance of systems by the and beyond CMOS (After [19]). The device
introduction of new technologies, such as MEMS technologies based on more than Moore and
technology. beyond CMOS are accelerating the research and
Recent technologies that realize low power development of device technologies based on
consumption using new materials and structures More Moore, expanding the range of applications
rather then by miniaturization are sometimes of CMOSs.
classified as more than Moore technologies. In
contrast, beyond CMOS refers to approaches used Research activities concerning carbon
to create devices that exhibit performance nanotubes and their chemical functionalisation have
exceeding that of CMOS on the basis of different begun, in order to facilitate self-assembly with
principles from those of CMOS. Beyond CMOS nanoparticle materials. This strategy was
includes the approach of information processing highlighted as a viable means to directly control the
using the degree of freedom other than electric assembly of hybrid nanomaterials. It was followed
charges (Figure 2). the presentation of research concerning graphene
and graphene oxide and the strategies of doping and
chemical functionalisation in the context of
10. NANOMATERIALS electronic devices and mechanical composites.
Following the enormous interest in 1D and 2D
In recent years nanomaterials have attracted carbon nanomaterials, alternative materials have
increasing amounts of attention based on their novel received much attention on account their electronic,
electronic, mechanical, chemical, and quantum mechanical and optical properties. The surface
confinement effects. In particular, carbon functionalisation of these novel nanotube and
nanomaterials such as fullerenes, nanotubes and nanosheet materials is introduced and discussed in
graphene have been the focus of intense attention the context of their utilisation as electronic devices
due to their exceptional electronic and mechanical and their application as substrates, dopant,
properties. However, aside from the diverse suite of dielectric, and barrier layers for electronic devices.
highly attractive properties of these materials it has
become increasingly apparent that in order to
successfully utilise these materials in real-world
technological applications, novel integration
strategies between the nano and the macroscopic
Some key elements for a better reliability of electronic devices, and consumer satisfaction 17
11. NANOPACKAGING redesign and hard work, while others require more
investment by the manufacturer.
Altering the layout of a printed circuit board
We touch on two important measurement
(PCB), reducing the number of electronic
topics: evaluation of coating protection and
components in a device, or choosing a capacitor
measuring the performance of high temperature
with a different base material are all methods of
interconnects. Ranges of coating materials are now
tackling the critical issue of improving product
available with varied properties that can be selected
reliability. Self regenerating systems offer an
for specific applications. The protection can be
opportunity to increase life and reliability of
measured using Surface Insulation Resistance (SIR)
products, with an additional benefit of an extension
testing; the results highlight the importance of
in the period between overhauls. Usually there will
coverage. Another key performance indication is
be a higher initial cost, due to greater complexity in
the adhesion strength of the coating to the substrate,
a design that incorporates regeneration
and a newly developed test method, where the
arrangements; normally this can only be justified if
adhesion challenges lie. Finally, measuring the
there is likely to be an overall saving due to reduced
whisker mitigation potential by coatings has a great
operating costs. One exception might be where
importance.
extremely high reliability and long life are vital
There increasingly is a desire to place
criteria.
electronics in high temperature environments, down
It is important to recognise the value of
well applications for example. Sintered silver joints
overload protection as a method of enhancing life
once formed with their high melting point offer an
and reliability, especially now that electronic
attractive solution to the interconnect issue. To date
sensors, possibly coupled with micro-computer
sintered silver is not offered as an interconnect
control, offer rapid response; the cost of an
solution for surface mount assembly, but have
electronic protection system is unlikely to be a
found applications in high power semiconductors.
constraint.
The mechanical performance and the fatigue
properties of these interconnect can be measured.
References
INTRODUCTION
where c i c i ( x1 , x 2 , x3 , t ) is amount of heat
Deformable solid is a thermodynamic received by C thought conduction per unit area of
system, which can receive or yield to environment
his boundaries, but z z ( x1 , x2 , x3 , t ) is quantity
the mechanical work, electrical or magnetical tasks,
heat, etc. The state of deformable solid is reflected of heat received by C thought radiation per unite
with the help of thermodynamic variables, such as of mass and time.
temperature and spherical tensor. Knowledge of The experience shows, that for all
thermodynamic variables equates to recognize the thermodynamic processes which bind the initial
currents state of the deformable solid. state at t1 moment a final state at t 2 moment,
In this paper we study in detail the influence where t1 , t 2 [t 0 , t M ] , integral
of thermodynamic variables: the stress tensor and
temperature, on the thermodynamic processes
which occur in the solid under action of exterior t2
t2
G d G
u = (u ) , (1) The relationship (4) is called the energy
dt balance equation, represents the math express of the
first thermodynamic principles.
Integrals are taken in current configuration The difference
(K ) .
The caloric power obtained by C can be U =EK (5)
written by form
between total energy of system and his kinetic
energy
Q= ci ni dA + zdV , (2)
A V
20 Regarding to thermomecanics of irreversible processes
1 t ij
2 V
K= u i u i dV (6)
t ij n j dA = x j dV = t ij , j dV
A V V
Is called the internal energy. As E and K are will transform the surface integrals in volume
extensive variables, U should be the same extensive integrals.
variables, and we can write
V = evV , (7)
(t ij u i )n j dA = (t ij u i ), j dV =
A V
V
d 1 ci ni dA = ci ,i dV .
u i u i + e dV =
dt V 2 A V
Consequently we obtain
( )
G
= t (jn )u j + c i ni dA +
A
edV = (t ij . j + bi ui )dV +
V V
(
+ b j u j + z dV .) (8)
+ t ij . j (u i ), j dV + (c i ,i + z )dV
. (11)
V
V V
d 1 u ij =
1
2
[
(u i ), j + u j( ),i ],
u i u i + e dV =
dt V 2
1
= u i u
i + e dV
ij =
1
2
[
(u i ), j u j ( ),i ]
V
2
will find
obtain
edV = (t ij n j u i + ci ni )dA + t ij , j (u i , j + ij )dV = t ij uij dV ,
V A V V
. (10)
+ [ (bi u
i )u i + z ]dV
V
t ij ij = 0 t ij ij = 0 . (12)
Using in this relation the Gauss- Replacing the past relationships in (11) and
Ostrogradski relation observing that sub domain is arbitrary, obtain
Regarding to thermomecanics of irreversible processes 21
e = t ij uij c i ,i + z , but dS i of
q = c i , i + r . (13) d
dS i = , d 0 , (17)
T
The last relation expressed the local shape
of balance equation of energy. We notice that the equality taking place in case of reversible processes,
first thermodynamic principle allow establish of in case of inequality, the process is irreversible.
mechanic equivalent of heat, so, from dimension From (16) (18) results that
point of view, will have [calorie ] = ML2T 2 .
TS = q + , 0 , (18)
that reversible and adiabatic processes are plastic continuum. In fundamental Aspects of
isentropice. Dislocation Theory, J.A. Simmons, R de Witt and
R. Bullough eds, Nat.Bur.Stand, U.S., Spec.Publ,
317 II, 1070, p.837-876.
3. CONCLUSIONS
This research was financed by CSSDT form
Was obtained the local expresses of 48/ind project.
thermodynamic irreversible processes, expressed by
thermodynamic variables the stress tensor and
temperature.
Starting with general thermodynamic
principles the structure of relation between strain
tensor and gradient of displacement was defined, in
function of way of define the stress tensor.
In this way was demonstrated, that the
definition of strain tensor cant be defined in
independent way.
So, synthesis of mechanical and thermo
dynamical principles is necessary not only at stage
of constructing of governing equations and at stage
of elaboration of geometric relations.
Bibliography
the Tigheci Hills (average 200 m, maximum 301 1989 by Ris National Laboratory in Denmark and
m). has since then become an industry standard for wind
Moldova's climate is moderately continental, resource assessments.
with some modification of conditions by the Black The WAsP transforms wind data from
Sea. The summers are warm and long, with existing meteorological masts to describe the winds
temperatures averaging between 20C and 25C, proprieties at specific sites within a radius of up to
but can sometimes reach 40C during heat waves. 100 km.
The winters are moderately cold and dry, with WAsP contains models for the vertical
daytime January temperatures between -4C and - extrapolation of wind data taking into account
7C, and minima often far below -10C. sheltering of obstacles, surface roughness changes
Moldova is influenced by two major climatic and terrain height variations. These models are used
factors [4] during the warm season - the Azorean twice in the process of predicting the wind resource
anticyclone, in the cold season - the Siberian at a site from wind measurements at a different site.
anticyclone. Wind regime is formed under the At first step, named Wind Atlas analysis model, the
action of two pressure centers stationed over the regional wind climatology is calculated from a
North Atlantic and Eurasian, and is characterized measured time series of wind speed and direction,
by the dominance of two contrary wind directions: i.e. wind speed distributions for 12 directional
north - west and south - east. This explains the sectors for the geostrophic wind are calculated. It is
relatively high proportion of winds from the north - then assumed that the geostrophic wind climate is
west (25-35 % annually) and from the south - east representative also for the predicted site. At second
(15-25 %). step, named Wind Atlas application model, the
WAsP are then used to predict the wind resource for
the prediction site from the wind climatology
calculated in the first step. The output consists of
predictions of mean wind speed, wind power
density, Weibull wind speed distributions in 12
directional sectors and turbine power output.
Accurate predictions using the WAsP
package may be obtained if both sites - the
reference and predicted one are:
subject to the same weather regime, defined by
the typical scale of the prevailing synoptic
weather systems;
the prevailing weather conditions are close to
being neutrally stable;
the surrounding topography is not too steep, i.e.
sufficiently gentle and smooth to ensure
predominantly attached flows and minimal
large-scale terrain effect such as channeling.
the surrounding terrain which is steeper than a the prediction errors are large ( 6%) when
critical slope, C. In our case the critical slope grid cell sizes are greater than 100 m.
is C = 0,3. In other words, the slope angle is
equal to 17 degrees. The second indicator is
RIX, called orographic performance indicator.
2. If one or both of the two indexes is larger than
zero, prediction errors must be expected. The
orographic performance indicator RIX is
defined as the difference in the percent between
the predicted and reference sites RIX indexes.
3. If the reference and predicted sites are equally
rugged (RIX ~ 0%) the prediction errors are
relatively small. If the reference site is rugged
and the predicted site less rugged or flat (RIX
< 0) the overall prediction is underestimated
with a negative error. Conversely, if the
reference site is flat or less rugged than a
rugged predicted site (RIX > 0), the overall
prediction is overestimated with a positive
error.
Figure 3. Moldovas central region: RIX map.
Figure 2. Moldovas south region: RIX map. Figures 2-4 show the RIX maps for above
mentioned regions and critical areas in which RIX
4. If the RIX varies between +6,0 and -6,0%, has maximal values. The steepest areas, in which
than the wind speed prediction error does not RIX reaches maximum values, are located along
exceed 5 % [11]. the river Dniester (see Figure 3 and 4).
5. Two characteristics of the topographical map We note that the calculated values of RIX,
are important for the wind speed predictions: RIX and the available topographical input data do
the contour line interval and the accuracy of the not exceed those recommended. In other words,
digitized map [7]. The recommendations are topography of Moldova fits the operational
following: prediction errors decrease with envelope of the WAsP model and wind energy
decreasing contour line interval-an interval of potential assessment can be made with an
20 m or less provide fairly accurate predictions; acceptable accuracy. Validation results are provided
in the section IV.
26 Assessment of Wind Energy Resource of Moldova
3. RESULTS OF THE WIND ENERGY density of a grid cell was less than 350 W/m2,
RESOURCES ASSESSMENT then the potential was set equal to zero.
4. Next, we calculated the electric wind potential
This section presents an overview of the wind using the assumptions: installed capacity per km2
energy resources of Moldova in terms of average is equal to 5 MW.
annual wind speed, wind power density and wind
electric potential in terms of installed capacity. For
this, the Wind Atlas Method, briefly described in
the section B, was used.
4. VALIDATION OF THE RESULTS XCalc and XMeas. is, respectively wind speed or power
density.
European Wind Atlas authors proposed two
methods to validate the results of wind resource Table 4. Valitation against the measured data
assessment: meteorological stations different hights.
intercomparisons and validation against measured Region South Central North
wind data at different heights above ground level. District Ciadir-Lunga Hincesti Donduseni
[5]. We used the second method. For this, the Height,
calculated annual mean wind speed, power density 50 60 75
a.g.l., m
and Weibull coefficients were compared with Wind speed, Meas. Calc. Meas. Calc. Meas. Calc.
measured data obtained at the same height. The m/s 6,44 6,48 5,82 5,89 6,29 6,11
results are included in the Table 4. Wind speed
+0,6 +1,2 -2,9
error, %
Power
density, 289 277 218 201 241 230
W/m2
Power
density -4,2 -7,8 -4,6
error, %
A, m/s 6,9 7,3 6,6 6,6 7,1 6,8
K 2,28 2,33 2,11 2,44 2,57 2,61
5. CONCLUSIONS
The topography of Moldova territory meets
the conditions of applicability of the WAsP. The
maximum value of orographic performance
indicator RIX is equal to 5,6 % and corresponds to
central region of the country. Wind speed prediction
error doesnt exceed 2,9%, respectively, for wind
a) power density 7,3 %.
The largest areas of windy land are located in
the northern and south economic regions,
respectively, 19,4% and 14,1% of the total area of
the country. The central economic region brings a
negligible contribution to the total wind resources.
Here the windy land is only 0,07 % of the total area
of the country. Causes are: large forested areas, high
density of rural and urban settlements. Instead, on
the ridges of the hills were identified annual average
wind speeds which exceed 8,0 m/s.
At the height of 100 m a.g.l. Moldovas wind
energy resources are much higher than the predicted
in the former USSR using as input data the
measurement results at the height of 10 m a.g.l.
About 34 % of the country area has a wind potential
between 350 and 600 W/m2. Even, if this area will
be reduced by 20 times due to the different
b) constraints, on the remaining area (about 1,7 %
from entire country area) can be installed a wind
Figure 7. North region wind energy potential at 100 power capacity of 2900 MW. This capacity is about
m: a - wind speed; b - wind power density. 3 times higher than the current maximum power
consumption.
The wind speed and power density prediction
errors were calculated as (XCalc/XMeas.-1)100, there
Assessment of Wind Energy Resource of Moldova 29
smaller radiuses of micro-pores. Last, in our u=0,26 kg/kg at temperature 343. In industrial
opinion, can be explained by the shrinkage of the rotary dryers, beet pulp is dried to a water content
skeleton beet chips with increasing its temperature, u=0,115 kg/kg (W=13 %). Thus, in the drying
and hence a decrease in the equilibrium moisture process removes all the capillary moisture, and only
content. a minor part of the moisture poly-molecular layer
adsorption.
2. CONCLUSION
The data on the moisture monolayer um allowed
evaluating the specific surface of micro-pores. The
value for the specific surface area of beet pulp at
298, 323 and 343 K are 141,8 m2/g 134,8 m2/g and
106,4 m2/g, respectively.
Internships are part of mandatory initial it is necessary to take some concrete measures to
university training programs (both at Cycle I - improve the management of internships. For
Bachelor and Cycle II - Masters) and are oriented example, until now outdated methods are used to
towards achieving specific and generic competences monitor the process of deployment of internships,
in a field of professional training / specialization [1, which probably were effective a few decades ago,
2]. They represent the interference segment between but are inadequate under current conditions. In the
the study process and professional activity being a period when the share of large enterprises in the
first step towards adaptation and integration of Republics economy was essential, the students of
students in the professional environment. an academic group were usually assigned to 2-3
Internships in a higher education institution companies. The current monitoring, in this case,
include the specialization (didactic, pedagogical, was carried out by periodic visits to the enterprise
technological, production) internship, and the of the internship supervisor from the department
Bachelor / Master internship. The types, stages, when he/she checked the internship progress, being
place, period of deployment and duration of able to discuss with both the trainees and the
internships is determined by the educational internship supervisor at the enterprise.
institutions (faculties / departments) in strict As a result of structural changes in the economy
accordance with the learning outcomes and the of the Republic of Moldova in recent decades the
expected competencies for the field of study / share of small and medium-sized has increased
specialty / specialization. Internships are organized essentially. Under these conditions, the distribution
based on special programs / contracts concluded in of trainees in large groups to a single company
this respect with institutions and industrial becomes ineffective. Thus, there is a need to
enterprises [2]. The framework plan for higher distribute them into groups of 1-2 students in a large
education [1] defines the minimum duration of number of enterprises, institutions and companies.
these internships: 10-15% of the total number of In these circumstances, monitoring the progress of
credits at cycle I - Bachelor and not less than 10 internship deployment by the supervisor from the
credits at cycle II - Masters. department through visits to enterprises is no longer
Each university has its own regulation, an optimal control method.
programs and guidelines for the organization of Figure 1 shows the situation at TUM
internships, developed by specialized departments regarding the number of enterprises, used as bases
based on the provisions of the Framework for internships, and the number of students involved
Regulation on internships in higher education [2], in internships. On average, there are more than eight
for example, see: Regulation on the organization students distributed at a company, who are from
and deployment of students internships at TUM, different specialties and different years of study.
2010 [3], GUIDELINE on the organization and Thus, students from an academic group are assigned
deployment of internships, TUM, 2010; Internship to 8-10 enterprises often located in different places.
notebook for undergraduate students at Bachelor In these circumstances, the internship supervisor
level - cycle I and Master level - cycle II, TUM from the university manages to visit a limited
2011 which are located on the website of TUM [4]. number of companies, meeting the majority of
The way internships are organized may vary greatly students-trainees only at the defending of the
from one institution to another, the type of internship report. The process of monitoring the
internship, but the effectiveness of internships internship deployment becomes extremely
depends largely on the management of the complicated due to dispersed locations of internship
internship cycle organization - deployment sites, but also because of the overlapping of the
evaluation. period of internships and teachers holidays. Often,
The analysis of the current situation at the current monitoring of internships is not
Technical University of Moldova (TUM) shows that undertaken. It is obvious that in such circumstances,
we have a number of drawbacks in this regards and
Streamlining the management of internships - an imperative of the time 33
appropriate type. Captured electrons and also holes chemical reactions method with iodine as a carrier
can be released as heat and under the action of agent, in the excitation with accelerated electrons,
electromagnetic radiation, in this case - of the super luminescence phenomenon has been
accelerated electrons [5]. Based on release of recorded the cathode luminescence strip with the
electrons concentrated on deep traps, the intensive maximum energy 2, 07 eV , the semi-width of top
recombination of them with holes from ionized in the emission strip constituting 0,10 eV , its
centers occurs, that causes a transitions avalanche of
intensity is of the order of 102 times greater than
type 6, which produces the phenomenon of super
luminescence in CdGa2 S 4 . strips recorded by the excitation with impulses
Thus we notice that the model of energetic whose duration is ten times less.
levels and optical transitions in the energy band gap
which ensures the super luminescence phenomenon
Bibliography
in compounds CdGa2 S 4 exposed in figure 3 is also
confirmed by luminescence of high persistence for 1. Georgobiani . N., Donu V.S., Tighineanu
some samples of this type synthesized in special I.. i dr. Golubaya fotolyuministzentziya tiogalata
conditions [6]. kadmiya. // FTP, 1983, 17, V8, s. 1524- 1525.
Certain characteristics of the mono- 2. Maciuga A., Radu R., Pntea V., Stratan I.,
crystals CdGa2 S 4 cathode-luminescence spectra at Nistiriuc I. Luminescena compuilor ternari sub
temperature 80 K are exposed in table 1. influena electronilor accelerai i razelor X. UTM,
Meridian Ingineresc, nr. 3, pag. 4547, Chisinau,
Table 1. Characteristics of the mono-crystals 2006.
3. Arama E., Georghe E., Pntea V., Jitari V. .a.
CdGa2 S4 cathode luminescence spectra at
Prepararea compuilor prin metoda reaciilor
80 K . chimice de transport. UTM, Meridian Ingineresc,
nr. 4, pag. 48...50, Chisinau, 2008.
Excitatio Impulse Semi- Positi 4. Pankov J. Opticheskie protzessy v
n density duration width in on of poluprovodnikah. Mir, 1973, s. 452...456.
( j) ( ) the energy 5. Ghirvici . . Vvedenie v fiziceskuyu ximiyu
No emissio max. kristallofosforov. .: Vysshaya shkola, 1982,
n strip s. 323.
6. Maciuga A., Radu R., Pntea V., Arama E.,
s Bajura S. Luminofori cu persisten mare pe baza
A cm2 eV eV
tiogalatului de cadmiu CdGa2 S 4 . Conferina
1. 1,5 103 103 0,20 2,07 Tehnico-Stiinific Jubiliar a Colaboratorilor,
Doctoranzilor i Studenilor a UTM. 8- 9
2. 1,5 103 102 0,10 2,04 octombrie 2004, vol.2, pag. 23.
CONCLUSIONS
According to results of experimental
researches we conclude that for the ternary mono-
crystals of type CdGa2 S4 grown by transport Recommended for publication: 26.03.2014.
38 Influence of the thermoviscoplastic properties of the structural model subelements on the
Rate of change of the irreversible deformation describes inelastic volume variation; is the
path length is the state parameter that reflects the distinctive parameter of subelement which during
sensitivity of subelement to rate of external actions the initial loading coincides with the weight of
change: irreversibly deformed subelements when this sub-
element exceeded the elastic limit; , , s
= p ij p ij . (7)
summary weights of subelements for which the
Evolutional equation of the state parameter s , corresponding parameters , , s are nonzero.
characterizing the isotropic hardening owing to the The state parameter describes rheological
modification of structure in the irreversible effects of the subelement, and is expressed by the
processes, is accepted as ratio of the volume variation and its limit possible
value, being the same for all subelements
a , s < x ( , ) ,
s = (8) 1
( 0 e0 )d ,
1
x , s = x ( , ) . = (13)
0k 0
At the beginning of the irreversible deformation
or taking into consideration that
process s t = 0 = s0 , where s0 depends on the type of
1 1
the heat treating of the material. If at the start of the 0 = 0 d , e0 = e0 d , (14)
process of the irreversible deformation the material 0 0
is in the structurally stable state, then s0 = 0 .
we obtain
The relation between the kinematic hardening 0
r and the state parameters is expressed as follows 0 ( )
K ( )
=
a0 p < x0 ( , ) ,
, (15)
a p, 0k
r = 0 (9)
x0 ( , ), a0 p = x0 ( , ) , where K is the volume compressibility modulus.
pij Differentiating (15) with respect to time we
r = rij rij , rij = r . (10) find the loading conditions at = const :
p
0
Kinematic relations and local physical laws of 0 = e0 = . (16)
deformation are given within the limits of the K
examined structural model assuming that all types As was demonstrated in [9], for = 1 the
of interactions between subelements in the
deformation process at = const corresponds to
conglomerate are formed only under the influence
of average connections, i.e. material particles in the isothermal loading.
aggregate do not deform independently, but only in In monotonous processes throughout the
a coordinated manner. subset of irreversibly deformed subelements only
The interaction between two subelements is active processes of loading occur, that corresponds
realized by means of the interactions between to the monotony of the evolution of weight of
material particles which are appertained to the irreversibly deformed subelements in these
different subelements. This fact is reflected by processes. This means that towards the single
replacement of the local state parameters in physical separation boundary forms between reversibly
equation for subelement on the average values of < 1 and irreversibly 0 deformed
the whole set: subelements. The variations dp in all irreversibly
1 1 deformed subelements have one and the same sign.
( )d , ( )d , (11)
1 1
= = The phenomenon of the auto concordance of
0 0 irreversible strain processes of subelements can be
represented according to the concept of the average
1
s ( )d ,
1 connections in the way of two equations [2, 6],
s = 0 , , s 1 , (12)
s 0 which can be written in the case of a monotonous
process as follows:
where is the average rate of change of the the yield condition for the subelement under
irreversible strain in the subset of subelements, the influence of structural modifications in
being under the loading above the elastic limit; conglomerate
40 Influence of the thermoviscoplastic properties of the structural model subelements on the
dpij ij = B ij , (26)
eij = ( , , ) + s + r cos , (17)
d
BK
0 = nm nm , (27)
dp > = 0 , d = d d , (18) 3
0
1, dac nm nm > pq pq
= .
s s < x = a , = ; (19) 1, dac nm nm pq pq
Assuming that the elastic properties of
the law about the general orientation of the subelements and of the body element are identical
irreversible yield processes in subelements
ij ij
dp dp dpij dpij eij = , eij = , (28)
= or = , (20) 2G ( , ) 2G ( , )
d d d d
the equations of fluctuations of reversible and
that means irreversible strains are obtained from (26)
pij dpij pij dpij
cos =
p d
=
p d
= cos , (21) (
eij eij = m pij pij , m = ) B
B + 2G
. (29)
where the functional represents scalar properties Unknown internal parameter m is determined
of subelements in the structurally stable state and on the basis of the principle of the measures
can be identified with the initial yield point of discrepancy, formulated by V.Marina [3-4]: in all
subelement; is the angle between the tangent to real interactions in conglomerate the discrepancy
the irreversible strain path and irreversible strain between the macroscopic measure and the suitable
vector. microscopic analogue reaches extreme values
Equations of the kinematic connection
between subelements, satisfying the first law of ij ij ij ij = Extr . (30)
thermodynamics, were obtained in [4,6,7] on the
basis of the stresses and strains fluctuations Parameter of the kinematic scheme m , as
principle, formulated by V. Marina [3]: follows from extremum of the discrepancy [6,8],
depends on the linear hardening coefficient a0 :
B (B + K )
tij = Bd ij + d nm d nm ij , (22)
3 m = a0 + a 0 + a0 2 . (31)
1, dac d nm d nm > d pq d pq The internal parameter B is determined from
= ,
1, dac d nm d nm d pq d pq the relation (29):
m
tij = tij + tij , d ij = d ij + d ij , (23) B( , ) = 2G ( , ) . (32)
1 m
deformed subelements 0 is written as: Inserting (42) into (47), the state parameter
e = ( , , ) + s + r , (38) is expressed as
where e + (m a ) p
= . (48)
pij dpij a0 + m
cos = = 1, s = ap , r = a0 p . (39)
p d
The structure of the relation (48) follows that
According to (37), for the group of within the limits of the investigated model the
subelements, operating in the reversible domain condition of continuity of the material transition
( < 1 , p = 0 ), the elastic strains of sub- from reversible to irreversible state is satisfied
elements are identical and coincide with the limit automatically.
Indeed, we note that at the initial moment of
elastic strain in the boundary subelement = :
the flow p = 0 so the parameter is proportional
e = e + mp = ( , , ) + s . (40) to rate of the total strain change = e :
a) b) K ( ) 2G ( , ) 1 E ( , )
( , ) = = 1 . (67)
Figure 2. Influence of the strain rate on the 2[K ( ) + G ( , )] 2 K ( )
elastic limit of the conglomerate: a) in the classical From (67) it follows that if shear modulus G
theories; b) in the investigated model.
increases then Poisson's ratio is reduced. This
phenomenon has wide experimental confirmation
[1, 5, etc.].
3. THERMOVISCOELASTIC According to (65) the thermoviscoelastic
PROCESSES processes are determined by two factors: the
relationship between shear modulus G and state
It's possible to distinguish three stages of parameters and , as well as the extension of the
deformation during monotonic loading of the
thermoviscoelastic state of the body element
el ( , ) = (0, , ) .
system of subelements. At an initial stage, all
subelements operate in the elastic domain, because
the processes, occurring under the condition Duration of the reversible state with respect to
el ( , ) , will be called thermoviscoelastic. If the deformation is determined not thermovisco-
elastic properties, defined by function G = G ( , ) ,
el ( , ) < < * ( , ) , then the part of the
but by thermoviscoplastic properties defined by
function el = el ( , ) . This phenomenon is not
subelements is in the reversible state and the other
in irreversible. Such processes can be called
thermoviscoelasticplastic. In the third stage of the peculiar to subelements, taken separately, and
conglomerate deformation all subelements operate follows from the kinematic coherence of system of
beyond the limit of elasticity > * ( , ) . In this subelements. As a result, despite the fact that the
deformation of the volume element starts at zero
case it is about the thermoviscoplastic processes.
rate of change of macroscopic deformation p = 0 ,
Further well analyze in detail the thermo-
viscoelastic process. but in the weakest subelement p > 0 therefore,
In the thermoviscoelastic process all sub- proceeding from (48), we obtain for the variable
elements are in the reversible state, so in the volume state parameters and
element V0 of the polycrystalline body the weight of
irreversibly subelements stressed beyond the limit el , el ,
= p = . (68)
of elasticity = 0 . m + a0
Under proportional loading tensor properties
of subelements in conglomerate are given by (35), As a result of this the elastic limits of
taking into consideration that the directrixes of the subelements ( , , ) become dependent on the
deviators of stresses ij and total strains ij rate of deformation change of the body element,
coincide (35): which in turn leads to a change in the value el .
Thus, the thermoviscoplastic properties of the
44 Influence of the thermoviscoplastic properties of the structural model subelements on the
subelements due to the continuity of the material concretize structure of the state parameter in the
transition from reversible to irreversible state thermoviscoelastic domain. We assume that the
influence thermoviscoelastic characteristics of expression for (50), obtained from the analysis of
material. The kinematic coherence of subelements behavior of system of subelements in irreversible
leads to the interdependence of phenomena of the domain, remains unchanged under reversible
different nature. loading.
To determine the duration of the reversible Under proportional loading the system of
deformation of the body element we use the constitutive equations is written as:
condition of continuity of material transition from
reversible to irreversible state. At the beginning of = 2G ( , ) , el ( , ) , (73)
the micro flow t = t1 , taking into account that
1 m + a ma
p (t1 ) = 0 = + . (74)
a + m 2G a + m
(t1 ) el , (t1 )
(t1 ) = , (t1 ) = 0 . (69) Independence the stress deviator from the
m + a0 deformation path in the reversible domain is shown
in figure 3.
Taking into account (69) in the condition
el ( , ) we obtain the equation to determine 2
moment of occurrence of flow
(t1 ) el , (t1 )
el , (t1 ) = (t1 ) . (70)
m + a0
1
Equations (69), (70) are convenient to use
when histories of change of deformation = (t )
and temperature = (t ) are defined.
The viscoelastic properties affect only the
length of reversible state, if the shear modulus G ( ) 3
is independent of the loading rate. In the case when Figure 3. Deformation path in the space
histories of the loading = (t ) and heating of the total strains.
= (t ) are given, expressions (69) and (70) can be
represented in the form Integrating (74) for zero initial conditions, we
calculate the variation of stress (strain) for a given
1 (t1 ) (t1 )G,
(t1 ) = + el , (t1 ) , (71) process of change of temperature and strain (stress).
m + a0 2G 2G 2 If during loading the strain exceeds the value
el ( , ) , then irreversible deformations occur in
(t1 ) (t1 )G,
+ el , (t1 ) the macroelement. The relationship ~ is
G 2
G , (t1 ) = (t1 ) . (72)
2 2
el complicated and modification of the system of the
m + a0 constitutive equations (73)-(74) becomes invalid.
System (69) and (70) naturally reflects the
phenomenon of delay of yield, which follows from CONCLUSIONS
the concept of continuity of the material transition
from reversible to irreversible state. Based on this In the investigated model its considered that
concept is possible to describe a series of the elastic limits of subelements ( , , ) depend
thermoviscoelastic effects on the level of the body on the rate of deformation change of the body
element, endowing subelements only element , which in turn leads to a change in the
thermoviscoplastic properties. Also it automatically value el . Thus, the thermoviscoplastic properties
removes problem of the boundary between the of the subelements, due to the continuity of the
thermoviscoelastic and thermoviscoplastic material transition from reversible to irreversible
properties of the material. state, that the structure of the relation (48) confirms,
If the shear modulus G depends on the rate of influence thermoviscoelastic characteristics of
deformation and loading, it is necessary to
Influence of the thermoviscoplastic properties of the structural model subelements on the 45
References
References
Tendency to reduce the emission of noxious Compressed natural fuel tanks have to be
products of diesel oil combustion in engines, very refractory and leak proof. Gas pressure level is
treatment of the CNG as a fuel seems to be about 20 MPa, so it is necessary to use proper
promising. It seems that in the future ecological material for container wall. Nowadays, steel
aspects will matter more and more in Republic of containers are widely used. Weight and huge
Moldova with the UE adherence rules. So, dimensions are the main disadvantages. The
considering ecological advantages of the CNG as a container weight increases real vehicle weight
fuel, probably this technology will be more which produce additional fuel consumption and
widespread. Obviously, the development of this decrease vehicle performance. For this reasons, new
technology requires the competitive price of the materials, as for example composites, are putted
CNG with respect to the traditional fuels. The rapid into commission. The composite containers
increase of the number of vehicles can be observed. durability is higher than the steel ones and their
It is connected with undesirable phenomena: air weight can be even three times lower. Internal side
pollution, soil pollution, water pollution and noise. of this containers is made from aluminum and
It is estimated that the road transport is the main external from carbon fiber. The only disadvantage is
source of these effects. One of the methods of the higher price of this containers comparing to the
changing this situation is the replacement of the fuel steel. On the other hand, lower weight causes lower
type. The good alternative seems to be the consumption of the fuel.
utilization of the natural gas. It can be stored in a According the requirements of the Technical
vehicle as Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) or Inspection Agency, CNG containers have to be
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). It also increases periodically controlled. It is recommended to do this
the level of fuel diversification in vehicles. It every three years.
decreases economical dependency on the chosen
fuel provider, what makes the company situation 1.3. Internal combustion engine
more secure. Utilization of natural gas as vehicle
fuel bring not only the economical, abut also social It is easier to adapt a gasoline engine. The
and ecological benefits. problem is bigger in a diesel engine, widely used in
buses and trucks. Removing fuel system and
1. TECHNIQUE OF COMPRESSED replacing it with the gas system is required. Engine
supplied with the compressed natural gas (CNG)
NATURAL GAS USAGE works similarly to a spark ignition engine. The
engine needs construction changes like: decrease
1.1. Gas fueling stations compression ratio, alternative form of chamber
combustion and putting in the ignition system.
In Republic of Moldova there are about 10 Typical CNG fuel system is shown in Figure 1. Gas
natural gas refueling stations it is appreciably too comes from a high pressure fuel tank (20 MPa). The
less. Unfortunately the arrangement of the gas gas pressure is decreased to the level of about 0,8
stations is very adverse. Most of them are located in MPa in a three-stage reducer. This low pressure gas
Chisinau. An increase of the amount of cars fueled is mixed with the air and constitutes the
by CNG is possible only in the case of higher combustible mixture, which is provided to
number of refueling stations. Employees working combustion chamber.
on the refueling stations have to be specially trained To reduce nitric oxides, oxidize carbon
to serve the gas high-pressure facilities. The proper monoxide and another hydrocarbons, the engine can
fire-fighting and flame-proof protection is also be equipped with three-way catalyst. The three-way
important.
50 The convenience of using compressed natural gas in public transport of passengers
catalyst works properly only with a stoichiometric Derivatives of the oil combustion cause the
coefficient of the air factor () from the range of huge emission of very dangerous pollution like dust,
0,98-1,02. The only possibility to achieve this value poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons or benzene.
is the application of a microprocessor engine These substances are classified as carcinogenic
control system. Important part of the engine control substances entailing the increase of the cancer cells.
system uses lambda sensor which measures oxygen Application of the compressed natural gas reduces
level in exhaust fumes. According to this value drastically the quantity of these dangerous
combustible mixture is prepared. substances in fumes. Emission of other gaseous
pollutants is also limited.
operating costs are less than social benefits. It Biogas can be also very useful. It is stored as
means it is efficient in the apprehension absolute. compressed gas. So, buses fuelled by the natural gas
Relatively, economic project takes it to satisfy one can be directly fuelled by biogas. Experts said that
concrete requirement of the population which is in Republic of Moldova are many unused farm
implemented by least financial cost. For researching wastes which could be used for biogas production
efficient economical analysis should be employed, and which now are thrown out on landfill. The Main
which allows to evaluate both financial and social disadvantage of this technology is the small amount
benefits. The main purpose of the economical of refueling stations.
analysis is the expression value of the projects. It is
necessary for proper share of the public resources
between competitive investment projects. CONCLUSIONS
As it can be noticed, investment in In last few years, it can be observed a
compressed natural gas is cost-effective just in pronounced increase of interest regarding to the
determined conditions. The difference between the usage of the compressed natural gas as a fuel for the
CNG and gasoline /diesel price is very important. public transportation. Despite financial, economical
When the difference increases, the profitability of and ecological advantages, the process of
the CNG usage also increases. When the difference implementation of the natural gas in vehicles in
decreases, the profitability also decreases Republic of Moldova is quite slow. One of the
significantly. The price of the diesel fuel was much reasons is the necessity to invest in refueling
higher than of the CNG in previous years. stations. The unstable macroeconomic policy and
Therefore, it is possible that many cities will the threat of excisable duty cause the increase of the
introduce buses fuelled by the natural gas. On the gas price, which makes the investments very risky.
fuel prices huge influence have taxes, especially On the other hand, small quantity of gas users
excise duty. Currently, the natural gas price is lower makes project unprofitable. Only long-term, well-
than of the other fuels. Taking into account the defined and green policy could bring on increase of
increase of the natural gas prices, introduction interest for the CNG usage as engine fuel.
period of the buses in urban transport companies Moreover, the main purpose of the big cities long-
can be inconvenient. It is possible that companies term policy should be the improvement of the
could not invest in more ecological but much passengers comfort in public transportation for
expensive CNG buses due to the increase of the which the inhabitants will pay. The increase of the
operating costs. overcrowding streets by vehicles will be a norm in
Important for the introducing of the CNG the future extorting development of the public
buses in the urban transport companies is its price. transportation, which is passenger-friendly. Natural
The CNG buses are much more expensive (in gas vehicles should fit these conditions.
comparison with the diesel buses supply) by the fact
that the CNG technology is new, permanently
improvement and the quantity of production of the References
CNG vehicles is quite small. It is the reason why 1. Ene V. Tehnologii avansate la alimentarea
many companies are not able to buy CNG buses. motoarelor auto. UTM, Chisinau, 2003.
Subsidies are the element which significantly 2. Lisco, Gh. Combustibili si lubrifianti. Editura
redounds to distribute alternative fuels in the Universitatii Agrare, Chisinau, 1997 440 p.
transportation. 3. Ene, V., Corpocean A. Utilizarea materialelor de
Currently, there is a possibility to get it from exploatare si economia resurselor energetice de
the European Union and from the council funds. combustibil. I. P. Chisinau, 1992.
This is one of the aspects which leads to increase 4. Stanescu Ruxandra-Cristina Cercetari privind
the usage of the gas fuel in public transportation in tehnologiile de producere si performantele
the last few years. However, the new technology on biocarburantilor pentru automobile. Teza de
the market in the close future could be more doctorat.
profitable. 5. http://www.eco.md.
Vehicles supplied by Liquid Natural Gas 6. http://www.piataauto.md.
(LNG) are used in many countries of Europe. The 7. http://www.infogaz.pl/index.php.
main advantage is smaller size of LNG storage, in 8. http://www.cire.pl/branza,1,2,0.html.
comparison with the CNG. By dint of it, LNG could 9. http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/environment
be real competitive for the buses supplied by /compressed-gas-to-power-public-transport-with-
compressed natural gas, diesel or gasoline. less-pollution-1.766156.
Recommended for publication: 08.04.2014.
52 Considerations on using slag steelworks in road construction
e) the properties of steelworks slag and base layers and the upper layers of road
aggregates allow development of roads which structure [6].
does not influence the environment under the
action of climatic factors (rain, freeze - thaw, etc.).
f) reducing the risk of permanent 3. CURRENT SITUATION OF SLAG
deformations due to stability to mechanical and DEPOSITS IN ROMANIA
thermal actions in service;
g) ensure the service life of roads, safe and
In order to highlight the economic potential
comfortable, due to texture that gives roughness and
of a deposit area and to create an image on the
high resistance to skidding.
changes caused to the environment, one of the
The fundamentals of metallurgical slag plant-
existing slag dumps in our country, namely dump
use are the technical regulations which set the
Buituri, will be presented.
properties, requirements and tests for these
materials. [3]
3.1 General aspects regarding the formation of
dump
2. CURRENT SITUATION Formation of the dump began in 1967 with
REGARDING USE OF STEELWORKS the first slag deposits on the valley Hroani,
SLAG IN ROAD STRUCTURES deposits that were made from an average level of
land of 255 m.
It is estimated that worldwide since 1978, With the achievement of 321.93 m deposit
more than half of steelworks slag production has level and the increasing of slag dump instability,
found an application in road construction, as expansion of deposit area to a new location was
follows: needed.
- Basic layers: 35 - 57% To ensure the stability of land in the area
- Layers of foundation: 3-6% were executed development works consisting of
- Bituminous layer: 7-13% construction of supporting spurs at the foot dump
Germany, which is the largest steel- and water management works, that is conducting
producing of all European countries, has used the ditches and drains to collect rainwater.
steelworks slag since 1974 (currently being used The maximum deposit level currently
97% of the total production) [4] averages 340 m and dump the slag is spread over an
At the European level a committee of area of approx. 80 ha, totaling approx. 50 million
representatives of 10 European countries was m3, ie approx. 150 million tons of slag.
formed, aimed at investigating and implementing Dump height is not uniform throughout the
the use of slag, increasing the area of their use or area occupied, steps with heights between 5 and 50
application and last but not least development of m and widths of 20-150 m.
common European standards based on research, Slag dump structure is varied and uneven, the
country-specific rules and instructions. (European slag mass consisting of approx 70%, steelworks
Project to develop the technical specification on the slag, approx. 30% blast furnace slag, contamination
use of steelworks slag). with refractory broken brick and unselected steel
Because of the research in the last 30 years, scrap to dump 44, or mechanically driven as drops
almost 70% of slag resulting as a by-product of the in the slag. [7]
electric arc furnaces and steelworks converter is By processing slag excavated from dump
used in qualified application areas by fulfillment the Buituri the following by-products are obtained:
requirements of standards and/or national or - Scrap iron recovered
international specific regulations. [5] From the mass processed results about 6.5%
In Germany, steelworks slag aggregates are scrap recovered with a purity of approx. 85-90%,
used frequently for mechanically stabilized the remainder - 15% - must be processed before
foundations, execution of related works of roads or placing in oven.
link and base layers with bituminous binders as well - Gross slag recovered
as for execution of wear layers with classic or Gross slag recovered is 78.5% of slag
special asphalt mixtures. processed. It was considered that 6.5% is the
In conclusion, in many European countries percentage of scrap and 15% are technological
steelworks slag have been used successfully as losses. Finished products made by processing slag
construction materials for roads, both in foundation and their use are:
54 Considerations on using slag steelworks in road construction
- 10% iron slag, used in metallurgical This provides a significant decrease in the
processes cost of work (slag - an industrial waste - is much
- about. 68.5% iron free slag, used in: cheaper than natural aggregate).
- Civil engineering 3% The use of slag aggregates also results in
- Cement industry 6% environmental protection by removing slag storage
- Construction of roads 1% areas and conservation of natural environment
- Construction of highways 90% (extraction of natural aggregates may disrupt
ground water, may increase erosion, etc.).
Disadvantages of using steelworks slag in
4. TESTS CARIED OUT ON ASPHALT road layers could be the following:
MIXTURES WITH STEELWORKS The risk of heavy metals in the composition
of aggregates of steelworks slag, which could be
SLAG washed by rainwater and could infest the
groundwater. To eliminate this risk a leaching test
For the beginning, two asphalt concrete
should be performed by a specialized institute.
compositions rich in pearls type BA 8 (Series I)
Possibility of changing the volume by
using D 80/100 bitumen and type BA 16 (Series II)
increasing or decreasing the height of the layer due
using D 100/120 bitumen were made.
to free lime hydration. To eliminate this risk is
Aggregates used were crushed slag (5-8 and
recommended as good waterproofing the upper
8-16 sort), natural sand river and limestone filler.
layers and appropriate drainage works to prevent
The physico - mechanical values were
entry of rainwater into the base or foundation layers
determined on cubic and cylindrical specimens
of the road system as well as aging of slag before
made of mixtures (series I and II), prepared with
use.
different percentages of bitumen.
Then, two other asphalt concrete
References
compositions, rich in pearls, type BA 8 (series III)
and BA 16 (series IV), of crushed slag used as
1. Dosar Tehnic nr. 004-07/431 - 2001: LIDONIT -
aggregate (sort 5-8 and 8 - 16), crushed sand 0-4,
Agregate din zgur de oelrie - DSU Galai.
natural sand 0-4 and limestone filler, were prepared.
2.Zgura de oelrie n autostrzi, drumuri i lucrri
By analysing the results of determinations
hidrotehnice, Ed.Tehnic, Bucureti.
one founds that:
3. Colloque sur la router et lenergie, Association
- By using sorts 0-5, 5-8 and 8-16 of crushed
technique de la route.
slag (LIDONIT) there resulted an optimum bitumen
4.Untersuchunger zur Erzeugung raumbestandinger
percentage of 7% for BA 8;
Mineralstoffe aus Stahlwerksschlacken Amt fur
- By eliminating LIDONIT sort 0-5 and
Veroffentlichungen der Europaishen Gemeinschaft,
replacing it with crushed sand (0-4), the percentage
1998, ISBN 92-828-4599-0.
of bitumen decreased to 5,75 % (using the same
5. Scories LD brutes vrac, Lattier France, Groupe
type of bitumen D 80/100), which shows high
Usinor.
porosity and high specific surface of this sort. In
6. Motz, H., Geisler, J. Products of Steel Slags
addition, the high content of CaO (9.0%) results in
and Opportunity to Save Natural Resources -
swelling in the pavement layer after execution;
Waste Materials in Construction.
- Development of swelling for mixtures of
7. Studiu de fezabilitate pentru pregtirea i
type BA 8 and BA 16 (series I-IV) shows that the
exploatarea zgurii din halda Buituri - SC Geasol
values recorded does not go beyond 1%, which
SA.
shows a good behavior in time to water;
- Both bulk density values and Marshall
stability values exceed the required minimum of
SR174-1, which provides good resistance to the
combination of traffic and climatic factors.
5. CONCLUSION
The experimental results presented confirmed
the successfully use of slag by replacing the natural Recommended for publication: 24.04.2014.
aggregates in pavement layer.
Comparison Geometric Parameters of cations incobalt (III) and rhidium (III) compounds 55
normal position unfavourably creates an increase in metallocycles of coordination polyhedra I-VI shows
the energy storage of molecules; Pitzer - forced that metallocycles have the shape of an envelope,
deviation from the most favourable odd their shape and spatial orientation being diverse. In
conformation; tension caused by the mutual the crystal structure [(TSC)3]Cl3 conformational
repulsion of converged atoms at the expense of envelopes of metallocycles of molecules MTSC-I
Van der Waals forces; bond stress (change of and MTSC- III have an open triangular portion
normal interatomic distances) and internal energy oriented upwards, in MTSC-II downwards. A
are minimal. Author [1] indicates that the cycles, similar structure and opposite orientation of
starting with a four-membered one, have non-planar metallocycles is observed in the complex cation of
structure, thereby reducing the Pitzer stress. Each crystal structure [(TSC)3]Cl33H2O Rh, where
cycle is characterized by a geometric figure. For MTSC-III is oriented with the triangular portion of
the five-membered ring the stable form is the the envelope downwards, and MTSC-II and MTSC-I
envelope, for a six-membered bath or chair. upwards. The equations of planes, passed OLS
According to data on X-ray structural through the metallocycle atoms, and the relative
analysis of crystal structures studied by us I - XI deviations from them of these atoms are given in
complex cations have octahedral structure. Analysis Table 1.
of plane equations passed by MLS through
Table 1 shows the parameters of two chalcogencarbamide ligands (Thio and Seu)
metallocycles, -angle between the planes of the occupy transpositions with respect to the equatorial
three- and four-membered parts of the envelope moiety. Thus, the metal atom is located almost in
(folding angle) for each metallocycle. In complex the center of a distorted octahedron formed by six
cations of both modifications [Co(TSC)3]Cl33H2O atoms: four N trans-ligands of dioxidans and two S
and V structures the spatial orientation of the two (Se) - chalcogencarbamide. By the mutual
metallocycles is opposite [3]. The third arrangement of ligands in the literature exist and are
metallocycle MTSC-III in structure IV and MTSC-I described the cis-dioximins and trans-dioximins of
in V have practically a planar structure with the trivalent transition metals. The structure of
folding angle close to 180. Consequently, investigated cobalt (III) and rhodium (III) dioximins
thiosemicarbazide, as already noted, forms with the of structures VII-IX is appropriate to refer to trans-
transition rhodium (III) and cobalt (III) metals dioximins.
stable metallocycles having the most favourable to
it conformation of half-open or open envelope. In
such cyclic compounds two main types of spatial 5. DIFFERENCES IN THE GEO-
isomerism geometrical and optical may occur METRY OF COORDINATION
simultaneously. Chemical and physicochemical
POLYHEDRAL
differences of the compounds appear to be
explained by a conformational difference between
Comparing the same type of bond lengths
them.
and valence angles in the structures of rhodium (III)
and cobalt (III) with sulphur- and selenium-
containing ligands, we have not found significant
3. DIFFERENCES IN THE METHOD geometric changes in the shape of octahedral
OF METALLO-CYCLES polyhedra. Complex cations, formed by nitrogen
and sulphur (selenium) atoms of TSC Thio, DH and
Conformation of this type can be realized in MH ligands in the investigated crystal structures,
fairly complex aggregates with polydentate ligands. are slightly distorted octahedra due to unequal radii
Differences in rotations about single metal-ligand of the atoms entering into the coordination of the
bonds in the examined structures are observed in metal and other factors associated with the change
cobalt (III) and rhodium (III) dioximins. of bond lengths and valence angles.
Thus, in this paper are collected, compiled
and analyzed data on the structure of transition
4.DIFFERENCES IN THE RELA- metal coordination compounds with chalcogene-
TIVE POSITION OF THE LI-GANDS containing ligands: thiosemicarbazide and
chalcogenocarbamides.
Trithiosemicarbazide compounds of cobalt
(III) and rhodium (III) exist as two geometrically CONCLUSIONS
isomeric forms, differing in chemical and
physicochemical properties, as well as the in 1. The structure of coordination compounds of
geometric structure. Indeed, the X-ray analysis of cobalt (III) and rhodium (III) with
these compounds I-VI shows a different location of thiosemicarbazide is determined by the method of
TSC ligands in coordination octahedra. The spatial X-ray structural analysis. On the basis of structural
orientation of TSC ligands in structures I-IV is material analysis is shown:
characteristic for the coordination octahedron of the a) The octahedral coordination of Co and Rh
cis-isomer, in structure V for trans-isomer. TSC with ligand joining by the chelate S, N-type is
ligands in two independent complex cations of realized in compounds I-VI. Upon coordination
structure V occupy a cis-position [3]. there occurs a substantial delocalization of the
Dioximins of trivalent cobalt and rhodium electronic density in metallocycles.
with the chalcogencarbamide also form b) The reason for the difference in the complex
coordination octahedra at the expense of four of physico-chemical properties consists in the
nitrogen atoms, dioximin molecules and two sulfur isomerism thereof: in compounds I-IV is realized
atoms. Dioximin molecules, in particular (DH) and the face shape of the octahedron, in V the edge
(MN), are located in a plane and form conditionally one.
the so-called equatorial segment. The remaining
58 Comparison Geometric Parameters of cations incobalt (III) and rhidium (III) compounds
Bibliography
considering the qualities of the entering and leaving zones of the slot will be
conventional Geneva mechanism regarding the established by considering premises:
efficiency of power transmission, reflected by zero the displacement, velocity and
values of the pressure angles, a straight radial zone acceleration functions are continuous;
of the slot replaces that curvilinear slot zone of the the displacement, velocity and
Fentons mechanism, characterized by important acceleration functions have to fulfill the geometrical
values of the pressure angle. and the kinematical conditions, modeled by the
Therefore, the displacement function of the relations (1) and (2).
proposed mechanism is a compound function with The Y type Geneva mechanism represents
three different analytical expressions, corresponding a generalization the different types of external
to the three zones of the slot. This compound Geneva mechanisms, being a hybrid solution
displacement function is presented in Table 2. between the conventional Geneva mechanism with
The values of the polynomial coefficients of straight radial slots and Fentons mechanism with
the displacement function characteristic for the curvilinear slots.
d 2 2 2 2 1
2
2 2 1 The Y type Geneva Mechanism represents
= + . (6) a generalization of the different types of Geneva
d 12a 12 1a 1 12a mechanisms with modified slots, rendering also a
better transmission of the forces in the mechanism,
Considering the kinematical optimization due to optimum values for the pressure angle.
criteria imposed to the compound mechanism (zero The compound Geneva mechanism driven by
acceleration values at the beginning and at the end a cam mechanism doesnt need a complex
of the Geneva wheel motion), and after analyzing technology to obtain the wheel, as the other
the relation (6), for the driven mechanism the proposed solutions, ensuring in the same time the
following conditions are imposed: possibility of coaxial assembling for the input and
output elements.
1 1
=0; = 0 . (7)
1 a 1 =
( N +2 )
1 a 1 =
( 3 N 2 )
2N 2N Bibliography
The displacement function for the driven cam 1. Brsan, A. The Optimisation of the Intermittent
mechanism may be any of the displacement Motion Mechanisms Used in the Automation of the
functions recommended in the literature, such as: Technological Processes Specific to Machine
the linear displacement function, the harmonic Construction. Doctoral Thesis. Transilvania
displacement function, the cycloidal displacement University of Braov, 1998.
function etc. From all of these, considering in the 2. Fenton, R.G. Development of a New Geneva
same time the geometrical acting conditions and the Mechanism With Improved Kinematic
kinematical criteria (7), the most appropriate are the Characteristics. In: Transactions of the ASME,
cycloidal and the polynomial displacement Vol.113, p.40...45, 1991.
functions. 3. Brsan, A., Brsan, L. The Design of Geneva
Mechanism of Y Type. The VIIIth International
Conference on the Theory of Machines and
3. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms, sept.2000, Liberec, Czech Republic,
p.77...82.
All the proposed solutions, for improving the
kinematical characteristics of the conventional
Geneva mechanism, fulfill the imposed criterion to
ensure zero acceleration values at the beginning and
at the end of the Geneva wheel motion. Recommended for publication: 10.04.2014
Planetary precessional transmissions: generation technologies 63
the production of non-standard teeth profiles tool-blank precessional cycle. In this connection a
requires a new manufacturing technology. In the mathematical model of tooth self-generating
complexity of problem gear-synthesis-profile method by running the precessional tool was
study- manufacturing the elaboration of efficient elaborated, which fully reflects the actual
methods of teeth manufacturing which ensures a interaction of teeth in precessional transmission. For
maximum productivity and reduced cost while this purpose the following was described:
satisfying the requirements related to the gear with kinematical connection of the precessional
precessional motion plays an important role. To tool with the blank that ensures continuity of motion
solve this problem the following has been done: transformation function in the linkage tool-blank;
we elaborated the mathematical model of path of motion of the tool centre in the fixed
teeth generation which shows the interaction of system of coordinates;
teeth in precessional gear; path of motion of the tool centre in the
we investigated the kinematics of the movable system of coordinates, connected with the
mechanism of method realisation for teeth rotating blank;
generation; the generating contour of the tool in the
we determined the tool path of motion and movable system of coordinate and the system
the family envelope of the generating surface by envelope of generating surfaces of the tool for a
using the computer; cycle of precession;
we elaborated and manufactured from metal projection of tool contour envelope in the
milling and tooth grinding tools, inclusively their plane system of coordinates.
longitudinal modification.
2.2. Technological system for teeth generation by
sphere-spatial motion of tool as truncated cone
2. GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES
2.2.1. Kinematics of gear generation system
2.1. General remarks
To achieve teeth generation method a tool
Development of mechanical transmission carrier device was developed, which diagram is
with gear, different from the classical one, requires shown in Fig. 1. In the designed device the node,
complex research in various fields. This finding which involves the tool in sphere-spatial motion, is
refers to planetary precessional transmission with stopped from rotating around the common axis of
multicouple gear, which is characterized by the main shaft-blank - a kinematic joint. Rotation of
essential constructive-kinematical features. In blank 3 and main shaft 1is coordinated by the
solving complex problems related to gear synthesis division kinematic chain of machine tool.
- profile research fabrication an important role
belongs to developing efficient methods of teeth
manufacturing, which would ensure maximum
Main
productivity, reduced cost and quality. shaft
Manufacture of precessional gear wheels with
convex-concave and variable tooth profile cannot be
achieved by existing generation technologies, but
through fundamentally new technology. Generation
technology of precessional wheel teeth must ensure
continuity of motion transformation function with
the following conditions: non-standard and variable
tooth profile, and satellite carrying out sphere-
spatial motion with a fixed point. To achieve the Machine
above, a new procedure for teeth processing is tool mass
proposed by self-generating method with
precessional tool against rotating blank [7,8].
To develop the theoretical basis for
generating tooth profile by running the precessional
tool it is necessary to determine the character of Figure1. Principled spatial diagram of teeth
continuous contact of the tool cutting edge and
processing method by precessional tool running.
profile of the processed wheel tooth for a complete
Planetary precessional transmissions: generation technologies 65
Kinematic joint of tool with the body must be shaft Z in the fixed system of coordinates, condition
built so as to ensure continuity of the transmission Xc = 0 o can be written in the form:
function of rotation motion, i.e. 1 3 = const . X 1c
Continuity of transmission function of rotation X C = Y1c = 0. (5)
motion is determined by path of motion of point C,
Z 1c
belonging to the movable system of coordinates. To
research the kinematics of the device that involves Or in extended form
the tool in precessional motion: Imaginary satellite
gear (profile generating tool) 2 with an imaginary Xc=a11X1c +a12Y1c +a13Z1c =0
number of teeth Z2 (determined by the machine-tool By replacing a11, a12 and a13 in (4) we obtain:
kinematics) gears with the blank 3, fixed on
machine-tool table, with the number of teeth Xc = X1c ( cos sinsin sincos)
Z2=Z21. At a turning of the main shaft 1 the blank
Y1c ( cos sin+sincoscos) +Z1c sin sin =0
(6)
rotates at angle 3 , that corresponds to the angle
between the difference of the wheel teeth:
For the contact point of the bolt with the
2
3 = (Z2 Z3). (1) groove coordinates (5) we have:
Z3
X c = Rc (cos sin + sin cos cos ) = 0 . (7)
To define the position function of the given
device 3 = f ( ) it is necessary to determine Thus,
beforehand the equations of the tool motion in the (cos sin + sin cos cos ) = 0 . (8)
fixed OXYZ and movable OX1Y1Z1 systems of
By solving equation (8) we determine the
coordinates. The link between the mentioned linkage equation between the angle of tool self-
systems of coordinates is determined by the Euler rotation 2 and the angle of rotation of the main
angles. Sphere-spatial motion of tool (imaginary shaft:
wheel) at uniform rotation of the main shaft 1 1 is = arctg (costg ) . (9)
described by the system of equations
In such case the equations of tool 2 precessional
= 1t , = const., = (t ), (2) motion take the form:
Design of the working device for teeth = 1t, =const. = - arctg ( cos tg ) . (10)
generating technology should provide limitation of
tool rotation around the main shaft of the tool- To establish the dependence of the angle of
machine by a certain technical solution, for example rotation of blank 3 on the angle of rotation of the
main shaft we describe the blank motion
by kinematical coupling bolt-gutter.
composed of the involved rotational motion with
In this case the coordinates of the bolt contact point the crank of the main shaft 3e and the relative
C (fig.2) with the groove in the movable system of motion of rotation with regard to the crank of the
coordinates OX1Y1Z1 will be: main shaft 3r.
In the compound motion of blank 3e=, and
X 1C = 0, Y1C = Rc , Z1C=0, (3) 3r represents a certain function f() of the angle of
rotation of tool , that is:
where Rc is the radius of point C location.
At sphere-spatial motion of tool 2, the motion 3 = + f ( ) . (11)
of point C located in plane OZX is limited by the For ideal precession of the drive mechanism of
groove walls, i.e. the condition is realised for each machine/tool function f() will take the form:
value of : Z2
3 = + . (12)
X C = 0. (4) Z1
Using the transition matrix of the movable By considering equation (9) we obtain the
system of coordinates OX1Y1Z1 connected with the position function of the kinematical linkage
tool and the bolt limiting its rotation around the mechanism of the device:
66 Planetary precessional transmissions: generation technologies
Figure 2. Dependence of tool position error on the angle of rotation of the main shaft for various angles of
nutation .
Correctness of additional motion of the tool instantaneous transmission ratio i31 = const. For
was established using a computer calculation condition = from equation (12) we have:
program. It was found that generation precision of
the manufactured wheel teeth 3 depends on the
continuity of its angular speed
of the tool 2. Z2 Z Z3 Z Z3
3 = = 2 = 2 1t.
Function analysis (12) shows that for = the Z3 Z3 Z3
64 Planetary precessional transmissions: generation technologies
From this analysis we find that any technical Equations (20) represent parametrical equations of
solution to eliminate the influence of diagram error groove lateral surfaces, by which the limiting bolt of
of tooth profile precision generation with tool rotational motion around the fixed axis OZ, form
precessional tool would be 3D profiling of the
a kinematical coupling, and provides the condition
contact surfaces of the groove of kinematical link
mechanism, which supports the bolt (delimiter of i31=const. Thus, the shape of groove lateral surfaces
rotation). The bolt contact with the shaped surfaces by which the bolt forms the kinematical coupling of
of groove transmits also the reaction torque from tool with the casing, described by parametrical
the node, on which the tool is installed to the frame. equations (20), excludes the influence of diagram
To achieve the proposed technical solution to errors on tooth profile generated with precessional
exclude the error of 3D profiling of supporting tool.
surface of the link channel with the bolt it is
necessary to describe the profile of contact surfaces
with parametric equations. In this case we take an 2.2.2. Analytical description of the precessional
arbitrary point C on the tool axis with coordinates tool path of motion
X1c, Y1c, Z1c (Fig. 1), and identify the path of motion
in the fixed system of coordinates OXYZ to satisfy According to the principle of teeth generation by
the condition i31=const. Using the matrix form for proposed method the tool should copy with certain
the transition from the coordinate system OX1Y1Z1 accuracy the shape and path of motion of the pin tooth
to the fixed system OXYZ we get : in the real gearing (involving the central wheel with
teeth satellite gear with pin teeth). In this connection
Xc X 1c it was necessary to research the tool path of motion
Yc = A Y1c (17) with the angle of position to the blank 0. For this
Zc Z 1c purpose, a point D was identified on the tool axis (fig.
or by components: 3) with coordinates X1D,Y1D, Z1D in the movable
system of coordinates OX1Y1Z1 and parametrical
Xc=a11X1c +a12Y1c +a13Z1c;
Yc=a21X1c +a22Y1c +a23Z1c; . (18)....
Xc=a31X1c +a32Y1c +a33Z1c.
We obtain the envelope equations in two Fig. 4 shows the profilograms of teeth profile
coordinates and in the system of coordinates generation with precessional tool performed in
E1, which represent teeth profile generated by CAD/CAM/CAE/ CATIA V5R7. On the
precessional tool from equations (41): profilograms curve 1 (fig.4, a) describes the path of
motion of the tool centre in the fixed OXYZ system
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2)+ XX1 + YY1 + ZZ1 ( XX2) + YY2 +( ZZ2)( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
(EE of coordinates, and curve 2 the path of motion
= ;
2EE
1 2
= ( XX ) +(YY) +( ZZ ) 2.
2 2 2
1 1 1
(42)
of the tool centre in the movable system of of a consecutive series of positions of rotating tool
coordinates OXY Z , curve 3 family wrapping of profile generator contour against the blank.
precessional tool surfaces (tooth profile), curve 4 - A tool holder device was developed to realize
generating tool contour. the demanded motions of the tool (Fig. 5, a), which
Profilogram analysis (fig. 4) demonstrates the can be adjusted to gear cutting machines models
degree and direction of influence on generated tooth 5K32P53, 5330P, 53A50, 5A60, 5342, with
profile of the position angle of tool (conical axoid accuracy class GOST 6-77.
angle) with regard to the axis of rotation of the To compensate error diagram of the satellite
blank, tool radius R and gear ratio i of the at its sphere-spatial rotation, a kinematical joint
kinematical linkage main shaft - blank. connecting the cross-rail with the body is
introduced into the teeth grinder, ensuring
continuity of the transformation function of
2.2.4. Technological equipment for generating
rotational motion 1/3 = const. in the kinematic
teeth with sfero-space motion of truncated cone chain main shaft - tool blank. In other words, at
shaped tool teeth processing by proposed method, their profile
is corrected by an amount equal to the kinematical
The profile of central wheel tooth of diagram error introduced by the sphere-spatial
precessional gear is variable depending on the motion of tool with regard to the casing (bed).
values of conical axoid angle , taper angle of the It was defined that in real precessional
rollers , the nutation angle , the number of transmissions 2K-H the link of precessional satellite
teeth of gears Z1,Z2 and the correlation between with the body introduces an error in the driven shaft
them. Fabrication of these profiles using traditional position. This fact provokes non-uniformity of its
methods is practically impossible, because for each rotation at uniform turning of the drive shaft.
Drawback is eliminated by transposition of driven
correlation value of all parameters , , and Z
shaft position error on the processed tooth profile.
tooth profile changes shape, which requires the Diagram error elimination is achieved through the
design and manufacture of the tool with the construction of cross-rail connection joint to the
respective profile. body, which through a cam installed on the crank
Therefore a new generating technology was shaft communicate auxiliary motion to the tool. The
proposed, which carries out a set of profiles of the joint ensures continuity to the transformation
teeth, using a tool with the same geometrical function of rotational motion along the linkage
parameters. The method consists of the following: a shaft-crank-tool-blank. At tooth processing by
series of motions coordinated between them against proposed method their profile is correlated to value
the rotating blank is communicated to the tool of the shift angle of driven shaft introduced by
(milling cutter or grinding wheel with truncated precessional satellite link in the real transmission.
cone-shaped geometry). The kinematic link of the In the developed tool-carrier device the point
blank with the tool provides rotation of one-toothed of intersection of the fixed axis OZ with the
blank in a closed cycle of the motion communicated movable axis OZ1 of the crank (centre of
to the tool. The tool is given such a shape and precession) is on the axis of rotation of the gear
motion that allows the processing of any possible cutting machine table. To research the features of
profile of the set, including longitudinal and profile interaction between the tool and the wheel
modification. The described surface on the processed tooth ( > 0), which axis coincides with
peripheral side of the tool against the rotating blank axis OZ of the device crank-shaft:
reproduces a certain conceivable body, called the Fig. 5, a shows the 3D computer model of the
imaginary wheel (generators). processing device for gear wheels with non-standard
Using the kinematic chain of gear cutting profile, designed in AutoDeskInventor and
machine-tool running, gear blank and the tool are simulated in MotionInventor. Fig. 5, b shows the
brought in a coordinated motion running motion, picture of gear cutting machine-tool endowed with
which reproduces the imaginary wheel gearing with the device for profile generation by precessional
the blank. Part of metal is removed at each tool. Fig. 5, c presents samples of gear wheels with
elementary change of tool position in space in non/standard profile, worked out on this machine-
relation to the blank. Therefore the working surface tool.
of the wheel teeth processed is obtained as envelope
Planetary precessional transmissions: generation technologies 63
Cam
Know-
How
Mecanism
de legtur
Know-How
a b
c
Figure 5. Generation device for gears with non-standard profile (a), machine-tool with
fabricated device (b) and samples of fabricated gears (c).
Thickness
UCS-L*
UTS-L*
Matterial
[MPa]
[MPa]
[GPa]
[GPa]
[GPa]
[GPa]
[GPa]
[GPa]
[mm]
Gxy
Gyz
Gxz
EX
EY
Ez
xy
yz
xz
param
meters
-530
15.9
15.9
0.29
0.29
0.29
0 29
629
4.7
3.5
4.7
UD
D600[0]2
40
1
Material
Lay-up
-215
144
0.3
0.3
0.3
03
4.7
2.7
2.7
WR300[45]4
15
15
1
*UTS-L, UCS-L - Ultimate
U longitudinal tensile and comp
pressive strenngth.
a b c a b c
Figure 3. Flapwise bending: a - axial loading, Figure 4. Edgewise bending: a - tangential
b total deformation, c - equivalent stress. loading, b total deformation, c - equivalent stress.
Because rated speed of the rotor is 130 rpm at 8 vibrational modes occurred at frequencies of 7.9
m/s wind speed the blade was subjected to these and 15.37 Hz, respectively.
prestressed inertial load. For the spinning blade The frequencies presented in Table 3 compare
model the fundamental flapwise and edgewise well with frequencies reported for the presently
used blade.
Table 3. Natural frequencies for mode shapes.
Frequency [Hz]
Mode shape New design blade Currently used blade
Spinning rotor Stopped rotor Spinning rotor Stopped rotor
1st mode, flap-wise 7.9 7.5 8.1 7.6
2nd mode, edge-wise 15.37 15.23 15.7 15.6
The results were validated, in an approximate For a turbine with a tree-bladed rotor, the
manner, using a cantilevered beam model [9, 10]. aerodynamic frequency of excitation occurs at three
The first natural frequency (f1) for a prismatic beam times the rotational frequency of the rotor (3 ) [4,
was modeled by 5]. To verify possible interactions between these
frequencies and the natural frequencies of the
1.875 2 EI different structural components a Campbell diagram
f1 = , (1) was elaborated, Fig. 5. The lines radiating from the
2 l 2 m origin represent possible excitation frequencies as
where l is the beam length (m), m - mass per unit the rotor spins up to its operating speed. Horizontal
length (kg/m) and EI - flexural rigidity (Nm2). curves illustrate the fundamental natural frequencies
For the mean values of the flexural rigidity and for the blades and tower. Resonance is likely to
of the mass per unit length - f1 5.7 Hz. occur at points where excitation frequency curves
FE results are reasonable given the approximate and natural frequency curves cross one another.
nature of the beam model for the non-prismatic The bending flexibility of the tower represents
blade geometry. the spring stiffness; the damping is given in the
Periodic Excitations. Sources of periodic form of a damping coefficient.
excitations for a wind turbine blade are the For a tubular steel tower with a top mass the first
following: natural frequency (Hz) can be estimated with the
1) the constant rotational speed (130 rpm) of
following expression [11]:
the turbine rotor and 2) tower vibrations.
76 Analysis of a wind turbines composite blades using a finite element model
References
5
Force [N]
p(z)
ref(z) 1 y(z)
Hmr(z) T(z) + H(z)
R(z)
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 +
5 S(z)
HR(z)
10
Figure 3. The closed-loop system structure.
15
displacement [mm] reference ref(z) and the plant output y(z) and p(z) is
b. the external perturbation.
Figure 2. The position sensor geometry and Considering a sampling period Ts=0.005 sec, the
the produced disturbing force. plant discrete transfer-function yields:
.
x(t ) = A x(t ) + b u (t ) + e p (t ) (4) B( z ) 0.075 z 3 0.455 z 2 0.212 z 0.008
H ( z) = = 4
T A( z ) z 3.728 z 3 + 1.086 z 2 0.384 z + 0.026
.
y( t ) = c x( t ) x = e
T
i (6)
In the polynom B(z) there can be separate a
the state-variables being: stabile part Bs(z) and an unstable part Bi(z), so that
.
x1 = e; x 2 = ; x 3 = ; x 4 = i (5) B ( z ) = B s ( z ) Bi ( z ) (7)
frequency nd = 0.9n = 90 rad/sec and a damping system behaviour is studied considering a step-jump
factor d =0.8, its expression yields: of the reference variable.
The variables having index 1 corresponds to the
Amd ( z ) = z 2 1.344 z + 0.487 (9)
mass m1 and that having index 2 corresponds to the
The supplementary pole p1f = 0.6 having the mass m2. A supplementary index *m refers to the
order nf =2 was introduced to improve the dynamic case when the reference-trajectory-model is
performances of the close-loop system over the high considered. The output voltages of the controller are
frequency range. showed in figures 4...7.
The transfer function Hmr(z) of the reference- First time, we can see that the presence of the
trajectory model correspond also to a second-order reference-trajectory-model lead just to a low delay in
element, which considering the natural frequency n the controller response, both for the m1 (figure 4)
= 100 rad/sec and a damping factor d =0.8 results: and m2 (figure 5) flotor masses.
A comparison between the controller responses
0.08 z + 1.53 for the two masses is done in figure 6 (controller
H mr ( z ) = 2
(10)
z 1.28 z + 0.449 without reference-trajectory-model) and figure 7
(controller with reference-trajectory-model).
The controller synthesis consists in finding out
For the chosen cases, in the figures 8, 9 and 10
the four polynoms R(z), S(z), T(z) and K0(z), which
the output voltages of the position transducer are
must satisfy a specific condition (that is called
presented. One notes that the system displaces with a
Bezout equation) presented in [2].
low delay when the reference-trajectory-model is
The expressions we used for these four polynoms
used and, more, this delay increases corresponding
are [2]:
to the flotor mass.
R ( z ) = ( z 1)( z + r0 ) B s ( z ) In the figures 11 is showed a magnitude-
S ( z ) = z + s 1 z 1 + ... + s1 z + s 0 frequency characteristic corresponding to the
'
(11) perturbation - output variable transfer function,
T ( z ) = B mc ( z ) A0 ( z )
which is called also perturbation-output variable
K 0 ( z) = z 2 sensitivity function.
where The obtained characteristics show a good
stability and high dynamic performances for the
Amd (1) (1 p1 f ) 2 synthesised numeric controller.
B md ( z ) = .
k (1 z1 )
The above mentioned condition can be written in
this particular case as follows: 5. CONCLUSIONS
A( z ) ( z 1) ( z + r0 ) + Bi ( z ) S ( z ) = Amc ( z ) K 0 ( z ) (12) In the paper the influences of the elements
This equation put in a matrix form is useful to composing a flywheel system over the magnetic
determine the unknown values for r0, s-1,, s1, s0. bearing stability is analysed. In the proposed
For the system parameters and chosen form of the structure only the use of a magnetic-type position
polynoms we found the following numeric sensor lead to supplementary disturbance forces.
expressions: A polynomial-type controller for the whole
flywheel system is synthesised. One notice that the
R ( z ) = z 4 + 0.81z 3 1.119 z 2 0.663 z 0.028 presence of the magnetic-type position sensor lead
S ( z ) = 11.958 z 4 + 15.053 z 3 4.31z 2 + 1.251z 0.083 only to some small modifications in the controller
structure. This is owed to the identical behaviour of
T ( z ) = 0.046 z 2 . the bearing active forces and the sensor disturbing
forces.
4.2. Simulation results Considering variations of the constructive
parameters and perturbation, by means of simulation
programs the system behaviour analyses is
The following figures present few simulation performed. The simulation results show us that the
results, for the experimental plantcontroller synthesised controller assures, for the proposed
ensemble. For two values of the flotor mass, m1 and flywheel system structure, a good stability and
m2=3m1, and for two variants of the control structure higher dynamic performances even for modifications
(with and without reference-trajectory-model), the in the control structure (with and without the
reference-trajectory-model).
80 Controlling the magnetic suspension of a flywheel system
Figure 4. Figure 8.
Figure 5.
Figure 9.
References
Claims Consumer
Consumer who
LOIAL
will easily move
Consumers to competitors Performance
moved to
in business
competitors
Starting from this model this research aims at in urban environment, that use to do shopping in
determining the consumers satisfaction degree, supermarkets and the companys own shops and
identifying the strategies that allow a big belong to the 25 - 40 years group of age. The
international company (Agricola Internaional) to sampling source - the data system from where the
get the position of leader and, at the same time, sample is extracted belongs to the statistic annuals,
generating reliable recommendations to the top yearly reports and private studies. The sampling
management. The consumers of this company are method has been chosen from the probabilistic
individuals fully trusting the producers. sampling category: cluster type sample. N =
117871 sampling volume. The sample necessary
size is considered n = 320 persons. After calculating
2. METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLING the sample size the sampling points or the primary
sampling units have been settled (UPE = 3). In this
The sample selection includes the following study the measuring scale with 4 gradations has
stages: Extracting the representative sampling from been used because, on one side, the respondents
the targeted population consisting of the persons have the possibility to decide whether their
living in Bacau, employees, with medium incomes, assessment is positive or not and, on the other side,
82 Estim
mates on meeasuring the consumers satisfaction
n
they are much easieer working with suchh a folllows up thee measurem ment of the consumerss
measuring scale.
s The adequate scalle being usedd is: satiisfaction withh the functioonal parametters; the lastt
1 dissatisfied; 2 satisfactory; 3 contented;; 4 leveel follows up the dettailing of th he domainss
very contennted. meaasured throuugh the preevious levell. Openingg
queestions have the role to m make the ressearcher suree
thatt the responddent belongss to the targeet sample inn
3.. RESEAR
RCH MET
THOD term
ms of his/heer relationshiip with the product andd
social and deemographic characteristtics.Openingg
The research in this work uses individual Queestions: W What persuaaded you to t buy thee
interviews based
b on a questionnaire
q e. The dataa are commpany produucts?, Repponse: Thee quality off
collected with
w the help of the quesstionnaire thaat is Agrricola produucts (43%)). Which are a the mostt
structured on
o three inteerviewing levvels, as folloows: impportant advaantages of thhe company products?,,
the first level
l has the role too measure the Repponse: Thhey are healthy (100% %), Variouss
consumers satisfaction and loyalty at a global level
l prep paration modes (40%), Freshness (30%).
with the company
c products; thee second levell
2
1,5 Consuma
Consumer atori
rs ofde
1 Avicola
Avicola Buzu
BB
Buzau
0,5
0 Consumer
Consumat rs of
toride
Frumu
Frumu
Consumer
Consumat rs of
toride
Crevedia
Crevedia
D
Dissatisfied Consumers s satisfaction
n in general
Satisfactory
Saatisfacia coonsumatoru ului n geneeral
Satisfied
foarte
erymulumit
Ver satisfied
2% 7%11% % 25% 72%
68%
0%
% 10% 200% 30% 40%
4 50% 60% 70% 80%
Shop 3 BaseMagazinul
M
3220 3 Sh
B
Baza 320 320Maagazinul
hop 3 Base 2 Baaza
Shop1 B 320
Base 320 Maggazinul 1 Bazaa 320
M
Magazinul3B
Baza320 Magazinul2Baza320 Maggazinul1Bazaa320
Figure 4.
4 On a scale from 1 to 4, if you shoulld buy more similar pordducts, would you buy the company
p
products too?
82 Estim
mates on meeasuring the consumers satisfaction
n
Lo
oialitate
Loy - re
yalty Recoecomandarre
ommendation unui
n to priedeten
a friend
299% 71%
40%
% 69%
1 61%
0% 10% 200% 30% 40% 50% 6
60% 70%
% 80%
N Yes
No
nu
No da
Ye
No Yes
3.2.E
Evaluation of the Criticcal Incident
Critical Incident
I
Packing quality
Services
Product
preservation
Products
3.3. Evaluation
E o satisfactioon with the Functional
of F Parameters
P
Saatisfactory
nemu ulumit 2%
satissfctor
Satisfied 4% %
11%
mu ulumit 8%
42% 48
foarteVer
mury satisfied
ulumit 52%
PPricecompa
Pre art
compa
aredcutoalcomp
cooncurenilor
petitors r
Maggazinul 3 Bazaa 320 Maagazinul 2 Baaza 320 M
Magazinul 1 Baza
B 320
Dissaatisfied 10%
nemulummit 115%
Satisf
factory 49%
satisfc
tor 45%
%
Saatisfied 32%
mulummit 35%
Very saatisfied 9%
foarte mulummit
Produc
Calitct quality
tatea produuselor
Maggazinul 3 Bazza 320 Maagazinul 2 Baaza 320 M
Magazinul 1 Baaza 320
Dissat
nemu tisfied
ulumit 12%
Satisfaactory
14%
satisfctore 15%
Sat
mu tisfied
ulumit 42% 4
48%
Verymu
foarte sattisfied
ulumit %
31% 35%
F
Figure 10. Onn a scale from
m 1 to 4 speccify how satiisfied you arre with the prroduct qualitty.
F
Figure 11. On
O a scale froom 1 to 4 speecify how sattisfied you arre with the product aspecct.
Clity - Price
Calitate
Qual - Prre
Mag
gazinul 3 Bazza 320 Maagazinul 2 Baaza 320 Magazinul 1 Baza 320
M
nemul umit
Dissattisfied 4%
satisfctor 24%
Satisfaactory 26%
mul umit 62%
Sattisfied 60%
foarte mul umit
Very sattisfied
8%
10%
Product
Promo Povarea prod
Promotion duselor
Maagazinul 3 Bazza 320 Maagazinul 2 Baaza 320 M
Magazinul 1 Baaza 320
Disssatisfied
nemu ulumit 10%
Satissfactory 5%
satisffctor 12%
10%
Sulumit
Satisfied
mu 68%
62%
%
foarte 10%
Very ulumit
mus
satisfied 23%
Conssumers
Atitudin attitmatorului
nea consum tude furthern
ntourma
promotio
pron movrii
Maagazinul 3 Bazza 320 Maagazinul 2 Baaza 320 M
Magazinul 1 Baaza 320
Dont know
n worse
nu
Goot tiu 1%
%
s-a nrutit 4%
Uncchanged 5%
neschimmbat 33%
23%
Im
s-a mbunmproved
ntit 61%
62%
4. CALCULA
C ATION OF THE diviides consum mers into satisfied/dissaatisfied andd
CONSUMERSS SATISFA
ACTION loyaal/not loyal may be deteermined.
IND
DEXES able 3 Bi-d
Ta dimensionall Matrix Sattisfaction
Loyaltyy /1/
The consumers satisfactionn index ISC C is
calculated through traansforming the t values into
14,91% 35,09%
points. For the
t 4 point scale that hass been used, ISCI g
Loyalty
39,16% 10,84%
L lt
index
(index of global
g satisfaaction plus loyalty)
l mayy be
calculated asa an averaage of all annswers. 4 (vvery 0 Indiffference areaa 80 Optimal
O areaa
contented) = 100 pointss, 3 (contentted) = 50 points,
2 (satisfactoory) = 25 pooints and 1 (dissatisfied)
( =0 5. IMPAC
CT OF FUN
NCTIONAL
L AND
points. ISCg = 86,3 poinnts. The indeex of satisfacction PERFORMA
P ANCE PARA
AMETERS ON THE
with the funnctional paraameters is callculated, ISC
Cpf. = CONSUUMERS SA
ATISFACTIION
76,2 pointss. The indeex of satisfa faction with the
performance parameterss is ISCpp. = 78,14
7 points.. Thiis analysis isi importantt because it establishes,,
According to the norm ms of interrpreting /1/, the indiirectly, the importance
i oof various paarameters too
companys consumer is i in generaal satisfied ini a the global scorre of the connsumers sattisfaction. Itt
score above the average, but if it i relates to the starrts from the conceptual
c m
model.
functional and
a performaance parameeters, it mighht be
noticed thaat consumerss are generaally content, not S = f(X
X1, X2, X3 ..............Xn) (1)
happy. Thiss is caused onn one side byy the high prrices
compared too competitorrs and, on thhe other sidee, by Nottations: S Global
G consuumers satisffaction; X1- n
the problemms of quality,, preservationn and packinng of Fuunctional and performance parameterrs.
the productts. Norms of o score inteerpreting: dannger Thee regression analysis willl be used an
nd the modell
(0 70), medium inddifference (771 80), over o willl be estimateed:
satisfaction (81 100). /1/
/
By calculating
c thhe global saatisfaction inndex S = a +bb1X1 +b2X2 + b3X3 +..+ nXn (2))
ISCg1 = 89,116 and the looyalty index ISCl = 85,099 the
bi dimensional matrixx satisfactionn loyalty that Nottations: a Estimated
E coonstant; b1-n Regressionn
82 Estimates on measuring the consumers satisfaction
coefficients; X1, X2, Functional parameters; X3, X4, satisfaction by one point the parameter X8 must
X5, X6, X7, X8, Performance parameters. increase by a score of 1,9). By inserting the above
For our sample the following regression data to the relation (3), the regression model will
coefficients will be obtained, according to the have the form:
estimates (3) and (4):
n n n n S = 1,6 X1 + X2 + 1,7 X3 +1,74 X4 +X5 +
(5)
y x x xy 2
1,14 X6 +1,67 X7 + +1,9 X8
an = i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
2
, an = y bn x
n
n
n x 2 xy From the regression model of above the consumers
i =1 i =1
satisfaction versus the importance of the satisfaction
n n n generating parameters may be analysed, thus
n xy x y resulting the opportunities and strong points of the
bn = i=1 i=1 i=1
2
, i = 1, n company and its weak points and threats too. The
n
n
opportunities include those parameters that have a
n i=1
x 2
i = 1
xy
decisive role in determining the satisfaction and
loyalty. The recommendations are, in this case, to
For the parameter X1 shop assistants kindness and maintain and exploit to maximum this competitive
for a 4 point scale (4 100 points, 3 50 points, 2 advantage. The strong points must include those
25 points, 1 0 points). parameters that are less important in determining
satisfaction.
Table 4. Calculated Parameters
X Y XY X2
61,4 100 6130 3757,6 Strong Opportuniti
points es
23,6 50 1180 556,96
X7 X8
11 25 275 121 Satisfaction X1 X4
4 0 0 16
X6 X3
100 175 7585 4451,65
Weak points Threats
X2
By inserting the data of Table 5 to the X5
relations (3) and (4), it will result: bn = 1,6 and an =
0,02 that means that, for a consumers satisfaction Importance
increase by one point it will be necessary the
parameter X1 to increase by a score of 1,6. By using Figure15. Analysis of satisfaction versus
the same reasoning, the results will be as follows: importance of satisfaction generating parameters.
Parameter X2 price compared to competitors, bn =
1 (for increasing the consumers satisfaction by one Threats include those parameters extremely
point the parameter X2 must increase by a score of important in determining satisfaction, but
1); Parameter X3 product quality, bn = 1,7 (for insufficiently met by the company. In this case the
increasing the consumers satisfaction by one point improvement of these parameters will determine the
the parameter X3 must increase by a score of 1,7); highest increase of consumers satisfaction and
Parameter X4 product aspect, bn = 1,74 (for loyalty. The weak points contain those parameters
increasing the consumers satisfaction by one point of low importance to consumers satisfaction so that
the parameter X4 must increase by a score of 1,74); the company efforts must focus on other
Parameter X5 quality-price ration, bn = 1 (for parameters, more important. Making consumers
increasing the consumers satisfaction by one point loyal means that they will buy at a relatively high
the parameter X5 must increase by a score of 1); proportion the products of the company, to
Parameter X6 product promotion, bn = 1,14 (for recommend the brand, to buy more categories of the
increasing the consumers satisfaction by one point company products, to have prices comparable to
the parameter X6 must increase by a score of 1,14); competitors and to be satisfied with the quality-
Parameter X7 attitude towards company, bn = 1,67 price ratio.
(for increasing the consumers satisfaction by one
point the parameter X7 must increase by a score of
1,67); Parameter X8 purchase of products due to
promotion, bn = 1,9 (for increasing the consumers
Estimates on measuring the consumers satisfaction
where: Y I7 question Would you recommend Table 8. ANOVA - The independent variable is I13.
other persons to buy the company s products, if
your opinion was requested?; X Consumers
Sum of Mean
satisfaction
Squares df Square F Sig.
The model construing supposes that for an increase
by one unit of the consumers satisfaction, the brand Regression 1013.674 2 506.837 13.512 .017
of the companys products to increase by 0,734 Residual 150.040 4 37.510
units. Since the question I7 focuses on the Total 1163.714 6
consumers loyalty, then for X = 1 (i.e. for an
increase by one percent of the consumers
satisfaction degree) then Y = 4,527 the - Between the consumers satisfaction and the
82 Estimates on measuring the consumers satisfaction
6. CONCLUSIONS
1. There is a medium to strong quadratic relation
between the consumers satisfaction and purchase
of the company products.
2. There is a strong, direct, linear connection
between the consumers satisfaction and the brand
of the company products, as well as between the
consumers satisfaction and the recommendation of
the company products.
3. There is a strong quadratic relation between the
consumers satisfaction and the price of the
company products, compared to the competitors
prices as well as between the consumers
satisfaction and the quality-price ratio.
Bibliography
Free and unhindered access to housing is the established. Under situation when current repairs
right of each citizen of a state, enshrined in the had not being performed during a long period of
Constitution. All measures taken to achieve the time, the building remediation costs become
major objectives in housing sector represent one of substantial and growing exponentially if not taken
the priority directions followed by public authorities necessary measures.
at all levels. Obviously, all relevant expenses,
The State's efforts in implementing the independently of housing destination - for living or
privatization reform in the housing sector have business - are under the responsibility of the
succeeded with the transfer of almost all housing property owner. Approx 97% of the housing stock
stock to private ownership, although having stopped have been privatized and the responsibility for
or failed in achieving an efficient performance in maintenance of apartment buildings residential
terms of administration and service delivery in and non residential premises located in these
housing sector. That positive achievement of the buildings - shall be transferred to owners of
reform is significantly diminished by the lack of a privatized apartments.
viable and efficient system of building In this context, some important aspects can
administration that consequently doubts the safety be highlighted for consideration in achieving the
and reliability of the apartment buildings in the main objective for efficient administration of
future. buildings belonging to multiple owners:
To ensure a sustainable process in upgrading 1) Calculation and registration in the Real
the housing stock, including through energy Estate Register of ownership rights on the shares in
efficiency measures, the State must establish goals common premises/parts of the building for each
and objectives and maintain a consistent approach owner of residential and non residential spaces.
in implementing the planned actions. 2) The funding the works necessary to
All stakeholders relations within the maintain the buildings in adequate technical
maintenance of the housing stock framework have conditions to be organized by creating appropriate
to be addressed in the view of implementation and permanent funds with applied contributions needed
unconditional compliance with the private for maintenance.
ownership right on the property. The State may 3) Ensuring state control over compliance
intervene with regulations aimed only to ensure the with mandatory requirements set out in the
resilience and stability of housing stock, security legislation for property owners located in buildings
and protection of human health and establishment with multiple owners.
of reliable tools in stimulating the owners efforts
for maintenance and repairs of buildings and their 1) Calculation and registration in the Real Estate
thermal rehabilitation. Register of ownership rights on the shares in the
In Moldova, the housing maintenance common premises of the building for each owner
processes are not quite efficient. The old multi- of residential and non residential spaces. The
apartment buildings are in deplorable technical existing regulatory framework in the housing sector
conditions, thus adversely affecting not only the is being characterized as one with many gaps,
quality of life, but also decreasing the economic which require the redefinition of condominium so
value of this property. Lately, the real estate market as to clearly establish the property relations among
noted the phenomenon of housing procurements not all involved stakeholders, and responsibilities
only for living but also for investment purposes, arising from property rights. It is impending the
aiming to protect the invested capital from inflation development of a relevant legal framework aimed to
and other financial risks, or, earning benefits of protect the owners who, in addition to individual
subsequent sale of property and/or its rental. properties, have in ownership a share of common
However, to ensure the buildings integrity and parts of the building. In this context, the
avoid its value decrease, a consistent mechanism for condominium can be defined, as:
regular maintenance and repairs should be
Visions on housing management 91
a) Multi-level building (with apartments) or, - the value of common premises of the
where the common property and each section building (the building structure which is a common
with one or more staircases can be element consisting of basic components in a
demarcated therein. construction estimate) have been included into the
b) A residential complex consisting of price calculation of privatized housing, and,
residential and non-residential premises, - these common premises have been subject
individual, isolated, lined up or coupled, to privatization separately.
where the individual properties are Furthermore, the fact that the share in the
interrelated through a common property in common property have not been registered in the
forced and perpetual ownership. benefit of owners and remained on the balance of
Namely, the collocation - "forced and public authorities (mostly local), have generated
perpetual" - is the legal term that distinguishes the uncertainty in buildings management processes. In
common parts of the building in condominium. reality, the owners of privatized apartments do not
Although not clearly enshrined in the special hold any responsibility for the property they own,
housing legislation and not observed in Moldova, and therefore, do not undertake any measures to
this rule imposes new responsibilities and maintain the premises of common use. In addition,
requirements to the owners (unaware of till date), to the local budgets are forced to cover certain
undertake measures for the maintenance of common expenditures in housing sector, although such
premises of the building as integral parts of jointly funding does not cover all repair and maintenance
owned housing facilities. needs, and relevant interventions are mostly based
According to the Law on Privatization of on sporadic, chaotic and ineffective actions.
Housing Stock[1], the privatized apartments have Therefore, the housing sector management
been registered in the Real Estate Register as performed by LPA units is one flawed both, in
prerequisite for acknowledgement of ownership terms of management quality and sufficiency in
right over this property. The registration has been funding the housing sector, even if the state or
done by the territorial Cadastral offices, at the administrative units ownership therein remained
request of the owners. However, only the parts not more than 3% of total housing stock.
related to "isolated rooms" - apartments in buildings As for non-residential premises of buildings,
with multiple owners - were subject to registration, mostly occupied by enterprises, these are not
without mentioning the ownership over the common involved in the maintenance of the building in any
parts of the building. Thus, the non-residential ways and must be definitely encumbered by the
spaces (common parts of the building) remained to right (obligation) on common parts, and raised the
be recognized as property of the state or issue at least in the upgrading process of the
administrative units. It is impossible to explain how relevant legislation. These occupied premises
this could happen while the Civil Code expressly represent a substantial share of the common
states that in multi-apartment buildings with property of apartment building typically the entire
multiple owners, each owner have the ownership, ground level, and in some cases being located on
forced and perpetual, right over a share in the several levels of the building. The need to include
common parts of the building[2]. the owners of these enterprises in the maintenance
The reason why the Cadastral offices did not and repair of the building is very urgent and
register the shares of common premises of the concrete actions are necessary to regulate the
building belonging to each isolated room / building administration responsibilities and assign
apartment is the Article 8 par.(1) of the Law on them to all owners, regardless of their ownership
Privatization of Housing Stock, which provides: nature.
"the privatized homeowners are co-possessors of Enforcement of responsibilities, emerged
communication and engineering facilities and of from specifics of ownership right in apartment
places of common use of the building and its buildings with multiple owners, can be performed
adjacent land". This provision, in our opinion, take only if the common property shares are transmitted
rather a technical foul for inappropriate use of legal in private ownership, with their registration in the
terminology, but subsequently entailing multiple Real Estate Register - this is one of the priority
problems and confusions related to registration of measures to be undertaken. Local governments are
ownership rights on privatized housing and being responsible for this process and the lack of
management of common premises of apartment finance cannot be the reason of failure in duties the
buildings. Among them, 2 contradictory issues of specialized subdivisions are responsible for.
huge importance can be mentioned: Evidently, a huge volume of work has to be done -
92 Visions on housing management
someone shall calculate the shares in the common All these components must be viewed
property for each apartment owner and perform the through the prism of a stable operational and well-
inventory of assets, - but this shall not make the organized system with consistent measures from
reason of excuse to concerned authorities, and an both, the public authorities and the owners of
argument to avoid fulfilling their duties. residential and non residential assets of multi-
apartment buildings. Further below are described
2) Funding the works maintaining the buildings some conditions that will ensure, in our opinion, the
in adequate technical conditions. Repair and successful implementation of mentioned tools.
maintenance works of the housing sector are very A. Mandatory payments to Repair Fund
expensive and require substantial financial (RF). The owners contribution fees collected to
resources, especially when current repairs have not cover the maintenance costs represent the only
been made for a longer period. Would-be solution for maintaining the building in appropriate
accumulated resources of apartment owners are technical condition. This statement is considered an
envisaged to be limited. The current tariffs for acknowledged one, once the owned housing
technical maintenance of housing sector are low and represents an investment and has its economic value
accumulation accounts of municipal management and can generate profits. Though, it happens to
enterprises could hardly cover the expenses of some Moldova, that the apartments, which have been
minor works. privatized against Property Bonds, are not
The situation has become critical and further considered under economic viewpoint, except for a
irresponsible attitude towards housing maintenance few special cases. "The local tradition" is to use the
can turn into unpredictable consequences. The apartment as a location of residence of the owner's
buildings technical condition is continuously family. But this cannot justify the lack of
deteriorating and the risk for buildings structural responsibility for maintenance of the building where
damages increases exponentially. Funding is the the apartment is located. Therefore, the owners shall
key element in the buildings technical and energy be enforced to contribute financially to maintenance
efficiency rehabilitation. This requires both, an and repair of the building they live in.
adequate legal framework and state involvement Moreover, the Law on Quality in
through housing rehabilitation programs and Constructions [3] establishes the responsibilities of
supportive actions in housing problems for building owners to perform timely maintenance and
vulnerable population. repair of building, in accordance with legal and
Its worth realizing, that the issue of effective technical norms and followed behaviour in building
housing stock management denotes a high level of operation, as well as to ensure any reconstruction,
complexity. Therefore, the approach should be a strengthening interventions, etc.
matching one, taking into account all legal, Following the above-mentioned, the extent of
economic, financial, social, etc., aspects. Only this responsibilities shall be enforced by Law and not
way, the citizens fundamental right - the right to left at the discretion of the building owner as these
housing could be effectively secured. responsibilities are ensuring the building operation
The international practice distinguishes at appropriate quality level and aiming to protect the
several components of an effective funding scheme people's lives, their property, society and the
for housing repairs. Some of them are worth environment in general. Therefore, all owners of the
mentioning: apartment building are responsible for its technical
A. Mandatory payments as contributions to condition, based on "forced right on the common
Repair Fund (RF) obligatorily created in each premises of the building, thus acquiring the
condominium. obligation to contribute to the fund required for
B. The lending institutions resources are maintenance works.
made available to homeowners associations, However, it wont be easy to convince the
homeowners or administrators, being guaranteed owners to pay fees for maintenance and repairs of
by the accumulations of the Repair Fund secured by common premises. One solution would be the
owners contributions. creation, through law enforcement, of a Repair
C. State support in terms of co-financing the Fund, where owners regular contributions shall be
rehabilitation / repair (ex. through energy efficiency disbursed and used for a consistent and qualitative
programs in housing sector) and through financial maintenance of apartment buildings on a transparent
instruments created for such purposes by the State basis. Due to continuous deterioration of the
(bank guarantees, funds, etc.). apartment buildings, it is necessary for the
legislature to urgently regulate the creation of repair
Visions on housing management 93
funds, ensuring transparency and providing financial situation of apartment owners can generate
maximum protection of owners against possible deprivation of housing facilities, while the
risks. One of essential conditions to be enforced by authorities being unable to provide rental space for
the laws is the separation of resources (financial such socially vulnerable population which risk
flows), i.e. a single Fund1 and single owners reaching the street. In this context the State may
Association for each apartment building, prohibiting adopt mortgaging procedures for apartments of
the use of ones resources for other residential Repair Funds debtors, if also provides some
buildings, even if several buildings are administered supportive complementary tools, for ex.: 1) social
by the same Administrator. Also, for the safety of rent fund aimed to mitigate the effects of risks
Funds resources, a number of conditions will be generated by loss of housing property, 2) creation of
required to meet, such as: conditions for commercial leasing market
The Repair Funds financial resources development, 3) increase overall welfare of
represent a shared property of residential and population.
non residential spaces owners in the multi- Meanwhile, the state could regulate the
apartment buildings; conditions whereby the local authorities have the
The contributions to the Repair Fund are preemption right over the mortgaged apartments for
collected in a bank account, stating that the sale, thus increasing the stock of social housing (the
holder of the account (Administrator or correct sale price is determinant for the success of
Association) cannot dispose the resources this measure). Subsequently, these apartments may
otherwise than decided by the owners general be made available for social housing or rental to
assembly. former owners, if they meet the qualifications to
The Repair Fund deposits in the bank (the entire benefit from social assistance. To this end, this
amount equal to the amount of mandatory requires preparation and approval of regulations on
payments) must be provided the same social housing stock, the modalities of formation
safeguards as for citizens' personal bank and administration of this stock, the conditions for
deposits. use and indicators for assessing the persons who are
An efficient method of accumulating entitled to social rent, etc.
contributions to Repair Fund (as a measure against B. The lending institutions resources made
absconding debtors) could be the execution of legal available to homeowners associations, owners or
mortgage on private isolated spaces (apartments and administrators. Housing sector requires periodical
non residential premises) for the benefit of owners significant investment in repairs and maintenance to
Association or owners in condominium. In such keep the buildings in good condition and to
cases, the mortgage is obligatorily registered in the maintain its economic value. Planning and
Real Estate Register and applicable in cases when realization of these investments depend on the
the owner does not contribute to the Fund during a Administrator's managerial spirit, and its ability to
certain period of time (ex. 6 months). It should be associate the owners to cope with problems related
mentioned that in Moldova, the legal mortgage to repairs of common property. The owners /
cannot be established except for amounts due under Association may apply for loans offered by
the tax laws as a result of court decisions [2,4,5]. financial institutions. The amount borrowed can be
Therefore, the execution of mortgage in guaranteed by Fund resources which are replenished
condominium will require modifications made to by the owners contributions. The banks could
three laws and the Condominium Law [6] in accept such guarantees, due to the mandatory nature
particular. of owners contributions to the Fund. But pledging
The execution of mortgage under the law the Fund resources requires the approval of all
would be the most effective tool to ensure the owners in condominium which is very difficult to
accumulation of financial resources in the Repair achieve. The Civil Code, Art. 457 (5) provides that
Fund, but it requires great caution in making such the common property may be mortgaged only with
decisions, as mortgaging the property is a very the agreement of all co-owners. In this context, it
drastic measure against owners, while the apartment would be reasonable to set a quorum of 2/3 of the
is, in most cases, the only place to live. Weak owners to validate the pledge over Funds
resources. The argument for lowering the quorum
on pledge approval is that there will always appear
1
Fund Repair Fund for the common property in the building. some owners who, motivated or not, will not sign
Do not refer to other funds that can be created upon necessities
(ex. Revolving Fund that can be used for payment of utility the pledge agreement, in spite of joint responsibility
services, for which the Association shall be empowered to to participate in the maintenance and repair of
contribute)
94 Visions on housing management
common property and being equally responsible for be sold, but may be granted to certain categories
keeping the building in safe and operational of people, or, for thermal rehabilitation projects
condition. or building strengthening purposes.
In our opinion, there are several essential Financial support to LPAs for local
conditions ensuring the access to loans for rehabilitation programs of apartment buildings.
buildings repairs and thermal rehabilitation Support to vulnerable citizens by compensating
purposes: i). the legal status of condominium a portion or full amount of the debt to Repair
associations should be very clearly defined; ii). Fund. This support shall be allocated directly,
associations must have the right to borrow on behalf through nominative compensations to owners in
of all owners in the building; iii). to be clearly difficulty.
defined the procedures for forced collection of debts Contributions to Repair Fund for the
from owners who avoid to pay contributions condominium premises owned by the state. The
established for rehabilitation / repairs of building. size of the contributions shall be determined by
Presently, the Moldovan legislation does not same principles as for private owners.
sufficiently clear stipulate the principles of efficient Support the process of calculating the share of
administration of the apartment building, even common property for each apartment building,
ignoring the importance of regulating such real ensuring the registration of these shares in the
estate intended to ensure a decent living of Real Estate Register. For this purpose, certain
population. The stability and efficiency of the state budgetary resources have to be approved as
system can be achieved only if each owner in the process will be an expensive one.
condominium obligatorily becomes a participant / When granting state support in financing the
member of one or another form of association in buildings repairs, the following principles shall be
that condominium. considered:
State co-financing programs should stimulate
C. State support in terms of co-financing the the repair of common premises and elements of
rehabilitation / repair works. Housing sector is the building.
considered a priority and the state interventions in A priority for decision-making process in
the sector shall be appropriate. However, the current budgetary allocations should be the
situation shows an almost total restriction of State enhancement of building energy efficiency
interference in the problems related with housing capacity.
sector. The relevant tasks were assigned to local
The volume of funding from state subsidies
public authorities, the buildings being all transferred
shall depend on the level of energy efficiency
to their subdivisions while the share of the common
and energy saving rate as a result of performed
property have still not been transferred to the
repairs.
owners though most of apartments have been
The power to approve decisions on capital
privatized (97%). As a result, we have a confusing
repairs of multi-apartment building belongs to
situation when the State has not yet finished the
the owners Association (or body, the
privatization process, nor provided LPAs with legal
Association may delegate this power to).
instruments necessary for the administration of
The owners Association shall be the
multi-apartment buildings.
supervisory and control body over the resources
In addition to the legislation approval process in
accumulated by the owners in the Fund and
the sector, the State has the responsibility to
used for repair works done.
intervene with other tools aimed to support the
housing sector and offer the population a secure and The same owners Association shall be
real realization of ownership right on housing. In responsible for monitoring and control over the
our opinion, the state will have to intervene through utilization of resources for capital repairs
the following: allocated through state subsidies.
Some of the most effective state support
Programs for thermal rehabilitation of buildings
mechanisms may be considered and required for the
incorporated in countrys energy efficiency
following purposes:
programs, by providing grants to cover shares of
1. Co-financing the rehabilitation works aimed to
repair costs.
reduce the repair costs of apartment owners and
Provide guarantees for repair loans contracted by
increase the energy efficiency of the building.
the owners. In this context, mortgage risk
2. Creation of commercial agencies / funds
guarantee funds should be created, where the
guaranteeing the risks emerging from lending to
state would be the founder. Such guarantees can
Visions on housing management 95
owners Associations, which may contribute to and time period necessary to control all objects,
the reduction of loan risks. which actually are practically outside of any
Being aware that not all owners are prepared to management processes and, effectively outside of
meet the financing obligations for building repairs, any control. Since the control over construction
and therefore, relevant enforcement mechanisms process and operational phase are under
will be necessary to apply. The same refers to the competencies of State Construction Inspectorate,
owners, who are not avoiding but unable to fulfill the elaboration of required procedures and
their financial obligations due to lack of available mechanisms might make the task of this body,
resources. In both cases, the situation must be obviously, with experts support from various
resolved by implementing viable mechanisms: by professional organizations.
enforcement on the one hand, and by stable It is worth mentioning, that the problems of
mechanisms of social assistance and social housing buildings administration and maintenance do not
development on the other hand. refer only to the economic interests of apartment
owners, but also include the life and health security
3) State control over compliance with the of people, since badly maintained, repaired or
mandatory requirements set out in the legislation rehabilitated buildings represent a major threat and
for property owners located in multi-apartment this threat is increasing annually. The currently
buildings. The success of actions proposed for the owned assets still represent some economic value
implementation of efficient administration of and place of residence for owners families. Besides
housing can be achieved only when a rigorous continuous reduction of its economic value, the
control over compliance with legislation by all apartment becomes a source of life hazards, chronic
participants in condominium relations is being diseases, etc. Rehabilitation of building is
assumed. expensive, and in some cases will be impossible,
The need to establish an efficient control over therefore the State control through SCI or the other
compliance with housing legislation shall not be structure is determinant.
postponed. The unrepaired buildings since soviet In our opinion, the supervisory authorities
times, being affected by uncontrolled interventions should fulfill the following tasks:
in constructive and resistance elements, require a Detecting and counteracting actions that
systemic approach in organizing the operation and contradict the housing legislation, the
technical maintenance, where the control task is one requirements for use and maintenance of
of key elements. Whatever the responsible body is housing (individual and common property
the State Construction Inspectorate (SCI), State or units);
Municipal Housing Inspection clear and efficient Undertaking energy efficiency measures in
control procedures are required to be approved with housing, regardless of the form of ownership of
sanctioning powers and punitive measures in residential and non residential premises and
addressing shortcomings resulted from common property.
mismanagement of condominiums and interventions Overseeing the process of formation and
damaging the building structure. activity of natural and legal entities practicing
To achieve the success, it is necessary for a the administration of multi-apartment buildings,
specialized central authority to develop a set of businesses providing utility and non-utility
regulatory legislation to support the control process, services in the housing sector, enterprises
starting with tasks of control bodies, regulation on specialized in repair and maintenance of
activity, control procedures, ways of assessing buildings, and other units engaged in housing
violations and penalties. Not less important is the activities.
determination of authorities (public servants) vested Monitoring the compliance with mandatory
with such duties. In addition, modifications are requirements set out in legislation on energy
needed in a number of legislation such as: efficiency and installation of measuring devices
Contravention Code, Criminal Code and statement for energy resources.
of specific measures to attract liability for owners Monitoring and analysis of mandatory
failures in condominium and for inappropriate requirements set out by law for central and local
interventions in constructions. These legislative governments, owners, administrators, service
amendments should be developed concurrently with providers, entrepreneurs, in order to enhance
the whole set of documents governing the control the efficiency in the administration of housing
process. Their elaboration will take into account the sector, to ensure qualitative maintenance and
complexity of control interventions, staffing needs operation of housing stock.
96 Visions on housing management
Based on the principle of local autonomy, it Referense
may be appropriate to create two levels of control,
but with a clear delineation of duties of each 1. Law on privatisation of housing stock nr.1324
authority. The specifics of State control mostly from 10.03.1993.
underlie responsibilities ensuring the strength and 2. Civil Code, Art. 355, 467: Ownership right over
stability of the building, so the hard work will fall the common parts of the building with multiple
on the State shoulders, as well as funding problems apartments.
will be also solved easier from the central budget. 3. Law on Quality in Constructions Nr. 721 from
At the level of administrative units, the control body 02.02.1996.
should be tied to its housing stock and relevant 4. Law on Mortgage, nr. 838 from 23.05. 1996.
regulatory issues of administration. It is absolutely 5. Law on Lien, nr. 142 from 26.06.2008.
wrong to believe that all housing problems can be 6.Law on Condominium in housing sector, nr.913
solved locally. Only the State can create sufficient from 30.03.2000.
capacity to control sector-specific housing
problems, including quality control, and that's
because the situation is enormously endangered as
seen behind the careless attitude towards
maintenance of residential buildings. An optimal
formula would be for the State to create the control
structures, to perform an inventory, to establish
operational procedures, and only afterwards, to
gradually transmit the control functions to local
authorities, depending on their capacity and ability
to take over such functions, step by step, and only
upon their request.
In this context, the following immediate tasks
can be highlighted and submitted to the authorities
for approval:
Creation of Repair Funds of buildings and
ensure the enforcement of contributions thereto,
by implementing clear decision-making
mechanisms.
Approval of support programs for the buildings
rehabilitation process, financed from the state
and TAU budgets.
Create mechanisms to guarantee legal mortgage
on residential / non residential spaces for
claims, supported by social protection
mechanisms for those owners who, due to such
processes, would remain without living spaces.
Ensure effective control of the State over the
regulated processes.
Only a comprehensive approach and
measures undertaken both, by modifying the
legislation and approval of housing rehabilitation
programs, as well as solving the underlying social
problems, we can ensure an efficient administration
of apartment buildings, which would lead to the
improvement of life quality and eliminating the
risks of property loss.
Coincident with Chomskys critique of Turner, 1982). As this view gained currency, it was
Skinner, the tide in theoretical psychology began to generally accepted that the right hemisphere was the
turn: Human behaviour could not be accounted for creative half of the brain. The idea from Gestalt
in terms of learned habits there was creativity psychology that creativity involves holistic thinking
throughout all expressions of mind and behavior. seemed to support this view. Holistic insight and/or
The psychologist, Karl Lashley, in fact, had argued intuition the self-organizational dimension of the
years earlier that basic motor behaviors were self- mind is where creativity lies. It became popular to
generated and self-organized rather than simply develop learning activities that would strengthen
retrieved from literal records within the brain and right hemispheric capacities (visualization,
nervous system. Even human memory, which could intuition, big picture thinking) presumably to
be seen as simple retrieval of engrams in the brain, enhance creativity in individuals. Yet, as the Gestalt
increasingly was seen as a creative process; the past psychologists also pointed out, the first and final
is reconstructed rather than played back in the stages of human creativity involve logical and
human mind. The human mind exhibits novelty and analytical processes (study and verification), and in
inventiveness in much of what it does (Gardner, considering a fully functional (integrated) brain, it is
1985; Baars, 1986). the working together of right and left of intuition
Still, humans display degrees of creativity, and logic, of big picture thinking and analysis that
and psychologists such as Abraham Maslow yields intelligent, verifiable and valuable creative
attempted to identify what personality results.
characteristics were connected with notable In the 1960s Arthur Koestler wrote The Act of
creativity in behavior and thinking. Maslow Creation, a monumental and inspiring study on the
formulated his theory of self-actualizing individuals history and psychology of human creativity
(similar in ways to Rogers fully functioning (Koestler, 1964). Pulling together research and
persons) in whom creativity is especially thinking from numerous areas itself an act of
pronounced. Self-actualizing individuals are prodigious creativity Koestler presented his
autonomous; growth motivated; open to new bisociation theory of creativity. For Koestler,
experiences and learning; spontaneous and fresh high creativity involves synthesizing two (or more)
in their thinking and behavior; playful; ethical; and ideas from disparate or disconnected domains; it is
have high frequencies of peak experiences. At the seeing the previously unrecognized connection
opposite end of the psychological continuum would between things. Koestlers description of how
be individuals who are more conformist; more Kepler bisociated the question of the form and
motivated by stability and security; and more dynamics of planetary motion with the structure and
defensive and closed to new learning and new dynamics of the Holy Trinity thus providing a
experiences. Hence, degree of creativity was scientifically accurate understanding of the elliptical
connected with personality type (Hergenhahn and orbits of the planets around the sun, as well as a
Olson, 2003; Maslow, 1968, 1972; Rogers, 1961). theory of astronomical gravity is a fascinating
Research in split-brain operations (involving discussion of the creative mind. Knowledgeable
the severing of the corpus callosum which connects about both of these seemingly disconnected areas of
the two cerebral hemispheres in the brain) study, Kepler connected them in a way no one could
conducted by Roger Sperry and Michael Gazziniga have imagined, thus providing a perfect illustration
(Sperry, 1964, 1968), presented the view that each of Koestlers idea that creativity is the synthesis of
cerebral hemisphere seems to specialize (to a degree already familiar yet disconnected elements. The
at least) in complimentary functions. The left new builds upon the old through the synthesis of
hemisphere appears more logical, analytic, existing elements but the particular insightful
sequential, detail oriented, and rule governed; the combinations realized are unique.
right side appears more intuitive, holistic, More recently, positive psychology has
simultaneous, and unbound by rules (Hampden- contributed to the study of human creativity.
98 The psychology of creativity
Barbara Fredrickson has proposed the Broaden and the future involves novelty and change than in the
Build Theory of positive emotion and cognition. habits and securities of the past.
According to her, positive affective states, such as Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, one of the leading
love, have a constructive impact on cognitive modern positive psychologists, has devoted a great
capacities, making the human mind more expansive part of his career to the study of creativity and flow.
in scope, more sensitive, more transformational, and For Csikszentmihalyi, flow is the psychological
more creative. Negative emotions, such as fear and state in which a person is immersed in a challenging
depression, have debilitating effects on intelligence task that requires maximal focus and engagement.
and thinking (Fredrickson, 2005). Thus it is Optimal flow is the reverse of either paralyzing
interesting to note, that contrary to the idea that anxiety (the task is too difficult for the persons
stress provokes creativity, Fredrickson, in line with talents) or boredom and tedium (the task is too
Rogers and Maslow, sees love, joy, and emotional easy). When a person is in flow, the task requires
exuberance as more conducive to creativity. the full exercise of his or her highest capacities; the
It is clear that cognitive and emotional person is relatively unselfconscious; and the activity
processes form a reciprocal or interactive is found intrinsically rewarding, generating a
relationship within the human mind, each impacting positive affective state. Flow generates creativity.
the other. Negative cognitions tend to produce Flow also generates growth and self-actualization.
negative emotional states and vice versa. Hence, as Hence, although there are clearly cognitive
a general rule upbeat emotions such as love, hope, elements involved in creative flow, the motivational
enthusiasm, and courage positively impact human emotional factors also play a role. Creativity
thinking including creativity whereas negative occurs at the cutting edge of human effort, where
emotions such as fear, anxiety, sadness, and the challenge is difficult enough to make the
depression damp out effective and creative thinking. outcome uncertain. A certain amount of stress and
Bringing human motivation into the picture, risk is necessary not too much, not too little. As
recall that Maslow saw self-actualizing individuals Csikszentmihalyi points out, this is motivating and
as more growth motivated than stability motivated. critical to human happiness (Csikszentmihalyi.
Individuals can be more or less motivated toward 1990, 1996; Csikszentmihalyi and Nakamura,
what is new and different; more or less motivated 2005).
toward security, safety, and stability. What is new Logic, learning, and holistic insight/intuition;
what is a change in ones way of thinking or synthesis and integration; right and left brain
behaving is risky though; seeking out and complementarity; cognition, motivation, and
believing in the new requires courage and hope. emotion; personality and individuality; challenge,
Adventure and uncertainty can generate fear and sustained effort, and concentration; a conducive
anxiety in humans, pushing them back toward environment; and a lifestyle that embraces
stability and security. Yet, creativity clearly adventure, uncertainty, non-conformity, and a
involves sticking ones neck out into the unknown positive attitude toward the future: all are
and uncertain. Hence, stability and security significant contributory factors to human creativity.
motivation (often driven by fear) works against
creativity, whereas courage, risk taking, hope, and
growth motivation support creativity. It is a References:
common view that creative people are more non-
conformist in their personalities and lifestyles, 1. Th. Lombardo. Creativity, Wisdom, and Our
Evolutionary Future.// Journal of Futures Studies,
willing to be different, willing to be risky.
September 2011, 16(1): 19 - 46
As the contemporary philosopher, Paul
Feyerabend (1970) argued, certainty is one of the
cheapest commodities. A life ruled by the need for
certainty and hence mental security is not conducive
to creativity. Creativity involves the courage to be
wrong, to take chances, to stick ones neck out into
the unknown. In fact, highly creative people find it
exhilarating to take chances without knowing for
sure whether their actions or ideas will pan out; that
is the appeal of it. One could propose that highly
creative people live more in the future in so far as Column written by professor Valeriu Dulgheru,
Ph.D. Dr. Sc. from Technical University of Moldova
Personalities from the meridians of the engineering universe 99
country took place. Twelve experimental research "Steaua Romniei"-1921; "Coroana Romniei"-
stations were also founded. The purpose of these 1922; "Croix de Commandeur de LOrdre de Merite
researches was to obtain highly qualitative species agricole"-1924; "Chevalier de la Legion
of wheat and corn, to obtain a different use of dHonneur"-1930(Frana); "Steaua Romniei cl. I"-
fertilizers on different types of soil, to apply new 1938; "Grand officier de la Legion dHonneur"-
methods of improving the sandy soils. In 1943 the 1940 (The French Government). He never forgot his
A 15 wheat was obtained by selection and cross village. He always remembered his teacher, Mr.
breeding. These species has a higher productivity Trandafirescu and the conditions he studies during
and it was cultivated on more than 2 milion hectares his first years ; this is why he built a new school in
until 1965. He also paid attention to theoretical his native village, ietii de Jos, between 1939 i
aspects, formulating the law of harmonic 1940. Despite all this, he considered himself an
proportions of greenery factors. Moreover, during ordinary man who tried to do his duty wherever he
a conference held at the General Association of worked".
Romanian Engineers AGIR, he said: The modern Gheorghe Ionescu ieti died on the 4th of
life develops under the sign of mathematics, being July 1967 , Otopeni.
neccessary to biologists, economists, but also to
artists. For these activities he is considered to be
the most important personalities of agricultural
Romanian school of the XX-th century.
Professional Acknowledgment.
In 1925, at Grigore Antipas proposal, he
became part of the Romanian Academy as a
associate member, and in 1935 as a full member,
increasing the number of members from Oltenia. He
was elected vice-president of the Romanian
Academy on the 25th of May 1936. He also held
this position between 1938 and 1941, 1959 and
1961 respectively. In 1961 he was elected the
President of the Romanian National Society of Soil
Sciences. He hept this position until the end of his Column written by professor eng .Gheorghe
life. He was minister of Agriculture between 1931- Manolea, University of Craiova, Doctor Honoris
1932, 1937-1938 and 1939-1940. He received Causa of Technical University of Moldova from
several extremely valuable distinctions and medals: Chiinu