Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111
MARPOL 73/78
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships or commonly called as
MARPOL is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine
environment by ships from operational or accidental causes.
The MARPOL Convention was adopted on 2 November 1973 at IMO. The Protocol of 1978 was adopted
in response to a spate of tanker accidents in 1976-1977. As the 1973 MARPOL Convention had not yet
entered into force, the 1978 MARPOL Protocol absorbed the parent Convention. The combined
instrument entered into force on 2 October 1983. In 1997, a Protocol was adopted to amend the
Convention and a new Annex VI was added which entered into force on 19 May 2005. MARPOL has
been updated by amendments through the years.
The Convention includes regulations aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships - both
accidental pollution and that from routine operations - and currently includes six technical Annexes.
Special Areas with strict controls on operational discharges are included in most Annexes.
The MARPOL Convention addresses pollution from ships by oil, by noxious liquid substances carried
in bulk, harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, sewage, garbage, and the prevention of
air pollution from ships. MARPOL has greatly contributed to a significant decrease in pollution from
international shipping and applies to 99% of the worlds merchant tonnage.
There are several Annexes by the MARPOL which regulate different aspect in maritime pollution:
Other treaties address anti-fouling systems used on ships, the transfer of alien species by ships ballast
water and the environmentally sound recycling of ships. Reductions of pollution generated by ships
have been achieved by addressing technical, operational and human element issues and are all the more
noteworthy when compared with the significant growth in the worlds shipping industry both in the
size of the world fleet and the distances that it travels.
There are kind of pollution materials caused by ship and sea platform which regulate by MARPOL to
prevent pollution:
1. Oil : Oil prevention are regulated by IMO in MARPOL Annex I. IMO are concern to ensure that
the majority of oil tankers are safely built and operated and are constructed to reduce the
amount of oil spilled in the event of an accident. Operational pollution, such as from routine
tank cleaning operations, has also been cut. In MARPOL Annex I also, regulation of double
hulled tanker is written and must be implemented by the tankers with the dwt above 600 ton.
It regulates to strengthen the structure of the vessel and also prevent direct leakage if tanker is
grounded.
Tanker carried oil being leaked
Source: http://www.marineinsight.com
2. Chemical : MARPOL regulated the carriage of chemicals in bulk is covered by regulations in
SOLAS Chapter VII - Carriage of dangerous goods and MARPOL Annex II - Regulations for
the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk. Both Conventions require
chemical tankers built after 1 July 1986 to comply with the International Bulk Chemical Code
(IBC Code), which sets out the international standards for the safe carriage, in bulk by sea, of
dangerous chemicals and noxious liquid substances. The Code prescribes the design and a
construction standard of ships involved in the transport of bulk liquid chemicals and identifies
the equipment to be carried to minimize the risks to the ship, its crew and to the environment.
Offshore platforms
Ships outside Ships within and all ships
Type of garbage
special areas special areas within 500 m of
such platform
Discharge Discharge
permitted Discharge
Food waste permitted permitted
comminuted or 3 nm from the 12 nm from the
12 nm from the
ground nearest land and en nearest land and en
route nearest land
route
Discharge
Food waste not permitted
12 nm from the Discharge Discharge
comminuted or
ground nearest land and en prohibited prohibited
route
Cargo residues1 not
Discharge Discharge
contained in wash
prohibited prohibited
water
Discharge
Discharge only
permitted
12 nm from the permitted in
Cargo residues1 specific
nearest land and en Discharge
contained in wash circumstances2
route prohibited
water and 12 nm from the
nearest land and en
route
Discharge only
permitted in
Cleaning agents
specific
and additives1 Discharge
circumstances2
contained in cargo prohibited
and 12 nm from the
hold wash water Discharge
nearest land and en
permitted
route
Cleaning agents
and additives1 Discharge
Discharge
contained in deck permitted
prohibited
and external
surfaces wash water
Discharge
Carcasses of
permitted
animals carried on
As far from the Discharge Discharge
board as cargo and
nearest land as prohibited prohibited
which died during
possible and en
the voyage
route
All other garbage
including plastics,
domestic wastes,
Discharge Discharge Discharge
cooking oil,
prohibited prohibited prohibited
incinerator ashes,
operational wastes
and fishing gear
When garbage is mixed with or contaminated by other substances
Mixed garbage prohibited from discharge or having different discharge
requirements, the more stringent requirements shall apply
1 These substances must not be harmful to the marine environment.
2 According to regulation 6.1.2 of MARPOL Annex V, the discharge shall only be allowed if:
(a) both the port of departure and the next port of destination are within the special area and
the ship will not transit outside the special area between these ports (regulation 6.1.2.2); and
(b) if no adequate reception facilities are available at those ports (regulation 6.1.2.3).
5. Air pollution : The regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships seek to minimize
airborne emissions from ships (SOx, NOx, ODS, VOC shipboard incineration) and their
contribution to local and global air pollution and environmental problems. Air pollution are
regulated by IMO in the MARPOL Annex VI. As already acknowledged by the Kyoto Protocol,
CO2 emissions from international shipping cannot be attributed to any particular national
economy due to its global nature and complex operation. Therefore, IMO has been
energetically pursuing the limitation and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from
international shipping, in recognition of the magnitude of the climate change challenge and the
intense focus on this topic.
Smoke from the ships exhaust contain NOx and Sox which can pollute the air
Source: http://worldmaritimenews.com
Conclusion
MARPOL is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine
environment by ships from operational or accidental causes.
The purpose of MARPOL Convention is to prevent the accident on sea which can harm the sea and
shore environment and to minimize the outcome of the shipping and maritime industry for
environment and human living.
There are six annexes which regulate different aspect of pollution in maritime ecology, such as:
a. Annex I about Prevention of Oil Pollution
b. Annex II about Pollution by noxious liquid substance in bulk
c. Annex III about Prevention of pollution by harmful substance carried by package
d. Annex IV about prevention of pollution by Sewage from ships
e. Annex V about prevention of pollution by Garbage from ships
f. Annex VI about prevention of Air pollution from ships
There are some aspect of pollution which the concern of MARPOL to be solved,
a. Oil pollution
b. Chemical pollution
c. Sewage
d. Garbage
e. Air pollution and Green House Gasses emission