Fault Analysis

Fault is any failure that interferes with the normal flow of Symmetrical Faults are faults on the power system which
current to the loads. When the insulation of the system give rise to symmetrical
breaks down or a conducting object comes in touch with currents. They occur when
a live point, a short circuit or a fault occurs. all the three conductors of
Sources of Fault a three phase line are
1. Lightning brought together
2. wires blowing together in the wind simultaneously in to a short
3. animals or plants coming in contact with the circuit condition. This type of fault occurs infrequently but
wires leads to the most severe fault current flow against which
4. salt spray or pollution on insulators the system must be protected.
5. Synchronous Generators Symmetrical Currents are equal fault currents in the line
6. Synchronous Motors and Condensers with 120 displacement. Fault currents are commonly
7. Induction Machines known in these term.
8. Electrical Utility System Limitations:
Flashover is a condition which the voltage difference 1. Short circuit currents are limited by the
between the phase and the ground is large enough to impedance of the system up to the point of the
ionize the air around the insulators, creating a current fault.
path from the phase to the structure of the tower, which
is grounded.
Fault Types
1. Balanced faults (symmetrical faults): A Fault
involving all the three phases. This is less than 5% 2. The short circuit current from the generating
in occurrence. station will have a limited value by the
2. Unbalanced faults (unsymmetrical faults): A fault impedance of the generator and transformer and
involving only one or two phases the point of the fault. Thus, the knowledge of the
The most common type of fault on a three phase system impedances of various equipment and circuits in
is the single line to ground (SLG (60 75%)), followed the line of the system is very important for the
by the double line to ground faults (DLG (15 25%)), determination of short circuit currents.
line to line (LL (5 15%)) faults, and balanced three 3. Per phase analysis can be considered, since the
phase faults condition in the other phases are similar.
Fault studies form an important part of power system The reactance of generators, transformers, reactors etc. is
analysis and the problem consist of determining bus usually expressed in percentage reactance to permit rapid
voltage and line current during faults. The three phase short circuit calculations. Percentage Reactances is the
fault information is used to select and set phase relays. percentage of the total phase voltage drop in the circuit
Fault studies are used for proper choice of circuit breakers when full load current is flowing.
and protective relaying. A power system network
% = 100
comprises of synchronous generators, transformers,
transmission lines and loads. During fault, load current can where:
be neglected because voltage dip very low so that current IFL full load current
drawn by the loads can be neglected in comparison to V phase voltage
fault currents. The magnitude of the fault current depends X reactance in ohms per phase
on the internal impedance of the synchronous generator It can also be expressed in terms of KVA and KV:
()
and the impedance of the intervening circuit. % = 100
Purpose of Fault Studies 10()2
1. To adjust and set the protective devices so we where:
can detect any fault and isolate the faulty portion X reactance in ohms
of the system. If X is the only reactance element in the circuit, then the
2. To protect the human being and the equipment short circuit current is given by:

during the abnormal operating conditions. =
3. To determine the maximum current to insure
Hence,
devices can survive the fault. 100
= ( )
%

Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario 1

 Fault Analysis
Percentage reactance of an equipment depends upon its
kVA rating. Generally, the various equipment used in the
power system have different kVA ratings. Therefore, it is
necessary to find the percentage reactances of all the
elements on a common kVA rating. This common kVA
rating is known as base kVA. The value of this base kVA is
quite unimportant and may be:
1. equal to that of the largest plant
2. equal to the total plant capacity
3. any arbitrary value
The conversion can be effected by using the following
relation:
% @ = ( ) % @
Short Circuit KVA is the product of the normal system
voltage and short circuit current at the point of fault and
expressed in KVA.
Let: V = nominal phase voltage in volts
IFL = full load current at base KVA
%X = % reactance of the system on base KVA up
to the fault point
= 3 /1000 but = (100%) currents. Therefore, the load current can be neglected
= (100/%) during fault calculations.
Another important point is that the circuit breakers rated
MVA breaking capacity is based on three phase fault MVA.
In fact high precision is not necessary when calculating the
three phase fault level because circuit breakers are
manufactured in standard sizes. Generally for three phase
fault calculation, the following assumptions are made:
1. The emfs of all generators are 10 pu. This
assumption simplify the problem and it means
that the voltage is at its nominal value and the
system is operating at no load at the time if fault.
Since all emfs are equal and in phase, all the
generators can be replaced by a single generator.
2. Charging capacitances of the transmission line
are ignored.
3. Shunt elements in the transformer model are
neglected.
4. The system resistances are neglected and only
the inductive reactance of different elements are
taken into account.
Three Phase Short Circuit Calculations
Case 1: Simple Circuits and Loads ignored.
The Calculations for the three phase fault are easy because
the circuit is completely symmetrical and calculations can
be done for only one phase.
Steps in Solving Symmetrical Fault Calculations
1. Draw a single line diagram of the complete
network indicating the rating, voltage and
percentage reactance of each element of the
network.
Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario
2. Choose a numerically convenient value of base
kVA and convert all percentage reactances to this
base value.
3. Corresponding to the single line diagram of the
network, draw the reactance diagram showing
one phase of the system and the neutral. Indicate
the % reactances on the base kVA in the
reactance diagram. The transformer in the
system should be represented by a reactance in
series.
4. Find the total % reactance of the network using
series, parallel and Delta Wye transformations
keeping the identity of the fault point intact. Find
the total reactance of the system as seen from
the fault point (Using Thevenins Theorem).
5. Find the full load current corresponding to the
selected base kVA and the normal system voltage
at the fault point. Let it be I.
6. Solve for short circuit KVA and current.
Case 2: Simple Circuits and Loads not ignored.
Generally, the fault currents are much larger than the load
There are some cases where considering the load current
is an essential factor in fault calculations. Superposition
technique is proposed for such cases to compute the fault
current.
For such case, it is necessary to compute the terminal
voltage at fault location before fault takes place. This
terminal voltage is known as the pre fault voltage.
Connecting the load to the system causes the current to
flow in the network. Voltage drop due to system
impedance cause the voltage magnitude at different buses
to be deviated from 1.0 pu.
The pre fault voltage and the ZTH are used in calculating
the fault current.
The fault current represents two components:
1. The Load Current
2. The Short Circuit Current
Consider a load (synchronous Motor) connected to a
synchronous generator through a transmission line. The
circuit model of the network could be represented as
shown
Normal Operation Condition:
= =
During fault condition in the system, the generator as well
as the load (synchronous motor) will supply the faulted
2
 Fault Analysis
terminals with power from the energy stored in their
windings.
Fault Condition at Load Terminal:
= ( ) +
= ( ) +
= ( ) + ( )
Case 3: Large Circuits
For large circuits, the bus impedance matrix is used in
solving for the three phase short circuit current and same
steps are use like in case 1 and case 2.
Reactor Control of Short Circuit Currents
With the fast expanding power system, the fault level (i.e.
the power available to flow into a fault) is also rising. The
circuit breakers connected in the power system must be
capable of dealing with maximum possible short circuit
currents that can occur at their points of connection.
Generally, the reactance of the system under fault
conditions is low and fault currents may rise to a
dangerously high value. If no steps are taken to limit the
value of these short circuit currents, not only will the duty
required of circuit breakers be excessively heavy, but also
damage to lines and other equipment will almost certainly
occur.
In order to limit the short circuit currents to a value which
the circuit breakers can handle, additional reactances
known as reactors are connected in series with the system
at suitable points.
A reactor is a coil of number of turns designed to have a
large inductance as compared to its ohmic resistance. The
forces on the turns of these reactors under short circuit
conditions are considerable and, therefore, the windings
must be solidly braced. It may be added that due to very
small resistance of reactors, there is very little change in
the efficiency of the system.
Advantages:
1. Reactors limit the flow of short circuit current
and thus protect the equipment from
overheating as well as from failure due to
destructive mechanical forces.
2. Troubles are localised or isolated at the point
where they originate without communicating
their disturbing effects to other parts of the
power system. This increases the chances of
continuity of supply.
3. They permit the installation of circuit breakers of
lower rating.
Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario
Location:
1. In series with each generator
2. In series with each feeder
3. In busbars
Types:
1. Generator Reactor when the reactors are
connected in series with each generator.
Disadvantages:
1. There is a constant voltage drop and power
loss in the reactors even during normal
operation.
2. If a bus bar or feeder fault occurs close to the
bus bar, the voltage at the bus bar will be
reduced to a low value, thereby causing the
generators to fall out of step.
3. If a fault occurs on any feeder, the continuity
of supply to other is likely to be affected.
2. Feeder Reactor the reactors are connected in
series with each feeder.
Advantages:
1. If a fault occurs on any feeder, the
voltage drop in its reactors will not affect
the busbar voltage, thus there is little
tendency for the generator to lose
synchronism.
2. The fault on the other feeder will not
affect the other feeders and
consequently the effects of faults are
localized.
Disadvantages:
1. There is a constant power loss and voltage
drop in the reactors even during normal
operation.
2. If a short circuit occurs at the busbars, no
protection is provided to the generators.
However, this is of little importance because
such faults are rare and modern generators
3
 Fault Analysis
have considerable leakage reactance to
enable them to withstand short circuit
across their terminals.
3. If the number of generators is increased, the
size of feeder reactors will have to be
increased to keep the short circuit currents
within the ratings of the feeder circuit
breakers.
3. Busbar Reactors the reactors are located in the
busbars
a. Ring System
In this system, busbar is divided into
sections and these sections are
connected through reactors as shown.
Advantages:
1. Under normal operating conditions,
each generator will supply its own
section of the load and very little
power will be fed by other
generators.
2. Low power loss and voltage drop in
the reactors
3. If a fault occurs on any feeder, only
one generator mainly feeds the
fault while the current fed from
other generators is small due to the
presence of the reactors.
b. Tie Bar System
Advantages:
1. There are effectively two reactors
in series between sections so that
the reactors must have
approximately half the reactance of
those used in comparable ring
system.
2. Additional generators may be
connected to the system without
Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario
requiring changes in the existing
reactors.
Examples:
1. The Figure shows the single line diagram of a 3
phase system. The percentage reactance of each
alternator is based on its own capacity. Find the
short circuit current that will flow into a complete
3 phase short circuit at F.
2. A 3 phase, 20 MVA, 10 kV alternator has internal
reactance of 5% and negligible resistance. Find
the external reactance per phase to be
connected in series with the alternator so that
steady current on short circuit does not exceed 8
times the full load current.
3. A 3 phase transmission line operating at 10 kV
and having a resistance of 1 and reactance of 4
is connected to the generating station busbars
through 5 MVA step up transformer having a
reactance of 5%. The busbars are supplied by a
10 MVA alternator having 10% reactance.
Calculate the short circuit kVA fed to symmetrical
fault between phases if it occurs
a. at the load end of transmission line
b. at the high voltage terminals of the
transformer
4. The plant capacity of a 3 phase generating station
consists of two 10,000 kVA generators of
reactance 12% each and one 5000 kVA generator
of reactance 18%. The generators are connected
to the station busbars from which load is taken
through three 5000 kVA step up transformers
each having a reactance of 5%. Determine the
maximum fault MVA which the circuit breakers
on low voltage side and high voltage side may
have to deal with.
5. The section busbars A and B are linked by a
busbar reactor rated at 5000 kVA with 10%
reactance. On busbar A, there are two generators
each of 10,000 kVA with 10% reactance and on B
two generators each of 8000 kVA with 12%
reactance. Find the steady MVA fed into a dead
short circuit between all phases on B with busbar
reactor in the circuit.
4
 Fault Analysis

regarded as being composed of three separate

6. A small generating station has two alternators of
3000 kVA and 4500 kVA and percentage
reactances of 7% and 8% respectively. The circuit
breakers have a rupturing capacity of 150 MVA.
It is desired to extend the system by a supply
from the grid via a transformer of 7500 kVA and
75% reactance. Find the reactance of the reactor
connected in the busbar section to prevent the
circuit breakers being overloaded, if a
symmetrical short circuit occurs on an outgoing
feeder connected to it. Assume the bus voltage =
3300 V.
- hence in mathematical form:
Zero Sequence Component
sets of balanced vectors namely:
1. A balanced set of 3 phase vectors having the
same phase sequence as the original
unbalanced system of vectors (positive
sequence). These vectors are known as
Positive Sequence System.
2. A balanced set of 3 phase vectors having
phase sequence which is opposite of the
original unbalanced system of vectors
(negative sequence). This balanced system
of 3 phase vectors are known as Negative
Sequence System.
3. A set of three (3) single phase vectors which
are equal in magnitude and having zero
displacement and which have exactly the
same 3 phase position with respect to any
given reference axis. This system of single
phase vector is known as Zero Sequence
System.
= 0 + 1 + 2 = = 0 + 1 + 2
= 0 + 1 + 2 = = 0 + 1 + 2
= 0 + 1 + 2 = = 0 + 1 + 2

= =

= =

7. The estimated short circuit MVA at the busbars Operator A

of a generating station A is 1500 MVA and of - is one which when multiplied to a vector, rotates
another station B is 1200 MVA. The generated through a 120 in the counter clockwise
voltage at each station is 33 kV. If these stations direction.
are interconnected through a line having a Let:
reactance of 1 and negligible resistance, = 1120
calculate the possible short circuit MVA at both 2 = 1240
stations. 3 = 1360 = 1
Positive Sequence Component
The great majority of faults on the power system are of
unsymmetrical in nature; the most common type being a =
short circuit from one line to ground. When such a fault =
occurs, it gives rise to unsymmetrical currents i.e. the
magnitude of fault currents in the three lines are different =
having unequal phase displacement. The calculation =
procedure known as method of symmetrical components Negative Sequence Component
is used to determine the currents and voltages on the
occurrence of an unsymmetrical fault. =
Symmetrical Component Method =
- Developed by Dr. C.L. Fortesque, an American
scientist showed that any unbalanced system of =
three phase currents (or voltages) may be =

Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario 5

 Fault Analysis

Expressing Symmetrical Components of IB and IC in terms In the absence of path through the neutral of a 3 phase
of IA symmetrical components: system, the neutral current is zero and the line currents
= 0 + 1 + 2 contain no zero sequence components. A delta connected
= 0 + 2 1 + 2 load provides no path to the neutral and the line currents
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 flowing to delta connected load can contain no zero
Adding them up: sequence components.
+ + = 30 + 1 (1 + + 2 ) + 2 (1 + 5. In a 3 phase unbalanced system, the magnitude
+ 2 ) of negative sequence components cannot
But 1 + + = 0 also 1 + 2 + 4 = 0
2
exceed that of the positive sequence
Therefore, components. If the negative sequence
= /( + + ) components were the greater, the phase
Also, Ia0 = Ib0 = Ic0 sequence of the resultant system would be
Multiply Ia by 1, Multiply Ib by A and Multiply Ic by A2 reversed.
= 0 + 1 + 2 6. The current of a single phase load drawn from a
= 0 + 3 1 + 2 2 3 phase system comprises equal positive,
2 = 2 0 + 3 1 + 4 2 negative and zero sequence components.
Adding them up,
+ + 2 = 0 (1 + + 2 ) + 31 + 2 (1 + 2 Sequence voltages and the voltage at the fault
+ 4 ) point for the various fault types
= /( + + )
2
Also, Ib1 = A Ia1 and Ic1 = AIa1
Multiply Ia by 1, Multiply Ib by A2 and Multiply Ic by A
= 0 + 1 + 2
2 = 2 0 + 4 1 + 3 2
= 0 + 2 1 + 3 2
Adding them up,
+ + 2 = 0 (1 + + 2 ) + 31 + 2 (1 + 2
+ 4 )
= /( + + )
Also, Ib2 = AIa2 and Ic2 = A2Ia2
In matrix notation:
1 1 1 0
[ ] = [1 2 ] [1 ]
1 2 2
Some Facts about Sequence Currents
1. A balanced 3 phase system consists of positive
sequence components only; the negative and
zero sequence components being zero.
2. The presence of negative or zero sequence
currents in a 3 phase system introduces
unsymmetry and is indicative of an abnormal
condition of the circuit in which these
components are found.
3. The vector sum of the positive and negative
sequence currents of an unbalanced 3 phase
system is zero. The resultant solely consists of
three zero sequence currents.
0 + 0 + 0
4. In a 3 phase, 4 wire unbalanced system, the
magnitude of zero sequence components is one
third of the current in the neutral wire
1
0 =
3

Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario 6

 Fault Analysis

Sequence currents and the fault current for the various Find the phase voltages.
fault types 4. The zero and positive sequence components of
red phase are:
0 = 0.5 0.866
1 = 20
If the phase voltage = 30 , find the
negative sequence component of red phase and
the phase voltages EY and EB.
5. The current from neutral to ground connection is
12 A. Calculate the zero phase sequence
components in phases.
6. A balanced star connected load takes 90 A from
a balanced 3 phase, 4 wire supply. If the fuses in
the Y and B phases are removed, find the
symmetrical components of the line currents:
a. before the fuses are removed
b. after the fuses are removed
7. A 3 , 4 wire system supplies loads which are
unequally distributed in the three phases. An
analysis of the current flowing in R, Y and B lines
shows that in R line, positive phase sequence
component is 200 0 A and the negative phase
sequence component is 100 60 A. The total
observed current flowing back to the supply in
the neutral conductor is 300 300 A. Calculate
the currents in the three lines.
8. One conductor of a 3 phase line is open. The
current flowing to the connected load
through the line R is 10 A. With the current in line
R as reference and assuming that line B is open,
find the symmetrical components of the line
Examples:
currents.
1. In a 3 phase, 4 wire system, the currents in R, Y
and B lines under abnormal conditions of loading
are as under:
= 10030
= 50300
= 30180
Calculate the positive, negative and zero
sequence currents in the R line and return
current in the neutral wire. 9. Three resistors of 5, 10 and 20 are
2. The currents in a 3 phase unbalanced system connected in delta across the three phases of a
are: balanced 100 volts supply. What are the
= (12 + 6) sequence components in the resistors and in
= (12 12) supply lines?
= (15 + 10) 10. A delta connected load is supplied from a 3 phase
The phase sequence in RYB. Calculate the zero, supply. The fuse in the B line is removed and
positive and negative sequence components of current in the other two lines is 20 A. Find the
the currents. symmetrical components of line currents.
3. The sequence voltages in the red phase are: 11. Three impedances of 5j10, 6 + j 5 and 3 + j15
0 = 100 ohms are connected in star to red, yellow and
1 = (200 100) blue lines of a 3300 V, 3-phase, 3-wire supply.
2 = 100

Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario 7

 Fault Analysis
The phase sequence is RYB. Calculate the line
current IR.
12. A star connected load consists of three equal
resistors of 1 resistance. The load is assumed
to be connected to an unsymmetrical 3 phase
supply, the line voltages are 200 V, 346 V and 400
V. Find the magnitude of current in any phase by
the method of symmetrical components.
13. The line currents in a 3 phase, 4 wire system are:
= 300 + 400
= 200 + 200
= 400 200
Calculate the positive, negative and zero
components of all the line currents.
14. The sequence components of phase a currents
are:
0 = 0.47 + 1.49
1 = 18.4 31.6
2 = 3.23 168.2
Calculate the following:
a. The line current Ia
b. The line current Ib
c. The line current Ic
15. If the currents of a wye connected transformer
are:
= 10 30 Sequence Impedances of Power System Elements
= 12 215 The concept of impedances of various elements of power
= 15 82 system (e.g. generators, transformers, transmission lines
What is the phase b positive sequence
component?
16. Three equal impedances (8+j6) ohms are
connected in wye across a 3 phase, 3 wire supply.
The symmetrical components of the phase A
voltage are
0 = 40 + 0
1 = 220 + 28.9
2 = 40 28.9
If there is no connection between the load
neutral and the supply neutral. Calculate the line
currents Ia, Ib and Ic.
Sequence Impedances
In unsymmetrical fault calculations, each piece of
equipment will have three values of impedance one
corresponding to each sequence current:
i. Positive sequence impedance (Z1)
ii. Negative sequence impedance (Z2)
iii. Zero sequence impedance (Z0)
The following points may be noted:
a. In a 3 phase balanced system, each piece of
equipment or circuit offers only one impedance
the one offered to positive or normal sequence
current. This is expected because of the absence
Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario
of negative and zero sequence currents in the 3
phase balanced system.
b. In a 3 phase unbalanced system, each piece of
equipment or circuit will have three values of
impedance: positive sequence impedance,
negative sequence impedance and zero
sequence impedance.
c. The positive and negative sequence impedances
of linear, symmetrical and static circuits (e.g.
transmission lines, cables, transformers and
static loads) are equal and are the same as those
used in the analysis of balanced conditions. This
is due to the fact that impedance of such circuits
is independent of the phase order, provided the
applied voltages are balanced. It may be noted
that positive and negative sequence impedances
of rotating machines (e.g. synchronous and
induction motors) are normally different.
d. The zero sequence impedance depends upon the
path taken by the zero sequence current. As this
path is generally different from the path taken by
the positive and negative sequence currents,
therefore, zero sequence impedance is usually
different from positive or negative sequence
impedance.
etc.) to positive, negative and zero sequence currents is of
considerable importance in determining the fault currents
in a 3 phase unbalanced system.
a. Transmission Lines are static devices and hence
the phase sequence has no effect on the
impedance because currents and voltages
encounter the same geometry of the line.
Therefore, positive and negative sequence
impedances of transmission lines are equal.
=
Zero sequence currents are in phase and flow
through the phases (a, b, c conductors) to return
through the grounded neutral. The ground or any
shielding wire are in the path of zero sequence
and zero sequence impedance ZTL0, which
includes the effect of the return path through the
ground, is different from Z1 and Z2.
Consider a 1 meter length of a three phase line
shown in the figure. The ground surface is
approximated to an equivalent conductor
located at the average distance Dn from each of
the three phases. The phase conductors carry
sequence currents with return paths through a
grounded neutral.
8
 Fault Analysis

and there is no reactance due to armature

0 + 0 + 0 + = 0
Since 0 = 0 = 0 then = 30
1 1 1 1
0 = 2 107 (0 ln + 0 ln + 0 ln + ln )
Since 0 = 0 = 0 and = 30
3 they flow back along the neutral earth
0 = 2 107 0 ln / connection.
2
Since
0 3
0 = = 0.2 ln / magnetizing current are on the order of 1 % of
0 2
0 rated value and hence magnetizing branch is
0 = = 0.2 ln + 3 (0.2 ln ) /
0
Therefore,
= +
b. Synchronous Machines is designed with
symmetrical windings and it induces emfs of
positive sequence only. The positive sequence
generator impedance is the value found when
positive sequence current flows due to an
imposed positive sequence set of voltages.
Neglecting armature resistance, the positive
sequence impedance of the machine is
= " (Sub transient)
= (Transient)
= (Steady state value)
With the flow of negative sequence currents in
the stator, the net flux in the air gap rotates at
opposite direction to that of the rotor. Therefore,
the net flux rotates twice the synchronous speed
to the rotor.
In this case, field winding has no influence
because field voltage is associated with positive
sequence variables and only the damper
winding produces an effect in the quadrantal
axis. Therefore, the negative sequence
impedance is close to the positive sequence sub
transient impedance.
= "
In a synchronous machine, no zero sequence
voltage is induced. Zero sequence impedance of
the machine is due to the flow of zero sequence
current. The flow of zero sequence currents
creates three mmfs which are in time phase but
are distributed in space phase by 120.
Therefore, resultant air gap flux would be zero
reaction. Hence, machine offers a very small
reactance due to the leakage flux. Therefore, the
rotor windings present leakage reactance only to
the flow of zero sequence currents
=
It may be worthwhile to mention here that any
impedance Ze in the earth connection of a star
connected system has the effect to introduce an
impedance of 3Ze per phase. It is because the
three equal zero sequence currents, being in
phase, do not sum to zero at the star point, but
c. Transformers
In power transformers, core losses and
neglected. The transformer is modelled with
equivalent series leakage impedance.
Transformer is a static device and if the phase
sequence is changed, leakage impedance will not
change. Therefore, positive, negative and zero
sequence impedances are the same and equal to
leakage impedance of the transformer
1 = 2 = 0 =
The equivalent circuit for the zero sequence
impedance depends on the winding connection
and also upon whether or not the neutrals are
grounded.
a. Wye (grounded) Wye (grounded)
connection: Both neutrals are grounded and
there is a path for the zero sequence current
to flow in the primary and secondary.
b. Wye (grounded) Wye connection: Primary
neutral is grounded and secondary neutral is
isolated. Zero sequence current in the
secondary is zero. Consequently, zero
sequence current in the primary is zero.
c. Wye Delta connection: In this case neutral
is isolated. As neutral is isolated, zero
sequence current cannot flow.

Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario 9

 Fault Analysis
Examples:
d. Wye (grounded) Delta connection: In this
case neutral is grounded. Primary current
can flow because there is zero sequence
circulating current in the delta connected
secondary and a ground return path for the
wye connected primary. Also note that no
zero sequence current can leave the delta
terminals, therefore, there is an isolation
between primary and secondary side.
e. Delta Delta connection: In this case zero
sequence current circulate the delta
connected windings, but no current can
leave the delta terminals.
Sequence Network of Loaded Synchronous Machines
A Positive, B Negative and C Zero Sequence Network
Points to remember:
1. The three sequence networks are independent.
2. The neutral of the system is the reference for
positive and negative sequence networks but
ground is the reference for the zero sequence
network.
3. There is no voltage source in the negative or zero
sequence networks. Only the positive sequence
network has a voltage source.
4. The grounding impedance is reflected in the zero
sequence network as 3Zn.
Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario
1. A 50 MVA, 11 kV, synchronous generator has a
sub transient reactance of 20%. The generator
supplies two motors over a transmission line with
transformers at both ends as shown below. The
motors have rated inputs of 30 and 15 MVA, both
10 kV, with 25% sub transient reactance. The
three phase transformers are both rated 60
MVA, 10.8/121 kV, with leakage reactance of
10% each. Assume zero sequence reactances
for the generator and motors of 6% each. Current
limiting reactors of 2.5 ohms each are connected
in the neutral of the generator and motor No. 2.
The zero sequence reactance of the transmission
line is 300 ohms. The series reactance of the line
is 100 . Draw the positive, negative and zero
sequence networks.
2. Draw the positive sequence network of the
power system.
3. Draw the zero sequence network of the power
system.
4. Draw the Zero sequence network. Data is given
below:
G1: 100 MVA, 11 kV, Xg10 = 0.05 pu
G2: 100 MVA, 11 kV, Xg20 = 0.05 pu
T1: 100 MVA, 11/220 kV, XT1 = 0.06 pu
T2: 100 MVA, 220/11 kV, XT2 = 0.07 pu
Line 1: XL10 = 0.3 pu
Line 2:XL20 = 0.3 pu
5. Draw the zero sequence network of the sample
power system shown below. Data are given as:
G: xg0 = 0.05 pu
M: xm0 = 0.03 pu
T1: xt1 = 0.12 pu
T2: xt2 = 0.10 pu
10
 Fault Analysis

Line 1: xl10 = 0.7 pu Single Line to Ground Fault

Line 2: xl20 = 0.7 pu

6. Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence

component of the power system.
Line to Ground Fault on Phase A
=
but = 0 + 1 + 2
since = = 0 then 0 = 1 = 2
thus, = 31 = 32 = 30
Those faults on the power system which give rise to
unsymmetrical fault currents (i.e. unequal fault currents in
the lines with unequal phase displacement) are known as
unsymmetrical faults.
On the occurrence of an unsymmetrical fault, the currents
in the three lines become unequal and so is the phase
displacement among them. It may be noted that the term Sequence Network Connection for Single Line to
unsymmetry applies only to the fault itself and the Ground Fault
resulting line currents. However, the system impedances By KVL:
and the source voltages are always symmetrical through 1 1 2 2 0 ( + 3 ) = 0
its main elements: generators, transmission lines,
Therefore:
synchronous reactors etc. There are three ways in which
unsymmetrical faults may occur in a power system: 1 =
1 + 2 + 0 + 3
i. Single line to ground fault (L G)

=
+ + +
If %Z:

=
% + % + % + %

Line to Line Fault (2 phase Fault)

ii. Line to line fault (L L)

iii. Double line to ground fault (L L G)

Line to Line Fault between Phase B and Phase C

= =
but 1 = 2
since = 0 = 0

Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario 11

 Fault Analysis

1 =
2 (0 + 3 )
1 +
2 + 0 + 3
By CDR:
2
0 = 1
2 + 0 + 3
2
0 =
1 (2 + 0 + 3 ) + 2 (0 + 3 )

=
Sequence Network Connection for Line to Line Fault ( + + ) + ( + )
By KVL: If %Z:
1 1 + 2 (2 + ) = 0 %
=
1 (1 + 2 + ) = 0 % (% + % + % ) + % (% + % )
Therefore: Example:

1 = 1. A 3 phase AC generator rated 125 MVA, 13.8 kV,
1 + 2 + has a positive, negative and zero reactances of
Consider Ib: 5%, 5% and 2% respectively. If this generator is
= 0 + 1 + 2 grounded through a resistance of 0.2 . Calculate
= 2 1 1 = 31 the following:
a. Fault current for a three phase fault
b. Fault current for a two phase fault
= =
+ + c. Fault current for a single line to ground
If %Z: fault
d. Fault current for a double line to ground
= fault
% + % + %
2. Three single phase transformer each rated 100
kVA, 24 kV primary and 277 V secondary with 4%
Double Line to Ground Fault
impedance have their primary connected in delta
and secondary in wye. What is the fault current
delivered for a 2 phase fault?
3. A 3 phase, 11 kV, 30 MVA turbo alternator has a
positive equal to negative reactance of 0.15 pu
and zero sequence reactance of 0.02 pu.
Calculate the fault current for a line to line fault.
4. At a certain point of a power system network of
positive, negative and zero sequence
impedances of 0.25 pu, 0.25 pu and 0.30 pu
respectively. The base MVA is 100. The voltage
Double Line to Ground Fault between Phase B and Phase level at that point is 34.5 kV. Determine zero
C sequence component for a one line to ground
= 30 fault.
1
but 0 = ( + ) 5. A 50 MVA, 11 kV three phase alternator was
3
since = 0 subjected to different types of faults. The fault
currents are as under:
3 Phase fault = 2000 A; Line to Line fault =
2600 A; Line to ground fault = 4200 A
The generator neutral is solidly grounded. Find
the values of the three sequence reactances of
the alternator. Ignore resistances.
6. A 20 MVA, 11 kV, 3 phase, 50 Hz generator has
Sequence Network Connection for Double Line to its neutral earthed through a 5% reactor. It is in
Ground Fault parallel with another identical generator having

Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario 12

 Fault Analysis

isolated neutral. Each generator has a positive

sequence reactance of 20%, negative sequence
reactance of 10% and zero sequence reactance of
15%. If a line to ground short circuit occurs in the
common bus bar, determine the fault current.
7. The per unit values of positive, negative and zero
sequence reactances of a network at fault are
008, 007 and 005. Determine the fault current
if the fault is double line to ground.
8. A 3 phase, 3 wire system has a normal voltage
of 104 kV between the lines. It is supplied by a
generator having positive, negative and zero
sequence reactances of 0.6, 0.5 and 0.2 per
phase respectively. Calculate the fault current
which flows when a line to line fault occurs at
the generator terminals.
9. A 3 phase, 11 kV, 25 MVA generator with X0 =
0.05 pu, X1 = 0.2 pu and X2 = 0.2 pu is grounded
through a reactance of 03 . Calculate the fault
current for a single line to ground fault.
10. A 3 phase, 11 kV, 10 MVA alternator has
sequence reactances of X0 = 0.05 pu, X1 = 0.15 pu
and X2 = 0.15 pu. If the generator is on no load,
find the ratio of fault currents for L G fault to
that when all the 3 phases are dead short
circuited.

Electrical Engineering Department | Engr. Gerard Francesco DG. Apolinario 13