Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Abstract The outer rotor permanent magnet alternator configuration are maintenance-free and used in several weather
(PMA) is superior for small wind turbine system due to its conditions. Also it has option to combine PM wind alternator
robust, little maintenance and low cost configuration. In this for hybrid technologies like wind-diesel, wind-photovoltaic,
research, the design and performance analysis of a radial flux etc. [5]. To transform wind energy into electric energy,
outer rotor type PMA used for gearless, extremely low-speed, numerous types of alternator concepts have been suggested and
and small capacity wind turbine system has been discussed. The used [6]. The fundamental features of PMA structures are
design has been simulated to analyze this PMA. The elementary surface mounted permanent magnets with multi poles,
configuration like material types, magnet types and additional fractional number of slots per pole, commercially used material
electrical and mechanical parameters are studied, and the
for rotor and stator. Permanent magnet alternator has several
performances parameters of PMA are improved by changing
these elementary electrical and mechanical parameters or some
advantages like high efficiency and reliability since the
other related factors such as reducing the cogging effect. Cogging external excitations not needed. So conductor losses by
torque has been reduced by employing fractional slot per pole, external excitation are removed from the rotor [7, 8].
width of slot opening, mounting of the magnets. Also the slot Recently most of the research are doing in this field on high
shape has been custom-made to increase the efficiency. The slot speed PM machine (around 20004500 rpm) for hybrid electric
fill factor was improved by using different wire diameter used as vehicle (HEV) and low-speed PM machine (around 2001500
winding coil. This improvement has been played a great role to
rpm) for power generation specially wind power generation [9-
reduce copper losses thereby improving the thermal condition of
13]. Also the Axial Flux PM machine is introduced for
the slot. Finite element analysis (FEA) method was used to
analyze this PMA in order to test the real time performance
virtually zero cogging torque but has limited output power and
simulation with loss and cogging torque calculation. By taking all voltage. Thats why Radial Flux PMA with minimum cogging
these considerations into account, higher efficiency from the torque is still top of the research topic. Several researchers are
outer rotor arrangement with minimum losses has been achieved. introduced different types of method, algorithm and model to
decrease the cogging torque and maximize the efficiency. But
KeywordsOuter rotor PMA; low-speed wind turbine system; in extremely low-speed machine like 100 rpm the efficiency
finite elements analysis (FEA); cogging effect fall drastically, which is unexpected for a small scale power
system. Also the percentage of cogging torque of the machine
I. INTRODUCTION increases at low-speed due to higher interaction or line up
In recent time renewable based power system turn into among the rotor, permanent magnet and the stator slot. This
more popular to minimize the pressure on conventional fossil torque produces noise and vibration while the machine is
fuel based power systems. One of the best attempt on this side running. Arrangement of the magnetic field, slot opening and
is to apply small size solar system. This is very popular in filling factor, number of slots per pole per phase, pole pitch and
recent trend. Wind based power system is another domain to distribution of magnetic flux density are some of the main
increase the total percentage of renewable power generation. factors affecting the cogging torque [14].
Multiple pole permanent magnet alternator have become Therefore, improving the cogging effect was one of the
very attractive particularly for small ratings wind power system main goals to modify the design of this alternator. Different
[1-3]. Small scale wind power system needed mechanically modification like fractional slot per pole, slot opening,
simple, stable, cost effective alternator design in order to customized slot shape, and modified winding coil wire
become a dependable energy source. Instead of geared diameter were applied to reduce this cogging torque to achieve
machines, the use of direct driven alternator are much popular, the maximum efficiency at low-speed. All the losses like core
because it eliminates some quantity of drive components. This loss, eddy current loss, frictional loss, and copper loss were
reduction of drive components offers the opportunity to cut taken into account for better analysis. The material uses in this
prices and increases system efficiency and reliability [4]. alternator like steel material and magnetic material both are
commonly used in commercial level to develop an efficient
For small-scale wind power plant Permanent magnet PMA. NdFeB type rare earth magnet were used for higher
alternator (PMA) with multi pole is one of the best solution. energy density.
Permanent magnet alternator with Low-speed multi-pole
Property Value
Material Grade M19_26G or M350-50A
Thickness 0.50 mm
Minimum Magnetic Induction at 1 T, 50 Hz 1.45 W/kg
Minimum Magnetic Induction at 1.5 T, 50 Hz 3.33 W/kg
Minimum Lamination Factor 97%
Core loss at 1.0 T, 50 Hz 1.33 W/kg
Core loss at 1.5 T, 50 Hz 2.94 W/kg
H=2500 A/m 1.59 T
Minimum Magnetic
H= 5000A/m 1.69 T
Induction at
H= 10000A/m 1.79 T Fig. 1. 3D view of an outer rotor permanent magnet alternator
B. Fractional Slot
When the number of poles, and the num mber of phases are
constant, the number of stator slots choices made by the
number of slots per pole per phase. The nuumber of slots per
pole per phase has a bigger effect on thhe alternator. The
number of slots per pole can be integer or a fraction.
f When the
number of slots per pole is too large, the capacity of
suppressing the higher harmonic will reducce. Therefore, the
designed number of slots per pole per phase cannot be too big.
The fractional slot is an effective and sim mple technique to
weaken the cogging torque of the alternatoor. Also, fractional
slot winding can significantly decrease the haarmonic content to Fig. 3. Staator slot type
improve the electromotive force (EMF) waveeform [28].
D. Stator Slot Shape
The pole-slot relation can be illustrated by
b slot number per
In the present design, the sloot shape of the stator is modified
pole and per phase as [15],
to get higher slot fill factor. Inncrease of slot fill factor means
more copper wire is fitted innside the stator slot, typically
7 thicker conductors meaning a smaller amount of winding
resistance which decreases the Copper losses ( losses). This
where Q is the number of slot per pole, Z is the number of improvement will certainly increase
i the efficiency of the
stator slot and P is the number of rotor pole, A is an integer, C / alternator. Also increasing the slot fill factor improves the
D is an irreducible fraction. thermal conductivity by replaccing air (thermal insulator) with
C. Mounting of the Magnet electrically conducting materiaal like copper which is a good
thermal conductor. So the totall heat condition inside the slot is
In the procedure of the permanent magneet alternator design
improved, which helps to achhieve lower temperature in the
the impact of mounting of the magnets has to be considered.
conductors inside the slot. For this reason a good fill factor is
There are several approach to mount the magnets on the rotor,
fairly effective for designing a stator slot. In this machine the
but two common type mounting are mostly used
u for simple and
slot type was customized and achieved around 83% slot fill
robust rotor design. One is the surface mountting and another is
factor. A few years ago 50% % to 65% slot fill factor was
the surface embedded mounting magnet desiign. The alternator
acceptable. Today, slot fills of 75% to 80% are fairly common
with high power density have surface mounted radial magnetic
and manufactured in mass caapacity with a few production
pole shown in Fig.2. On the other hand the surface embedded
problems. In some cases slot fill f factor up to 90% have been
mounting design is more suitable for high-sspeed applications.
achieved. This can only be accomplished by optimizing the
By comparing these two, the embedded designd has greater
lamination design as well as the t manufacturing process. The
torque ripple because of more interaction between
b stator slot
customized slot type has seveen parameters where commonly
and rotor.
used slot type has five parameeters. In the current design, the
stator slot has been customized with some parameters using low-speed alternators varies between 55%-65%. In the
trial and error method to get higher efficiency, like Bs1 > Bs2 proposed design, higher efficiency of around 77.22% has been
with Rs = 0.7 mm as shown in Fig. 3. achieved by using modified slot type, fractional slot number
per pole and good slot fill factor as shown in Fig.7
E. Winding Coil Wire Modification
ANSOFT
To get a thicker conductor American wire gauge (AWG) 800.00 Curve Info
Output Power
P o w e r (W )
conductors per slot where the coil half turn length is 58.5 mm
400.00
as shown in Fig. 4.
200.00
0.00
0.00 60.00 120.00 180.00
Torque Angle +12 (elec. degrees)
Fig. 6. Output power vs. torque angle plot
ANSOFT
60.00
E ffic ie n c y (% )
40.00
20.00
-0.004
0.00 60.00 120.00 180.00 240.00 300.00 360.00
0.50 Air-Gap Position (elec. degrees)
F lu x D e n s ity (T )
Phase Current ib
-0.50 Phase Current ic
10.00
C u rre n t (A )
-1.00
0.00 60.00 120.00 180.00 240.00 300.00 360.00
Air-Gap Position (elec. degrees) 0.00
Fig. 5. Air gap flux density of outer rotor PMA (No load condition)
-10.00
The length of air gap is limited as 1 mm. Maximum air gap
flux density of this outer rotor machine is found around 0.83T
-20.00
as shown in Fig. 5, which is good enough for 1 mm air gap. 0.00 60.00 120.00 180.00 240.00 300.00 360.00
Air-Gap Position (elec. degrees)
The maximum output power from this alternator is found Fig. 9. Winding current vs. air gap position under load
approximately 670 W as shown in Fig. 6, which can be
achieved when the torque angle is 53 degrees and the The cogging torque is simulated and found to be around
efficiency is 50%. Generally the efficiency of the conventional 0.0038 N-m as shown in Fig. 8. Theoretically slot skewing can
make zero cogging torque but this is a very time consuming Table IV illustrates the material consumption of the
and expensive process. From Fig. 8 it is observed that the machine. From the parameters shown in Table IV, it is found
cogging torque produced in the proposed design is found to be that the designed machine has lower copper weight and
almost negligible since the modified slot and effective armature core steel weight providing compact configuration.
fractional slot per pole ratios are employed.
Table V shows simulation result of full load operation,
The three phase RMS currents of this proposed machine is which confirms the improved armature thermal load than the
found to be 12.63 A as shown in Fig. 9. To increase the same rated conventional machines. It is also found that the
precision of the cogging torque computation, the air gap area armature copper loss has been reduced due to good fill factor.
was meshed as shown in Fig. 10 by two layers of finite So the overall efficiency has been improved due to
elements instead of a single layer of finite elements which may minimization of losses than conventional inner-rotor type
create important numerical errors. permanent magnet alternator
Fig. 10. Mesh detail with air gap region Armature core steel weight 4.04409 kg
Rotor core steel weight 1.12719 kg
By solving the magneto-static field problem in 2D for a
given stator or rotor position, the magnetic field lines are Total net weight 8.26744 kg
analyzed which is plotted in Fig. 11. The chart of the magnetic Armature core steel consumption 10.6254 kg
flux density in the computation domain is shown in Fig. 12.
Rotor core steel consumption 13.496 kg
Parameter Value
Peak line induced voltage 27.114 V
RMS line current 12.6349 A
RMS phase current 12.6349 A
Armature thermal load 149.2 A2/mm3
Specific electric load 31025.3 A/m
Fig. 11. Magnetic field lines analysis
Armature current density 4.80898 A/mm2
Frictional and winding loss 12 W
Iron core loss 6.06047 W
Armature copper loss 100.013 W
Total loss 118.074 W
Output power 400.324 W
Input power 518.398 W
Efficiency 77.2233 %
Synchronous speed 100 rpm
Rated torque 38.2281 N-m
Torque angle 13.2208 deg
Maximum output power 669.877 W
Fig. 12. Magnetic flux density analysis
VII. CONCLUSION International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic
Equipment, IEEE, pp. 1161-1166 (2010).
The performance of PMA has been presented for 400W [13] Kyoung-Jin Ko, Seok-Myeong Jang, Ji-Hoon Park, Han-Wook Cho, and
small scale exceptionally low-speed (100 rpm) wind power Dae-Joon You Electromagnetic performance analysis of wind power
generation system. For this low-speed machine multi-pole generator with outer permanent magnet rotor based on turbine
system is used with outer radial rotor configuration considering characteristics variation over nominal wind speed IEEE Trans
Magnetics, Vol. 47, No. 10, pp. 3292-3295 (Ooctober 2011).
the fractional slot number per pole.
[14] Oleg Kudrjavtsev and Aleksander Kilk, Cogging Torque Reduction
The proposed outer-rotor type PMA provides higher Methods, IEEE, (2014), pp. 251 254.
efficiency with minimal armature thermal load, armature [15] Amshumaan Raghunatha, Direct drive permanent magnet synchronous
current density and armature copper loss at rated speed. Also generator design for hydrokinetic energyextraction Masters Theses
the outer shape rotor creates a bigger effective output power Paper 7123, Missouri Universityof Scienceand Technology, pp. 19 60
(2013).
cross-sectional area than the typical inner-rotor type which
[16] Chun-Yu Hsiao, Sheng-Nian Yeh and Jonq-Chin Hwang, A novel
makes it more robust in design. So this has advantages like cogging torque simulation method for permanent-magnet Synchronous
easy installation and cooling with least maintenance, which is machines, MDPI, pp. 2167 2170 (2011).
perfectly ideal for small scale, low-speed, and gearless wind [17] Hanselman, D. Brushless permanent magnet motor design, Magna
power system. Physics Pub: Orono, ME, USA, (2003).
[18] Kazi Ahsanullah, Rukmi Dutta, John Fletcher and M.F. Rahman,
REFERENCES Design of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine suitable
[1] E. Spooner, Direct coupled, direct connected permanent magnet for direct drive wind turbine, The University of New South Wales.
generator, Proceedings of the Wind Energy Conversion Conference, [19] W. Fei and P. C. K. Luk, A new technique of cogging torque
Nottingham, UK, pp. 149154 (1992). suppression in direct-drive permanent-magnet brushless machines,
[2] P. Lampola, J. Perho, J. Vaananen, Analysis of a low-speed IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference Miami,
permanentmagnet wind generator, Proceedings of the European Union FL, pp. 1332 1340 (2009).
Wind Energy Conference, Goteborg, Sweden, (1996). [20] Ting LiuShoudao HuangQiul ing DengQingyun PuKeyuan
[3] P. Di Parba, A. G. Kladas, P. Neittaanmaki, M. Rudnicki, A. Savini, Huang, Effect of the number of slots per pole on performance of
Application of global optimization strategies to the shape design of a permanent magnet generator direct-driven by wind turbine, College of
transformer winding, Advances in Engineering Software, No 19, Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, China.
Elsevier Science Ltd., pp. 121125 (1994). [21] C. Ocak, D. Uygun, Y. Cetinceviz E. Demir, Y. Gungor, Performance
[4] A. P. Ferreira, A. M. Silva, A. F. Costa, Prototype of an Axial Flux aspects and verifications of in-runner and out-runner permanent magnet
Permanent Magnet Generator for Wind Energy Systems Applications, synchronous generator designs of the same magnet structure for low-
Power Electronics and Applications, 2007 European Conference, pp. 1 speed wind systems, 11th International Conference On Environment
9 (2007). and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Venice (2012).
[5] A. Kilk, Low-speed permanent-magnet synchronous generator for [22] Neumann T.W., Tompkins R.E., Line start motor designed with NdFeB
small-scale wind power applications, Oil Shale, pp. 318331 (2007). permanent magnet, 8th International Workshop on Rare Earth Magnets
and their Application, Dayton, Ohio, pp. 77 89 (1985).
[6] Spooner E., Williamson A.C., Direct coupled permanent magnet
generators for wind turbine applications, IEE Proceedings Electric [23] Ramsden V.S., Nguyen H.T., Brushless DC motors using neodymium
Power Application, Vol.143, No. 1, pp. 18 (1996). iron boron permanent magnets, Electrical Energy Conference (1987).
Adelaide, pp. 22 27 (October 1987).
[7] Rizk J., Nagrial M., Design of permanent-magnet generators for wind
turbines, The Third International Power Electronics and Motion [24] Wende W., Jingcun G., Gouliang X., Yong C., High efficiency and
Control Conference Proceedings, IPEMC, Vol. 1, pp. 208212 (2000). energy-saving DC brushless motors, Electrical Energy Conference
1987. Adelaide, pp. 499 502 (October 1987).
[8] Chen J. Chemmangot V.N., Longya Xu., Design and finite element
analysis of an outer-rotor permanent magnet generator for directly [25] Mhango L.M.C., Benefits of Nd-Fe-B magnet in brushless DC motor
coupled wind turbines, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, Vol. 36, No.5, pp. design for aircraft applications, Proceedings of IEE-ICEMD, pp. 76
38023809 (September 2000). 79 (1989).
[9] Peter Sergeant, Alex Van den Bossche, Influence of the amount of [26] Typical data for M19_26G Silicon Steel Sheet,
permanent magnet material in fractional-slot permanent magnet http://www.aperam.com/brazil/ing/arquivos/atalogelectricalsteeleng.pdf,
synchronous machines, IEEE, pp. 1-11 (2013). [26 July 2015]
[10] Naghi Rostami, M. Reza Feyzi, Juha Pyrhnen, Asko Parviainen, Vahid [27] Gyeong-Chan Lee, Su-Min Kang, Tae-Uk Jung, Permanent magnet
Behjat, Genetic algorithm approach for improved design of a variable structure design of outer rotor radial flux permanent magnet generator
speed axial-flux permanent-magnet synchronous generator, IEEE for reduction cogging torque with design of experiment, International
Trans. Magnetics, Vol. 48, pp. 4860-4865 (2012). Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Busan, Korea, pp. 315
319 (2013).
[11] W. Fei, P.C.K. Luk, A new technique of cogging torque suppression in
direct-drive permanent-magnet brushless machines IEEE Trans. [28] Dohmeki, H,Shoji Y., Characteristic comparison of PMSM by slot/pole
Industry Applications, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 1332-1340 (2010). ratio, The Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and
System,. Nanjing, China, pp. 25l 254 (2005).
[12] Tiberiu Tudorache, Leonard Melcescu, Mihail Popescu, Methods for
cogging torque reduction of directly driven PM wind generators, 12th