Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V.Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €G-IFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Cairo International Airport Construction of TB3 Technical Assessment Report Seismic Upgrade 9 ~ March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-hre Engineering Consultants Group S.A. ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 Objectives of the seismic upgrade of TB3 2 2.1 General objectives 2 2.2 Objectives for structural performance 2 2.3 Objectives for non-structural performance 2 : 2.4 Break down of project components 4 2.5. Specific requirements for project components 6 3 Structural design modifications 8 4 Non-Structural design modifications 10 4.1 Non structural elements 10 4.2. Architectural elements n 4.3 Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Components 12 5 Impact on TB3 Contract 4 5.1 Contract documentation and drawings 4 5.2. Cost impact 4 6 — Conclusions 16 Appenelices t 2 7 ¢ 5 ‘ Cito Inematonat Aispon 3 “Technical epon on Seismic Upgrade iNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-lee Engineering Consultants Group S.A. 1 INTRODUCTION —- With respect to Seismic Loads, Terminal Building No. 3 (TB3) of Cairo Airport has been originally designed on the loads criteria given in the Egyptian Code for assessment of loads and forces on buildings and structures released under Ministerial Decree No. 45 issued on 1993. The tender documents for the TB3 building have been completed and submitted to Cairo Airport Company CAC on December 2003. ‘The documents have been issued for tender on February 2004, the contractors submit their bids on June 2004 and the contract has been signed on 4 December 2004, ‘The Egyptian Code for loading has been revised by the Ministerial Decree No. 367 issued in the Egyptian Gazette on January 18, 2004, This new code was made available for public use by the end of August 2004, ‘The main concern of the New Egyptian Code is concentrating on the safety of the structural elements, and the joint widths between building parts. As highlighted in the new code, Cairo seismic zone is now classified as a moderate zone (see Appendix for reference data of seismic zone), which is not only affecting the structural elerients but may affect also the non structural elements, specially that pass through the expansion joints between different building parts. Further seismic design requirements to satisfy certain performance levels of the non- structural elements in critical areas are not covered by the Egyptian Code. NACO-ECG have appointed a task force to assess the design changes on TB3 consisting of international and national consultants/experts, in addition to the in-house design team who are well familiar with the project details and limitations: * Dr. Michel Mehraine, URS Corporation, Head of Structural Department, as the lead expert to be involved in the preparation of this report. * Dr. Mohamad Nour,A#in Shams University, Ag’ Prof. Structure Department, Member of the Egyptian Code Preparation Committee. * Dr. Mahmoud Nour El Deen, Azhar University, Asst. Prof, Mechanical Engineering, currently Factories General Manager, Galva Metal. * Dr. Hani El Khoreibi, Azhar University, Prof. Structure Department. (Cato Intemational Airport 183 “Technical Report on Seismic Upgrade 1 March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B. NACO €cG-IF Engineering Consultants Group S.A. 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE SEISMIC UPGRADE OF TB3 2.1 General objectives ‘The basic objective is to prevent fatal injuries of people inside the airport buildings during and immediately after an earthquake. This implies that the structural system will not collapse after even the biggest earthquake. This objective is referred to as “Life Safety” (refer to FEMA 356, Pre-standard for seismic rehabilitation). For an important facility as Cairo international airport, a higher objective is applicable in which additional resistance is provided to achieve continuity of the airport operation and the use of the facility immediately after the earthquake. In this case the facility should meet higher requirements with respect to structural and non-structural damage. This objective is referred to as “Immediate occupancy”, 2.2. Objectives for structural performance The structural elements include the foundations, columns, bearing walls, beams and floor and roof elements. The structural performance is depending on the severity of the earthquake and the ability of the building to accommodate movements without damage to the structural system. To this end design forces are increased and ductility is provided in compliance with the Egyptian Code for seismic loading. 2.3. Objectives for non-structural performance ‘The non-structural elements entail architectural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing and lighting elements and the equipment connected to or placed inside the buildings. Also the contents of the building are part of the non-structural. This includes items, which are moveable with little interaction with the permanent parts of the building. To develop specific recommendations appropriate to various functions, it was necessary to study the individual non-structural systems and create design rules that attempt to address on an element-by-element basis, several parameters such as: * Likelihood of damage © Type of likely damage © Time required to repair, replace or bypass © Ability to effectively protect the element : The background on earthquake damage to non-structural elements and typical damage protection measures to be used in design are described in appendix 4. ‘The following table shows two levels of non-structural requirements that are defined for non-structural clements. The left column defines the minimum protection level required for all elements of TB3 while the right column defines additional protection required for critical areas. Cairo Intemational Aispot TBS Technical Repos on Seismic Upgrade 2 March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG- 10 Engineering Consultants Group S.A. This reflects design objectives that look for a differentiated approach to the concept of immediate occupancy that may work out differently for more and less critical components of TB3, “TAO Recommendéd for TB-3 Component Seismic Protection Required LevelA |?[ Level B ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS: I 1. [Interior walls | ‘Adhered Veneer YES_| NO- ‘Anchored Veneer YES YES Glass Blocks YES NO Prefabricated Panels YES YES Glazed Exterior Wall Systems ‘YES YES 2._| Exterior Wall Elements z Heavy) _ YES YES Light YES NO Glazed 7 ‘YES YES 3._| Partitions |___J Stone, including Marble YES NO 4. [interior Veneers 7 Directly Applied to Structure YES NO Dropped Furred Gypsum Board ‘YES NO Suspended Lath and Plaster ‘YES YES ‘Suspended Integrated Ceilin 5 ‘YES NO 5._[ Parapets and Appendages ~ ‘YES ‘YES 6._| Canopies and Marquees ‘YES YES 7._| Chimneys and Stacks ‘YES YES 8._| Stairs _ YES YES MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Mechanical Equipment Boilers, Furnaces, Pumps, and chillers _ YES YES General Mfg. And Process Machinery __Not applicable HVAC Equipment, Vibration-Isolated ‘YES NO HVAC Equipment, Non-Vibration-Isolated YES NO | HVAC Equipment, Mounted in-line with YES NO ductwork 2._| Storage Vessels and Water Heaters __ ‘Structurally Supported Vessels YES YES Flat Bottom Vessels YES NO 3._| Pressure Piping YES YES 4._| Fire Suppression Pipin; ‘YES ‘YES '._| Fluid Piping, not Fire Suppression Hazardous Materials YES YES ‘Non-hazardous Materials YES NO | Ductwork YES NO Cairo tnternstional Airport TBS ‘Tecnica Report on Seisinie Upgrade 3 Mac 208,Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hee Engineering Consultants Group S.A. ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATIONS —_ 1,_| Electrical and Communications Equipment YES YES 2. | Electrical and Communications Distribution YES NO Equipment 3._| Light Fixtures Recessed - NO NO ‘Surface Mounted NO NO. ; Integrated Ceiling = YES NO- Pendant YES NO 2.4 Break down of project components The major components of TB3 are listed below: «Terminal include stee! structure Concourse area Fingers A and B Sky bridges to finger A and B Bridges (curb roads) Sundries (Power station, Apron Control Tower) Se eeye A further detailed breakdown with structural and non-structural components is shown in appendix 1 The table below contains a classification of critical zones in the terminal which allows to apply the differentiated approach as per section 2.3. Cairo Intemational Airport TAS ‘Technical Report on Seismic Upgrade 4 March 2008,Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG- Fe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Table (2) able @) ZONE MOST | MODERATE | LEAST CRITICAL_|__CRITICAL | CRITICAL 1 | Terminal Building Utility Tunnels: Tunnels Level 0: Installation Room & Transformation VIP Entrances & Bus Gates for Arrival Other Level 1: Reclaim Hall Arrival Hall Others & Custon Level 1A: Officer & Others Level 2: Check in Hall Greeters Hall Emigration Counter Officer & Others Level 2A: (MER 1: Law Data Room) & Command Counter Officer & Others Restaurant & Exhibition & Refreshment Level 3: Spine Officer & Others. 2 | Concourse Bui Utility Tunnels: ‘Tunnels Level 0: Baggage Handling Zone Others Level 1: VIP Entrance Baggage Handling Bus Gates & Others Level 1A: Cairo Inematonal Airport 83, ‘Technical Report on Seis Uperade 5 March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hre Engineering Consultants Group S.A. ZONE MOST CRITICAL MODERATE, CRITICAL LEAST cRITICAL_| VIP Lounges Concourse Corridor & Hotel Room Others Emigration Center Level 2: Shops & Departure Corridor Restaurant Links Others ox x x 3 | Fingers Utility Tunnels: Tunnels Level 1A: Public Emergency Artival Corridor Flight Information Center Installation Room and others Level 2: Lounger Departure Corridor Others PBB Lobby Level 2A: Domestic Corridor 2.5 Specific requirements for project components Based on the analytical building blocks provided above the table below provides the basic framework for the seismic design of TB3. Most critical | Moderate critical | Less critical Structural 7 Code compliant Non-structural Level A Case by case Level B protection assessment protection aio oteraions Airport TB) “Technical Report on ism Upgrade 6 Mach 2008Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-1#e Engineering Consultants Group S.A. NACO-ECG is envisaging that the most critical zones are the ones listed below, in the light of the fact that no definitions are indicated in either the New Egyptian Code or by the local authorities having jurisdiction: * Airport Management Center, including: © Crisis Center © Security Management Center © Airport Operation Center © Building Management (Automation) Center ICT Equipment Rooms (MER’s, SER’s) Power Station Building Apron Control Tower Service Tunnel ‘The Client (CAC) is requested to revisit this definition. Cato nematonat Airport TBS ‘Technical Report on Seismic Uperade 7 Mark 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-hFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. 3 STRUCTURAL DESIGN MODIFICATIONS To achieve the life safety objective a structural design approach has been taken characterized by the following: * The design force is increased * Additional ductility is provided in detailing the building components and connections. In the design of TB3, the Consultants have taken the following measures to address seismic concerns: © The design force is increased by 40 percent. This satisfies most stringent Egyptian Code requirements for critical facilities. * Seismic load reduction factor R= 5 is used. In the Egyptian Code, this would require only limited ductility. © Full ductility is to be designed into the design of all steel and concrete structures including connections. This is beyond the requirements of the Egyptian Code and is ‘one of the most important seismic protection design measures of the facility. © Limitations of the story drift for serviceability limit states are to be observed. The expansion joint requirements will be carefully observed to prevent pounding. ¢ Non-structural elements crossing the expansion joints will be designed to accommodate the relative deformations of buildings. |All detailing and connection design will be, provided by the design team. We will not rely on the construction contractor for initiating this critical effort. A’ systematic and continuous construction monitoring program will be implemented; Refer to Appendices! & 2 for further details and for (seismic design criteria and results). ‘The new seismic code impact on the structural compounds can be summarized as follows: Expansion joint width were increased as issued in the revised structural drawings and as agreed upon during the meeting on / /2005. ‘* Expansion joint between axes T12/T13 were deleted and, also, the columns on axis T19 were extended to support the trusses TR45 to satisfy that the curtain mall between axes T13/T19 and above level 20 is attached to one building part without expansion joints passing through it. These modifications have been issued in the revised structural drawings. * Expansion joint of entrance steel shade along axis T4 was moved to be along axis T6. This has been included with the issued revised structural drawings. * Expansion joint of link between concourse and finger along axis LF was moved to be along axis LE. This have been included with the issued revised structural drawings. Cairo Intemational Aiport TBS “echnical Report on Seismic Upgrade 8 March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. * Expansion joints of skyway between terminal building and the old terminal building were revised to be along axis A, SK and TD. This has been included with the issued revised structural drawings. Expansion j ints between axes F10/F11, F20/F21 and F30/F3 shall be deleted to satisfy that the travelators (moving walkways) are attached to one building part without passing over expansion joints. * Ductile detailing for concrete and steel elements connections shall be provided for all structural elements. + Reconfigure connection between steel and concrete elements at expansion joint to accommodate resulted displacement of the seismic analysis, Cairo Intemational Airpor TBS ‘Technical Rept on Seismic Upgrade 9 Mach 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-1re Engineering Consultants Group S.A. 4 NON-STRUCTURAL DESIGN-MODIFICATIONS 4.1 Non structural elements Development of a complete program for seismic protection of non-structural elements requires not only analysis of design forces, but development of anchoring or restraining techniques as well as outright prohibition of certain hazardous or high risk conditions. Details of protection are largely dependent on the element configuration and support type, rather than function. The following generic element types are identified for seismic protection: - Fixed, floor mounted elements - Fixed suspended elements ~ Isolated (vibration) floor mounted elements - Isolated (vibration) hung elements - Storage racks or shelves - Ceilings - Light fixtures _ Partitions and curtain walls - Piping systems - Air distribution systems + Electrical distribution systems - Elevators - Items that cross expansion joints = Gas connections Design and techniques are discussed for each type and recommended actions are presented to achieve the maximum protection reasonably available in appendix 3. Damage to non-structural elements of buildings is c ised in two primary wa} - Damage related to differential distortion of the structure, and - Damage related to shaking of elements. Distortion related damage, occurs to any element that is forced to undergo the same deformations as the structure and is not able to do so without damage. Examples of elements subject to this type of damage include stiff walls connected to two or more floors, vertical service distribution elements (pipe risers, etc.) and elements crossing building expansion joint. Shaking related damage or disruption in primarily caused to elements that respond to the vibratory motion of the structure by vibrating internally, sliding, overturning, or swinging Sliding and overturning can affect equipment, furniture, shelving and racks, and loose contents of any kind. Swinging applies only to suspended items such as light fixtures, ceilings, pipes and ducts, or equipment. The swinging can cause damage by impacting other items or by failure of the hanging system. A more sublle effect is internal damage to equipment due to vibration that could occur regardless of whether the element slides, Cairo Intemational Aiport TBS ‘Technical Report on Seismic Upgrade 10 March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hee Engineering Consultants Group S.A. overturns, or swings. Itis often assumed that most mechanical and electrical equipment will not be internally damaged, except for highly critical facilities such as nuclear power plants, Typical nonstructural damage to unprotected elements is moderate and large earthquakes could include the following: ~ Items thrown from shelves, cabinets and countertops. + Shelving or cabinets overturned. - Mechanical or electrical equipment, tanks, cabinets, ete., displaced ot overturned, with possible broken pipe, ducts or contents. Equipment mounted or vibration isolator, which is without lateral restraints, is particularly susceptible to displacement. = Pipes or ducts broken. - __ Light fixtures, diffusers, or other ceiling mounted items fallen or partially fallen. Pendant light fixtures and elements of lay-in acoustical ceilings are particularly susceptible. - __ Partition and curtain wall damage including collapse, tilting, jammed doors and glass breakage. - Vertical shafts misaligned causing damage to elevators, stairs, pipes and ducts. As a general rule, most seismic protection consists of providing restraint against excessive movement. Movement to be prevented is essentially overturning and sliding, although these effects can take place with a variety of characteristics: Overturning - — Overturning of equipment + Failure in tension or compression of perimeter legs, vibration isolators, hangers and other supports. Sliding - Sliding of floor mounted equipment - Swinging of hung equipment = __ Excessive sideways or sideway failure of legs, stands, tank mounts, vibration isolators, or other supports. 4.2. Architectural elements ‘The new seismic code impact or the architectural (no structural) components are the following: Floors Seismic expansion joints shall be applied for joints more than 30 mm width where as joints, than 30 mm, the tender documents details shall be used. Cairo intemational Aiport TBS ‘Technical Report on Seismic Upgrade NW March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-hre Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Raised Floor: Extra diagonal bracing and anchoring shall be appli Walls Exterior Wall Elements: G.R. C Panels: Bracing and extra anchoring shall be applied. Glazed Curtain Wall: Shall be modified to withstand lateral seismic loads, strengthen of the element connection. Panels will be fixed to the floors and isolated from columns and walls. Seismic expansion joints shall be applied where necessary for joint more than 30 mm width, whereas joints less than 30 mm, the tender documents details shall be used. Partitions General: Concrete solid wall thick 12 mm shall be substituted by 15, 20 mm thick hollow block wallls. Heavy Partitions: Shall be detailed to withstand lateral seismic loads, walls shall be fixed to the floors, isolated from columns and walls in addition to be provided with sliding edges, Glass Blocks: Complete walls of glass blocks shall require the same application of heavy partitions. Light Partitions: Extra bracing shall be required, Ceilings Gypsum Board Ceilings: Extra bracing shalll be added to assist seismic loads Light Weight Suspended Ceiling: Extra diagonal bracing shall be added. 4.3, Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Components Appendix (C) shows typical details and guidelines for seismic design fixation and anchorage of different MEP elements. However, shop drawings shall show the detailed design of the MEP Component, as recommenced and provided by the component Supplier/ Contractor. The seismic loads, ground acceleration and other values shall be given to the supplier in order to perform his selection of the supporting, anchoring system for his equipmen/piping. As an example, equipment anchorage detail is shown in Appendix (C) (MSK-1, 2, 3 and 4) to indicate a method of anchoring to be applied for all heavy mechanical equipment. However, the equipment supplier shall be able to properly define the exact size and location of bolts/angles to anchor his equipment. By heavy equipment we mean chillers, boilers, diesel generators, transformers, switchgears, elevators, escalators, travelators, baggage handling system (x-ray M/C and conveyors). Cairo Intemational Aiport TBS ‘Technial Report on Seismic Upgrade 12 March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Bracing of piping hangers and supports shall be applied for all piping systems at the power station building and at the critical areas of the main building. As an example, pipe support bracing is shown in (PSK-1) and in (Pfig-1, 2, 3 & 3) to indicate a typical method for piping anchorage and supporting to be applied at the required area. Exact size and location of supports/bracings shall be defined by Contractor in his shop drawings upon performing seismic flexibility analysis for different piping system. As for the main building, no critical piping systems are existing in this project (e.g. steam lines, natural gas, etc..). Therefore, normal standard supporting system shall be applied for all piping work at the main building, except for seismic bracing at the critical areas. This concept is also applied for HVAC ducting system. Sleeves sizes and locations as well as flexible joints shall be considered at each location where pipes or cable trays are crossing a building expansion joint, as mentioned before. Cairo Intemational Airport TES ‘Techical Rept on Seismie Upgrade 13 Mach 2005,Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-I#e Engineering Consultants Group S.A. 5 IMPACT ON TB3 CONTRACT 5.1 Contract documentation and drawings 5.1.1 Drawings Structural Part of structural drawings for fingers, tables and details shall be re-issued to include modifications mentioned in Item 4.1 of this report, Architecture - Main drawings (plans, sections and elevations) shall be modified, - New details shall be issued in A4 format - Limited AO tender drawings shall be modified and reissued whenever necessary. 5.1.2. Specifications Architecture - New requirements shall be modified and reissued. Performance specifications shall be prepared whenever necessary 5.2. Cost impact 5.2.1 Cost Impact On Structural Elements Generally, the effect of applying the new seismic code on the structural concrete and steel elements dimensions is negligible; therefore, the cost impact on the structural elements dimensions is negligible. However, the increase in expansion joints widths will lead to cost impact on the bearings and expansion joints features at these locations, as the limit displacement increased from 20mm to 30mm, 60mm, 120mm, 150mm or 200mm. ‘The cost impact on the on the bridges and building bearings and bridge expansion joints can be summarized in the following table: Cairo Intemational Aiport TES ‘Technical Report on Seismic Uperade 4 ach 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-1Fe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. | EXPECTED | ITEM ee RATE Bridge beatings (item 1 pete 1 af 1 BOQ) 216 No. 3000 648 000 Bridge bearings (item I pace Lo 1 BOQ) 555 m 4000 2.222.000 Bearings between steel and concrete elements at expansion joints in building 137 No. 6000 822.000 (tem included in concrete and steel elements) Total cost difference (LE) L [3.690.000 5.2.2 Cost Impact On Architectural Elements 5.2.3 TBC Cait lnterational Aiport TBS ‘Technical Report on Seismic Upgrade 15 Mars 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-1Ae Engineering Consultants Group S.A. 6 -EONCLUSIONS-~ (Cato Intemational Airport 3, ‘Technical Report on cise Upgrade 16 Marsh 2005|Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-IF& Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Appendices Appendix 1: TB3 Breakdown Appendix 2: Seismic Reference Data Appendix 3: Structural analysis Appendix 4: Background on earthquake damage to non-structural elements Appendix 5. Architectural Details Appendix 6 MEP Details (Cairo Intemational Airport TBS ‘Techical Report on Seis Upgrade 1 March 2005Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-IrFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. —__. ..---.-..._ Appendix 1: TB3 Breakdown Cairo lnterationsl Airport 183 ‘Appendix 1 ‘eebieal report on Seismic upgrade i€€L uononysUOD L uoduny }euoeweU] O1!ED aun ‘@Bpug onsewog qlebus ere SHA van are doug | vy seul ‘esinoou0d [am jonuog uoidy [seupung lr ‘se6pug eBpug YS ] [ sieBuly Bare @siNCOUOD | { jeuluue, zl i I L I J eal yoofoud je}0L, sishjeue SIWSIES umop 2819 398/40@1 uoHONsUCD podury jeuoRewayyl O41ED aa] (Caer) (newane] [mo] Cede] Casa) over] : =a —— [ovaa_} m_ [comes |} [waar swar_| een +} alas) T =I ert] 5 ma SP ener | vine : (ea lorena Cee) ee oe [maser _| (Zsxer ]) eoUeWeN ] | [aaeBurquing [ suonepunes | [soa] [[ seuun, 1 [owe] [eas __] [annie ou] [sna Ls (Z yo |) peujwueL eal sishjeue o|WsIeS, umop yeeuq 198!G0ea. uonoNsUOD podiny jeuopewe}ul ou1ed, (z jo 2) jeuueL gishjeue OIWS|OS umop yeeug 98/40SG UOHONASUOD podury jeuoHeWE}U] OED a waa [a : . ease asinoqu0g sishjeue SIWSIaS€@L uoHONASUOD poduly jeuopeweyuy O1ED g a [oa (ee + a8 am =a ——| Lew [mena] Cvean | (sea) [oe] Toa — aes Tir} [mraem voy] — [Cuore noes] [eum] [evens] zyL nr = ell — ee aL — wea | wa] (wma) ae] [ror] (neo) ] cmasel (os a] sio6ul4 sisAjeue OILUS!aS, umop 221g 398/40€a.L uoyonysu0g poduyy jeuoneweyuj OED | l 9 , oud [ eesua qduey 4 heal vena sO OUR 4 [ 2edpve yduew veer a [1 epua eBpua reuayt | [ ewer av AOI oe I gino jen | [qing einyedeg SIEM J00H suwiniod $1001 I I sebpug e6puq MIS seBpug pue eipug Aus cal sebpuq pue e6puq AyS sisAjeue OIWSIES umop yeaug 12[qONetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-If-e Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Appendix 2: Seismic Reference Data SEISMICITY SURVEY FOR THE GEOLOGICAL AND TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF CAIRO AIRPORT ZONE, a, General: For especially important structures: The seismicity of the region surrounding the site is determined from a search of an earthquake database. A list of active, potentially active, and inactive faults is compiled from the database along with their nearest distance from the site. The predicted response of the deposits underlying the site and the influence of local soil and geologic conditions during earthquakes are determined based on statistical results of studies of site-dependent spectra developed from actual time-histories recorded by strong motion instruments, Several earthquakes with different probability of occurrence that may be generated along the causative faults are selected. Using the surface displacement versus magnitude relationships, the q, magnitudes for each significant fault are determined. Using a “statistical analysis approach, the peak ground motion values (acceleration, velocity, and displacement) anticipated at the site are estimated. Despite the fact that Egypt is characterized by relatively low seismicity, the hazard ‘maps for relatively short exposure periods, 10 & 25 years contrary to the expected, demonstrate relatively high PGA levels particularly at the Southern Gulf of Suez area. On the other hand, the most densely populated area of Egypt; i.e. the Nile Delta, Cairo and Faiyum, is threatened by a maximum PGA of approximately 150 gal (015%g) over a 50 years exposure period. This PGA level is of significance to engineers, as itis the common threshold for taking seismic safety measures for normal structures. ‘As normally expected, these levels of seismic hazard significantly increase as the exposure times increase. Figures (--- to --) show the horizontal acceleration in Gals with 10% probability of exceeding over 50, 100 and 250 years respectively. (Ref Riad). b. The following studies were performed to collect the basic seismological information and to define seismicity zones in Egypt. Data concerning historical and recent E-Qs in a region sufficiently covering the immediate environment of the site (longitude about 30 to 36 degrees east and latitude about 26 to 33 degrees north. See data files of ISC and NEW list (A) and Figure 6. Seism tonic map showing E-Q epicenters and major technical fault zones in Egypt. Figure 7 (most important geological faults are included). Cairo intemationsl Aiport TBS Appa 2 Technical report on Selamic upgrade iNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-IfFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Isoseismal map and intensity attenuation Dahsur E-Q 1992, (showing Cairo Airport site), Figures 8 and 9. + Macroseismic map and intensity attenuation of Shedwan island E-Q 1969, Figures 10 and 11. E-Q focal depth distribution in Egypt, Figure 12. + Frequency-magnitude curves for different seismicity zones in Egypt (including the airport site), Figures 13. Grid values peak ground acceleration (PGA) (10% probability of accidence over 50 years), Figure 14, (ag = 0.145). +” Peak horizontal acceleration in Gall: - 10% over 50 year (0.130 - 0.155) g - 10% over 100 year (0.108 - 0.201) g Figure 15, 16, and 17 for airport site + The used volume for design according to 2004 Egyptian code is: 0.15 x 14=0.219 (ag) x 0) c. The following studies may be performed in future to Cairo Airport. Technical map derived from different geoseismic elevation sections for the site. (To illustrate the places of geological fault), stratigrahic soil profile, sear more velocity). Calculation of the peak ground acceleration for the expected seismic loading at the site. Ciro international Aispon TBS Appendix? “Teetical eport on Seismic upgrade iiEarthquake Performance Level Fuily Near operatonat | eratenal | Utesate | Neer | Frequent ° ¢ ¢ (43 year) ‘Unacceptable 3 Performance _| a its (tor New Construction) | Occasional ° 9 B] r2yean i 3 a Rare 3 ta, RG i UBC 1994 Vary Rare (950 year) Figure performance objectives for building design. (2) |Oamage) Oa jamage a 20 Level Thre an Saran ‘Domage Sats and Paromance Lael Treshids rn No amage, ainus sone i B | operator e 7 ontruous: service, taciity operates and functions after : Scrhqute hopin stuck and nonscra ' simove ° on poor ncn in wae reaito Ropar Feared rsa some 7 -_naestotal sre nage me 5 | oversbonw 7 ‘Structure is safe for occupancy Immediately after hcl, Essa opwasoe se pean, 2 Aerator peratone ae donee [7 Danege maaan, Sonoda ions, al esireeeeperepe en i i Lite sty gnonay prota Sucre cama Detroman sate: Fg hare el scores Figure (1) ‘damage states and performance levels. C >)Riad, S. etal. c tr 3 — i Fig. (3) : Peak Horizontal Acceleration in Gals With 10% Probability of Exceedence over 50 Years. (AU Seismic Sources) 7 al * 5 7 %\| Als eee A 2 y ja0t s 24 Mp4 see d Hl SUDAN WF 3 Ec or) 3 3 ed Fig. (4) : Peak Horizontal Acceleration in Gals With 10% Probability of Exceedence over 100 Years. (All Seismic Sources)Seismic Hazard Assessment In Egypt. * 36 wT Ww ae « Emad Fig. (5)): Peak Horizontal Acceleration in Gals With 10% Probability of Exceedence over 250'Years. (All Seismic Sources)Boundaries of Counting Areas Z1 to Z8 Latitude North (Degree) nN oS ny o 27 -30- a 32 33 34 _ 35 36 Longitude East. (Degree) Fig.(6)$ Boundaitiks of counting areas Z 1 to"Z 8Lotitude North (Degree) Earthquake Epicenters 0-1992 T 7 re Ri ie y N_AoYy S 1@ 7 aaa 1 ” ary le’ ¥, a oh : 1 Cat ~ t =a ih. ; a of FY be 30-4 Gs th, 4 ‘e Jes L\. ° to Ia 1 @e 1 e @e @ pope 32 Longitude East (Degree) Fig. (7) Seismotectonié map showing earthquake epicenters (black dats) and major tectonic fault zones (lines with barbs on the ddwn- thrown side). Faults after the Tectonic Map of Egypt.29°N 31L°E Preliminary map of the Mogitied Mercalli Intensity distribution of the October 12, Cairo, Egypt earthquake. Fig, (g) Isoseismal map of the Dahshur (Cairo) earthquake of October 12, 1992 +0" (after Thenhaus et al. 1993). Modified Mercalli intensities (MM-scale).+ agg ‘Zi 1290320 Jo ayenbyrea (o4yeD) unysye aya JO VoFrenuarae MyrsuaqUT (6) Bd Ww SNIPD Ow: 0001 i) IPDY JOS} sa (Z66t) snoyueus don DIWSISOIDOW 2950 030g (S00"0=0udIy) SnIpoy: owsjasos} uDey —S— ¥'S=SH_ @PMIUEOW 910M 990, TUGGEUIN apmiuBon—micioy wy Jed soo ombudly (ISN) B=0] AySUayE ALES ZL 4840190 ‘2661 axONbyYDZ os1g UoRDNUENY AyisuEzL oL 129S—YSW) Ajlsuazuj aILWUslasos0;W, (aMEDITERRANEAN. SEA COMPRE WY: EL SAID MAAMOUK (ore uwatt oBscmvatoRT) Fig. 10) Macroseismic map of the Shadwan Island earthquake of March 31, 1962 (compiled by Maamoun 1979).wy 9€ = 4 ST URdap [e203 DTusTasoudeu ays *(626} UNOWEEH) |h “BYy wous Fyper yews tasos] “266} “1 WO4eH JO axenDuzIPe pets] UeMPPUS ‘ayy go uorjenuazje Azysuaquy (LL) “614 (Wy) snipoy |DWSIasos} 00: ob L oot tt + +-Z (e861) wiyoug dod dIWSI9SOJI0W :@SDg 0}0Q (020'0=0udiy) ‘snipoy jowsiesos| uDSW (Zod‘O=0udIy) sMipoy joWusiasos| wnwu!KOW Q°S=SW apnyubOW aAoM aot SgRWh obmnBOM— Hoy wy Jad 0Z0°0 a Loo'o=busty cy og=' (2109S—ySW) AyIsuazU] oiLUSIesolDDW ; - zt LE YOJIOW' '6961 exONbYyYWOR punjs| uDMpoYs UOHONUaNY AysUE}UIOs (paryeByysaauy eave [e702 ey (ws) Gy Oy ge oe ee et AO SIN Puc 9S} senBo10309 Z66L—8Z61 syerz COO 44463 uonnquy e Joy uosznqi43stp urdap [e704 (Z1) “614 y yydag [0904 ayonbyyo3 198Dg 0}0G yjdeg jo904 exonbyyoy e ool (quadsaq) UORNqUysIg eAjojNWND800-— t y/km 33° + Nite Delta and E adjoining parts 700. ‘of the Mediterranean Basin A-Z1 ue Canal of Suez Overhead Crossing ae Gull of Agaba ‘and Dead Sea— dordan Grabem ‘one i o-z7 ! 300. i 200. i Background ism Gon” j _ 100. Origin ay 30° Longitude East H Mee Latade Non ie —> x/km ay 0. ig 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 at 360 Fig. (13) Seismicity zones of the probabilistic modei according to Part I (Ahorner 1996)~ OCCURRENCE FREQUENCY ol > M)/ Alyr AL sea e 108 104 5, | (Rhomerand Rosenhaver 1606 e y 10° — F t \ | 4 45 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 4 MAGNITUDE M A Fig (14) Frequency-magnitude curves for the seismicity i zones D (Z7, Z8), A (Z1) and B (24) — curve BS included for comparison —sot" ao ee ar ae ee ae BFS (Fig.(15)Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in terms of g, exCeedenc over 50 years obtained using FRISKSP softwar with 10% probability of re. Grid values 28 Be aT 37 a oe ae os ae ae cf sy (et oe 8 Ler ee SOA ESSA, preneenvans om om ‘hae Sp at aan 08 ° as ters apefs Qe et et er oe ae oan Oe ae ce ee A + . Sooo ree te eeecets 8 00 Fase aie ea ee ae a 8 tee tee ne a g ttettheee re cee eee ee 8 Ceecieet aie cnt mrcere 8 te eee TP ae Sources rear eer g it eee ot tee OS g n ——— eee + 8 ee ar ee 1090,___©_ 190000 _209000 ane)Conpiled seisnic hazard nap of SE-Hediterranoan (90% of nee. in 50 years) fig (16)(gw) vou (2h) By irae ieee Rh case coz oa wom cosepeciee ease (te) nates dala [Sapa Duty recited satin HOE ‘tlovedae a eomoiaton of ae Sefacon OF shea: ‘etomaon EU ob a ttay east spore of OF + EU. Figure3At_Idesized earthquake force-diaplasment relationships fig (18)Netherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hre Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Appendix 3: Structural analysis, 1. CODE SPONSORED DESIGN tis well known that the level of forces experienced by a structure during a major earthquake is much larger than the actual design forces. Usually, itis neither practical nor economically feasible, to design a building to remain elastic during a major seismic event. Instead, the structure is designed to remain elastic for a reduced force level. And, by prescribing "detailing requirements" the structure is relied upon to sustain post-yield displacements™ without collapse when subjected to higher levels of earthquake ground motion. It is the consensus of the structural engineering profession that a building properly designed to both the code-specified forces and the detailing requirements will have an acceptable level of seismic safety. Building structures designed in conformance with the regulations are expected, in general, to do the following: 1. Resist a minor level of earthquake ground motion without damage. 2, Resist a moderate level of earthquake ground motion without structural damage, but possibly experience some non-structural damage. 3. Resist a major level of earthquake ground motion of an intensity equal to the strongest either experienced or forecast for the building site, without collapse but possibly with some structural as well as non-structural damage. Itis expected that structural damage, even in a major earthquake, will be limited to a repairable level for structures that meet these requirements. ‘One can achieve the first two levels of performance, called the service limit state, by: Defining the level of moderate earthquake shaking. Limiting stresses or internal forces in structural members. Limiting the story drift ratio, defined as the ratio between interstory drift and story height. The third performance level, which is often termed the ultimate limit state, can be achieved by: Defining the level of severe earthquake shaking. + Providing sufficient strength, ductility, and deformation capacity to elements of the seismic framing system and providing a deformation-capable gravity load- resisting frame. Limiting the maximum story drift, Cairo intemaional Airport TBS Appendix 3 “Technical report on Scismie upgrade iNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG- Ihre Engineering Consultants Group S.A. 2. PERFORMANCE BASED ENGINEERING Recommendations are developed as to which performance levels should be attained, by buildings of different occupancy and use, under several levels of earthquake loading. This tiered specification of performance levels to be achieved at predetermined earthquake hazard levels becomes the design performance objective and a basis for design. Performance-based engineering is defined as "selection of design criteria, appropriate structural systems, layout, proportioning, and detailing for a structure and its nonstructural components and contents and the assurance of construction quality control such that at specified levels of ground motion and with defined levels of reliability, the structure will not be damaged beyond certain limiting states". There are five performance levels (Figure 1). These are: Fully Operational, Operational, Life Safe, Near Collapse, and Collapse. Each of these performance levels has associated with it defined levels of damage to structural, architectural, mechanical, and electrical building components as well as tenant furnishings. Figure 1 provides a broad overview of where each performance level falls within the overall spectrum of possible damage states. ‘As with performance levels, there are infinite possible hazard levels that could be used in the development of design performance objectives. Among these four hazard levels have been selected. As shown in Figure 2 these are: Frequent earthquakes, having a 50 percent chance of exceeding in 30 years (43 year mean return period); Occasional earthquakes, having a 50 percent chance of exceeding in 50 years (72 year ‘mean return period); Rare earthquakes, having a 10 percent change of exceeding in 50 years (475 year mean return period) and Very Rare earthquakes, having a 10 percent chance of exceeding in 100 years 950 year return. 3. OBJECTIVES AND SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TB3 Building codes for earthquake are intended to provide primarily life safety, and not to prevent damage. This is for the purpose of economy. Instead of spending vast sums of money up front, to make the structure " earthquake proof ", only nominal seismic resistance is provided in order to meet the following expectations: a. Building to be usable after small earthquakes, and b. Building does not collapse in the event of a large earthquake such as the design event. ‘This means that it is presumed that, under the design earthquake, the building will be damaged, possibly so extensive that its repair is not economical as compared to demolishing and rebuilding. Cairo laterational Airport TB Appendix 3 ‘Technical report on Seismic upgrade iiNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-1re Engineering Consultants Group S.A. To achieve economy, design Joads are reduced by a factor R= 2 to 7 depending on the level of ductility provided. It is commonly believed that providing ductility is more desirable than merely; increasing the design loads. For critical facilities such as TB3 in order to design additional resistance to achieve continuity of building occupancy immediately after earthquake, the following measures can be taken: a. Design force is increased b. Additional ductility is provided in detailing the building components and connections c. More stringent quality control in design and construction is used. d. The non-structural elements are seismically braces/anchored as a "black box". (For nuclear plants, the internal components of equipment are also qualified by testing) This does not still guarantee that there will be no damage, only that there is reasonable chance that the damage, if any, can be easily repaired without loss of function for extended period of time, 4, SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. 4.1 GENERAL The development of an adequate earthquake-resistant design for a structure includes the following: (i) selecting a workable overall structural concept; (ii) establishing ‘member sizes; (iii) performing a structural analysis of the members to verify that stress and displacement requirements are satisfied; and (iv) providing structural and nonstructural details so that the building will accommodate the distortions and stresses that occur in the building. Elements which cannot accommodate these stresses and distortions such as rigid stairs, partitions, and irregular wings should be isolated to reduce detrimental effects to the lateral force-resisting system. ‘The primary goal in seismic design, which is to provide capacity for displacement beyond the elastic range. Any number of elastic and post-elastic deformation capabilities may be invoked to attain this goal. In Figure 18, the behavior of an idealized structure subjected to three distinct levels of earthquake forces FL, FU, and Fe corresponding to lower-level, upper-level, and collapse-level earthquakes are compared. 4.2 SEISMIC SEPARATION Drift is the lateral displacement of one floor relative to the floor below. Buildings subjected to earthquakes need drift control to limit damage to interior partitions, elevator and stair enclosures, glass, and cladding systems. Stress or strength limitations do not always provide adequate drift control. Adjoining buildings or adjoining sections of the same building do not have identical modes of response and, therefore, have a tendency to pound against one another. Cairo ltemstional Aiport TBS ‘Appendix 3 ‘Technical report on Seismic upgrade itiNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Building separations or joints must be provided to permit adjoining buildings to respond independently to earthquake ground motion. 43 DUCTILITY Ductility is the capacity of building materials, systems, or structures to absorb energy by deforming into the inelastic range. The capability of a structure to absorb energy, with acceptable deformations and without failure, is a very desirable characteristic in any earthquake resistant design. Brittle material such as concrete must be properly reinforced with steel to provide the ductility characteristics necessary to resist seismic forces. 4.4 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE. Design Spectrum: ‘The minimum requirement for the development of a design response spectrum is one that has a 10 percent probability in 50 years. Either the normalized response spectra given in the code or a site specific response spectrum developed for 5 percent critical damping may be used. Other damping values are allowed if shown to be consistent with the anticipated behavior of the structure. The ECL (2004) design spectrum for elastic analysis Type (2) has been in the analysis, Fig Mathematical Modeling: Mathematical modeling is an art requiring great care in its development. The model should adequately represent the dynamic behavior of the building without exhibiting extraneous or artificial responses and stiffnesses. ‘Three-dimensional models are preferable to plan models because mass eccentricity of the structure can be properly retained in three-dimensional models. a. Part 4 is presentable for the following parts: - Part - Part 2 - — Part3 - Part 4 . Part 5 is presentable for the following parts: - Parts c. Part 8+13 is presentable for the following parts: - Part +11 - Part 8+13 - Part 10+15 4. Part 94+14 is presentable for the following parts: - Part 7412 - Part 9414 . Part 17 is presentable for the following parts: - Part 17 - Part 19 £. Part 18 is presentable for the following parts: - Part 18 g, Part 20 is presentable for the following parts: Cairo Intemational Airport T3 Appendix3 “Technical report on Seismic upgrade ivNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-1Fe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. - Part 16 - Part 20 h. Part of fii Part 25 Part 27 Part 29 Part 31 Part 33 i, Part of finger without core for the following parts: = Part 26 Part 28 Part 30 Part 32 et with core for the following parts: 4.5 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS The use of a dynamic analysis procedure is required for buildings with vertical irregularities caused by significant mass or geometric irregularities, and for other buildings such TB3 where the distribution of the lateral forces departs from that assumed in the equivalent lateral force procedure. Itis important to understand that a dynamic analysis will not necessarily provide response estimates consistent with actual seismic performance. Itis a folly to believe that it gives all the answers or solutions to a seismic design problem. It can, however, aid in seismic design by identifying important seismic response characteristics that ‘may not be evident from the static procedure, such as: (i) the effects of the structure's dynamic characteristics on the vertical distribution of lateral force; (ii) increase in the dynamic loads in the structure's lateral force resisting system due to torsional motions; and (ii) the effects of higher modes that could substantially increase story shears and deformations. Itis a good practice to plot the significant mode shapes to gain an insight into the structural performance. All modes having significant contribution to the total structural response should be included in the analysis, a requirement that is satisfied by demonstrating that 90 percent of the participating mass is included in the analysis. Although methods such as Square Root of the Sum of the Squares (SRSS) may be used to combine the effects of several modes,, the preferred method is the Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) because this method can account for modal coupling effects. Since, in the modal analysis method, the output of forces for the structural components are no longer in equilibrium, it is recommended that the predominant mode of response be used to verify equilibrium and to determine if a member is in single or double curvature. Scaling the results of dynamic response such that the base shear is consistent with static design approach is permitted. Also, to prevent excessively low base shear values resulting from the use of an unreasonably long period. Torsional motions can occur in a building even if its centers of mass; and resistance appear to be coincident and the natural frequencies of its predominant modes of vibration are well spaced. These motions I can arise from several factors not typically considered in the dynamic J analysis of buildings, such as: (i) spatial variation of Cairo Intemational Airpor TBS Appendix “Technical report on Seismic upgrade vNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hre Engineering Consultants Group S.A. horizontal ground accelerations; (ji) rotational components of ground motions; the effects of nonstructural elements, such as partitions. stairs, etc., on the buildings dynamic characteristics; (iv) the actual distribution of dead and live loads; and (v) uncertainties in defining the building's property for dynamic analysis. ‘To account for these “accidental” torsional effects, the mass in the”,, dynamic model is displaced to alternate sides of the calculated center of mass by 5 percent of the building dimension. A three-dimensional analysis is used directly to calculate the effects of torsion. 4.6 ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO MULTI-MODEL RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD ‘The buildings are modeled and analyzed as 3-dimensional structure using Sap 2000 or ETAB software programs. The mode shapes and period of vibration were obtained from the computer program for each mode participating factor (PF) and the modal ‘mass weight was determined, (See Appendix). This method is an analysis of the peak dynamic responses of all significant modes of the structure. Linear dynamic analysis using a three dimensional model shall be used to represent the structure. The seismic response spectrum shall be used for each mode. ‘The member forces and displacements may be estimated by combining the respective response quantities from the individual modes by SRSS or CQC methods. The resulted straining actions are obtained from the combination of vertical dead, live loads and different E-Q load combinations, in order to be used in design. 4.7_COMBINATION OF SEISMIC ACTION COMPONENTS IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS During an earthquake, an inertial force acts in the vibration direction of the seismic ‘motion. There is infinite number of directions expected for the seismic motions to occur in. An inertial force in any given direction in the space can be expressed as, inertial forces in three inertial forces in three perpendicular directions. According to conventional practice, it is less probable that the inertial forces in the three directions will reach maximum value simultaneously. So, the code accounts for the ignorance of the expected direction of seismic motion by evaluating the seismic response in different directions and combining the seismic effects in these directions. The considered directions are usually longitudinal direction x. Transverse direction Y and Vertical Direction Z. 4.8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN MODIFICATION In the Cairo Airport Cases, use ground acceleration is 0.15g and with the S factor, of 1.35, the peak spectral acceleration will be 0.1 5 gx 1.35 =0.21 g. Cato Intemational Airport TB Appendix “Technical port on Scenic upgrade viNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. suggests that at least most of the ductile details are to be used. Accordingly: Full ductile details will be used in all steel and concrete construction. This includes columns, beams and connections. Design load will be based on I =1.4 Adequate lateral bracing of steel beams will. be provided to permit development of plastic hinges in the desired locations. All non-structural elements such as non-bearing walls will be structurally separated from the building structural elements, to ensure that the design mathematical model is consistent with the actual structure, The following elements will be designed for the maximum force that can be delivered to the element - and not for the force obtained from the computer analysis. Steel braced frame Connections, Shear in columns and beams’ Joints in reinforced concrete frames Foundations Other "force controlled” elements Cast-in-place beams will be provided, both in the North - South and East-West directions. This will permit proper seismic reinforcement detailing at critical connection zones. In the design of the TB 3, we have taken the following measures to address seismic concerns: a. The design force is increased by 40 percent. This satisfies most stringent Egyptian Code requirements for critical facilities b. Seismic load reduction factor R = 5 is used. In the Egyptian Code, this would require only limited ductility. c. Full ductility will be designed into the design of all steel and concrete structures including connections. This is one of the most important seismic protection design measures of the facility. 4. Limitations of the story drift for serviceability limit states will be observed. fe. The expansion joint requirements will be carefully served to prevent pounding:" f, Non-structural elements crossing the expansion joints will be designed to accommodate the relative deformations of buildings. g. All non-structural items will be addressed considering priority and economy. h. — Anoverall review and evaluation of design criteria is provided, using international experts j. _ A.systematic and continuous construction monitoring program will be implemented. i, Expansion joints should be deleted in some possible parts (piers). Temperature effect shall be considered in this case. k, Increasing the ratio of concrete strength t axial stecl yield stress. 1. Increasing stirrups yield stress; i.e. using high grade steel. m. _ Using closer stirrups spacing and increasing confining reinforcement ratios relative to axial reinforcement ratios. Caro Intemational Aisprt TAS Appendix ‘Technical por on Seismic upgrade viiNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-lee : Engineering Consultants Group S.A. n, _ Maintain as much. of the gross section of the column as possible within the confined core. Cairo Intemational Aion TBS Appendix “Technical report on Seismic upgrade viiiNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-IPe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Appendix 4: Background on earthquake damage to non-structural elements Fixed Floor Mounted Elements This group includes tanks, boilers, transformers, switchgear, communication and control cabinets, and other equipment or cabinets that rest directly on the floor, and do not required vibration isolation. Excessive movement of such elements can cause damage to the element itself, but most often there is damage to connected services. Although anchoring the base of such elements to the floor is obvious, simple and normally inexpensive, it is commonly omitted. Such anchoring can be accomplished by cast-in-place anchor bolts and other inserts, or drilled-in concrete expansion anchors. ‘The connection to the equipment base is totally configuration dependent and may required metal angles or other hardware to supplement the manufactured base. Figure 1, For elements that have a high center of gravity, it may be most efficient to resist overturning by bracing at the top, either diagonally down to the floor, to the structure above, or to adjacent structural walls. Figure 2. Vertical steel beams or strong backs can also be added on either side of tall equipment to span from floor-to-floor. ‘Tanks that are supported on cast iron legs or threaded pipes have proven to be particularly susceptible to support failure. They should be avoided or should have supplemental supports and bracing. Parapets, canopies, bill boards and large signs are similarly vulnerable to earthquake vibrations and need to be designed for earthquake forces and adequately attached to the supporting structure. Fixed Suspended Equipment This group is not extensive because many suspended elements are included in other generic groups such as light fixtures, ceilings, and vibration-isolated suspended elements. Excessive swing movement such elements can damage service connections, cause damage by impacting other elements, or induce failure in the suspension system. The latter failure not only causes a loss of element function, but also could cause a life safety hazard, Recommended protection is to brace the element from the structure above. Equipment less than 10 kg, needs to be merely positively attached to the structure. Support from ceiling is acceptable as long as complete and adequate load path in present. Vibration Isolated Floor Mounted Equipment This group includes units containing internal moving parts such as pumps, motors, compressors, and engines. ‘The entire concept of vibratory isolation by flotation on a non-transmitting material (springs, neoprene, cork, etc..) although quite necessary on (Caro International Airport TBS Appendix “Techical eport on Seismic upgrade iNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-lPe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. its own, is at cross purposes with seismic anchorage. The isolation material generally has poor lateral load resistance capacity and often significantly increases the seismic response. In addition, the isolator housing devices are prone to overturning. It is therefore necessary to either supplement conventional isolators with separate stops, or install isolators that have built-in restraints and overturning resistance designed for use under seismic loading. Because of the stored energy in isolation springs compressed from vertical load, itis more efficient to anchor the assembly if restraint is built into the isolator rater than being a separate unit. Separate restraints, called snubbers, must be designed to control this stored energy as well as seismic motion. Sometimes, due to dimensional limitations, separate snubbers will be preferable. If snubbers are decided upon, those, which restrain in three dimensions, are preferred for tall equipment items. ‘A simple dimensional bumper may be used for short items. In addition, the containment surfaces in these devices much be kept clear of hard connections to the equipment or its base to avoid vibratory short circuits. Because this requirement for complete operational clearance allows a small (1/4 ~ 3/8”) movement before restraint begins, resilient pads are added to ease the shock loads that could be caused by impact. Vibration Isolation Hung Elements ‘This is a difficult type of equipment to restrain, particularly if only a small movement can be tolerated. The best method is to provide a laterally stable suspended platform upon which conventional seismic isolators or snubbers can be mounted. In installations where isolating springs are placed within he hangers, the isolators should always be placed tight against the supporting structure member. In the case for smaller equipment, or when a limited degree of lateral, the unit can be installed as close as possible to the supporting structure above without additional lateral restraint. ‘Where hanger rods are used to lower the unit, cross bracing or diagonal bracing should be installed to limit movement below the isolator. Cables with slight slack have been used as diagonal tension braces at each corner of suspended isolated equipment. Adjustment of such systems to both avoid short circuits in the isolation system and appropriately limit the movement is critical. Shock loadings that could occur can be partially avoided by neoprene cushioning within the cable connections. Storage Racks or Shelves ‘This group of elements can be subcategorized into those units that are self supporting (generally based-anchored), and those mounted on or laterally supported by a wall or partition. It is common for factory built storage and shelving units to be inadequately designed for even small lateral seismic loads. Vertical members and connections should be carefully checked. Cairo Intemational Airport TES Appendix “Technical report on Seismic upgrade iiNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-lre Engineering Consultants Group S.A. When inadequacies are found, it is normally difficult to persuade the manufacturer to strengthen his product specifically for seismic loads, so fieldwork is often necessary. A.common method of making such field modifications without seriously altering appearances is to introduce top support of shelving or storage units. New floor-to- floor lateral support members can do this, by a horizontal grid hung and braced to the floor above, or sometimes by interconnecting the tops of units. Ceiling Ceilings are hung from structure above the create and enclosed space for placing pipes, ducts, and conduit. In some mechanical systems the space is used as a return air plenum and is thus directly important to the operation of the air conditioning system. Seismic damage to a heavy ceiling system should be considered as a falling hazard to life safety and a threat to short term operational continuity. Suspended ceiling can be sold (constructed from gypsum board or plaster), or panelized (suspended prefabricated squares or rectangles), or tee-bar ceiling composed of suspended sheet metal inverted tee shaped sections which support ceiling elements, light fixtures and mechanical grills on the flanges of the tee-bars. Unfortunately, the tee-bar ceilings, installed without regard for seismic conditions, are also the most susceptible to damage because of the light tee sections used and the lack of in-place continuity and stiffness. Other kinds of panelized ceilings, characterized by minimal connection between panels, as well as heavier suspension systems, have in general performed better than the lay-in type. Solid ceilings with no breaks in their in-plane continuity typically have connections to surrounding partitions and substantial suspension systems and, as a group, have performed better in earthquakes. Differential swaying or swinging in panelized ceilings can cause gaps to open between support members, which in turn can allow ceiling and other suspended elements to fall. This can be minimized by diagonal bracing of the main ceiling suspension runners to the structure above, by reinforcing the inter-ties between runners, or by physically attaching ceiling elements to the runners. Without diagonal bracing, however, the ceiling swinging motion will be incompatible with the surrounding partitions and damage will result at the ceiling perimeter. Diagonal bracing for such ceilings consists of wires, similar to the vertical suspension wires, running from points along the main tees at approximately 45 degrees up to the structure. The current standard also requires a rigid vertical compression member (not a wire) at each brace point. Such brace points should be placed approximately on a twelve-foot grid. The same principles apply to solid ceilings except that there is no tendency for differential swinging because of in-place continuity, unless broken by a continuous light fixtures or mechanical diffuser. When theses ceilings are suspended only a short, distance (less than 1 meter) and cover a small area (less than 40 square meter) no special bracing may be needed. For large suspended ceiling areas, bracing is required to prevent serious pounding damage at walls, columns, or other non-yielding ceiling penetrations. Cato Intemational Airport TRS Appendix d ‘Techical report on Semi upgrade iiiNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-lre Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Light Fixtures There are different types of light fixtures. Although these light fixtures differ in type, shape, size, manufacturer and installation method, they can be grouped into four major categories: - Recessed fixtures - Surface mounted fixtures = Pendant fixtures - Chain hung fixtures Each group of light fixtures behaves differently under seismic conditions and has it ‘own unique problems. In general, pendant fixtures are most susceptible to earthquake damage. Chain fixtures may be damaged where they are installed closed to other building elements. Recessed fixtures are extremely hazardous when they are not fastened to the ceiling suspension system. Surface mounted fixtures are least susceptible to earthquake damage, but can be dangerous when improperly clipped or attached to panelized ceilings. Excess numbers of vertical ceiling hangers or braced ceiling suspension systems are not adequate substitution for positive fixture anchorage. For example, wires can be placed at each corner of each fixture but attached to the tee-bar and not the fixture. Because of the light gauge tee-bar material, the seismic loads induced in the fixtures can wrap the tee-bar system during and earthquake and allow the fixtures to fall. Seismic protection requires securing recessed lighting fixtures at diagonal corners by stalling two 12 gauge wires connected directly to the structure Recessed fixtures in concealed spline, gypsum board, or plaster ceilings have a much better chance of surviving an earthquake without damage mainly because these types of ceiling systems are inherently stiffer. The fixture should be positively attached or clamped to the main ceiling support system without relying on friction to prevent Jateral movement. Positive attachment or safety wires should be installed on fixtures supported by swing out arms, side levers, or other friction clamp systems. Surface Mounted Fixtures have generally been undamaged in earthquakes because normal installation methods securely fasten the fixture to the ceiling system, Some surface mounted fixtures however, are held by heavy gauge sheet metal C-clamps not positively attached to the fixture which can be twisted open by strong motion, allowing the fixture to fall. Most surface mounted fixtures installed in tee-bar ceilings are supported by clip-on studs that attach to the tee and hang from the flanges. Some types of these clips are heavily depended on perfect installation or they can be shaken loose. Each clip type should be reviewed for dynamic reliability. Pendant fixtures are notoriously susceptible to earthquake damage. This type of fixture can fail at ceiling connections, swivel joints, stem housing connections or the Cairo International Aiport TS Append 4 Technical report on Seismic upgrade ivNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-1Fe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. stems. Where supported from suspended ceiling systems they can also induce damage to the ceiling system due to the swaying and twisting action during an earthquake. A passive corrective measure is to install safety cables through the supporting stems. This may prevent the fixtures from failing, but the fixture will still be susceptible to damage. Chain-hung fixtures installed in large open areas may survive earthquakes without damage provided that the chains are of substantial design and open hooks are not used in their connections. They become susceptible to damage where they are installed near other building elements such as ventilation ductwork, suspended equipment or building columns. Under these conditions, they can be severely damaged or create hazards from failing debris (particularly the fluorescent tubes) by impacting into the obstruction. In this case, the fixture or group of fixtures must be laterally stayed by a rigid grid or taut cables at the fixture level to prevent or dampen any swaying. Partitions and Curtain Walls Gypsum boards or plaster partition systems that are supported top and bottom sustain minimal damage in earthquakes unless the structure itself has been severely damaged or has distorted in excess of code allowable. Damage is most often limited to cracking; complete collapse is infrequent. Masonry partitions (non load bearing) and curtain walls are life safety hazards and cause extended interruption of building operations, Furthermore the conventional rigid attachment of these elements to the building causes dynamic behavior of the building structure to change as compared to the mathematical model used in seismic design. These elements are designed to be able to withstand lateral seismic loads. ‘This includes the strength of the clement as well as the strength of the connection for out-of-plane loading. Additionally, the element must be isolated from the building for in-plane deformations. To achieve this, the panels will be fixed to the floors, and isolated from columns and walls, and provided with a sliding joint at the floor above. Figure ..... For flexible curtain wall systems, sliding connection can be omitted, if the system is designed to withstand building deformations. This would require adequate grip at lass panel edges that permit distortion without loss of water tightness. Such elements are often required to be approved by racking test followed by verification of water tightness. Piping Systems In conventionally installed piping systems, fitting failure generally occur at or near connectors where equipment is allowed to move, or where a main pipe is forced to move and small branches connected to the main are clamped to structural elements. Current practice is to provide complete restraint when seismic protection of piping systems is needed. This restraint can be applied throughout the system or in local, Ciro International Aiport TS Appendix Teebnical report on Seismic upgrade vNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-1Fe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. well-defined areas such as mechanical or service rooms. Bracing is required for all piping larger than 5 cm in diameter. Fire lines are piping for gas and hazardous ‘materials larger than 2 em in diameter should be braced, Although there are many variables to consider when restraining piping against seismic movement, the techniques are relatively simple and similar to those used for hanging equipment. Required operational movement of piping due to thermal and/or pressure loadings must also be considered, where applicable. Anchoring pipe directly to structural slabs, beams, columns, or walls is the simplest. When anchoring piping to different parts of the structure, the effect of differential structural movement on the pipe must be considered. Codes and guidelines often consider hangers of less than 12” length as being equivalent to direct attachment. For pipe hangers greater than 12” Tong, diagonal braces to the structure above or horizontal struts to adjacent structure are normally installed at hanger locations. Vertical suspension hardware is usually incorporated into braces, for efficiency and because of its availability. Many parameters must be considered before the exact details and layout of a pipe bracing system can be completed. These include: ‘Type of Structure — The connection of hanger and bracing to structure are important factors. Many light roof deck systems cannot resist concentrated point loadings except at beam locations. Other roof and floor systems may have significant limitations on the magnitude of point loadings, which will limit brace locations. Drilled or shot-in anchors in the soffit (underside) of pre-stressed concrete floors are often unacceptable. Limitations on depth and location of anchors also exist in the soffit of reinforced concrete beans or joists. “Shot-in” anchors are not always dependable when subjected to cyclic dynamic loadin; Piping Material - The strength and ductility of the material will affect brace spacing. ‘The stiffness will affect dynamic response and therefore loading. Weight of Pipe and Contents ~The motion being restrained is a dynamic response; the forces that must be resisted in each brace are proportional to the tributary weight. Location of Pipe - The strength of structural compression members, is sensitive to Jength so piping far from a structural support is difficult to brace effectively. ‘Thermal and Pressure Loads ~ Some pipes such as those for steam and hot water, cannot be rigidly anchored. Pipe anchors and guides used in high temperature piping systems must be considered and integrated into a seismic bracing system. A misplaced longitudinal brace can become an unwanted thermal anchor and cause severe damage. Thermal forces at anchor points, unless released after the system is operational, are additive to tributary seismic forces. Potential interference between seismic and thermal support systems is particularly high near pipe bends where a transverse brace can become an anchor for the perpendicular pipe run. (Ciro Iterations Airport TBS Appendix 4 ‘Teetnical report on Seismic uperade viNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-1Ae Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Joint Type — Piping joints have proven to be the most damageable element in piping systems; threaded and bell and spigot joints have been especially susceptible. The joint type in conjunction with the pipe material also determines the length of the span between braces. For example, most no-hub joints have virtually no stiffness; effective bracing of such systems is nearly impossible. Mechanical joints exhibit the most complex behavior, with spring like flexibility (when pressurized) within a certain rotation and complete rigidity when at maximum rotation. In addition, the behavior of such systems under axial loadings necessary to transmit forces to longitudinal braces is unknown. Vibration ~ Traditionally, un-braced pipe systems have seldom caused vibration transmission problems because of their inherent flexibility. Rigidly braced piping systems could cause sound and vibration problems. Condensation - The need to thermally insulate chilled water lines from hanging hardware makes longitudinal brace attachment difficult. In some configurations of short runs with bends, transverse braces can be utilized near comers to brace the system in both directions. Friction connections, using wax impregnated oak or calcium silicate sleeves as insulators have also been used. Several systems have been developed that contain a family of details covering some of the various conditions and loadings. The bracing system contained in the SMACNA Manual and UNISTRUT, conform to State of California Hospital requirements and can be referenced in design. Please see (http:/Awww.unistrut.com/pdf/Seismic.pdf). Because of the complexity of the overall problem, these systems do not cover all of the parameters discussed above. For fie lines, the NFPA standard design may be used. Pipe risers seldom pose a problem because they are normally clamped at each floor and movement due to temperature changes are routinely considered. Very large of stiff configurations which could be affected by inter-story drift or situations where long free-hanging horizontal runs could be inadvertently braced by a riser are possible exceptions. The effect of mid span couplings with less strength or rigidity than the pipe itself must also be considered. The techniques for handling the possible differential movement at utility entrances to buildings or at building expansion joints are well developed because of the similarity to problems of settlement, temperature movement, and wind drift. Expansion loops or ‘combinations of mechanically flexible joints are normally employed. The primary consideration in seismic applications is to recognize the possibility of repeated large differential movements. A further consideration is the use of C-clamps supporting hung distribution systems. These rely on friction and have performed poorly in the past. The solution is to add a positive restraining component as shown in Figure.... Air Distribution Systems (Cairo Intemational Airport TRS Appendix ‘Techical por on Seitmic upgrade viiNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG- Ire Engineering Consultants Group S.A. ‘The category is meant to cover ducted systems. Damage has been primarily to canvas or other flexible couplings. Often this was due to large movement of equipment on vibration isolators. If such equipment is snubbed and the ducts braced, standard flexible connectors should accommodated normal building motions. Damage has also been recorded at duct joints and in gravity suspension systems, but always in un- braced duct work. Ducts with two foot or longer hangers can swing and damage other elements. The seismic protection of ductwork is more a matter of careful consideration of possible differential motion than anchoring and bracing to minimize response. Thus, bracing should be considered near stationary equipment, or where duct swaying could damage other elements. Ducts crossing seismic joints should be carefully detailed. ‘The SMACNA Guidelines cover most normal duct conditions and can be referenced directly. Unusual situations can be designed using code required seismic forces. In-line mechanical equipment, such as reheat boxes, mixing boxes, and fans may be considered either as hung equipment or part of the duct system. In either case, the concentration of loading and resultant possibility of differential movement must be considered in the seismic protection scheme. Diffusers and exhaust grills occur at the ceiling —duct interface and often are dependent on the ceiling for primary support. In lay-in ceilings, these elements can present a life safety hazard if not installed in accordance with current seismic codes, which require independent support. Linear diffusers can split either panelized or solid ceilings into two dynamically independent units, which can concentrate damage at the joint as well as causing loss of support for the diffuser. Electrical Distribution Systems Electrical distribution elements such as cables, conduits, and bus ducts have suffered little damage in past earthquakes, except at connections to equipment. Such elements le to damage from the failure of unrelated items such as equipment, ceilings, or piping and ductwork suspended nearby. Highly important distribution elements should be installed to be independent of the failure of other items. Larger rigid systems such as bus ducts should be braced when suspended. Distribution transformers, switchgear and motor control centers should be anchored or braced to the structural framing. Elevators The elements of elevators susceptible to seismic damage are thought to be well understood. Extensive damage to elevators in previous earthquakes led to review of all seismic weaknesses of elevator installation and development of standards to minimize earthquake effects. Cairo Intemational Aiport TBS Appendix 4 Technical report on Seismic upgrade ViliNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €cG-hFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Similar to mechanical/electrical devices, the equipment such as the elevator hoist ‘machine, the motor generator, and the controller-selector cabinets must be anchored, In the case of hydraulic elevators, equipment is limited to the hydraulic pump and fluid reservoir. Within the shaft, the car and counterweight must be kept on their rails considering both the distortion of the shaft forced by the building and the lateral forces caused by the shaking motion, The rail and rail bracketing system as well as the roller g attachment device must be designed considering seismic forces. Because of the possibility of impact between car and counterweight if either loses support from the rails, derailment sensors and elevator shut-off devices are also required in the California code. Such seismic switches have a variety of operational formats including sensing derailment, sensing seismic motion in general, returning the car to the nearest floor, or returning the car to the nearest floor away from the counterweight location, Items that Cross Expansion Joints In addition to duct and piping described above, there are other major building elements that cross the expansion joints. ‘These include escalators and walkways, These elements need to be capable of articulating with building structure. Typically, the stiff components are provided with movable connections and the more flexible elements are allowed to deform with the building. Gas Connections Fire following earthquake is a major consideration for seismic protection. Damage typically occurring at the connection of piping to the equipment (with or without seismic attachments) can start a fire. It is strongly recommended that all gas fired equipment use flexible piping connections that permit 20 om of motion in each direction. The use of automatic gas shut-off valves on major gas lines is also recommended. (Cairo Inematonal Airport 123 ‘Appenci4 ‘Technical port on Seti wpernde ixNetherlands Airport Consultants B.V. NACO €CG-lFe Engineering Consultants Group S.A. Appendix 5. Architectural Details Cairo Inematonal Airport 183, Appendix S| ‘Technical report on Seismic uperede iae Ts “4 ° 4 4X 4 X 6" LONG ~~ 36" DC. BOLT NO_CONNECTION @ WALL MASONRY WALL Ld INTERIOR WALL PLATES 4 \ LONG. 6 @ 36" DC. La NO_CONNECTION @ WALL MASONRY WALL EXTERIOR WALL Principle Detail Details @ TOP OF NONBEARING MASONRY WALLS ASK-OlEEMENT THAT THEY THE BORROWER, BACKER ROD. 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Appendix 6 MEP Details Cairo inematonal Airport TAS ‘Technical eport on Seismic upprade i Appendixe@ o@ — I : BOILER LEG-8 PLACES TYP. a BOILER 4 f Le te B) °@ | °° °° ! J PLAN >» NTS Typ ALT: ONE 7/8" ® BOLT L_4x4x3/8"_-9"LONG BOILER (2) 3/8" DRILLCO MAXI BOLTS 6" C\C (€-3-172"1 - CONCRETE PAD * e oa FLOOR SLAB a0 a % a an 4 e “ 2 : EN SECTION a i tail Principle Deta RIGO MOUNT MSK-OIom a WALL ( SEE NOTE 2) OT PLAN PLAN SEE NOTE | & YY EQUIPMENT SEE NOTE eo 5 I wes Say = ar nae fee DRY WALL UNISTRUT P3300 3/8" @ BOLT CONCRETE OR MASONRY NOTE: | FOR CONNECTOR DETAIL SEE PLANS. EXAMPLE: IF PLANS REFERENCE D all/D 101A USE D 2il FROM THIS SHEET AND FOR CONNECTOR DETAIL. 2 IF HOLLOW CELL IS ENCOUNTERED IN MASONRY WALL, USE 1/2" THRU BOLT WITH 4 x 4 x 1/4" BEARING PLATE. Principle Detail SLAB & WALL ATTACHMENT MSK-02EQUIPMENT ol A -[—}-_* r 0.5 INCH MAXIMUM EQUIPMENT BASE | peeate EXISTING \ | SPRING = ——— MOUNT = SECTION EXISTING CONCRETE PAD FOR BUMPER DETAIL SEE PLANS. EXAMPLE: IF PLANS REFERENCE NOTE: D 30I/D 102A USE D 30! FROM THIS SHEET AND D 102A FOR BUMPER DETAIL Principle Detail BUMPER MSK-03QUICK RELEASE STRAP ASSEMBLY OR CHAIN SHACKLE WITH MINIMUM ULTIMATE LOAD CAPACITY OF 1000 Ibs X NUMBER OF CYLINDERS fi CYLINDERS STEEL TUBE 3x3xI74" 6" LONG 7 , BASE PLATE I ax 9K 3a | xe \ als @ \ eS aj a 4 I ° a * . A a,¢ 2 a 4 o¢ eo ae « * * : (4) 3/8" DRILLCO_MAXi BOLTS 7” C/C inciple Detail Principle Detal GAS CYLINDERS MSK-04BENT ROD WITH COUPLER SAME SIZE AS HANGER (72"@ MAX) [4 2” MIN FOR HANGERS SUPPORTING PIPES LARGER THAN 4" FLAMMABLE GAS & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PIPES LARGER THAN 2.1/2" AND FOR PIPE TRAPEZE CLAMP RESTRAINT ALTERNATE ; USE A NEW HANGER WITH (SEISMIC RESTRAINT) Principle Detail C-CLAMP RESTRAINT PSK-Ol_STEEL ANGLE "OR CHANNEL, ‘SSB ATTACHED TO CEILING DECK Pa &Y “~~ CCB CROSS BRACE FIG. 1 STEEL ANGLE _/ REINFORCEMENTFig.