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For a CNC machine control unit (MCU) decides cutting speed, feed, depth of cut,
tool selection , coolant on off and tool paths. The MCU issues commands in form
of numeric data to motors that position slides and tool accordingly.
Numerical control developed out of the need to meet the requirements of high
production rates, uniformity and consistent part quality.
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
CNC
All computer controlled machines are able to accurately and repeatedly control
motion in various directions. Each of these directions of motion is called an axis.
Depending on the machine type there are commonly two to five axes.
The most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise, and
consistent motion control.
All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of motion, called
axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their
lengths of travel.
The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and
rotary (driven along a circular path).
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
These components, along with the computer controls that govern them, are
referred to as an axis drive system.
If a rotary table is added to the machine table, then the fourth axis is
designated the b axis.
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
Control Systems
Open-Loop Control
Stepper motor system
Current pulses sent from control unit to motor
Each pulse results in a finite amount of revolution of the motor001 is
possible
l Open-Loop Limitations
Control unit assumes desired position is achieved
No positioning compensation
Typically, a lower torque motor
l Open-Loop Advantages
Less complex, Less costly, and lower maintenance costs
Closed-Loop Control
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
Interpolation
CNC Lathe
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
Has 3 to 5 axes.
Used for wood, metal and plastic.
Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and signs.
How CNC Works
Tools
Most are made from
high speed steel (HSS),
tungsten carbide or ceramics.
Tools are designed to direct waste away from the material.
Some tools need coolant such as oil to protect the tool and work.
CNC controllers
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
The CNC controller is the brain of a CNC system. A controller completes the
all important link between a computer system and the mechanical components
of a CNC machine.
The controller's primary task is to receive conditioned signals from a computer
or indexer and interpret those signals into mechanical motion through motor
output. There are several components that make up a controller and each
component works in unison to produce the desired motor movement.
The word controller is a generic term that may refer to one of several
devices, but usually refers to the complete machine control system.
This system may include the protection circuitry, stepper or servo motor
drivers, power source, limit switch interfaces, power controls, and other
peripherals.
Fanuc
Sinumerik (Siemens)
Heidenhain
Haas
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
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Dr.K.Balamurugan, ASP/MECH, IRTT
- the newer methods use a central computer which communicates with local
CNC computers (also called Direct Numerical Control)
DNC controllers came before CNC machines, but as computer technology improved
it became practical to place a computer beside the NC machine, and DNC changed in
form.
Advantages are,
- eliminates the need for NC tapes (the advantages are obvious)
- design changes are immediate
- NC programs may be edited quickly
- can be used to support an FMS system
- increase efficiency of individual machine tools
- more shop up-time than with stand alone machines
- simplifies implementation of group technology, computer aided process
planning, and other CIM concepts
- reduces peripheral costs with NC tapes
Disadvantages,
- high cost of computer hardware
- the number of machines which could be controlled by one computer was limited
- computer software was limited for maintenance, scheduling, control, and data
collection
- a backup computer was usually required
- was hard to justify on the basis of downloading parts programs
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