Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Seminar Report
on
JANUARY 2014
1
CANDIDATES DECLARATION
SAMEEKSHA GUPTA
ID: 2010UEE192
Final yr B.Tech. Electrical Engineering
JAIPUR (INDIA)
2
CERTIFICATE
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4
CONTENTS
Page No.
CANDIDATES DECLARATION 2.
CERTIFICATE 3.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4.
LIST OF FIGURES 7.
LIST OF TABLES 8.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 9.
1.1 Definition
1.2 Need of HVDC Systems
1.3 Brief History
1.4 Use of HVDC Technology Around The
Globe
5
CHAPTER-4 DISADVANTAGES OF HVDC SYSTEM 26-27
4.1Cost
4.2Harmonics
4.3Integration of HVDC System into AC Netwroks
4.4Stability of Networks
CHAPTER-9 CONCLUSION 42
6
REFERENCES
LIST of FIGURES
7
LIST of TABLES
8
LIST of ABBREVIATIONS
9
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINITION
A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system uses direct
current for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more
common alternating current (AC) systems.
For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer
lower electrical losses. For underwater power cables, HVDC avoids the heavy
currents required to charge and discharge the cable capacitance each cycle. For shorter
distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system
may still be warranted, due to other benefits of direct current links.
HVDC technology first made its mark in the early under-sea cable interconnections
10
of Gotland (1954) and Sardinia (1967), and then in long distance transmission with
the Pacific Intertie (1970) and Nelson River (1973) schemes using mercury-arc
valves. A significant milestone occurred in 1972 with the first Back to Back (BB)
asynchronous interconnection at Eel River between Quebec and New Brunswick; this
installation also marked the introduction of thyristor valves to the technology and
replaced the earlier mercury-arc valves.
The first commercially used HVDC link in the world was built in 1954 between the
mainland of Sweden and island of Gotland. Since the technique of power
transmission by HVDC has been continuously developed.
In India, the first HVDC line in Rihand-Delhi in 1991 i.e. I 500 KV, 800 Mkl, 1000
KM. In Maharashtra in between Chandrapur & Padaghe at 1500 KV & 1000 MV.
Global HVDC transmission capacity has increase from 20 MW in 1954 to 17.9 GW in
1984. Now the growth of DC transmission capacity has reached an average of 2500
MW/year.
11
1.4 USE OF HVDC TECHNOLOGY AROUND THE GLOBE
12
13
Table(contd). : Listing of HVDC installations
14
Table(contd). : Listing of HVDC installations
15
Table(contd). : Listing of HVDC installations
16
CHAPTER 2
17
The HVDC system is accepted for transmission of power for following reasons :
(ii) For interconnection between two a.c. systems having their own load frequency
control.
(iv) For under-ground or submarine cable transmission over long distance at high
voltage.
At present, HVDC links have been installed in the world upto the year 2001, 100 links
are expected with a total transfer capacity of 75000 MW. The choice between 400 KV
A.C 705 KV AC, 1100 KV AC and HVDC transmission alternatives is made on the
basis technical and economic studies for each particular line and associated A.C.
HVDC transmission consists of two converter stations which are connected to each
18
Two series connected 6 pulse converters (12-pulse bridge) consisting of valves &
converters transformer are used. The valves convert AC to DC, and the transformer
provide a suitable voltage ratio to achieve the desired direct voltage and galvanic
separation of the AC & DC systems. A smoothing reactor in the DC ckt reduces the
harmonic currents in the DC line, & possible transient over currents. Filters are used
to take care of harmonics generated at the conversion. Thus we see that in an HVDC
By varying the firing angle & ( point on the voltage wave when the gating pulse is
applied & conduction starts ) the DC output voltage can be controlled between two
19
Fig.2.1: Main components of a HVDC transmission a typical arrangement
20
2.3.1 Monopolar Link
A monopolar link has one conductor and uses either ground and/or sea return. A
metallic return can also be used where concerns for harmonic interference and/or
corrosion exist. In applications with dc cables (i.e. HVDC Light), a cable return is
used. Since the corona effects in a dc line are substantially less with negative polarity
of the conductor as compared to the positive polarity, a monopolar link is normally
operated with negative polarity.
Fig.2.2:Monopolar Line
A bipolar link has two conductors, one positive and the other negative. Each terminal
has two sets of converters of equal rating, in series on the dc side. The junction
between the two sets of converters is grounded at one or both ends by the use of a
short electrode line. Since both poles operate with equal currents under normal
operation, there is zero ground current flowing under these conditions. Monopolar
operation can also be used in the first stages of the development of a bipolar link.
Alternatively, under faulty converter conditions, one dc line may be temporarily used
as a metallic return with the use of suitable switching.
21
Fig.2.3:Bipolar Line
In this type of link two conductors having the same polarity (usually negative) can be
operated with ground or metallic return. Due to the undesirability of operating a dc
link with ground return, bipolar links are mostly used. A homopolar link has the
advantage of reduced insulation costs, but the disadvantages of earth return outweigh
the advantages.
22
Fig.2.4:Homopolar Line
One of the most important aspects or HVDC systems is its fast and stable
controllability. In DC transmission, the transmitted power can be rapidly controlled
by changing the DC voltages. The current in the system can only flow in one
direction for a given setting power is transported from rectifies to inverter and by
altering voltages, the power flow direction is reversed.
Fig.2.5:Converter Stations
In HVDC transmission, one of the converter stations, generally the inverter station, is
so controlled that the direct voltage of the system is fixed & has rigid relation to the
23
voltage on the AC side. Tap changers take care of the slow variations on the AC side
the other terminal station (rectifier) adjust the direct voltage on its terminal so that the
current is controlled to the desired transmitted power.
In fig.
( L 1)
where R is the Resistance of link & includes loop transmission resistance (if any), and
resistance smoothing reactors and converter valves the power received is, therefore,
given as
( L 2)
( L 3)
( L 4)
Where,
24
From equation ( L-2). It is clear that the DC power per pole is controlled by relative
25
26
CHAPTER 3
The significant advantage of HVDC systems is that it could be used as a tie line to
interconnect separate AC networks. When two separately asynchronous ac systems,
for example where one operates at a frequency of 50Hz and the other at 60Hz or
where the two systems are operated at the same frequency but different phase angles,
using DC link to connect the two ac systems is the only practical method. DC power
is independent of the frequency and relative phase of the power systems. The HVDC
interconnection between two ac systems will not suffer from power swings and risk of
tripping arising from overload. HVDC interconnections performance is much better
than ac interconnection.
HVDC asynchronous interconnection also has very good protection effect about
outages transmit through power networks. August 14 2003, the blackout in Northeast
America gives an example of protection effect from HVDC link . HVDC link
prevented the outage developing past the asynchronous interconnection interface with
Quebec when outage propagated through Qntario and New York.
27
3.2 Economics
For the same transmission capacity, HVDC transmission lines cost less than HVAC
transmission lines in the same length. Fig shows the investment costs for and
overhead line transmission with AC and HVDC.
As can be seen from Figure above a certain distance, the break-even-distance, the
costs of HVDC transmission line are much smaller than AC transmission line. A
bipolar system only has two lines compared to three lines in an AC system which
results in a smaller cost in tower design and construct for delivering the same capacity
power. The Three Gorges Project in China would require 5 x 500kV ac lines
28
compared
HVDC has a good performance in long distance bulk power delivery with
underground and submarine cables. It can transfer more power in fewer lines than in
AC system under the same situation. In an ac system the reactive power flow which
caused by the cable resistance limits the transmission distance and adds costs.
Furthermore, reactive power compensation is needed in ac transmission system for
long distance power delivery. Unlike the case of ac transmission, HVDC system
performs better. Lower line losses and economic benefits make HVDC a better
alternative for long-distance power delivery. Using underground and submarine
cables, there is no distance limitation for power delivery and about a half the line
losses of comparable ac system. HVDC transmission system is considered to be a
better choice for connecting offshore wind farms to grid or delivering power from
remote resources to large Urban areas.
29
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Cost
As can be seen from the figure below, the highest cost in constructing HVDC
30
transmission system is spent on power electronics and converter transformers.
4.2 Harmonics
31
4.3 Integration of HVDC system into ac networks
In the future, power grids are expected to have more and more HVDC
interconnections. The interactions between these multiple HVDC schemes will
become more important. Communication failures between these HVDC schemes may
result in system instability .
32
CHAPTER 5
HVDC APPLICATION:
5.1 Introduction
Orthodox methods for the provision of electricity supplies, such as a central power
station with a transmission and distribution network, may not be the most economical
means of providing electricity supplies in developing countries, particularly in rural
33
areas where the demand per customer is only a small fraction of a kW . Mobilising of
capital and developing of new technologies is necessary in supplying power to these
rural areas.
Other than various advantages of, HVDC transmission,it does suffer a significant
disadvantage compared to high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission, with
regard to tapping off power from transmission lines. It has not been proven to be
economically and technically feasible to tap off small amounts of power from HVDC
transmission lines. This is a substantial drawback considering that most HVDC
transmission lines pass over many rural communities that have little or no access to
electricity.
Also the issue currently at hand is whether the tapping station should be connected in
series or in parallel to the HVDC transmission line.
Although research has shown satisfactory results for one series tap connected at the
middle of the HVDC transmission line, taking Example of the African context, HVDC
transmission line transporting power from Central Africa to Southern Africa will be at
least 3000 km long. Therefore, it is very likely that the HVDC transmission line will
pass more than two (maybe more than 10) rural communities, spaced along the
HVDC transmission line. Hence, it would not be economically feasible to have one
series tap at the middle of the HVDC transmission line supplying power to all these
communities. Further, a series tap causes a volt drop on the HVDC transmission line,
which increases the main rectifier and inverter thyristor valve losses and stresses.
34
There is therefore a need to devise a method for multiple power tap offs from HVDC
transmission lines for rural applications.
5.2 Method:
Firstly, a novel DC-to-DC converter was designed for connection in parallel with the
HVDC transmission line and step down the high DC voltage to a lower DC voltage.
Secondly, a voltage source inverter was used to invert the lower DC voltage into a
three-phase voltage.
Voltage source converters (VSC) feeds power to AC systems with low short circuit
ratio or even passive networks with no local power generation.
To compensate for the converter transformer, the load was connected in a delta
configuration, which was the same way the winding on the converter side of the
transformer was connected. The function of the delta configuration in this application
was to eliminate the DC component of the phase voltage.
To reduce the voltage stress on the VSI IGBT valves, a novel DC-to-DC converter
was explored to step down the high transmission line DC voltage down to a lower
voltage.
A buck, step-down, convertor produces a lower average output DC voltage than the
applied DC input voltage.
The output voltage fluctuations are diminished by using a low- pass filter, consisting
of an inductor and capacitor. The corner frequency fc of the lowpass filter is selected
to be much lower than the switching frequency, thus essentially eliminating the
switching frequency ripple in the output voltage.
35
5.3 Results:
fault is solidly grounded. The HVDC system takes approximately 0.6 s to stabilise
after the clearance of the fault.
A load change in the rural AC system has an unnoticeable effect on the HVDC
system.
5.4 Conclusions:
36
CHAPTER 6
The first HVDC link to be commissioned in the country was Rihand-Dadri in 1991
connecting. Thermal power plant in Rihand, Uttar Pradesh (Eastern Part of Northern
Grid) with Dadri (Western Part of Northern Grid). It has a line length of about 816
km. It was built by ABB and is currently owned by PGCIL. Each Pole has a
continuous power carrying capacity of 750 MW with about 10% two hours overload
and 33% five seconds overload of 6x315 MVA at Rihand Terminal and 6x305 MVA at
Dadri Terminal. The next project, Chandrapur-Padge HVDC link connecting
Chandrapur (Central India) and Padge (Mumbai) in 1999. It transmits 1500 MW
power over 752 km and helps in stabilizing the Maharashtra grid by increasing power
flow on the existing 400 KV lines and minimizing total line losses. The Talcher-Kolar
link connecting Talcher, (Odisha) with Kolar, (Karnataka) was completed in June
2003, designed for transmission of 2000 MW continuous rating with inherent short
term overload capacity over 1369 km, making it the longest HVDC link with a
converter transformer rating of 6x398 MVA. The 780 km HVDC link connecting
Ballia, Uttar Pradesh and Bhiwadi, Rajasthan in monopolar mode in March 2010 and
was furthered to operate in bipolar mode in March 2011. During inclement weather
conditions it operates at 70-80% DC voltage owing to reverse power flow capability
with a converter transformer rating of 8x498 MVA on both side. The Mundra-
Mohindergarh link has been the most recently commissioned HVDC link connecting
the Western region to the Northern region for over 986 km operating at 1500 MW. It
is the first link to be commissioned by a private firm (The Adani Group).
37
6.2 HVDC Back to Back Projects
There are various concerns regarding the above mentioned system which include
creation of high capacity long distance transmission corridors to enable minimum cost
per MW transfer, the complexity involved in realizing and extending present systems
to Multi-Terminal systems, limited overload capacity of the static inverters coupled
with the difficulty in installation. The high cost of installation of the plant due to the
umpteen number of protection equipment required to eliminate the harmonics have
been some of the issues faced in the development of existing HVDC systems. It has
38
also been observed that implementation on DC circuit breakers is a complex task
owing to the requirement of current being made zero forcefully which helps prevents
arcing and contact wear and hence reliable switching. And the project so developed
should also have minimal effect on the environment. Thus, to account for the ever
increasing demand of power, strong, lossless transmission methods need to be
developed between the generating stations and the bulk power consumers.
Various projects are being planned which include the introduction of 800 KV, 3000
MW upgradable to 6000 MW Multiterminal systems, in order to facilitate the transfer
of power from generating stations to bulk load centers. The proposed site for rectifier
station is in Bishwanath Chariali and Alipurduar handling 3000 MW and the Inverter
station at Agra handling 6000 MW power. This system is proposed to originate from
Assam and pass through West Bengal, Bihar and terminate in Uttar Pradesh with an
approximate length of 1728 km. It will be the highest capacity HVDC project of the
world considering the continuous 33% overload feature. Each pole of the multi-
terminal shall been designed for 2000 MW which are the highest capacity poles in the
world. The Earth Electrode shall be designed for 5000 Ampere DC continuous current
which shall be the first of its kind in the world. This project is expected to
commission by 2015. It also includes the extension of the Mundra- Mohindergarh
HVDC link currently operating at 1500 MW to its full installed capacity of 2500 MW.
The proposed HVDC link project by PGCIL between India and Sri Lanka connecting
Madurai (Southern India) and Anuradhapura (Central Sri Lanka) would be of 285km
length including 50km of submarine cables. The project would take the final form in
two phases, first would enable the transfer of 500 MW and 1000 MW,the target
capacity in the second phase in near future. Such a connection would enable the two
countries to sell excess energy thus saving resources. Another proposed HVDC link
connecting Behrampur (India) with Bheramara (Bangladesh) is announced by Power
Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) and Bangladesh Power Development
Board (BPDB).The line will have initial transfer capacity of 500 MW, which will later
39
be increased to 1000 MW. The 125 Km line will cover 40 km of its length in
Bangladesh and rest in India. Bangladesh is supposed to start spelling 250 MW Power
by the end of 2012. Further, research has been going on in the field of implementation
of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy logic for the fault identification of the present HVDC
systems. The ANFIS system has an advantage over normal controllers in the fact that
they do not require mathematical modeling i.e. absolute data to work. In the present
installations, 70% of the data would be provided to the ANFIS system and the rest
30% would be left for testing and validation. The circuit shall be enriched with a
conventional PI controller to help store the results. Another advantage of using this
technique would be in terms of the delay angle. Earlier in fault identification systems,
the entire working of the circuit depended on the correct choice of the delay angle
which had an upper limit usually of 60. However, no such limitation exists in this
system.
CHAPTER 7
OTHER APPLICATIONS
1. The new HVDC Light cables have insulation of extruded polymer. The
robustness of the cable opens the way for new cable applications i.g. direct
ploughing of underground cables, insulated aerial cables and submarine cables
for particularlysevere conditions.
2. As the polymeric DC insulation is thinner than for an extruded AC cable of the
same voltage, the HVDC Light will have a more dense power capacity.
3. Overcoming limitations due to voltage stability.
4. Direct access to load centers.
41
Fig.7.1: The Gotland HVDC Light Converter Station
42
systems for enhancement of ac network steady-state and dynamic performance.
43
CHAPTER 8
Here are the technical issues faced by users of HVDC transmission and how HVDC
could be made more generally acceptable as a transmission solution are discussed.
There is no reactive power flow on the dc line, therefore, there is no technical limit to
the transmission distance.
The limit to distance is economic, since the power loss in the transmission line may
eventually become unacceptably high, when practical conductor diameters are used.
The practical transmission distance increases with the voltage.
44
8.1 LCC HVDC
Mono-polar LCC HVDC scheme, which has one converter at each end and provides a
Single transmission block. It is generally considered equivalent to a single-circuit ac
transmission link.
Rectifier Inverter
8.1.1 ADVANTAGE:
The rectifier takes power from its ac network and the inverter injects power into its ac
network. Control systems control the two converters such that the desired active
power is transmitted between the two. One terminal controls the de voltage, and the
other the direct current. The active power between the converters is fully controlled
and does not depend on the magnitude, phase angle or frequency of the ac voltage at
either end of the HVDC scheme. The ability to rapidly control the active power can be
very beneficial.
8.1.2 DISADVANTAGE:
HVDC converter station is many times (>10 times) larger than an equivalently rated
ac substation. Because of their capacitance the ac harmonic filters reactive power
banks can result in large ac over-voltages during load rejection and dynamic
45
conditions, e.g. during fault recovery
The scheme has one converter at each end and is a single transmission block.
The IGBT can withstand voltage and conduct current in one direction only, and use a
diode connected in anti parallel, to enable the converter to conduct direct current in
both directions.
8.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS :
Filters are required only for higher frequency harmonics, and can be much lower
rating than those used for LCC HVDC schemes.
Sending end
VSCA Rdc I dc VSC E. Receiving end
The reactive power exchange can be controlled independently at the two converters,
46
and independently of the active power transmission. The ability to control the reactive
power at the ac terminals is one of the most significant differences between a VSC
Transmission scheme and a LCC HVDC scheme.
VSC Transmission scheme generates its own ac voltage from the dc capacitor, which
means that it can operate as a power supply to a passive ac network.
VSC Transmission scheme using the latest technology will have an efficiency at full
load of >96.5%, excluding the power loss in the transmission line.
The power loss in a HVDC converter station is higher than that in an ac substation,
because of the conversion between ac and dc and the harmonics produced by this
process. However, the power loss in a HVDC transmission line can be 50 to 70% of
that in an equivalent HVAC transmission line. Thus for large distances, an HVDC
solution may have lower loss.
Significant reduction in the power loss of a HVDC can be achieved by use of Silicon
Carbide, diamond or other materials.
A LCC HVDC scheme can change its power factor by the switching of ac harmonic
47
filters and shunt capacitors/reactors. The resulting control of reactive power/ac
voltage is in steps, which is generally acceptable to the ac network, particularly if the
ac network is relatively strong. Smooth control of the reactive power by aLeC HVDC
scheme could be achieved by the addition of a SVC at the ac terminals. In principle,
the reactive power could also be controlled by the insertion of a TCSC in series with
the converter transformer impedance. The reactive power could also be controlled by
the converter firing angle, and the steady state impact at the other terminal could be
eliminated through converter transformer tap changer.
One of the great benefits of any type of HVDC scheme is that its active power can be
controlled irrespective of the ac voltage phase angle or angle at its terminals. Grid
codes typically stipulate that a generator has to be able to operate with a controllable
power factor, and that the reactive power capability has to be available throughout
most of its operating range. Typically, ac voltage controllability is also required. The
ability of a VSC Transmission scheme to control the reactive power at its two
terminals independently of each other and independently of the active power.
48
8.3.4 Harmonics
Since LCC HVDC produces harmonics at relatively low frequencies (primarily 550Hz
and above), the problem is worse for this type of HVDC than it is for VSC
Transmission (usually > 1kHz). Another issue is that the ac harmonic filters and any
shunt capacitor banks used for reactive power compensation can actually cause
magnification of the distortion caused by other remote harmonic sources.
49
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
In this report, an overview of HVDC transmission systems has been presented. HVDC
was first introduced in the 1950s. It produced many advantages including the
interconnection of asynchronous networks, economic benefits, long-distance bulk
power delivery and environmental benefits. Recently there have been worlds first
800kV HVDC project in South China and an appeared HVDC transmission project
in Indian. The growth in offshore wind farms and other renewable power stations in
Europe in the future will lead to a new power grid and this is expected to be HVDC.
Both Advantages and disadvantages have been analysed and comparision of the
various controls of HVDC technology have been carried out,which have great
potential in transmitting power to offshore industry and will undoubtedly provide
useful solutions in many fields in the future. Besides, the development of power
electric devices will also promote HVDC technology advance significantly and
HVDC systems have great prospects in the future.
The growth in environmental opposition and the need for energy diversity will result
in a dramatic growth in the application of HVDC schemes, as a solution to future
power transmission challenges. To enable the full potential for HVDC schemes to be
exploited, it is necessary to take into account the issues which have been highlighted.
Some aspects requires education of the public, some training of planners and the
advisors of investors, and some requires R&D, primarily by the HVDC
manufacturers.
50
REFERENCES
51