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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO.

7, JULY 2009 3407

On the Performance of Coherent and Noncoherent


UWB Detection Systems Using a Relay with Multiple Antennas
Kiattisak Maichalernnukul, Student Member, IEEE, Thomas Kaiser, Senior Member, IEEE,
and Feng Zheng, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractIn this paper, we present detect-and-forward receiver. Consequently, multipath diversity is fully exploited.
relaying approaches for a coherent ultra-wideband (UWB) However, the number of resolvable paths that can be utilized is
detection (specifically selective-Rake reception) system and for a limited by Rake complexity considerations and the availability
noncoherent UWB detection (specifically differential transmitted-
reference, DTR) system in order to achieve greater coverage in of channel estimates [7]. In practice, it seems impossible to
multipath fading channels. Multiple-antenna relay systems are achieve the perfect channel estimation at the relay or receiver.
also proposed to further enhance the overall system performance. For these reasons, the aforementioned relay system serves only
The corresponding bit error rate (BER) performance is evaluated as a benchmark for practical coherent UWB detection relay
theoretically and via simulations. The effect of some design systems.
factors on this performance is investigated. Analytical and
simulation results verify the performance improvement of the In practical Rake reception, e.g., selective-Rake
proposed relay systems over the direct transmission systems. reception [7], only a subset of the resolvable paths is exploited.
Index TermsDetect-and-forward relay, differential
This reception is simpler than the all-Rake reception, and
transmitted-reference (DTR), Rake reception, ultra-wideband thereby seems more feasible in the aforementioned relay
(UWB). system. In addition, imperfect channel estimation, which has
a great impact on the performance of UWB systems [8],
[9], has not been addressed yet in the relay system. The
I. I NTRODUCTION
first contribution in this paper is that we present a UWB

U LTRA-WIDEBAND (UWB) impulse radio has gained


much interest because of its potential to deliver high
data rates over short distances and to overlay spectrum with
relay system based on the selective-Rake scheme with pilot
aided channel estimation.1 Unlike [6] where the performance
of such a benchmark system has been studied only via
licensed narrowband radios [1]. Since UWB impulse radio simulations by assuming perfect channel estimation, this
systems utilize extremely wide frequency bands where vari- paper presents a study for the system performance via both
ous legacy narrowband systems operate, their transmit power theoretical analysis and simulations considering the effect of
spectral density (PSD) is restricted according to the Federal channel estimation errors.
Communications Commission (FCC) regulations [2], which Noncoherent UWB detection schemes (e.g., transmitted
results in limited system coverage. One viable approach to reference (TR) [11], differential transmitted reference
overcoming this limitation is to employ relays as used in (DTR) [12], [13], and decision directed autocorrelation
conventional cellular systems [3]. In general, relays can be (DDA) [14]) have been proposed as promising alternatives
classified as either amplify-and-forward (AF) or decode-and- to the Rake scheme since they need no channel estimation.
forward (DF) relays. In [4], a two-hop AF relaying scheme However, noncoherent detection systems suffer from the path
was introduced to mitigate the path loss in non-line-of-sight loss of direct transmission from the transmitter to the receiver
(NLOS) direct UWB transmission links. This scheme works as coherent systems do [15]. It seems possible to alleviate
well under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. this loss by using relays but has not been considered so far.2
In multipath fading channels, however, it suffers from noise Therefore, here we propose a detect-and-forward relay for a
amplification along with multipaths at the relay, leading to bit UWB DTR system, and investigate the performance gain due
error rate (BER) performance degradation [4]. to this relay.
To overcome this weakness, a detect-and-forward relay
Besides, it is well known that the use of multiple antennas
in an ideal coherent UWB detection form (i.e., all-Rake
at the transmitter and/or the receiver is capable of achieving
reception [5] with perfect channel estimation) has recently
spatial diversity. Several works, e.g., [17], [18], have focused
been proposed in [6]. This relay can be classified as an
on this use for UWB impulse radio systems in multipath fading
uncoded DF relay. In the relay system of [6], all resolvable
channels, resulting in BER performance improvement. How-
paths are combined before data detection at both the relay and
1 Although a similar work [10] was presented in the form of a UWB
Manuscript received December 15, 2007; revised September 24, 2008 and
February 3, 2009; accepted April 13, 2009. The associate editor coordinating cooperative relay network, it focused on the construction of non-orthogonal
the review of this letter and approving it for publication was X. Wang. space-time-coded schemes and assumed perfect channel knowledge at the
The authors are with the Institute of Communications Technology, Fac- receiver and cooperative relays in the network.
ulty of Electrical Engineering, Leibniz University of Hannover, Appel- 2 Quek et al. [16] investigated the path loss mitigation in a large scale wire-
strae 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany (e-mail: {kiattisak.maichalernnukul, less UWB sensor network using the TR scheme. To achieve this mitigation, a
thomas.kaiser, feng.zheng}@ikt.uni-hannover.de). large number of cooperative sensor nodes are needed, in contrast to the UWB
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TWC.2009.080830 DTR relay systems proposed here.
1536-1276/09$25.00 
c 2009 IEEE
3408 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 7, JULY 2009

ever, the use of multiple antennas at a relay to yield improved A. Single-Antenna Relay System
performance over a single-antenna relay in such channels has In this system, a detect-and-forward UWB relay equipped
not been investigated yet. In this paper, we propose multiple- with one antenna is employed. This relay can not only
antenna detect-and-forward relays for the aforementioned alleviate the path loss (if appropriately placed), but also exploit
Rake and DTR systems to exploit both the spatial diversity multipath diversity in part by using the selective-Rake scheme.
and multipath diversity. Moreover, we investigate the tradeoff Due to practical limitations as a conventional relay, such a kind
between the number of Rake fingers and the number of relay of relay cannot transmit and receive the signal simultaneously.
antennas. We also demonstrate that the performance of the The transmitter output signal can then be modeled as3
proposed relay systems depends on the channel characteristics
b 1
N
of the links among the transmitter, relay, and receiver.
s(t) = bi gT1 (t i2Tb ) (2)
II. S YSTEM AND C HANNEL M ODELS i=0

We focus on two kinds of single-user UWB impulse radio where Nb is the number of data-modulated pulses, bi {1}
communication systems employing either coherent or non- is the binary data bit with equal probability, gT1 (t) is the
coherent detection: 1) two-hop system using a single-antenna monocycle waveform with the width Tg and energy Eb,T1 ,
relay; and 2) two-hop system using a multiple-antenna relay. and Tb is the bit duration. Since the transmitted signal propa-
Antipodal modulation signaling is used at the transmitter and gates through a UWB multipath channel, the bit duration is
relay. The transmitter is equipped with a single antenna, and chosen such that Tb Tmds + Tg to preclude intersymbol
so is the receiver. For simplicity, each data-modulated ultra- interference (ISI) where Tmds is the maximum excess delay of
short pulse is only transmitted once, and the multiple-antenna the channel in (1).
1To facilitate channel estimation, the pilot
relay has only two antennas. The relay antennas can be used signal p(t) = i=Np gT1 (t i2Tb ) is transmitted before
for reception as well as transmission. We adopt the UWB the data signal s(t). This means that two time slots, each of
multipath channel model (CM) described in [19]. According duration Tb , are needed to relay either a pilot pulse or a data-
to this model, the channel impulse response (CIR) for a UWB modulated pulse. Therefore, it is required that the channel is
transmission link is quasi-static over the interval [2Np Tb , 2Nb Tb ). Note that the
t 1
L transmission rate of this system is half of that of the nonrelay
h(t) = l (t l ) system, i.e., 2T1 b . The relaying strategy can be described as
l=0 follows. In the first time slot, only the relay receives the signal
(1)
t 1
L sent from the transmitter. The received signal is given by
= G l (t l )
rR (t) = hT1 (t) s(t) + nR (t)
l=0
t 1
L
where Lt is the number of multipath components, l is the path (3)
= T1,l s(t lTg ) + nR (t)
index, l is the path coefficient, l is the 
path delay, l is the l=0
t 1 2
energy-normalized path coefficient with L l=0 l = 1, and
Lt 1 2 where hT1 (t) is the CIR from the transmitter to the relay,
G = l=0 l is the total multipath gain. The gain G is the
and nR (t) is the AWGN with zero mean and double-sided
reciprocal of the path loss, and then decreases with the link
PSD N20 . On the other hand, the receiver neglects the signal
distance D as G = DG 0
, where G0 is the reference value
sent from the transmitter directly, e.g., it is idle, because this
of power gain evaluated at D = 1 m and is the path loss
A0 signal suffers from more path loss than the received signal at
exponent of the power attenuation law. G0 = 10 10 where
the relay which is closer to the transmitter.
A0 (in dB) represents the path loss at a reference distance
The decision variable for bi at the relay employing the
D0 = 1 m. Following [19], A0 = 47 dB and = 1.7 for
selective-Rake scheme can be expressed as
a LOS environment, and A0 = 51 dB and = 3.5 for a
 (2i+1)Tb
NLOS environment. As in [20], we consider the resolvable
zR = rR (t)hT1 (t 2iTb )dt
multipath channel with l = lTg , where Tg is the width of 2iTb (4)
t 1
the UWB monocycle g(t). Finally, the coefficients {l }L l=0 = dR + uR
in (1) are generated from the modified Saleh-Valenzuela model 
proposed by the IEEE 802.15.3a working group [21], and where hT1 (t) = lPL (T1,l + T1,l )gT1 (t lTg ) is an
assumed to be quasi-static over several bit durations. For more estimated template of the received signal, PL is the ordered
details on the parameter calculation to derive the CIRs of set of the indices of the L strongest paths, T1,l represents
four indoor channel environments, namely CM1 (LOS, 0-4 the channel estimation error, which is an independent and
m), CM2 (NLOS, 0-4 m), CM3 (NLOS, 4-10 m) and CM4 identically distributed (i.i.d.) zero-mean Gaussian random
(NLOS, >10 m), the readers are referred to [19]. variable with the variance 2NpNE0b,T1 .4 See [8], [9] for the
III. C OHERENT D ETECTION S YSTEMS detailed derivation of hT1 (t). The desired signal term of zR is
In the following systems, a selective-Rake reception scheme 3 To simplify notation, only quantities related to the relay are indicated by

based on L Rake fingers with pilot aided channel estimation the subscript R. Subscripts indicating quantities related to the transmitter and
is employed, and perfect synchronization is assumed. Readers receiver are omitted. Besides, the subscripts T1 and T2 denote the first time
slot and the second time slot, respectively.
are referred to [8] for the description of the nonrelay system 4 The variable
T1,l is derived from the maximum-likelihood estimation of
employing this scheme. T1,l from the received pilot signal, see [8], [9].
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 7, JULY 2009 3409


dR = bi Eb 2l , and the noise term of zR is
lPL by T2, and from (7) with R replaced by . The overall average
 (i+1)Tb L t 1 
 BER can be obtained as
u R = bi 
l l g(t lTg )g(t l Tg ) dt Pe = Pe1 (1 Pe2 ) + Pe2 (1 Pe1 )
(10)
iTb

l=0 l PL
 = Pe1 + Pe2 2Pe1 Pe2 .
 (i+1)Tb 
+ l g(t l Tg )nR (t) dt
iTb l PL
B. Two-Antenna Relay System
  
(i+1)Tb  In this subsection, we consider the case where a detect-
+ l g(t l Tg )nR (t) dt and-forward relay equipped with two antennas is deployed.
iTb l PL These antennas are spatially spaced in such a way that their
(5) received signals undergo statistically independent fading. In
where the subscript T1 is skipped. The first two terms of uR are addition to multipath diversity, the proposed relay can exploit
Gaussian whereas its last term is not. Using the central limit spatial diversity by performing spatial diversity reception [18]
theorem (CLT), however, the last term can be approximated for those signals, and spatial transmit diversity [17] for the
as Gaussian if L is large enough. It can be shown that regenerated signals from the detected data. The transmitter
all the terms are uncorrelated output signal is
 zero-mean random  variables
with the variance u2 = Eb2 lPL 2l 2l + Eb2N0 lPL 2l + Nb
Eb N 0 
1

2 2

2 lPL l where the subscript T1 is skipped. The signal- s(t) = b2i gT1 (t 4iTb ) + b2i +1 gT1 (t (4i + 1)Tb )
to-noise ratio (SNR) of zR , i.e., the instantaneous received i =0
SNR at the relay, depending on the channel condition is (11)
d2
defined as R = 2R . Thus, we get where Nb is an
even number. Similarly, the pilot signal
is
u 1  
  1 1 p(t) = N gT1 (t4i Tb )+gT1 (t(4i +1)Tb ) where
i = 2 p
Eb,T1 L Eb,T1 Np is an even number. This means that two time slots, each
R = 2Np ET1 Np + 1 + (6)
N0 2ET1 N0 of duration 2Tb , are needed to relay either two pilot pulses
 or two data-modulated pulses, yielding the same transmission
where ET1 = lPL 2T1,l can be interpreted as the portion rate as the single-antenna relay system. It is necessary that the
of the total multipath energy captured by the selective-Rake channel is quasi-static over [2Np Tb , 2Nb Tb ). The relaying
with the diversity level L. Following [7], the average BER can strategy can be described as follows. In the first time slot, the
be calculated as received signal at the mth relay antenna (m = 1, 2) can be

Pe1 = Pe|R (x)fR (x)dx (7) written as
0 rR,m (t) = hT1,m (t) s(t) + nR,m (t)
where fR (x) isthe probability density function of R , and t 1
L
(12)
Pe|R (x) = Q( x) is the conditional BER conditioned on = T1,l,m s(t lTg ) + nR,m (t)
y2
R . Q(x) = 12 x e 2 dy is the complementary error Q- l=0

function. In numerical analysis, the average BER is computed where hT1,m (t) is the CIR from the transmitter antenna to
using the Monte Carlo method. the mth antenna of the relay, and nR,m (t) is the zero-mean
AWGN with the same PSD as nR (t) in (3). Employing the
In the second time slot, the relay transmits the detected data selective-Rake scheme at each antenna, and maximum ratio
bit bi = sign(zR ) to the receiver as combining (MRC) of both the antennas, the decision variable
b 1
N for b2i +k (k = 0, 1) is given by
sR (t) = bi gT2 (t (2i + 1)Tb ) (8) 2
  
 (4i +k+1)Tb
i=0
zR = rR,m (t)hT1,m (t (4i + k)Tb )dt
1 (4i +k)Tb
after the pilot signal pR (t) = i=Np gT2 (t (2i + 1)Tb ), m=1

where sign() denotes the sign operator and gT2 (t) is similar = dR + uR .
to gT1 (t) except that its energy is Eb,T2 . Hence, the received (13)
signal at the receiver is After some algebraic manipulations similar to those used in
r(t) = hT2 (t) sR (t) + n(t) the former system, the SNR of zR is obtained as
t 1
L Eb,T1
(9) R = 2Np ET1,1 + ET1,2
= T2,l sR (t lTg ) + n(t) N0
l=0   1 1 (14)
L Eb,T1
where hT2 (t) is the CIR from the relay to the receiver and Np + 1 +
ET1,1 + ET1,2 N0
n(t) is the zero-mean AWGN with the same PSD as nR (t).
(2i+2)T  
The decision variable for bi is z = (2i+1)Tbb r(t)hT2 (t (2i + where ET1,1 = lPL 2T1,l,1 and ET1,2 = l QL 2T1,l ,2
1)Tb )dt = d + u, where d and u are similar to (5). Then, the are the energy portions of the channel at the first and second
SNR of z (i.e., ) and the average BER of bi (i.e., Pe2 ) can be antennas, respectively. The corresponding average BER, Pe1 ,
derived, respectively, from (6) with the subscript T1 replaced can then be calculated from (7).
3410 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 7, JULY 2009

Using the spatial transmit diversity in the second time slot, is then essential for the DTR scheme to limit the noise
the relay transmits the detected data bits, i.e., b2i +m1 and bandwidth. For simplicity, perfect synchronization is assumed,
b2i m+2 , from the mth antenna to the receiver as and an ideal bandpass filter with single-sided bandwidth W
Nb is deployed at the receiver front-end. The filter bandwidth
2 1

1  is chosen to be wide enough, i.e., larger than the 10-dB


sR,m (t) = b2i +m1 gT2 (t (4i + 2)Tb ) bandwidth of the transmitted UWB signal [14], to avoid filter-
2 i =0 (15)
induced ISI. Readers are referred to [12] for the description
+ (1)m b2i m+2 gT2 (t (4i + 3)Tb ) of the DTR nonrelay system.
1

after the pilot signal pR,m (t) = 12 Np gT2 (t (4i + A. Single-Antenna Relay System

i = 2
A detect-and-forward relay equipped with one antenna is
2)Tb ) + (1)m gT2 (t (4i + 3)Tb ) . The factor 12 is
employed to mitigate the path loss. The transmitter output
introduced to ensure that the total transmitted energy from the signal can be modeled as (2), however bi must now be replaced
two-antenna relay is identical to that from the single-antenna with ai = ai1 bi , i.e., the differentially encoded data except
relay. The received signal at the receiver is the initial binary bit a1 , and there is no pilot signal. The
2
 transmission rate is still half of that of the nonrelay system,
r(t) = hT2,m (t) sR,m (t) + n(t) i.e., 2T1 b . The relaying strategy can be described as follows. In
m=1
(16) the first time slot, only the relay is used to receive the signal
2 Lt 1 sent from the transmitter. After bandpass filtering, the filtered
= T2,l,m sR,m (t lTg ) + n(t) received signal is
m=1 l=0
rR (t) = hT1 (t) s(t) + nR (t)
where hT2,m (t) are the CIR from the mth antenna of the relay
t 1
L
to the receiver antenna. Employing MRC with the selective- (19)
= T1,l s(t lTg ) + nR (t)
Rake templates hT2,1 (t) and hT2,2 (t), the decision variable for
l=0
b2i +k is given by
 (4i +3)Tb where hT1 (t) is the filtered channel and nR (t) is the filtered
z= r(t)hT2,k+1 (t (4i + 2)Tb )dt AWGN with zero mean and single-sided bandwidth W . Note
(4i +2)Tb that hT1 (t) is equal to hT1 (t) because channel distortion is
 (4i +4)Tb not taken into consideration in (1). At the output of the
+ (1) k
r(t)hT2,2k (t (4i + 3)Tb )dt autocorrelator with the integration interval T Tb , the
(4i +3)Tb
decision variable for bi is given by
= d + u.  2iTb +T
(17)
zR = rR (t)rR (t 2Tb )dt
2iTb (20)
After some straightforward
 calculations, and neglecting
= dR + uR

lPL T2,l,1 T2,l,2 l QL T2,l,1 T2,l,2 (as this term is

much smaller than other terms), the SNR of z (i.e., ) can be L1
where dR = bi Eb l=0 2l ,
simplified to
 iTb +T L1


Eb,T2
= 2Np ET2,1 + ET2,2 u R = ai l g(t lTg )nR (t Tb ) dt
N0 iTb
  1 1
l=0
L1 
ET2,1 + ET2,2 2L Eb,T2  iTb +T 
2Np +1+ + + ai1 
l g(t l Tg )nR (t) dt (21)
ET2,1 + ET2,2 ET2,1 + ET2,2 N0
iTb l =0
(18)  iTb +T
  + nR (t)nR (t Tb )dt,
where
 ET2,1 = lPL 2T2,l,1 , E T2,2 =
2
l QL T2,l ,2 , ET2,1 = iTb
2 2

lPL T2,l,2 , and E T2,2 = l QL T2,l ,1 Note that if
.  
ET1,1 + ET1,2 = ET2,1 + ET2,2 , Eb,T1 = Eb,T2 , and Np = , the subscript T1 is skipped, and L = TTp if T < Tmds
= 2R . The corresponding average BER, Pe2 , can then be and L = Lt otherwise.  denotes the integer floor. It is
derived from (7) with R replaced by . Lastly, the average necessary that the channel is quasi-static over the duration of
BER for this system is obtained using (10). 3Tb . The first two terms of uR are explicitly Gaussian whereas
its last term is not. However, if the time-bandwidth product
IV. N ONCOHERENT D ETECTION S YSTEMS T W is large enough, the last term can be approximated as
A DTR scheme composed of differential encoding and Gaussian [11], [12]. It can be shown that all the terms are
autocorrelation demodulation is employed. In contrast to the uncorrelated zero-mean
 random variables with the variance
N02 T W
Rake scheme, a delayed replica of the received signal is used u2 = Eb N0 L1 2
l=0 l + 2 where the subscript T1 is
as the correlation template [12], [13].5 A filtering operation skipped. Therefore, the SNR of zR can be expressed as
5 In the Rake scheme, the correlation of the received signal with the locally
  1 1
 Eb,T1 T W Eb,T1
generated template at the receiver, which was denoted by h(t), reduces the R = ET1 1+  (22)
noise bandwidth to the signal bandwidth. N0 2ET1 N0
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 7, JULY 2009 3411


 2
where ET1 = L1 l=0 T1,l , and the average BER Pe1 can be
computed from (7).
In the second time slot, the relay transmits the detected data
bit bi = sign(zR ) to the receiver as (8), however bi must now
be replaced with ai = ai1 bi , i.e., the differentially encoded
version of the detected data bit bi except the initial bit a1 ,
and there is no pilot signal. By comparing (19) with (3), the
superscript is only added (Recall that hT1 (t) = hT1 (t)).
Likewise, the filtered received signal at the receiver can be
written as (9) with r(t) and n(t) replaced by r(t) and n(t),
respectively. Similar to (20), the decision variable for bi at the
(2i+1)T +T Fig. 1. UWB indoor communication link model for illustrating the system
receiver is given by z = (2i+1)Tbb r(t)r(t2Tb )dt = d+u setup. The channel model is not produced from the figure, but follows
where d and u are similar to (21). Thus, the corresponding the model described in Section II. However, the main purpose of this link
instantaneous received SNR and average BER Pe2 can be model is to demonstrate the use of the proposed relays in the indoor UWB
environments corresponding to that channel model.
derived, respectively, from (22) with the subscript T1 replaced
by T2, and from (7) with R replaced by . Substituting Pe1
and Pe2 into (10) yields the average BER for this system.
a2i m+2 = a2i m b2i +m1 +a2i m1 b2i m+2 , which rep-
resent the differential encoding operation, respectively. Thus,
B. Two-Antenna Relay System the filtered received signal at the receiver can be written as (16)
with r(t) and n(t) replaced by r(t) and n(t), respectively.
In this system, the relay equipped with two antennas as Using the corresponding differential decoding, the decision
described in Subsection III-B is employed, and the aforemen- variable for b2i +k is
tioned bandpass filter is also deployed at each antenna. This  (4i +2)Tb +T
relay provides a spatial diversity gain by performing spatial z= r(t)r(t (4 k)Tb )dt
diversity reception for the received signals along with the DTR (4i +2)Tb
scheme [22], and differential transmit diversity [23] for the  (4i +3)Tb +T (25)
regenerated signals from the detected data. The transmitter + (1)k r(t)r(t (k + 4)Tb )dt
(4i +3)Tb
output signal can be written as (11), however b2i +k (k = 0, 1)
must be replaced with a2i +k = a2i +k2 b2i +k . The trans- = d + u.
mission rate of the two-antenna relay system is still equal 
L1 2 
L1 2
Let ET2,1 = l=0 T2,l,1 and ET2,2 = l=0 T2,l,2 .
to that of the single-antenna relay system. Let us describe After some straightforward calculations, the SNR of z is
the relaying protocol as follows. In the first time slot, the obtained as
filtered received signal at the mth relay antenna (m = 1, 2) 
   1 1
can be expressed as (12) with rR,m (t) and nR,m (t) replaced ET2,1 + ET2,2 Eb,T2 TW Eb,T2
by rR,m (t) and nR,m (t), respectively (Recall that hT1,m (t) = = 1+   .
2 N0 ET2,1 + ET2,2 N0
hT1,m (t)). Employing the differential demodulation at each (26)
antenna and combining the corresponding output signal of 
Note that if ET1,1 
+ ET1,2 
= ET2,1 
+ ET2,2 and Eb,T1 = Eb,T2 ,
both the antennas, the decision variable for b2i +k at the relay = 2R . The corresponding average BER, Pe2 , can then be
is given by derived from (7) with R replaced by . Finally, the overall
2
   average BER is obtained using (10).
 (4i +k)Tb +T
zR = rR,m (t)rR,m (t 4Tb )dt
(4i +k)Tb (23)
m=1 V. N UMERICAL R ESULTS AND C ONCLUDING R EMARKS
= dR + uR To obtain numerical results, both analysis and simulations
and valid under the condition that the channel is quasi-static are performed using the UWB indoor communication link
over the duration of 6Tb . After some manipulations similar to model as shown in Fig. 1, where TX, R, and RX denote
those used in the former system, the SNR of zR is obtained the transmitter, relay, and receiver, respectively. We consider
as the single-user relay systems as described in Section II,
  1 1 and also the corresponding nonrelay system for performance
 
Eb,T1 TW Eb,T1 comparison. In Fig. 1, RX at either position A (denoted by
R = ET1,1 + ET1,2 1+  
N0 ET1,1 + ET1,2 N0 RX(A)) or B (denoted by RX(B)) detects a UWB signal of
L1 L1 (24) TX via either direct transmission link, i.e., without R, or two-

where ET1,1 = l=0 2T1,l,1 and ET1,2 
= l=0 2T1,l,2 . The hop relay link, i.e., using R with either one or two antennas.
corresponding average BER, Pe1 , is computed from (7). According to [19], the TX-R link (LOS, 4 m) and R-RX(A)
Employing the differential transmit diversity introduced link (LOS, 4 m) belong to the CM1 (Tmds = 40 ns). The TX-
by [23] in the second time slot, the relay transmits the detected RX(A) link (NLOS, 5.6 m) and R-RX(B) link (NLOS, 7.2
data bits, i.e., b2i +m1 and b2i m+2 , from the mth antenna m) belong to the CM3 (Tmds = 120 ns). The TX-RX(B) link
to the receiver as (15) with b2i +m1 and b2i m+2 replaced (NLOS, 10.8 m) belongs to the CM4 (Tmds = 200 ns). The
by a2i +m1 = a2i +m3 b2i +m1 a2i +m2 b2i m+2 and CIRs for all the links are calculated using (1). The Gaussian
3412 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 7, JULY 2009

0
10
0
10

1
10
1
10
BER

BER
L=1, Np=2, 1 Ant. R
L=1, Perfect, 1 Ant. R
2
SRake (L=1) L=2, Np=2, 1 Ant. R
10 SRake (L=5)
2 L=2, Perfect, 1 Ant. R
ARake 10
SRake (L=1, 1 Ant. R) L=10, Np=2, 1 Ant. R
SRake (L=5, 1 Ant. R)
ARake (1 Ant. R)
L=10, Perfect, 1 Ant. R
SRake (L=1, 2 Ant. R) L=1, Np=2, 2 Ant. R
SRake (L=5, 2 Ant. R) L=1, Perfect, 2 Ant. R
ARake (2 Ant. R)
HR SRake (L=5, 1 Ant. R) L=5, Np=2, 2 Ant. R
3
HR SRake (L=5, 2 Ant. R) L=5, Perfect, 2 Ant. R
10 3
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 10
Eb/No (dB) 55 60 65 70 75
Eb/No (dB)

Eb
Fig. 2. Average BER of the receiver at the position A versus N for three Eb
0 Fig. 3. Average BER of the receiver at the position A versus N for the
coherent detection (Rake) systems, i.e., (a) without relaying, (b) using the 0
single-antenna relay, and (c) using the two-antenna relay. Theoretical and selective-Rake systems using: (a) the single-antenna relay (M = 1); and (b)
simulation curves are dashed and solid, respectively. the two-antenna relay (M = 2).

monocycle with Tg = 0.5 ns as described in [19] is adopted. transmission rate, we also consider the case where the relay
To preclude ISI, we choose Tb = 120.5 ns when considering systems have approximately the same transmission rate as the
RX(A), while Tb = 200.5 ns when considering RX(B). For nonrelay ones. In this case, we set Tb = 60 ns for those relay
fair comparison, we set Eb,T1 = Eb,T2 = 0.5Eb where Eb is systems, resulting in ISI at the receiver. The corresponding
the transmitted energy per bit for the nonrelay system. simulation results, marked with HR (i.e., high-rate), are partly
Fig. 2 shows the BER performance of coherent detection shown in Fig. 2. It is noteworthy that this ISI slightly affects
(Rake) systems, i.e., without relaying, using the single-antenna the BER performance due to the fact that the transmission
relay as well as the two-antenna relay, where the receiver is rate is still not too high and the power delay profile of the
located at the position A. The ratio N Eb
is the SNR per bit considered UWB channel model is exponentially decaying
0
6
at the transmitter side. S-Rake denotes the selective-Rake according to [19].
based on L fingers employing the pilot signal (Np = 4) for The effect of channel estimation errors on the BER
channel estimation. A-Rake denotes the all-Rake with perfect performance, and the tradeoff between the number of
channel estimation. We consider the systems using the A- selective-Rake fingers L and the number of relay antennas M
Rake as baseline systems. It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the for the selective-Rake relay systems are depicted in Fig. 3 only
theoretical BER results agree quite well with the simulated by simulations for the ease of illustration. For fair comparison
BER results for all the cases, and that the theoretical results between the single- and two-antenna relay cases, the pilot
of the S-Rake systems with more fingers (L = 5 compared signal composed of 2 pilot pulses is used to represent the
with L = 1) are closer to the corresponding simulation results, worse case for imperfect channel estimation. In both the relay
which indicates the validity of the Gaussian approximation in cases, the difference in BER performance between the systems
the CLT discussed in Section III. The S-Rake systems with with the perfect and imperfect channel estimation increases as
5 fingers outperform those with 1 finger since the former the number of fingers increases.7 To investigate the tradeoff
systems can capture more signal energy at the expense of between L and M , the BER curves are compared for the same
increased complexity. Obviously, the S-Rake systems using product of L and M . Under perfect and imperfect channel
the single-antenna relay have much better performance than estimation, the performance of the two-antenna relay system
those without relaying, e.g., 17-dB gain in N Eb
0
at 102 of BER using 1 finger is very similar to that of the single-antenna
for 5 fingers. The price for this reward is that the transmission relay system using 2 fingers. Their curves are difficult to
rate of the former systems is half of that of the latter ones. The differentiate. However, the two-antenna relay system using
S-Rake systems using the two-antenna relay outperform those 5 fingers outperforms the single-antenna relay system using
using the single-antenna relay, e.g., approximately 2-dB gain 10 fingers. Indeed, the superiority of the two-antenna relay
in NEb
0
at 102 of BER for 5 fingers, at the same transmission system is also found when using more than one finger. One
rate. This is a result of the spatial diversity gain obtained explanation for this is that the relay having 2 antennas, each
using 2 antennas at the relay. Since the relay systems discussed of which is equipped with 5 fingers, can collect more energy
above provide BER performance gains at the expense of a half than the relay having 1 antenna, which is equipped with
6 The links in Fig. 1 are several meters long, which lead to the total
7 This can be explained as follows. The UWB multipath channel which we
multipath gain G in (1) on the order of minus several
tens
dB, see [19]. consider in (1) has an exponentially decaying power delay profile according
Eb
This results in a very high transmitted SNR per bit N required for the to [19]. By considering h(t), the amplitude of l tends to be less while the
0
BER range considered here. For a proper performance comparison between variance of l is fixed for larger l. As a result, the sum (l + l ) is more
the systems with and without relays, the path loss should be included. Similar likely to deviate from l for larger l, leading to performance degradation for
treatment can also be found in [7]. larger L.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 7, JULY 2009 3413

0 0
10 10

1 1
10 10
BER

BER
SRake (L=1)
DTR SRake (L=5)
2
10 Opt. DTR 2
10 ARake
DTR (1 Ant. R) SRake (L=1, 1 Ant. R)
Opt. DTR (1 Ant. R) SRake (L=5, 1 Ant. R)
DTR (2 Ant. R) ARake (1 Ant. R)
Opt. DTR (2 Ant. R) SRake (L=1, 2 Ant. R)
HR DTR (1 Ant. R) SRake (L=5, 2 Ant. R)
HR DTR (2 Ant. R) ARake (2 Ant. R)
3 3
10 10
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Eb/No (dB) Eb/No (dB)

Eb Eb
Fig. 4. Average BER of the receiver at the position A versus N for three Fig. 5. Average BER of the receiver at the position B versus N for three
0 0
noncoherent detection (DTR) systems, i.e., (a) without relaying, (b) using coherent detection (Rake) systems, i.e., (a) without relaying, (b) using the
the single-antenna relay, and (c) using the two-antenna relay. Theoretical and single-antenna relay, and (c) using the two-antenna relay.
simulation curves are dashed and solid, respectively. They match well with
each other.
0
10

10 fingers, due to the decaying power delay profile. These


results indicate that, typically, increasing the number of relay
antennas gains more BER improvement than increasing the
1
10

number of selective-Rake fingers.


BER

Likewise, the BER performance of three noncoherent


detection (DTR) systems is illustrated in Fig. 4. We employ
2
an ideal bandpass filter with W = 5 GHz. DTR denotes the 10
DTR
conventional DTR using the integration interval T = Tmds+Tg . Opt. DTR
DTR (1 Ant. R)
Opt. DTR denotes the DTR using an optimal integration Opt. DTR (1 Ant. R)
DTR (2 Ant. R)
interval in the sense of minimizing the average BER. The Opt. DTR (2 Ant. R)
systems using the Opt. DTR are then considered as baseline 3
10
90 95 100 105 110
systems. The optimal interval can be determined through Eb/No (dB)

simulation trials. In fact, it provides an optimal compromise


Eb
between the amount of captured signal energy and that of Fig. 6. Average BER of the receiver at the position B versus N
0
for three
noise reduction. The optimal intervals for the TX-RX(A) and noncoherent detection (DTR) systems, i.e., (a) without relaying, (b) using the
single-antenna relay, (c) and using the two-antenna relay.
R-RX(B) links are about 40 ns, while those for the TX-R and
R-RX(A) links are only 10 ns. For the TX-RX(B) link, the
optimal interval is about 100 ns. It can be seen that on average of the DTR systems is worse than that of the Rake systems.
the Opt. DTR systems have a 1.5-dB gain at 102 of BER From these figures, we can say that the transmitted energy
compared to the conventional DTR systems. As shown, the per bit Eb can be greatly reduced by employing the proposed
analytical results agree well with the simulation results. This relays even without sacrificing the transmission rate. Thus,
is because the time-bandwidth products obtained here are large low-power UWB communications can be achieved. In other
enough (i.e., T W 50) so that the Gaussian approximation is words, the use of these relays can increase the UWB coverage
accurate. The conventional DTR system employing the single- range.
antenna relay remarkably outperforms the conventional DTR Fig. 5 shows the BER performance of three Rake systems
system without relaying by about 18 dB at 102 of BER. where the receiver is located at the position B. The receiver
The price for this reward is that the transmission rate of is now far away from the relay, resulting in the long NLOS
the former system is half of that of the latter one. With the link between them. Compared to the results in Fig. 2, the S-
same transmission rate, moreover, using the two-antenna relay Rake systems using the single-antenna relay less outperform
achieves 2-dB better performance, at 102 of BER, than using those without relaying. This is due to the severe path loss
the single-antenna relay in the conventional DTR system. In on that link. Likewise, the two-antenna relay systems have
Fig. 4, we also plot the simulation BER results for some HR smaller gains in performance over the single-antenna relay
DTR relay systems (Tb = 60 ns), i.e., with approximately the systems. Similar trends can also be observed in three DTR
same transmission rate as the DTR nonrelay systems. Similar systems as illustrated in Fig. 6. These results indicate that
to the case of the HR Rake relay systems, the effect of ISI on the distances and LOS versus NLOS conditions of the links
the BER performance of the HR DTR relay systems is very among the transmitter, relay, and receiver have a significant
small. By comparing Figs. 2 and 4, the overall performance impact on the performance of the UWB relay systems.
3414 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 7, JULY 2009

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