5 American Verification Problems Page 1 of 17

Section 5 American Verification Problems

This section includes discussion on the following topics:

American Verification Problem 1

American Verification Problem 2
American Verification Problem 3
5.1 American Verification Problem 1

Reference

Notes on ACI318-02Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design

Applications by B.A. Fanella and B. G. Robert, Page 22-7, Example 22.1-22.3.

Problem

Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live
load = 275 kips, Service surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 130
pcf, Permissible soil pressure = 4.5 ksf, Column dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of
concrete (fc) = 3,000 psi, and Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.

Figure 5.1

Solution

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Determination of base area of footing:

The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.

Total weight of surcharge = (0.130 x 5 + 0.1) = 0.75 ksf

Net permissible soil pressure = 4.5 0.75 = 3.75 ksf

Required base area of footing = = 166.667 ft 2

[Clause 15.2.2]

Use a 13 x 13 ft square footing (A f = 169 ft 2 ).

Factored loads and soil reaction:

To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads
are used. [Clause 15.2.1]

P u = 1.2 x 350 + 1.6 x 275 = 860 kips [Eq. 9-2]

q u = (P u /A) = (860/169) = 5.089 ksf

Figure 5.2

Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness.

Both wide action and two-way action for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth. [Clause 11.2]

Assume overall footing thickness = 33 in. and average effective thickness d = 28 in. =
2.33 ft.

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Wide-beam action:

V u = q s x tributary area

B w = 13 ft = 156 in.

Tributary area = 13(6.0 2.33) = 47.71 ft 2

V u = 5.089 x 47.71 = 242.796 kips

Vu = (2 b w d) [Eq 11 - 3]
= 0.75(2 x 156 x 28)/1000 [Clause 9.3.2.3]
= 359 kips > V u O.K.

Two-way action:

V u = q s x tributary area

Tributary area = = 152.889 ft 2

V = 5.089 x 152.889 = 778.052 kips

u

= Minimum of
[Eq 11-33,11-34 & 11-35 respectively]

b o = 2(30 + 28) + 2(12 + 28) = 196 in.

= = 7

= 40 for interior columns

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5 American Verification Problems Page 4 of 17

V c = 0.75 x 3.6 x 196 x 28/1000

= 812 kips > V u = 780 kips O.K.

Calculation of reinforcement:

Figure 5.3

Critical section for moment is at face of column [Clause 15.4.2]

M u = 5.089 x 13 x 6 2 /2 = 1190.862 ft-kips

Compute required A s assuming tension-controlled section ( = 0.9)

[Clause 10.3.4, 9.3.2.1]

Required R n = psi

p(gross area) = (d/h) x 0.0022 = (28/33) x 0.0022 = 0.00186

Check minimum A s required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 60 reinforcement:

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[Clause10.5.4]

min = 0.00180 < 0.00186 O.K. [Clause 7.12.2]

Required A s = bd = 0.0022 x 156 x 28 = 9.61 in. 2

Try 13-No. 8bars (A s = 10.27 in. 2 ) each way

Check for development length:

Critical section for development length is same as that for moment (at face of column).
[Clause 15.6.3]

Ld = [Eq. 12-1]

Clear cover (bottom and side) = 3.0 in.

Center-to-center bar spacing = in.

[Clause 12.2.4]

C = minimum of

K tr = 0 (no transverse reinforcement)

= 3.5 > 2.5, use 2.5 [Clause 12.2.3]

= 1.0 (less than 12 in. of concrete below bars) [Clause 12.2.4]

= 1.0 (uncoated reinforcement)

= 1.0 < 1.7

= 1.0 (larger than No.7 bars)

=1.0 (Normal weight concrete)

Ld = = 32.9 in. >12.0 in. O.K. [Clause 12.2.1]

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Since L d = 32.9 in. is less than the available embedment length in the short direction
(156/2 - 30/2 - 3 = 60 in.), the No.8 bars can be fully developed.

Use 13 No.8 each way.

Comparison

Reference STAAD.foundation Difference in

Value Of
Result Result Percent
Effective
28 in 28 in None
Depth
Governing
1190.86 ft-kips 1190.77 ft-kips Negligible
Moment
Area of Steal 9.61 in 2 9.70 in 2 0.94
Shear Stress
242.79 kips 242.56 kips Negligible
(One-Way)
Shear Stress
778.05 kips 778.01 kips Negligible
(Two-Way)

Table 5.1

5.2 American Verification Problem 2

Reference

Notes on ACI318-02Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design

Applications by B.A. Fanella and B. G. Robert, Page 22-20, Example 22.7.

Problem

Design a pile cap with the given data: Footing size = 8.5 x 8.5 ft., Column size = 16 x 16
in., Pile diameter = 12 in., f c ' = 4000 psi, and Load per pile: P D = 20 kips, P L = 10 kips.

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Figure 5.4

Solution

Depth required for shear usually controls footing thickness. Both wide beam action
and two-way action must be investigated: (Clause 11.12)

Assume an overall footing thickness as 1 ft-10 in. with an average d 15 in. (Clause
15.7)

Factored pile loading:

P u = 1.2 x 20 + 1.6 x 10 = 40 kips (Eq. 9-2)

Strength requirements for shear:

V u V n (Eq. 11-1)

Wide beam action for footing: (Clause 11.12.1.1)

3 piles fall within tributary area

V u (neglecting footing weight) = 3 x 40 = 120 kips

Vn = (Eq. 11-3)

b w = 8 ft-6 in. = 102 in.

V n = = 145.15 kips > V u = 120 kips O.K.

Two way action: (Clause 11.12.1.2)

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8 piles fall within tributary area

V u = 8 x 40 = 320 kips

= minimum of
(Eq. 11-35, 11-36, 11-37 Respectively)

c = = 1.0

b 0 = 4( 16 + 15 ) = 124 in

s = 40 for interior columns

= = 8.267

=
(Eq. 11-33, 11-34, 11-35 Respectively)

Vc =
= 352.91 kips > V u O.K.

Check against punching shear strength at corner piles, with piles spaced at 3 ft 0 in.
on center, critical perimeters do not overlap:

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Figure 5.5

V u = 40 kips per pile

= minimum of
(Eq. 11-33, 11-34, 11-35 Respectively)

c = 1.0 (square reaction area of equal area)

b 0 = ( 12 + 15 ) = 84.823 in.

s = 20 (Clause 11.12.2.1)

= = 5.537

Vc = = 241.41 kips > V u O.K.

Comparison

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Reference STAAD.foundation Difference in

Value Of
Result Result Percent
Effective
15 in 15 in None
Depth
Factored
Two-Way 352.91 kips 352.91 kips None
Shear Force
Factored
One-Way 145.15 kips 145.15 kips None
Shear Force
Factored
Punching 241.41 kips 241.41 kips None
Shear Force

Table 5.2

5.3 American Verification Problem 3

Reference

Foundation Analysis and Design Fifth Edition by J.E. Bowles, Page 475-481, Example
9-1.

Problem

Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. f c = 3000psi
(column and footing), f y = 60000 psi, q a = 2 ksf.

Figure 5.6

Column 1 Column 2
12 in. x 12 in. 15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 7 bars 4 No. 8 bars
DL = 60 kips DL = 110 kips
LL = 60 kips LL = 90 kips

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Solution

Step 1- Find out ultimate soil pressure:

Pu 1 = 1.2 x 60 + 1.6 x 60 = 168 kips

Pu 2 = 1.2 x 110 + 1.6 x 90 = 276 kips

= P 1 + P 2 = 60 + 60 + 110 + 90 = 320 kips

Ultimate ratio UR= = 1.3875

q ult = q a x UR= 2 x 1.3875 = 2.775 ksf

This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads
and then switching to ultimate values.

Step 2 - Find footing dimensions L and B; first locate load resultant from center of
column 1:

= R where R = = 168 + 276 = 444 KN

444 = 15 x 276

= 9.324 ft

To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:

L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft

We will use 19.75 ft.

Step 3 - Find B:

BLq = 444

B = = 8.143 ft

Use B = 8.17 ft.

Step 4 - Find out bending moment and shear force:

Uniformly distributed upward load = (P u 1 + P u 2 ) / 19.75 = 22.48 kip / ft

Shear between column 1 and 2 using integration (set integration constant by inspection):

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dV =

V = 22.48 x 168

V = 0 at x = = 7.47 ft (locates point of M m a x )

Moment between column1 and 2 (again set integration constant by inspection):

dM =

M = 168 (x 0.5)

At x = 1(right face of column 1),

M = -72.76 ft-kips

Maximum negative M at V = 0 is

M = - 168 (7.47 0.5) = -543.76 ft-kips

These values are M u values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.

Figure 5.7

Maximum positive bending moment is at the face of column 2

= 22.48 x (3.625) 2 / 2 = 147.7 ft-kips

Maximum shear force at the face of column 2

= 22.48 x 14.875 168 = 166.39 kips

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Figure 5.8

Step 5 - Select depth based on analysis for both wide-beam and diagonal tension.

a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.

b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2

Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:

B v c d = 166.39 22.48 d

v c = 11.825 ksf (allowable = )

8.17 x 11.825 d = 166.39 22.48 d

d = = 1.397 ft (16.765 in)

Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using d just obtained for a three-side zone and

vc = = 164.317 psi = 23.66 ksf

Perim. = (12 + 8.38) x 2 + 12 + 16.765 = 69.525 in = 5.794 ft

The net shear is column load upward soil force in diagonal tension zone:

A = = 4.07 ft 2

V = P c o l -P soi l = 168 4.07 x = 156.8 kips

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Actual v = = 19.37 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)

At column 2 a four side zone gives

A = = 7.01 ft 2

And

V = 276 7.01 x = 256.74 kips

Perim. = (15 + 16.765) x = 10.59 ft

v = = 17.354 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)

By inspection a three-side diagonal tension is not critical at column 2.

Step 6 - Design negative steel (between columns 1 and 2):

For f y = 60 and f c = 3 ksi and b = 12 in, obtain a = 1.96A s :

A s (d - ) =

A s (16.765 0.98 A s ) = = 14.79

As = 0.94 in 2 / ft

p = = 0.00467 > (O.K.) < maximum allowable percent of steel

Use 12 No. 8 bars at 8.2 in spacing across top of footing:

A s = 12(0.79) = 9.48 > 7.68 in 2

Run 1/3 of bars full length of footing (less 3 in end cover):

L d is O.K.

Step 7 - Find steel in short direction in column 1

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B = 12 + 16.765 x 0.75 = 24.574 in = 2.05 ft

L = = 3.585 ft

q = = 10.03 ksf (conservative)

M = x 12 = 773.45 in-kips

Take d = (16.765 1) in to allow for longitudinal rebars:

A s (15.765 0.98 A s ) = = 14.323

A s = 0.98 in 2 / ft

p is O.K. from previous calculation. Use 4 No. 7 bars at 6 in:

L d = 0.04 x 0.60 x 60000 x = 26.3 in

or

L d = 0.004 x 0.875 x 60000 = 21 in

L d furnished = 3.585 x 12 3 = 40 in

Compute short direction steel at column 2; use d= 15 in:

B = 15 + 16 x 1.5 = 39 in = 3.25 ft

L = = 3.46 ft

q = = 10.394 ksf (conservative)

M = x 12 = 746.6 in-kips

A s (15.765 0.98 A s ) = = 14.379

A s = 0.98 in 2 / ft

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Use 6 No. 7 bars at 6.5 in

Step 8 - Check dowel requirements of column to footing. At column 1 the supporting

area is not on all sides; therefore the bearing stress is limited to:

f c = 0.75 x 0.7 x fc = 1.575 ksi

p = 12 x12 x 1.575 = 226.8 > 168 kips (dowels not required for load transfer)

Use 4 dowels to provide at least 0.05A g :

A s = 0.005 x 144 = 0.72 in 2

Use 4 No. 6 for 4 x (0.44) = 1.76 in 2 at column 2 with concrete all around

> 2

Use 2

f c = 0.75 x 0.7 f c x 2 = 3.15 ksi

P = 15 x 15 x 3.15 = 708.75 >> 276

Use four dowels same size as column 1.

Step 9 - Steel in cantilever portion is found to be 0.28 for moment and 0.67 in 2 / ft for
minimum requirement of 200 / f y (could use 0.28 x 1.33 >= T and S alternatively but
would require increasing other steel by 1 / 3 also):

Use 10 No. 7 bars

Run five bars full length to use as chairs for short direction steel.

Comparison

Reference STAAD.foundation Difference in

Value Of
Result Result Percent
Average Base 0.01911
0.02 kip/in 2 4.657
Pressure kip/in 2
Maximum
Negative 543.76 ft-kips 529.064 ft-kips 2.70
Bending Moment
Maximum
Positive Bending 147.7 ft-kips 149.12 ft-kips 0.96
Moment
Required Area
0.94 in 2 /ft 0.909 in 2 /ft 3.3
of

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Reinforcement

Table 5.3

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