27-Jul-17 RAVILLA DILLI, ECE, MIT, Manipal, India

COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Topics to be Discussed in the Section

Network Software

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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Network Software

1. Protocol Hierarchies

2. Design Issues for the Layers

3. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services

4. Service Primitives

5. The Relationship between Services and Protocols

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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Network Software
1. Protocol Hierarchies:

Fig: Layers, Protocols, and Interfaces

N/W Architecture: A set of layers and protocols.
Protocol Stack: A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per layer;
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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Network Software
1. Protocol Hierarchies:
N/Ws are organized as a stack of Layers or levels.

Each layer is a kind of virtual machine, offers certain services to the

higher layers.

The interface defines which primitive operations and services of the

lower layer available to the upper layer.

For N/W designers the most important consideration is defining clean

interfaces b/w the layers.

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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Network Software
1. Protocol Hierarchies:
Why Layered architecture?
1. To make the design process easy by breaking unmanageable tasks into
several smaller and manageable tasks.

2. Modularity and clear interfaces, so as to provide compatibility between

the different providers' components.

3. Ensure independence of layers, so that implementation of each layer can

be changed or modified without affecting other layers.

4. Each layer can be analyzed and tested independently of all other layers.

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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Network Software
1. Protocol Hierarchies:
Data/control exchanged via protocols:

A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
req
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
time?
2:00
time <file>

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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Network Software
Services & Protocols:
The basic elements of a layered model are services, protocols and
interfaces.

A service is a set of actions that a layer offers to another (higher) layer.

Protocol is a set of rules that a layer uses to exchange information with a

peer entity.

The interface defines which primitives operations and services the lower
layer offers to the upper layer adjacent to it.

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Service:
A Service is a set of primitives(operations) that a layer provides to the
higher layer.

The service defines what operations the layer is prepared to perform on

behalf of its users, but it says nothing to all about how these operations
are implemented.

A service relates to an interface between two layers, with the lower

layer being the service provider and the upper layer being the service
user.

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Protocol:
A Protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties on how
communication is to proceed.

A Protocol is a set of rules governing the format and meaning of the

packets, or messages the are exchanged by the peer entities within a
layer.

Entities use protocols to implement their service definitions.

Entities are free to change their protocols at will, provided they do not
change the service visible to their users.

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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Network Software

Fig: The philosopher-Translator-Secretory Architecture

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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS : Network Software
1. Protocol Hierarchies:

Fig: Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5

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2. Design Issues for the Layers:
Addressing: To specify a specific destination among multiple.
Rules for data transfer: Half-Duplex or Full-Duplex
Logical Channels and their priorities
Error Control:
Error-Detecting and Error-Correcting codes
Loss of Sequencing:
What should be done with pieces that arrive out of order ?
Flow Control
Assembling & Disassembling:
What to do when processes insist on transmitting data in units that are
so small ?
Multiplexing & Demultiplexing
Routing

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3. Connection-Oriented & Connectionless Services:
Connection-Oriented: Establish, Use & Release
Order is preserved
Reliable
Ex: ?
Connectionless: (Datagram Service)
Each message carries full Destination Address
Each message is independent
Order may not exist
Unreliable
Ex: ?
Which is faster ?
QoS: What do you mean by reliable service ?
How to achieve reliability ?
When Connection-Oriented ? When Connectionless ?
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3. Connection-Oriented & Connectionless Services:

Fig: Six different types of Service

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4. Service Primitives:

Fig: Service Primitives for implementing a simple Connection-Orientation Service

A service is a set of a Primitives(operations) available to a user process to
access the service.
The primitives tell the service to perform certain action or report on an
action taken by a peer entity.
The set of primitives are dependent on the nature of the service being
provided.

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4. Service Primitives:

Fig: Packets sent in a simple Client-Server interaction on a Connection-

Orientation N/W

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5. Relation between Services & Protocols:
Services relate to the interface between layers, Protocols relate to the
packets sent between peer entities on different machines.

Fig: The Relationship b/w a Service and a Protocol

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 QUERIES ?

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27-Jul-17 RAVILLA DILLI, ECE, MIT, Manipal, India