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Gas Welding
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Introduction to Welding
Because concrete is plastic when placed, forms are built to contain and form the
concrete until it has hardened. In short, forms and formwork are described as molds that
hold freshly placed concrete in the desired shape until it hardens. In some cases,
depending on the soil texture and stability, the soil banks of excavated areas act as the
formwork for footings and foundations.
All the ingredients of a mix are placed in a concrete mixer, and after a thorough mixing,
the concrete is transferred by numerous methods (as determined by the projects
conditions), such as bucket, wheelbarrow, chute, transit truck tailgate, pump, and so
forth, into the formwork in which the reinforcing steel has already been placed.
Under normal, moderate weather and temperature conditions, concrete reaches its
initial set in approximately 1 hour, and hardens to its final set (although not fully cured)
in approximately 6 to 12 hours. As the concrete is being placed, and before the initial
set, it must be vibrated in the formwork to ensure complete coverage of all reinforcing
bars, but not vibrated so much that the aggregate and cement separate to form rock
pockets.
Another reason steel works well as a reinforcement for concrete is that it bonds well
with concrete. This bond strength is proportional to the contact surface of the steel to
the concrete. In other words, the greater the surface of steel exposed to the adherence
of concrete, the stronger the bond. A deformed reinforcing bar adheres better than a
plain, round, or square one because it has a greater bearing surface. In fact, when plain
bars of the same diameter are used instead of deformed bars, approximately 40 percent
more bars must be used.
The rougher the surface of the steel, the better it adheres to concrete. Thus, steel with a
light, firm layer of rust is superior to clean steel; however, steel with loose or scaly rust
is inferior. Loose or scaly rust can be removed from the steel by rubbing the steel with
burlap or similar material. This action leaves only the firm layer of rust on the steel to
adhere to the concrete.
NOTE
Reinforcing steel must be strong in tension and, at the same time, be ductile enough to
be shaped or bent cold.
When welded wire fabric in either the old or the new designations is ordered, the wire
spacing (in each direction) comes first followed by the wire gauge (in each direction).
The old designation used number (in inches) for spacing and number (in wire gauge) for
the size of the WWF. The new designation uses number (in inches) for spacing but a
letter and a number (in wire cross section) for size.
For example, in the old designation, 6x6 4x4 mesh would be 6-in. squares with 4-
gauge wire in each direction, whereas 4x4 6x6 mesh would be 4-in. squares with 6-
gauge wire in each direction. In the new designation, these would be 6x6 W4xW4,
and 4x4 W2.9xW2.9 respectively. Table 19-1 provides some typical WWF
designations used for structural concrete.
A. Dryness
B. Water-to-cement ratio
C. Age
D. Type of steel reinforcement
A. True
B. False
3. Which factor makes steel the best material for reinforcing concrete?
4. What type of surface condition on rebar provides the best adherence with
concrete?
6. What does the first letter or symbol identify on a reinforcement bar brand?
A. Producing mill
B. Bar size
C. Manufacturing material
D. Grade mark
A. 220
B. 320
C. 420
D. 520
A. 22,000
B. 33,000
C. 66,000
D. 77,000
10. What is the common spacing, in square laps, on wire mesh fabric that facilitates
the installers ability to tie laps together?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Description
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