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eee ST] Tod \o7L.0 tandard Specifications MSHA ANMER for Highway Bridges ot 17th Edition — 2002 LIBRARY Upper right-hand and lower left-hand pictures courtesy of the National Stee! Bridge Alliance. Lower “ght-hand picture courtesy of Wiliam Oliva and Scott Becker. ‘Adopied and Published by ine ‘American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 © Copyright 2002 by the Ameriean Assocation of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Al fights lecerved. Printed inthe United Slatos of America. This Book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any orm without pesmssion of the publishers Code ie-t7 Son eenst-T710 c a Et NESPAE © MSH CPrtsond Gly) NPRAS LIBRARY NESPAN CENTRAL HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 2002 ‘TOM LULAY, Oregon, Chairman SANDRA LARSON, Vice Chairman JAMES D. COOPER, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary ALABAMA, William F. Conway, George H. ‘Connor : ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Phil Brand CALIFORNIA, Richard Land COLORADO, Mark A. Leonard CONNECTICUT, Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Doug Finney, Dennis O'Shes Donald Cooney FLORIDA, William N. Nickas GEORGIA, Paul Liles, Brian Summers HAWAI, Paul Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar ILLINOIS, Ralph E. Anderson INDIANA, Mary Jo Hamman IOWA, Norman L. MeDonald KANSAS, Kenneth F, Hurst, Loren R. Risch KENTUCKY, Stephen E. Goodpaster LOUISIANA, Hossein Ghara, Mark J. Morvant MAINE, James E, Tukey MARYLAND, Earle S. Freeéman MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN, Steve Beck MINNESOTA, Dan Dorgan, Kevin Western ‘MISSISSIPPI, Harry Lee James ‘MISSOURI, Shyara Gupta MONTANA, William S, Fulleron NEBRASKA, Lyman D, Freemon NEVADA, William C. Crawford, Jr. NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark Richardson NEW JERSEY, Hany A. Capers, Jr, Richard W. Dunne NEW MEXICO, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, James O'Connell, George Christian NORTH CAROLINA, Gregory R. Perfettie NORTH DAKOTA, Terry Udland ‘OHIO, Timothy Keller OKLAHOMA, Rober J. Rusch, Veldo Goins ‘OREGON, Mark E, Hirota PENNSYLVANIA, R. Scott Christie PUERTO RICO, Jaime Cabre RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Farhoumand NESPAK CENFRAL SOUTH CAROLINA, Randy R. Cannon, Jeff Sizemore SOUTH DAKOTA, John C. Cole ‘TENNESSEE, Edward P, Wasserman ‘TEXAS, Mary Lou Ralls USS. DOT, Nick E. Mpras UTAH, David Nazare ‘VERMONT, James McCanhy VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley WASHINGTON, Jerry Weigel, Tony M. Allen WEST VIRGINIA, James Sothen WISCONSIN, Stanley W. Woods WYOMING, Gregg C. Fredrick, Keith R. Fulton ALBERTA, Dilip K. Dasmohapatra MANITOBA, Ismail Elkholy NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS, John C. Pangalinan NEW BRUNSWICK, David Cogswell NORTHAMPTON, R. T. Hughes NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Jobn Bowen ‘NOVA SCOTIA, Alan MacRae, Mark Pertus ONTARIO, Vacant SASKATCHEWAN, Hervé Bachelu FHWA, Shoukry Elnahal MASS, METRO. DIST. COMM. David Lenhardt NJ. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Richard Raczyaski NY STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William Moreau PORT AUTH. OF NY AND NJ, Joseph J. Kelly, Joseph Ziteli BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Wade Casey ‘MILITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, RobertD. Franz” US. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS-DEPT. ‘OF THE ARMY, Paul Ten US. COAST GUARD, Jacob Patnaik US. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE- FOREST SERVICE, Nelson Hernandez ili LIBRARY ry PREFACE to Seventeenth Edition ‘Major changes and revisions to this edition areas follows: 1. The Interim Specifications of 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 have been adopted and are included. 2. The commentaries from 1996 through 2000 are provided and have been cross-referenced with each other. where appropriate, * 3. In 1997, Section 15, "TFE Bearing Surface.” Division I, was replaced by Section 14, “Bearings.” 44: In 1997, Seetion 19, "Pot Bearings." ‘5: In 1997, Seetion 20, "Dise Bearings,” Division, was replaced by Section 14,"Bearings.” 6. In 2002, Section 16, “Stel Tunnel Liner Plates." Division I, became Section 15. 7, In 2002, Section 17, “Soil Reinforced Concrete Structure Imeraction Systems,” Divs 1, became Section 16. £8, In 2002, Section 18, “Soil-Thermoplastic Pipe Ineraction Systems, 017, 9, Anew companion CD-ROM with advance search features is included with each book. 10, The Federal Highway Aéministration and the States have established 2 goal thatthe LRED standards be used on all new bridge designs after 2007; only edits related to technical errors in the seventeenth edition will be made hereafter. These Standard Specifications are ap- plicable to new structure designs prior to 2007 and for the maintenance and rehabilitation of, existing structures. vision I, became See é INTRODUCTION “The compilation of these specifications began in 1921 with the organization of the Committee on Bridges and Structures of the American Association of State Highway Officials, During the period from 1921, until printed in 1931, the specifications were sradually developed, and as the several divisions were approved from time to time, they were made available in mimeographed form for use of the State Highway Deparments and other organizations. A complete specification was available in 1926, and it was revised in 1928, Though notin printed form, the specifications were valu able tothe bridge engineering profession during the period of development. “The first edition of the Standard Specifications was published in 1931, and it was followed by the 1935, 1941, 1944, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1973, 1977, 1983, 1989, 1992, and 1996 revised editions. The present seventeenth edition consti- tutes «revision of the 1996 specifications, including those changes adopted since the publication ofthe sixteenth edition and those through 2002, In the past, Interim Specifications were usually published in the middle ofthe cal endar year, and a revised edition of this book was generally published every 4 years. However, since the Federal Highway Administration andthe States have established 2 ‘oa thatthe LRED standards be used on all new bridge designs after 2007, ony edits elated to technical errors in the seventeenth edition will be made hereafter. These Standard Specifications sre epplicable to new structure designs prior to 2007 and for the maintenance and rehabilitation of existing structures. Future revisions will have the same status as standards of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and are approved by at Jest wwo-thirds of the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures. These revisions are voted on by the “Assocation Member Departments prior to the publication of a new edition ofthis book, and if approved by at east two-thirds of the members, they are included in a new edition as standards of the Association, Members of the Association are the 50 State Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each mem- ber has one vote. The U.S. Department of Transporation is 2 nonvoting member. Future revisions will be displayed on AASHTO’s website via a link from the title's book code listing, HB-17, inthe Bookstore of www.ransportation.org. An e-mail rotification will also be sent to previous purchasers notifying them that a revision is ivailable for download. Please check the site periodically to ensure that you have the ‘most up-to-date and accurate information. "The Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges are intended to serve as 2 stan- dard or guide for the preperation of State specifications and for reference by bridge engineers. Primarily, the specifications set forth minimam requirements which are consistent ‘with current practice, and certain modifications may be necessary to suit local condi- tions. They apply to ordinary highvvay bridges and supplemental specifications may be required for unusual types and for bridges with spans longer than 500 feet. ‘Specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the ‘American Welding Society, the American Wood Preservers Association, and the National Forest Products Association are referred to, or are recognized. Numerous re- search bulletins are noted for references. “The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials wishes to express is sincere appreciation to the above organizations, as well sto those univer- sities and representatives of industry whose research efforts and consultations have ‘been most helpfal in continual improvement ofthese specifications. Extensive references have been made to the Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing also published by ‘AASHTO, including equivalent ASTM specifications which have been reproduced in the Astociation’s Standard Specifications by permission of the American Society for Testing and Materials as o Attention is also directed to the following publications prepared and published by the Bridge Subcommittee: AASHTO Guide for Commonly Recognized (CoRe) Structural Elemerts—1998 Edition AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges with Design Examples for I-Girder and Box-Girder Bridges—2002 Ezition AASHTO Guide Specifications-Thermal Effects in Concrete Bridge Super- structures—1989 Edition AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications—1998 Edition AASHTO LRED Bridge Design Specifications, 2nd Edition, SI—1998 Edition AASHTO LRED Bridge Design Specifications, 2nd Edition, US—1998 Edition AASHTO LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications, Ist Edition— 2001 Edition AASHTO/AWS-D1.SM/DI.5:200] An American National Standard: Bridge Welding Code and its Commentary—2002 Edition Bridge Data Exchange (BDX) Technical Data Guide—1995 Edition Construction Handbook for Bridge Temporary Works—1995 Edition Guide Design Specifications for Bridge Temporary Works—1995 Edition Guide for Painting Steel Structures—1997 Edition Guide Specifications and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges—1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Alternative Load Factor Design Procedures for Steel ‘Beam Bridges Using Braced Compact Sections —1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Aluminum Highway Bridges—1991 Edition Guide Specifications for Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges, 2nd Edition—1999 Edition Guide Specifications for Design of Pedestrian Bridges, 1997 Edition Guide Specifications for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges—1994 Edition Guide Specifications for Fatigue Evaluation of Existing Steel Bridges—1990 Edition Guide Specifications for Highway Bridge Fabrication with HPSO70W Sieel— 2000 Edition Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design, 2nd Edition—-1999 Edition Guide Specifications for Strength Design of Truss Bridges (Load Factor Design}—1985 Edition Guide Specifications for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steel and Concrete Bridges—1989 Edition Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barriers—1989 Edition Guide Specification for the Design of Stress-Laminated Wood Decks—1991 Edition - Guidelines for Bridge Management Systems—1993 Edition Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges—2000 Edition NESPAK CENTRAL LIBRARY a Movable Bridge inspection, Evaluation and Maintenance Manual-—1998 Edition Standard Specifications for Movable Highway Bridges—1988 Edition Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires ‘and Traffic Signals, 4th Edition—2001 Edition Additional bridges and structures publications prepared and published by other AASHTO committees and task forces are as follows: Guide Specifications for Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Decks—1994 Edition : Guide Specifications for Polymer Concrete Bridge Deck Overlays—1995 Edition Guide Specifications for Shotcrete Repair of Highway Bridges—1998 Edition Inspectors’ Guide for Shorcrete Repair of Bridges—1999 Edition Manual for Corrosion Protection of Concrete Components in Bridges—1992 Edition Two Parts: Guide Specifications for Concrete Overlay Pavements and Bridge Decks—1990 Edition AASHTO Maintenance Manual: The Mainenance and Management of Roadways and Bridges—1999 Edition “The following have served as chairmen of the Committee since its inception in 1921 Messrs, EF. Kelley, who pioneered the work of the Committee, Albin L. Gemeny, R. B. MeMinn, Raymond Archiband, G. S. Paxson, E. M. Johnson, Ward Goodman, Charles Matlock. Joseph S. Jones, Sidney Poleynard, Jack Freidenrich, Henry W. Derick, Robert C. Cassano, Clellon Loveall, James E, Siebels. David Pope, and Tom Lulay. The ‘Commitee expresses its sincere appreciation of the work of these men and of those ac- tive members of the past, whose names, because of retirement, are no longer on the rll ‘Suggestions for the improversent ofthe specifications are welcomed. They should bbe sent 10 the Chairman, Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO. 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington. D.C. 20001. Inquiries as to the intent or application of the specifications should be sent tothe same address ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO —American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI —American Conerete Institute AISC —American Institute of Steel Construction ‘AITC —- —American Institute of Timber Construction ‘ASCE —American Society of Civil Engineers ‘ASME —American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM — —American Society for Testing and Materials ‘ANSI —American National Standards Institute AWS —American Welding Society AWPA — —American Wood Preservers Association RSI —- —Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute cs —Commercial Standards NDS National Design Specifications for Stress Grade Lumber end Its Fastenings NFPA —National Forest Products Association RMA —Rubber Manufacturers Association SAE —Society of Automotive Engineers SSPC - —Steel Structures Painting Council WPA Westen Pine Association wri —Wire Reinforcement Institute WWPA — —Westem Wood Products Association vii ry AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS DIVISION I DESIGN SECTION 1—GENERAL PROVISIONS ul DESIGN ANALYSIS AND GENERAL STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FOR BRIDGES .....-- +++ pee La Design Anal : Si. 112 Structural Integrity 3 12 BRIDGE LOCATIONS ...... a 13 WATERWAYS ... eee 3 13.1 General 3 132 Hydraulic Studies 4 1321 Site Data ae ital 13.22 Hydrologic Analysis «2-02-0070 ua 1323, Hydraulic Analysis... 4 14 CULT LOCATION, LENGTH, AND WATERWAY OPENINGS . 4 15 ROADWAY DRAINAGE aA 16 RATLROAD OVERPASSES 4 16.1 Clearances eee 4 162 Blast Protection ...-.. ftbtbedee 4 7 SUPERELEVATION 5 18 FLOOR SURFACES 5 19 UTILITIES ce] SECTION 2—GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN GENERAL Notations .... Width of Roadway and Sidewalk... ‘| STANDARD HIGHWAY CLEARANCES GENERAL Navigational . ta Roadway Width Vertical Clearance Other : : Curbs and Sidewalks HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES Width : Vertical Clearance .. HIGHWAY CLEARANCES Fi FOR UNDERPASSES .- Width Vertical Clearance - Roadway Width eee Clearance between Walls cieceed Vertical Clearance Curbs ...-- HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR DEPRESSED ROADWAYS - as 2721 2722 273 2731 27.3.2 274 CONTENTS Roadway Width Clearance between Walls Curbs ... RAILINGS Vehicular Railing General Geometry .. Loads Bicycle Railing General Geometry and Loads Pedestrian Railing General. a Geometry and Loads... Structural Specifications and Guidelines SECTION 3—LOADS 3 32 33 34 35 36 37 371 3.7.2 373 314 3.15 3.76 38 381 38.1.1 3812 3.8.2 39 3.10 31 BALL a2 3.13 34 312 313 3.14 3141 3.142 3143 31S PART A—TYPES OF LOADS NOTATIONS GENERAL DEAD LOAD LIVE LOAD OVERLOAD PROVISIONS TRAFFICLANES «00.0.0... HIGHWAY LOADS . 22... Standard Truck and Lane Loads Classes of Loading a Designation of Loadings «0.0.2.0... Minimum Loading ace HLoading ‘| HS Loading Pa . IMPACT i é Application . Group A—Impect shall be included... Group B—Impact shall not be included Impact Formula on LONGITUDINAL FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES ........ APPLICATION OF LIVE LOAD . Traffic Lane Units ............. : Number and Position of Traffic Lane Units ‘Lane Loads on Continuous Spans... Loading for Maximum Stress . REDUCTION IN LOAD INTENSITY ELECTRIC RAILWAY LOADS «2.2.0.0... ‘SIDEWALK, CURB, AND RAILING LOADING - Sidewalls Loading . q Curb Loading Railing Loading .. WIND LOADS....... Division 1 at Division 1 CONTENTS 3.15.1 ‘Superstructure Design . 3.15.11 (Group Il and Group V Loadings 3.15.12 Group Ill and Group Vi Loadings - 3.15.2 Substructure Design ....-- 3.15.21 Forces from Superstructare «+ 3.15.22 Forees Applied Directly to the Substructure 3.15.3 (Overturning Forces : . 3.16 THERMAL FORCES... 317 UPLIFT . 38 FORCES FROM STREAM CURRENT AND FLOATING ICE, AND DRIFT CONDITIONS « 3.181 Force of Stream Current on Piers 318.11 Stream Pressure. 3.1811. Pressure Components 3.18.13 Drift Lodged Against Pier 3.182. Force of Iee on Piers ..- 3.18.21 General 3.1822 Dynamic Iee Force « 3.1823 Static Ice Pressure Se : 3.19 BUOYANCY ..-..--- Se eee tt 320 EARTH PRESSURE it 3.21 EARTHQUAKES - PART B—COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 322 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS . 7 30 PART C—DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS 323, DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS TO STRINGERS, LONGITUDINAL BEAMS, AND FLOOR BEAMS ...... 32 3.231 Position of Loads for Shear... : 2 3.232 Bending Moments in Stringers and Longitudinal Beams 32 3.2321 General ....-- : 32 3.23.22 Interior Stingers end Beams . 2 3.23.23 Outside Roadway Stringers and Beams . 32 3.23.23. Steel-Timber-Concrete T-Beams .. 32 3.23232 Concrete Box Girders Rainier 33 323.233 ‘Foul Capacity of Stringers and Beams ...-.c..cscscceeseo00033 3233 Bending Moments in Floor Beams (Transverse) faa. 3234 Precast Concrete Beams Used in Multi-Beam Decks ..........--34 324 _ DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS AND DESIGN OF CONCRETE SLABS : 35 3.24.1 Span Lengths . 35, 3.242 Eage Distance of Wheel Loads . 235 * 3.243 Bending Moment . ... : 35 3243.1 Case A~-Main Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic (Spans 2 to 24 Feet Inclusive) : 22 36 3.2832 case Be-Main Reinforcement Parallel Traffic a6. 3244 Shear and Bond : Sea 236 3.245 Cantilever Slabs St 36 3245.1 Truck Loads «++ eae 3245.11 Case A~Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic... .++++++-36 2 ‘Case B—Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic « 36 xi ry xii CONTENTS: Division I Railing Loads 36 Slabs Supported on Four Sides 37 Median Slabs... eae 37 Longitudinal Edge Beams... a7 ‘Unsupported Transverse Edges ee 37 Distribution Reinforcement ..... 37 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON TIMBER FLOORING 38 ‘Transverse Flooring ceeeeeeeee BB Plank and Nail Laminated Longitudinal Flooring 39 Longitudinal Glued Laminated Timber Decks . 239 Bending Moment critter fee 9 Shear... ao Deftections .. 40 Stiffener Arrangement +40 Continuous Flooring ...... er) DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE WOOD-CONCRETE MEMBERS ..........40 Distribution of Concentrated Loads for Bending Moment ‘and Shear . 3.262 Distribution of Bending Moments in Continuous Spans : 3.263 Design ... 3.27 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON STEEL GRID FLOORS : 7 Al 3274 General Musee teats Ha te aL 3.272 Floors Filled with Conerete .........cccsvsvssesseceesvevesess@l 3.273 Open Floors 4l 3.28 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS FOR BENDING MOMENT IN SPREAD BOX GIRDERS Al Interior Beams ..... pers ee Al Enterior Beams ...-- Al . MOMENTS, SHEARS, AND REACTIONS Teal 3.30 TIRE CONTACT AREA Saeed 42 SECTION 4—FOUNDATIONS PART A~GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS. 4a GENERAL ..... 243 42 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CAPACITY . 43 424 Selection of Foundation Type . . 243 422 Foundation Capacity 43 4221 Bearing Capacity 43 Settlement . AB 4223 Overall Stability eet cece AB 423 Soit, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions ..............cs00.-43 43 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROGRAMS ......0.20s0cc00cseccesseseeeseeeessee MB 43. General Requirements 7 43 43.2 Minimum Depth . 244 433 ‘Minimum Coverage pede eerreeee 434 Laboratory Testing ............ 7 Ha 435 Scour : : 45 ry Division 44. 44d 4add 4412 4al3 aad 4d 442 443 44a 45 445.1 4a5.2 4453 4s 486 447 442) 442.14 447411 4A IA12 4A D113 44d. id 4aT lds 4471.16 4a td 447118 44712 4AT2 44721 44222 44125 4A724 48725 4473 448 4481 44.8.1.) 448.12 448.13 4482 448.21 448.22 44823 449 4.4.10 44.01 44.111 4adl.l 44.1112 ‘CONTENTS: xiii PART BSERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD "ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN ‘SPREAD FOOTINGS... General ... ‘Applicability .....--- : ee Footings Supporting Non-Rectangular Columns or Piers Footings in Fill... : Footings in Sloped Portions of Embenkments Distribution of Bearing Pressure . Notations Design Terminology Soil and Rock Property Selection Depth “Tinimum Embedment and Bench Width Scour Protection Footing Excavations Poet Piping ....c-ceceeerereceeee a ‘Anchorage 5 Geotechnical Design on Soil .. Bearing Capacity Factors Affecting Bearing Copacty - Eccentric Loading Footing Shape - Inclined Loading Ground Surface Slope Embedment Depth Ground Water Layered Soils Inclined Base Factors of Safety Seatlement Suess Distibution Elastic Settlement «+++ Consolidation Settlement... Secondary Settlement Tolerable Movement . Dynamic Ground Stability Geotechnical Design on Rock Bearing Capacity - . Footings on Competent Rack «.. +++ Footings on Broken of Jointed Rock Factors of Safety Settlement Footings on Competent Rock Footings on Broken or Jointed Rock... Tolerable Movernent ae Overall Stability ....6-2002028+ Dynamie/Seismie Design Structural Design . Loads and Reactions ... ‘Action of Loads and Reactions +++ Isolated and Multiple Footing Reactions * xiv CONTENTS Division 1 4412 Moments 412A Critical Seetion 4A1L22 Distribution of Reinforcement 44113 Shear : 44.1131 Critical Section « 44.11.32 Footings on Piles or Drilled Shafts | 4A ld Development of Reinforcement 444d Development Length 441d? Critical Section . 44115 Transfer of Force at Base of Column... 44.115. ‘Transfer of Force... 44.1152 Lateral Forces... 44.1153 Bearing 44114 Reinforcement .. 4411355 Dowel Size ..... 44.1156 Development Le 4AM5.7 Splicing : 44116 Unreinforeed Conerete Footings .... 44.116. Design Suess...... 4411.62 Pedestals . 45 DRIVEN PILES 451 General 431d ‘Application . Materials Penetration Lateral Tip Restraint Estimated Lengths ... : Estimated and Minimum Tip Elevation Piles Through Embankment Fill Test Piles . Pile Types .... Friction Piles End Bearing Piles Combination Friction and End Bearing Piles Batter Piles ...... Notations Design Terminology Selection of Soil and Rock Properties Selection of Design Pile Capacity ‘Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity Factors Affecting Axial Capacity .. Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils ‘Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Soils ‘Axial Capacity on Rock «2+... Factor of Safety Selection . Setlement : Group Pile Loading .. Lateral Loads on Piles Uplift Loads on Piles ‘Single Pile Pile Group spray ‘Vertical Ground Movement Negative Skin Friction ......., ( ” Division | 45.151 45.15.11 45.15.12 45.152 4.5.16 45.16.) 45.162 45.163 45.164 45.165 45.166 45.167 45168 45.169 4517 4.171 45172 45.173 45174 ASAT 45.176 4547.7 45.178 45.18 45.18.1 45.182 45.183 45.184 45.185 45.19 45.19.1 4519.2 45.193 45.194 CONTENTS aw Expansive Soil DynamiciSeismic Design - Structural Capacity of Pile Section ‘Load Capacity Requirements But Piles Extending Above Ground Surface .- ‘Allowable Stress in Piles Cross-Section Adjustment for Corrosion Scour... ‘i Protection Against Corrosion and Abrasion Wave Equation Analysts Dynamic Monitoring - Maximum Allowable Driving Stresses Tolerable Movement Buoyancy Protection Against Deterioration Steel Piles Concrete Piles ‘Timber Piles Spacing Clearances, and Embedment « Pile Footings Pile Spacing Minimum Projection into cop Bent Caps -...eseceeeseeeeees Precast Concrete Piles Size and Shape... -..sseeeseeee Minimam Area... Minimom Diameter of Tapered Piles Driving Points fa Vertical Reinforcement «+... .+++-+ Spiral Reinforcement ...... Reinforcement Cover Splices a Handling Stesses « Castin-Place Concrete Pies Materials - Shape imum Area General Reinforcement Requirements « Reinforcement into Superstructure - Shell Requirements . Splices Reinforcement Cover Steel HePHles 4... + Metal Thickness. Splices ....e--cseceeeeseees Caps eects Traps, Scab and Core Stoppers - Point Attachments ees Unfilled Tubular Steel Piles ....--- Metal Thickness aoe Splices Driving Columa Action Py 465.13 465.14 4632 465.241 46.5.2.42 46526 465.3 4653.1 4653.2 46533 46.5.33.1 46.53.32 465.333 465.4 463.5 4.65.5.1 4635.11 4655.12 4655.13 4655.2 CONTENTS Division 1 Prestressed Concrete Piles. Size and Shape ..... Main Reinforcement Vertical Reinforcement Hollow Cylinder Piles Splices .-..... ‘Timber Piles. Materials «2.0... : 7 Limitations on Untreated Timber Pile Use . Limitations on Treated Timber Pile Use ....... DRILLED SHAFTS General ...... ‘Application . Materials . Construction Embedment Shaft Diameter Batter Shafis Shafts Through Embankment Fill... o Notations Peart Design Terminology Selection of So and Roc Propertiss «........ Presumptive Values : Measured Values eee Geotechnical Design : Axial Capacity in Soil. Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil . Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil Tip Resistance in Cohesive Soil Tip Resistance in Cohesionless Soil Factors affecting Axial Capacity in Soil. Soil Layering and Variable Soi Strength with Depth Ground Water . ae Enlarged Bases a Grovp Action sae Cohesive Soil... Cohesionless Soil : Group in Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Soil Vertical Ground Movement : Method of Construction .. ‘Axial Capacity in Rock Side Resistance . Tip Resistance ....... Factors Affecting Axial Capac in Rock” Rock Stratification ..... : Rock Mass Discontinuities Method of Construction . Factors of Safety : Deformation of Axially Losded Shafts Shatis in Soi Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil Mixed Soil Profle... Shafts Socketed into Rock at Division f 46553 4656 4656.1 4.6.5.6.1.1 46.56. 465.613 46.5.6.1.4 46.5.6.1.5 46.5.6. 48 49 4.10 4.10.1 4.10.2 4.103 4.104 4.105 4.106 4 4a 4111 4112 4u3 41s ans ALLL 47 4M 49 an2 CONTENTS ‘Tolerable Movement .... + Lateral Loading - actors atecting Laterally Loaded Shafts - Soil Layering : Ground Water Scour - Group Action Cyclic Loading... : Combined Axial and Lateral eating : Sloping Ground . “Tolerable Lateral Movements « Dynamic/Seismie Design -.-+2.-00++ Se rarerpesign and General Shaft Dimensions. General Reinforcement ‘Longitudinal Bar Spacing Splices 7 Transverse Reinforcement. Handling Suresses ..-- ees Reinforcement Cover «- : Reinforcement into Supersuctre Enlarged Bases Cenert-Center Shai Spacing Load Testing, General « Load Testing Procedures Load Test Method Selection NOTE: Article Number Intentionally Not Used PART C-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SCOPE . DEFINITIONS. DIMIT STATES, LOAD FACTORS, AND RESISTANCE FACTORS - General Serviceabilty Limit States. Strength Limit States . Strength Requirement Fund Combinations and Load Factors «+. Performance Factors . eee SPREAD FOOTINGS .- General Considerations General Depth Scour Protection Frost Action Anchorage... .20.-+ Groundwater . Uplift.....e. cee Deterioration ‘Nearby Structures Notations . avi CONTENTS Division 1 43 Movement Under Serviceability : 4113.1 General ‘ 41132 Loads .. : 4.133 Movement Criteria v2.00. 4n34 Settlement Analyses 4.13.41 ‘Settlement of Footings on Cohesionless Soils 4113.42 Settlement of Footings on Cohesive Soils 4113.43 Settlement of Footings on Rock . ana Safety Against Soil Failure . i 4M4t Bearing Capacity of Foundation Soils .. 4a14id ‘Theoretical Estimation coat 4412 ‘Semi-empirical Procedures 4ML413 Plate Loading Test aula Presumptive Values .. AMS Effect of Load Eccentricity 411d.16 Effect of Groundwater Table 4 M42 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Rock 411421 ‘Semi-empirical Procedures ......... 4422 Analytic Method 4114.23 Load Test. ee 4 Ala Presumptive Bearing Valves «........00..01 & 411425 Effect of Load Eocentricity : 44143 Failure by Sliding . 44a Loss of Overall Stability 4s Structural Capacity ane Construction Considerations for Shallow Foundations 46 General 411.62 Excavation Monitoring 411.63 Compaction Monitoring 412 DRIVEN PILES ....... 4121 General ....... 4122 Notations... 4123 Selection of Design Pile Capacity... 4123.1 Factors Affecting Axial Capacity . 4123.11 Pile Penetration . 4123.12 Groundwater Table and Buoyancy ....... 4123.13 Effect of Setting Ground and Downdrag Forces . 4123.14 Uplift .. ‘ 4123.2 Movement Under Servicesbiity Limit Sta 4123.21 General ee 4123.22 ‘Tolerable Movement . 4123.23 Settlement .. : 4.123.238 Cohesive Soil... 4.123.236 Cohesionless Soil ........- eae + 4123.24 Lateral Displacement... aia 41233 Resistance at Strength Limit States. 412331 ‘Axial Loading of Piles... 412332 ‘Analytic Estimates of Pile Capacity 4.12333 Pile of Capacity Estimates Based on In Situ Tests 412334 Piles Bearing on Rock ........0ccsecseesene 4123.35 Pile Load Test «......2++ 4123.36 Presumptive End Bearing Capacities. 412337 Uplift... eee a” Division L 4123378 4123.3.70 4123.38 4.12339 4,1233.10 4,12.3.3.108 4.12.33.100 4123.3.100 4423311 42 4 A241 4125 433 4.131 4.13.2 4133 44331 413311 433312 41332 4133.21 4133.22 4.13323 4.133.238 4133, 433324 4.1333 4.133. 4133. 1 CONTENTS: Single Pile Uplift Capacity Pie Group Uplit Capacity +0. Lateral Load : Batter Pile... +. Group Capacity - Cohesive Soil Cotiesionless Soil - Pile Group in Strong Soil Ovenying a Weak ‘or Compressible Soil Dynamic/Seismic Design ... Structural Design ...... Buckling of Piles ......++ Construction Considerations - DRILLED SHAFTS General Notations : Geotechnical Design... actors Affecting Axial Capacity - Downdrag Loads Uplif . Movement Under Services Limit State General. Tolerabie Movement Settlement .... Bee Settlement of Single Drilled Shafts ...... ae Group Settlement ....ee4eecereee Lateral Displacement Resistance at Strength Limit Staves ‘Axial Loading of Drilled Shafts “Analytic Estimates of Drilled St in Cohesive Soils Capacity 413333 Estimation of Died Shaft Capacity in Cokesoniess Sails 413334 ‘Axial Capacity in Rock . 4.133. Load Test : 4.13336 Uplift Capacity... 4.13.3.3.6 ‘Uplift Capacity ofa Single Drilled Shaft 41333. Group Uplit Cape 413337 Lateral Load 4.13338 Group Capacity . 4.1333.8a Cohesive Soil. 4.133.3.85 Cohesionless Soil... 4.1333.8¢ Group i Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Compressible S Soil 4.13339 DyamifSesmie Design «-- : 434 Structural Design... 4341 Buckling of Drilled Shafts. SECTION S—RETAINING WALLS PART AGENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS Sa GENERAL... 52 WALL TYPE AND BEHAVIOR 521 Selection of Wall Type « Rigid Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls 105 old 108 104 104 S04 104 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 106 107 107 307 = 107 2107 107 107 107 107 107 2107 107 Mm MI HL am my sw CONTENTS Division! 52.12 Nongravity Cantilevered Walls eect 52.13 ‘Anchored Walls, daa ia 5214 Mechanically Stabilized Barth Walls ene 5215 Prefabricated Modular Walls : 13 522 Wall Capacity 115 5221 Bearing Capacity 3 52.22 Seitlement =5 5223 Overall Stability ce 115 3224 ‘Tolerable Deformations .... : 116 523 Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Condit LH6 53 ‘SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROGRAMS 116 531 General Requirements ...... nT 332 Minimum Depth 27 533 Minimum Coverage ont 534 Laboratory Testing 17 535 Scour... 17 54 NOTATIONS ma auaiSeeaeaaee pe ty PART B—SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 35 RIGID GRAVITY AND SEMI-GRAVITY WALL DESIGN ....... 121 53.1 Design Terminology 1Z1 552 Barth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings 0.0... 0..scssesc0.s121 553 Water Pressure and Drainage Fiiiteree es 16 354 Seismic Pressure 126 355 Structure Dimensions and External Stability . 126 536 Structure Design ...2...ccscceseseseeseesssseensesscses e126 5361 Base or Footing Slabs : oe 116 55.62 Wall Stems ; Geirsre eeeeetreteeeaog 5563 CCounterforts and Burwesses ae 128 53.64 Reinforcement 2128 55.65 Expansion and Contraction Joints v19 357 Backfill . PSI ee Rei eeie ate seeds a eee eedas: 558 Overall Stability.) ere 36 NONGRAVITY CANTILEVERED WALL DESIGN .2.00.00.2...129 36.1 Design Terminology = 129 362 Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings - 129 5.63 Water Pressure and Drainage .........2020c-cceeeeeseeeeeesdB2 564 Seismic Pressure . 132 565 Structure Dimensions and External Stability 132 566 Structure Design .......2.2.2+0+ aide "132 567 Overall Stability TH Ss 5.68 Corrosion Protection - Tee 133 ANCHORED WALL DESIGN 133 Design Terminology... ; 2133 Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings - 133 = Water Pressure and Drainage ..... “136 Seismic Pressure ..... 136 Structure Dimensions and External Stability 0.0.0.0. 0000.....136 Structure Design... 136 General ... 136 ‘Anchor Design 136 Overall Stability 138 Corrosion Protection .... : 138 ‘Anchor Load Testing and Stressing 138 my Division 1 CONTENTS , 38 MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALL DESIGN 138 i 7 58.1 Structure sions... ea 138 582 External Stability . a 138 583 Bearing Capacity and Foundation Stability - 2143 584 Caleulation of Loads for Internal Stability Design 144 584.1 CClctlation of Maximum Reinforcement Loads 146 5842 Determination of Reinforcement Tensile Load atthe Connection to the Wall Face... 147 585 3.10 Sa 5.2 5.13 Determination of Reinforcement Length Req Internal Stability ..... i Location of Zone of Maximum Stress Soil Reinforcement Pullout Design Reinforcement Strength Design ..... pee Design Life Requirements i ‘Steel Reinforcement Geosynthetic Reinforcement .. Allowable Stresses ‘steel Reinforcements Geosynthetic Reinforcements . Soil Reinforcement/Facing Connection Strength Design Connection Strength for Steel Soil Reinforcements . Connection Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcements Design of Facing Elements . ‘Design of Stiff or Rigid Concrete, Stel, and Timber Facings, Design of Flexible Wall Facings ........++ ite Corosion Issues for MSE Facing Design.» Seismic Design ‘| : External Stability ..--.600.2005 Internal Stability Facing/Soil Reinforcement Connection Design for Seismic Loads...» tata 164 Determination of Laterat Wall Displacements e 164 Drainage Boe eae 164 Special Loading Conditions... atti 165 Concentrated Dead Loads ..... oe 165 ‘Traffic Loads and Barriers... “169 Hydrostatic Pressures... 170 Design for Presence of Obstructions in the Reinforced Soll Zone 0... seeeeeseee PREFABRICATED MODULAR WALL DESIGN ‘Structure Dimensions . External Stability 7 Bearing Capacity and Foundation Stability Allowable Stresses : Drainage... PART C—STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SCOPE ea weld DEFINITIONS ........-. aia 174 NOTATIONS .. arrests ga: LIMIT STATES, LOAD FACTORS AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 175 ab xxii CONTENTS Division 1 5.13.1 Serviceability Limit States seit eeeeeteeeeeee ITS 5.132 Strength Limit States... 2.0... 0.cscceeeeeeeeeeeeeee dS) 5.133 Strength Requirement AIS 5.13.4 Load Combinations and Load Factors... sees dT 5.13.5 Performance Factors ...... seve dT5: 5.14 GRAVITY AND SEMI-GRAVITY WALL DESIGN, AND | CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN eeea yo 5.14.1 Earth Pressure Due to Backfill ..... teat seil tS 5.14.2 Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge ....... 7 176 3.143 ‘Water Pressure and Drainage . a 176 5144 Seismic Pressure ......- 176 14.5 Movement Under Serviceability Limit States 2176 5.146 Safety Against Soll Failure : 176 5146.1 Bearing Capacity Failure . a7 3.1462 Sliding . aura oe eelTT 51463 Overturing errr a7 314.64 Overall Stability (Revised Article 5.2.2.3) . sees TT 5.14.7 Safety Against Structural Failure . i oneal a2 5.14.7.1 Base of Footing Slabs cee dT $14.72 Wall Stems ... 79 5.14.73 Counterforts and Butresses 179 5.14.74 Reinforcement peerenccctetys] 179 5.14.75 Expansion and Contraction Joins ...........- ‘ 179 5.148 Backfill ...... aan 179 SECTION 6—CULVERTS. 61 CULVERT LOCATION, LENGTH, AND WATERWAY ‘OPENINGS ..... ft : 181 DEAD LOADS . Culvert in trench, or culvert untrenched on yielding foundation Culvert untrenched on unyielding foundation ............. FOOTINGS | DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS THROUGH EARTHFILLS . ceveeeesee ee dB 65 DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT 181 66 DESIGN . 7 cee 181 SECTION 7—SUBSTRUCTURES PART A—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 7 GENERAL ‘| +183 Td Definition ....2......+ : errr oo 183 712 Loads ......-. Bateeereeyssreceeery sere ctet ish 183 13 Settlement ... eae seeeee ee 183 14 Foundation and Retaining Wall Design ceeeeeese se eA]83) 12 NOTATIONS .....-...-+ i 2183 PART B—SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 13 PIERS eee 183 734 Pier Types... ...0. 0-2 183 ” Division CONTENTS, Solid Wall Piets Double Wall Piers Bent Piers ‘| Single-Column Piers Pier Protection... Collision ~. Collision Walls Scout Facing... ‘TUBULAR PIERS Materials Configuration . ABUTMENTS ‘Abutment Types ..- ‘Stub Abutment... Panial-Depth Abutment Full-Depth Abutment... Integral Abutment ... Loading Stability ‘ Reinforcement for Temperature Drainage and Backfilling Integral Abutments “Abutments on Mechanically tabi ‘Abutments on Modular Systems ‘Wingwalls . Length Reinforcement PART C—-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 16 GENERAL, SECTION 8 REINFORCED CONCRETE PART A—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 81 APPLICATION all General... 8.1.2 Notations 813 Definitions ... 82 CONCRETE . 83 REINFORCEMENT .... PART B—ANALYSIS 84 GENERAL 85 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION 86 STIFFNESS . 87 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND POISSON'S RATIO. 88 SPAN LENGTH .... 89 CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS: 89.1 General 187 189 189 189 = 192 1192" 2193 my wiv 892 893 8:10 8.101 8.10.2 8.11 812 813 815.212 8152.13 81522 8.153 8154 8.15.5 8155.1 815.52 815.521 8.15. 815323 8155.24 815.33 81554 815.543 815.55 815555 8.1556 81557 81558 816 8.16.1 816.11 8161.2 816.2 8163 81631 8.1632 81633 8163.4 81635 8.164 CONTENTS: Superstructure Depth Lit ns Superstructure Deflection Limitations COMPRESSION FLANGE WIDTH T.Girder .. Box Girders .... SLAB AND WEB THICKNESS DIAPHRAGMS 7 COMPUTATION OF DEFLECTIONS PART C—DESIGN GENERAL... Design Methods fae ‘Composite Flexural Members Concrete Arches SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD (Allowable Stress Design General Requirements Allowable Stresses Conerete ..... Flexure Shear Bearing Stress Reinforcement iets Flexure : Compression Members ........400000000 Shear -......-. : ‘Shear Stress Shear Stress Carried by Concrete ‘Shear in Bears and One-Way Slabs and Footings - Shear in Compression Members - 7 Shear in Tension Members Shear in Lightweight Concrete .. i" Shear Suess Carried by Shear Reinforcement fl Shear Friction Shear-Friction Design Method .... Horizontal Shear Design for Composite Concrete Flexural Members aa Ties for Horizontal Shear Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings ‘Special Provisions for Slabs of Box Culverts Special Provisions for Brackets and Corbels STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD (Lond Factor Design) Strength Requirements .. Required Strength Design Strength . Design Assumptions .. Flexure ‘Maximum Reinforcement of Flexural Members Rectangular Sections with Tension Reinforcement Only Flanged Sections with Tension Reinforcement Only Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement Other Cross Sections . ‘Compression Members . 194 194 194 2194 194 194 195 S195 -195 195 196 196 197 197 2197 A197 ag7 197 197 197 2197 197 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 199 19 199 200 200 201 201 202 202 + 202 202 203, 203 203, 203, 204 204 Division I my Division | 8164.1 8.1642 8164.21 8.16.4.2.2 8164.23 8164.24 81643 8164.4 8165 8165.1 8165.2 8.16.6 816.6. 8.16.62 8.16.62.1 816.622 816.623 8.16.6.2.4 8.16.63 816.64 8.16644 81665 8166.55, 8.16.66 8.16.67 81668 8.16.7 8.168 3168.1 81682 81683 81684 8.17 8.17.1 8172 81721 817. 81723 8173 8174 8.18 818.1 8.182 81821 8.1822 81823 81824 819 CONTENTS xxv General Requirements 7 Compression Member Strengths Pure Compression ...- Pure Flexure Balanced Strain Conditions Combined Flexure and Axial Load .. Biaxial Loading Hollow Rectangular Compression Members Slenderness Effects in Compression Members . General Requirements ‘Approximate Evaluation of Slendemess Effect: Shear : Shea Strength - Shear Strength Provided by Concrete... Shear in Beams and One-Way Slabs and Footings «. Shear in Compression Members Sheer in Tension Members Shear in Lightweight Concrete .. Provided by Shear Reinforcement Shear Friction ‘Shear-Friction Design Method . : Horizontal Shear Swength for Composite Concrete Flexural Members : ‘Ties for Horizontal Shear... .+-+0++ Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings Special Provisions for Slabs of Box Culverts ‘Special Provisions for Brackets and Corbels Bearing Strength . Serviceability Requirements Application Service Load Stresses Fatigue Stress Limits Distribution of Fewural Reinforcement PART D—REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS - 213 jinimum Reinforcement cee 23 Distribution of Reinforcement ...... 213 Hen Tcasion Reinforcement in Zones of Msximura Tension. 213 Transverse Deck Slab Reinforcement in T-Girders ‘and Box Girders . ae Bottom Slab Reinforcement for Box Girders . Lateral Reinforcement of Flexural Members . Reinforcement for Hollow Rectangular Compression Members REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS . ‘Maximum and Minimam Longitudinal Reinforcement Lateral Reinforcement oa 7 General. Spirals Ties : Seismic Requirements LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT ny 8324.2 83243 8325 8.326 CONTENTS Minimum Shear Reinforcement ‘Types of Shear Reinforcement . Spacing of Shear Reinforcement ...... SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION HOOKS AND BENDS Standard Hooks . Minimum Bend Diameters ..... DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT General Positive Moment Reinforcement . Negative Moment Reinforcement ..... DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS AND DEFORMED ~ WIRE IN TENSION . on DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS IN COMPRESSION .- DEVELOPMENT OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT OF BUNDLED BARS DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS IN TENSION DEVELOPMENT OF WELDED WIRE FABRIC IN TENSION Deformed Wire Fabric aeeeteeee Smooth Wire Fabric .. oe MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE .. SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT Lap Splices . Welded Splices and Mechanical Connections. Splices of Deformed Bars and Deformed Splices of Bars in Compression Lap Splices in Compression End-Bearing Splices ‘Welded Spices or Mechanical Connections : Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Fabric in Tension Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Fabric in Tension . . SECTION $—PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 9a 941 9.12 913 92 93 931 93.2 94 95 96 97 PART A—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS APPLICATION General .. Notations... Definitions Eee CONCRETE 22.0.0... ae REINFORCEMENT Prestressing Steel Non-Prestressed Reinforcement ... PART B—ANALYSIS GENERAL... a EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION |... SPAN LENGTH ..... FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS CONSTRUCTION 228 228 28 Division 1 my Division T 921 972 97.23 94.22 91.23 913 9731 9.73, 9733 98 981 932 983 99 99.1 992 993 9.10 9.10.1 9.10.2 9.103 9. 9.1 9.11.2 9.113 912 9421 9.12.2 913 9.131 9.13.2 9.13.3 914 95 9.15. 9152 915.21 9.15.22 9.15.23 9.15.24 9.16 9.16.1 9.162 9.1621 9.16211 916.212 9.16213 9.16214 9.1622 CONTENTS avi Cast-in-Place Post-Tensioned Bridges... .. Bridges Compesed of Siple-Span Precast Prestressed Girders ‘Made Continuous : General. : Positive Moment Connection at Piers . Negative Moments ..... ‘Segmental Box Girders General -....es ee Flexure Torsion +. EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH . ‘T-Beams . ae Box Girders Precast Prestressed Concrete Beams with Wide Top Flanges FLANGE AND WEB ‘THICKNESS—BOK GIRDERS . ‘Top Flange .. ‘| . Bottom Flange Web .. DIAPHRAGMS General ‘T-Beams Box Girders DEFLECTIONS General ..... 7 ‘Segmental Box Girders .. Superstructure Deflection Limitations DECK PANELS ... : General ‘| Bending Moment -.....2...-+ PART C—DESIGN GENERAL ..... Design Theory and General Considerations Basic Assumptions Composite Flexural Members . LOAD FACTORS ‘i ALLOWABLE STRESSES Prestressing Steel . Conerete . “Temporary Siresses Before Losses Due to Creep ‘and Shrinkage .... Suess a Service Load After Losses Have Occurred Cracking Stress ..... Anchorage Bearing Stress .- ‘LOSS OF PRESTRESS Friction Losses .....260-0000eeeccscsee Prestress Losses... ‘| aa General ‘Shrinkage Elastic Shortening Creep of Concrete Relaxation of Prestressing Steel - Estimated Losses... ny 9a7 aT 9472 9.173 9.174 9.18 9.48.1 9.18.2 9.19 9.20 9.20.1 9.202 9.203 9.204 9.2045 921 9.211 9212 92124 9.21.22 9.21.23 9213 92131 9.21.32 9.2133 9.2134 9.21.35 9.2136 9213.7 9214 9.21.42 9.2143 921d 9.215 9216 9216.1 9.21.62 921.63 92164 9.21.7 92174 9217.2 9.21.73 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 CONTENTS Division t FLEXURAL STRENGTH « General Rectangular Sections... Flanged Sections Steel Stress DUCTILITY LIMITS . “Maximum Prestressing Steel ‘Minimum Steel: : NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT .. SHEAR... 2... .0se General Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 7 ‘Shear Strength Provided by Web Reinforcement Horizontal Shear Design—Composite Flexural Members Ties for Horizontal Shear . eres POST-TENSIONED 4NCHORAGE ZONES .- Geometry of the Anchorage Zone : General Zone and Local Zone General Zone eee Local Zone Responsibilities Design of the General Zone Design Methods Nominal Material Suengths Use of Special Anchorage Devices . General Design Principles and Detailing Reqiremens Intermediate Anchorages 7 Diaphragms ‘Multiple Slab Anchorages Application of Strut-and-Tie Models to the Design of Anchorage Zones a General Nodes Surus cece Ties. pee saa taeeht Blast Stress Analysis | a Approximate Methods Limitations Compressive Stresses Bursting Forces Edge-Tension Forces Design of the Local Zone Dimensions of the Local Zone. Bearing Strength .-..-...0200++ Special Anchorage Devices PRETENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONES ... CONCRETE STRENGTH AT STRESS TRANSFER... DECK PANELS eee PART D—DETAILING FLANGE REINFORCEMENT COVER AND SPACING OF STEEL . 247 a Division 1 CONTENTS 9.26.1 : 9.26.2 Minimum Spacing 9.263 Bundling . fees 9.264 Size of Ducts....... 9.27 POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGES AND COUPLERS 9.28 EMBEDMENT OF PRESTRESSED STRAND 929 BEARINGS.........-.... aa SECTION 10—STRUCTURAL STEEL PARTA—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 10.1 APPLICATION .........- ..251 10.11 Notations . Ee eee eee tere oSI. 102 MATERIALS fe ee eee ete lS7 1021 General... a eee eraon 1022 Structural Steels : 257 302. Steels for Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers ..........+..++.257 102. Fasteners—Rivets and Bolts ..........ceesesceseeseeeeeses e257 10.2.5 Weld Metal ......... 257 1026 Cast Steel, Ductile Iron Castings, Malleable Castings, Cast Iron, and Bronze or Copper Alloy Saba: 10.2.6.1 Cast Steel and Ductile Iron 257 10.2.6.2 Malleable Castings : Heerost 10263 Cast ron ee eeeeseee fae eee oar PART B—DESIGN DETAILS 10.3 REPETITIVE LOADING AND TOUGHNESS CONSIDERATIONS . 10.3.1 Allowable Fatigue Stress Ranges ...-. 103.2 Load Cycles : 1033 Charpy V-Notch Impact Requirements 103.4 Shear...... 104 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF SPAN 105 DEPTH RATIOS ............ 106 DEFLECTION .. 107 LIMITING LENGTHS OF MEMBERS 10.8 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF METAL . 10.9 EFFECTIVE AREA OF ANGLES AND TEE SECTIONS IN TENSION eee 10.10 OUTSTANDING LEGS OF ANGLES - 10.11 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION . 10.12 FLEXURAL MEMBERS ... 10.13. COVER PLATES 10.14 CAMBER... 1015 HEAT-CURVED ROLLED BEAMS AND WELDED PLATE GIRDERS we 267 10.15.1 Scope a 267 10.152 Minimum Radius of Curvature 267 10.153 Camber 267 10.16 TRUSSES oo 268 xxix st wx CONTENTS Division I 10.16. General ... 10.162 Truss Members 10.163 Secondary Stresses ..... 10.164 Diaphragms . 10.165 Camber. 10.166 Working Lines and Gravity Axes - 10.167 Portal and Sway Bracing 10.168 Perforated Cover Plates 10.169 Stay Plates. 10.16.10 Lacing Bars . 10.16.11 Gusset Plates, Pa 101612 Half-Throwgh Truss Spans... 10.1613 Fastener Pitch in Ends of Compression Members . 1046.14 Net Section of Riveted or High-Strength Bolted Tension Members : 10.17 BENTS AND TOWERS 10.171 General... 1017.2 ‘Single Bents 10.173 Batter 10174 Bracing : 1017.5 Bottom Struts 10.18 SPLICES . 10181 General... seeesseeeeeee 10.18.11 Design Strength... ses ssee 10.18.12 Fillers... 10.18.13, Design Force for Flange Splice Plates .- 10.18.14 Truss Chords and Columns 10.182 Flexural Members .....- 10.382.1 General 10.18.2.2 Flange Splices 10.18.23, Web Splices oh 10.183 Compression Members eereeesreere 10.184 Tension Members : 10.185 Welded Splices ..... 1019 STRENGTH OF CONNECTIONS 10.191 General 10192 End Connections of Floor Beams and Stringers... 10.193 End Connections of Diaphragms and'Cross Frames... 1020. DIAPHRAGMS AND CROSS FRAMES a 10201 General... 10202 Stresses Due to Wind Loading When Top Flanges Are Continously Supported 102021 Flanges .. Diephragms and Cross Frames « Stresses Due to Wind Load When Top Flanges Are Not Continuously Supported 1021 LATERALBRACING ....... 1022 CLOSED SECTIONS AND POCKETS - 1023 WELDING ae 1023.1 General .... ae 10.232 Effective Size of Fillet Welds... 10.2321 ‘Maximum Size of Fillet Welds 10.2322, imum Size of Fillet Welds .. 10.233 Minimum Effective Length of Fillet We ry Division f CONTENTS xxi 10.234 Fillet Weld End Returns ....00.0..0ccccsecceceeeeeeeeeseee 81 10235 Seal Welds ......- SMa Reuse 1024 FASTENERS (RIVETS AND BOLTS) a 281 1024.1 General ee Hee OR 10242 Hole Types 282 10243 Washer Requirements . Peet ate 10.244 Size of Fasteners (Rivets or High- Strength Bats) « 283 10245 Spacing of Fasteners bee 283 10.245.1 Pitch and Gage of Fasteners «2... 283 102452 Minimum Spacing of Fasteners... cat 283 102453 Minimum Clear Distance Between Holes ve 283 1024.54 Maximum Spacing of Fasteners veneers BBB 10.246 Maximum Spacing of Sealing and Stitch Fasteners ...........-. 283, 10246.1 Sealing Fasteners ......-+ 5 283 102462 per 283 1024.7 Edge Distance of Fasteners 284 10.247.1 Genera! aa ESE et ta eeiete tae 288 10248 Long Rivets ae re 284 1025. LINKSAND HANGERS ...... Dette nseeeeese DBM a 1025.1 Net Section .. eee ease 284 Size of Pins SES CeEEHiTtaereieoes Pin Plates teeta : 284 . Pins and Pin Nuts ...... : 285 1026 © UPSET ENDS veer e 285 1027“ EYEBARS : oe ee 285 1027.1 Thickness and Net Section 2.2... 2.0. 2 85 1027.2 Packing of Eyebars cee SAcRiee 1028 FORKED ENDS : 285 1029 FIXED AND EXPANSION BEARINGS : cose DBS 10.291 General... 285 10.292 Bronze or Copper Sing Expansion Barings bee 285 1029.3 Rollers SEE as 1029.4 Sole Plates and Masonry Plates ied vies 286 1029.5 ‘Masonry Bearings Pe Lea 10.296 Anchor Bolts ..... SOS ea 1029.7 Pedestals and Shoes 286 1030 FLOOR SYSTEM 286 3030.1 Stringers 286 10302 Floor Beams 1-286 1030.3 Cross Frames 286 30304 Expansion Joints PELE oa 1030.5 ‘End Floor Beams ...... seater ae 30306 End Panel of Skewed Bridges ....2........ 287 * 1030.7 ‘Sidewalk Brackets press a fone 287 10308 ‘Stay-in-Place Deck Forms. -.....22+2.200+ cise DB 10308.1 Concrete Deck Panels... 02002 2 287 103082 Metal Stay-in-Place Forms 287 PART C—SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ‘ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 1031 SCOPE....... Pe Soar aar 1032 ALLOWABLE STRESSES... : : 287 a wx CONTENTS, Division I 10321 Steel 287 1032.2 Weld Metal... 287 1032.3 Fasteners (Rivets and Bolts). 290 1032.3.1 General ...... 290 103233 Applied Tension, Combined Tension, and Shear 292 10.3234 Fatigue. : cola 292 10324 Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers. 292 10325 Cast Ste, Duce Ion Castings, Malleable Castine, and Cast Iron... ee 293 10.32.5.1 Cast Stee! and Ductile Iron 293 10.3252 Malleable Castings, 293 103253 Cast Iron 2293 1032.54 Bronze or Copper-Alloy 293 10326 Bearing on Masonry 7 294 10.33 ROLLED BEAMS 294 10.331 General a 294 10.33: Bearing Stiffeners 294 1034 PLATE GIRDERS 294 10.34.) General 294 10342 Flanges 294 103421 Welded Girders - 7294 1034.22 Riveted or Bolted Girders . 2 295 10343 Thickness of Web Plates 296 10.343.1 Girders Not Stffened Lonsitudinaly - 296 10.343.2 Girders Stiffened Longitedinally 296 10.344 ‘Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners ... 297 10.345 Longitudinal Stiffeners 298 10.346 Bearing Stiffeners . 1038.6. Welded Girders 1034.62 Riveted or Bolted Girders 10.35 TRUSSES 1035.1 Perforated Cover Plates and Lacing Bars 10.352 _ Compression Members—Thickness of Metal 10.36 COMBINED STRESSES 1037 SOLID RIB ARCHES 1037.1 ‘Moment Amplification and Allowable Stress 10.37.2 Web Plates 10.37.3 Flange Plates 1038 COMPOSITE GIRDERS 10.381 General . F 10.38.2 Shear Connectors 10.383 Effective Flange Width 10384 Stresses . ee 10385 Shear 10.38.5.1 Horizontal Shear 1038.5.1.1 Fatigue 10.38.5.1.2 Uhimate Strength... 10,385.13 [Additional Connectors to Develop Slab Stresses 1038.52 Vertical Shear 7 7 10.386 Deflection 1039 COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS . 1039.1 General 10392 Lateral Distribution of Loads for Bending Moment 1.302 1303 303 203 303 305 121305 120306 1307 307 307 307 - 307 307 Division | 1039.3 10.39.3.1 1039.32 10.3.4 10:39.4.1 1039.42 10.39.43, 10.39.44 1039.45 1039.5 10.39.6 1038.7 1.39.8 10.40 10.40.1 1040. 104021 104022 10.4023, 10.40.3 10.404 1041 1041.1 10.41.2 10.413 1041.31 10.41.32 10.414 104141 1041.42 10.41.43 104144 10.41.45 10.41.45.1 10.41.4.5.2 10.41.46 10.41.47 10.41.48 10.41.4.8.1 10.41.4.8.2 1041.4.9 10.41.4.10 30.42 10.43 10.44 10.45 10.46 1047 10.48 CONTENTS xxiii Design of Web Plates Vertical Shear Secondary Bending Stresses Design of Bottom Flange Plates ‘Tension Flanges Compression Flanges Unstiffened Compression Flanges Stffened Longiudinally - Compression Flanges Stffened Longitudinally and Transversely Compression Flange Stiffeners, General aad Design of Flange to Web Welds ...- Diaphragms . iti Lateral Bracing ‘Access and Drainage .. HYBRID GIRDERS General ...- Allowable Stresses Bending . Shear Fatigue Plate Thickness Requirements Bearing Stiffener Requirements... ORTHOTROPIC-DECK. SUPERSTRUCTURES General : Wheel Load Contact Area Effective Width of Deck Plate Ribs and Beams Girders : Allowable Stresses Local Bending Stesss in Deck Plate Bending Stresses in Longitudinal Ribs Bending Stresses in Transverse Beams Intersections of Ribs. Beams and Girders Thickness of Plate Elements vie Longitudinal Ribs and Deck Plate Girders and Transverse Beams Maximum Slenderness of Longitudinal Ribs Diaphragms see zi Stiffness Requirements ..... be Defiections . Vibrations : ‘Wearing Surface Closed Ribs PART D—STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD R LOAD FACTOR DESIGN “ SCOPE 316 LOADS ... 316 DESIGN THEORY : cieae TS 6, ASSUMPTIONS ..... sey 316 DESIGN STRESS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL .. 316 MAXIMUM DESIGN LOADS .... arate 317 FLEXURAL MEMBERS ... : BIT 1048.1 10.482 10.483 10.484 10.485 1048.6 10.48.7 10.488 10.49 10.49.1 10.49.2 1049.3, 10.494 1049.5 10.50 10.50.1 10.50.1.1 10.50.12 1050.2 10.50.21 10.502.2 1031 1031.1 10512 10513 lost 1051.5 1051.6 10.53.1.1 10.53.1.2 10.53.13, 1053.2 1053.3 10.54 1054.1 1054.11 1054.12 1054.2 10.54.21 10.54.2.2, 10.55 10.551 1055.2 1055.3 10.56 10.56. CONTENTS Division 1 ‘Compact Sections Braced Noncompact Sections. ‘Transitions Partially Braced Members .. ‘Transversely Stiffened Girders Longitudinally Stiffened Girders Bearing Stiffeners Shear... SINGLY SYMMETRIC SECTIONS General Singly Symmetric Sections with Transverse Stiffeners Longitudinally Stiffened Singly Symmetric Sections ‘Singly Symmetric Braced Noncompact Sections .... : Partially Braced Members with Singly Symmetcic Sections COMPOSITE SECTIONS i ey Positive Moment Sections oa Compact Sections Noncompact Sections eet Negative Moment Sections ......2.-+.+ i Compact Sections Noncompact Sections... COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS ‘Maximum Strength ... Lateral Distribution Web Plates Tension Flanges Compression Flanges Diaphragms Design of Flange to Web Welds SHEAR CONNECTORS General Design of Connectors : Maximum Spacing .... z HYBRID GIRDERS Noncomposite Hybrid Sections ‘Compact Sections . areca Braced Noncompact Sections - eae : Panially Braced Members... : oe Composite Hybrid Sections Shear... COMPRESSION MEMBERS Axial Loading ‘Maximum Capacity Effective Length Combined Axial Load and Bending Maximum Capacity... ieee Equivalent Moment Factor... SOLID RIB ARCHES Moment Amplification and Allowable Stresses. Web Plates ... Flange Plates SPLICES, CONNECTIONS, AND DETAILS Connectors . ab Division 1 CONTENTS 10.56.1.1 General 10.56.1.2 Welds 10.56.13 Bolts and Rivets 10.56.14 Slip-Critcal Joints - : 10552 Bolts Subjected to Prying Action by Connected Paris 10.563 Rigid Connections Siete 1057 OVERLOAD, 1057.1" Noncomposite Sections a 10.572 Composite Sections .. 10.573 _Slip-Critical Joints 1058 ‘FATIGUE. 1058.1 General... i 10.582 Composite Construction 105821 Stab Reinforcement . 1058.2 Shear Connectors. 10583 Hybrid Beams and Girders 1059 DEFLECTION 10.60 ORTHOTROPIC SUPERSTRUCTURES .. 10.61 CONSTRUCTIBILITY . 1061.1 Web Bend Buc! ae 10.61.2 Web Shear Buckling ... 10613 Lateral-Torsional Buckling of the Cross Section 10.614 Compression Flange Local Buckling . : SECTION 1]—ALUMINUM DESIGN nt GENERAL 337 n2 BRIDGES ...... eres na SOJL-METAL PLATE INTERACTION SYSTEMS .0........... 337 114 STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS FOR HIGHWAY SIGNS, LUMINAIRES, AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS ...........-- 337 nS BRIDGE RAILING . tere 337 SECTION 12~SOIL-CORRUGATED METAL STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEMS 124 GENERAL 330 1214 Scope... 339 121.2 Notations 339 1213 Loads . 339 1214 Design 340 i215 Materials 2340 1216 Soil Design Siesta 340 121.61 Soil Parameters a 340 121.62 Pipe Arch Design 340 12.163 Arch Design ..... : 340 121.7 Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions 121.8 ‘Minimum Spacing 1219) End Treatments... 00. .cccccecsee at 121.10 Construction and Installation 3a 122 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN 341 1221 Wall Area vee Al ” xaxvi CONTENTS Buckling ..........scccc0es ee ceeeeee SAL Seam Strength 341 Handling and Installation Strength 341 LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 2342 Wall Area i = 342 Buckling . 32 ‘Seam Strength 1342 Handling and Insallation Strength 2342 CORRUGATED METAL PIPE 342 General . 2342 Service Load Design—safey facior. SF - cess BMD Load Factor Design-—capacity modification factor, 342 Flexibility Factor. : 2348 Minimum Cover 38 Seam Strength Sie catia 343 Section Properties . 134 Steel Conduits St 344 ‘Aluminum Conduits « i 234 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements... 00... 345 Smooth-Lined Pipe : 345 SPIRAL RIB METAL PIPE... .....000000ce0ceececsereese se o3345 General .. Rue 345 Soil Design . : 345 Pipe-Arch Design 345 Special Conditions PES eee erat ees Construction and Installation : 345 Design Se re ttre aa Flexibility Factor cara 346 Minimum Cover ...- uae 346 Section Properties Seas Steel Conduits 2... Bee 346 Aluminum Conduits : : 346 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements 346 Stee! Spiral Rib Pipe and Pipe-Arch Requirements— AASHTO M 218 346 1255.2 ‘Aluminum Spiral Rib Pipe nd Pipe-Arch Reqremens— ‘AASHTO M 197 veces 346 126 STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE STRUCTURES: tise BMT 126.1 General . : 347 126.12 Service Load Design—safew facior. SF 2347 12.613 Load Factor Design—capacity modification FACIOG see eeseeeeeeeeeeteeeere 387 126.14 Flexibility Factor 2.0.2.0. a od. 126.15 Minimum Cover 347 12.6.2 Seam Strength .. 347 1263 Section Properties 387 12631 Steel Conduits . 347 1263.2 ‘Aluminum Conduits ete CUS: 1264 Chemical and Mechanical Properties : 348 1264.1 ‘Aluminar Structural Pate Pipe, Pipe-Arch, and Arch Material ‘Requirements—AASHTO M 219, Alloy 5052....... 348 12642 ‘Stee! Structural Plate Pipe, Pipe-Arch, and Arch Material ‘Requirements—AASHTO M 167 ...-..20-200e0cee0se0+ 348 Division 1 Division 1 CONTENTS: xxvii 1265 Structural Plate Arches... 348 127 LONG-SPAN STRUCTURAL PLATE STRUCTURES . = 348 127.1 General : eae 12.7.2 Structure Design 12.721 General 12.722 ‘Acceptable Special Features : 12.73 Foundation Design 12.73.1 Settlement Limits 12732 Footing Reactions (Arch Structres) 127.33 Footing Design : See 12.7.4 Soil Envelope Design ..- eee 12744 Soil Requirements 12.742 Construction Requirements, 12.743 Service Requirements, 12.75 End Treatment Design 1275.1 ‘Standard Shell End Types 1275.2 Balanced Support 12.753 Hydraulic Protection 127.53.) Backfill Protection 1275.32 Cut-Off (Toe) Walls 7 ae 127.533 Hydraulic Uplift - eat 12.7534 Scour it 12.76 ‘Multiple Structures 128 STRUCTURAL PLATE BOX CULVERTS 81 General wee 2811 Scope =... ++ 12.82 Structural Standards 1283 Structure Backfill 284 Design 12.8.4.1 ‘Analsticel Bass for Design 128.42 Lead Factor Method 128.43 Plastic Moment Requirements Footing Reactions ‘Manufacturing and Installation SECTION 13-WOOD STRUCTURES 134 GENERAL AND NOTATIONS «2.220000 000000000 131d General it telat te 1342 Net Section 7 cae 13.13 Impact eeeeey ae 1314 Notations ... ii B2 MATERIALS .. 13.2.1 Sawn Lumber .......ceccscce0eesceeeeeesseteneeeses 13211 General : 13.212 Dimensions 13.22 Gived Laminated Timber ee z 132.21 General Eee eee et 13222 Dimensions Bae Structural Composite Lumber ss ...s.sesces General : Laminated Veneer Lumber Parallel Strand Lumber at soil 13.234 132.4 133 133.1 1332 1333 1334 134 1B 135.1 135.2 135.22 135.3 1354 135.5 135.52 13.55. 135.53 136 136.1 13.62 13.63 1364 1364.1 136.42 136.43 136.44 13645 13.65 1365.1 13652 13.653 13.6.6 13.661 13.662 13.663 136.7 137 13.7.1 13.7.2 13.73 13.734 13.732 13.733 13.734 13.735 1374 138 Bal 1382 139 13.9.1 139.2 CONTENTS Dimensions Piles PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT Requirement for Treatment : ‘Treatment Chemicals ....... Seat eeeaets Field Treating Fire Retardant Treatments - DEFLECTION DESIGN VALUES General . : ‘Tabulated Values for Sawn Lumber ‘Stress Grades in Flexure ‘Tabulated Values for Glued Laminated Timber ... ‘Tabulated Values for Structural Composite Lumber Adjustments to Tabulated Design Values . ‘Wet Service Factor, Cy ade Load Duration Factor. Cp... ‘Adjustment for Preservative Treatment BENDING MEMBERS General .......- Notching Modulus of Elasticity Bending Allowable Stress Size Factor. Cr. ‘Volume Factor, Cv Beam Stability Factor, Ck Form Factor, Cy. .- ++ Shear Parallel to Grain General Actual Stress . Allowable Stress . : Compression Perpendicular to Grain .........0++ General : Allowable Stress Bearing Area Factor, C, Bearing on Inclined Surfaces COMPRESSION MEMBERS ... General ... Eccentric Loading or Combined Stresses Compression z Net Section... 2002 Allowable Stress Column Stability Factor,C, ‘Tapered Columns Round Colurnns Bearing Parallel to Grain ‘TENSION MEMBERS .... ‘Tension Parallel to Grain . ‘Tension Perpendicular to Grain ...... MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS .... General... ee see a Corrosion Protection Division 1 at r \ Division | CONTENTS: 13.93 Fasteners 13.94 Washers SECTION 14—BEARINGS 141 SCOPE .. 142‘ DEFINITIONS . 143 NOTATIONS ...... 144 MOVEMENTS AND LOADS - 440 Design Requirements . 125. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BEARINGS .. 145.1 Load and Mavement Capabilities iH 1452 Characteristics 1453 Forces inthe Structure Caused by Restraint of Movement at the Bearing 14531 Horizontal Force 14532 Bending Moment. 46. SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR BEARINGS 146.1 Metal Rocker and Roller Bearings : 1461.1 General Design Considerations ...- 146.12 Materials 146.13 Geometric Requirements 146.14 Contact Stresses 146. PTFE Sliding Surfaces 1462.1 PTFE Surface 14622 Mating Surface 146.23 Minimum Thickness Requirements 146.231 PIFE 146232 Stainless Stee! Mating Surfaces 146.24 Contact Pressure 1462. Coefficient of Friction 146.262 1463 1463.1 14632 1464 1464.1 4.6.4.2 146.43 46.4.8 146.45 14.6.45.1 146.452 146.46 146.47 146.48 146.5 Attachment : : PTFE... ie Mating Surface Bearings with Curved Sliding Surfaces Geometric Requirements. ...eeeese0se+ Resistance to Lateral Load Pot Bearings .- General Materials Geometic Reguiemen eee Elastomeric Disc - Sealing Rings... +--+ ‘Rings with rectangular cross-sections . Rings with circular cross-sections Pot... : Piston... Lateral Loads =... Steet Reinforced Elastomeric earings Method B. General ieee Material Properties Design Requirements Scope 383 383 385 xaxix Py Division T 146532 146.533 146534 4653.5 146.536 146.537 14.66 1466.1 1466.2 14663 146.63.1 14.66.32 1466.33 146.6.3.4 14.6.6.3.5 14.6.6.3.5a 14.6.6.3.50 146636 1466.37 146.64 1467 146.2.1 146.7.2 146.73 146.74 146.8 1468.1 1468.2 146.83 146.84 146.85 1468.6 14.69 1469.1 1469.2 14693 14694 1469.5 1469.5.1 1469.52 1469.6 146.10 147 14.7.1 1472 1473 148 154 15.21 CONTENTS ‘Compressive Stress --396 Compressive Deflection oe... ..cceeceeeeeeeereeeeeeeees B97 Shear ....2.++ Preece Combined Compression and Rotation... een. 397 Stabitity 398 Reinforcement . 398 Blastomeric Pads and Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings — Method A. Reade te 398 General a ae 398 Material Properties 398 Design Requirements EEA et tas 08 ‘Scope. se se apace z Ceerrassiccecer sc] Compressive Stress ae 399 Compressive Deflection ...- 399 Shear 399 Rotation etait oo 399 PEP and CDP 399 FGP and Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Bearings .........++.+.399 Stability 2. eee eee : 400 Reinforcement a : 400 Resistance to Deformation .. 00 Bronze or Copper Alloy Sliding Surfaces . Beat 400 Materials « SAE fy - 400 Coefficient of Friction ett 400 Limits on Load and Geometry ........ cee 400 Clearances and Mating Surface . 400 Dise Bearings : Pei bese 400 General eee Pee 400 Materials ae we M00 Overall Geometric Requirements. = 400 Elastomeric Dise oat 2.401 Shear Resisting Mechanism ......... 401 Steel Plates Guides and Restraints . General... Design Loads Materials . Geometric Requirements eae a Design Basis ........ Steet Ad Load Location : Ao ‘Contact Stress : 401 ‘Anuachment of Low-Friction Material. 401 Other Bearing Systems veces MOD LOAD PLATES AND ANCHORAGE FOR BEARINGS .. = 402 Plates for Load Distribution . i ‘Tapered Plates Anchorage : CORROSION PROTECTION 15—-STEEL TUNNEL LINER PLATES GENERAL AND NOTATIONS .....0.2000.000c000seee2eeee2 01408 General ..... Te eeeieteeet 403 af r XY Division L CONTENTS ali 15:2 Notations 403 152 LOADS = 403 153 DESIGN 404 153.1 Criteria. 404 1532 Joint Strength 404 1533 Minimum Stiffness for Installation 405 153.4 Critical Buckling of Liner Plate Wall 1 a05; 153.5 Deflection or Flattening .. = 405 ia) CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS 406 1341 ‘Chemical Composition seve + 406 15.42 Minimum Mechanical Properties of Flat Pipe Before Cold Forming .. fa 405 15.43 Dimensions and Tolerances eae 406 155 SECTION PROPERTIES .....2....0200000serseseeees 406 156 COATINGS ae “405 157: BOLTS... : sae at 0 158 SAFETY FACTORS pea 406 ‘SECTION 16—SOIL-REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEMS 16.1 GENERAL . 1644 Scope - 16.12 Notations 16.13 Loads 1614 Design : 16.15 Materials ea 16.16 Soil 1617 “Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions 1618 End Structures 16.19 Construction and Installation 16.2 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN 163 LOAD FACTOR DESIGN ...... 16.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE, 16.4.1 Application . 16.4.2 ‘Materials airerstmeoeteneastn 164.21 Concrete ieee 164.22 Reinforcement 16423 Concrete Cover for Reinforcement - ‘ 16.43 Installations 1643.1 Standard Installations 16.432 Soils -. 1644 Design 164.41 General Requirements - 164.42 Loads 16.4.4.2.1 ‘Earth Loads and Pressure Distribution 16.44.21. ‘Standard Installations 1644212 Nonstandard Installations 16.44.22 Pipe Fluid Weight 16.44.23 Live Loads 16.443 Minimum Fill asd Design Methods 16.4.5 Indirect Design Method Based on Pipe Strength ‘and Load-Carrying Capacity ceveeveeeseene MZ ” stil CONTENTS 1645.1 Loads... 1645.11 Ultimate D-load 1645.2 Bedding Factor 16.4521 Earth Load Bedding Factor for Circular Pipe . 16.45.22 Earth Lond Being Factor for Arc and Elita Pipe « 16.45.23 Live Load Bedding Factor : Intermediate Trench Widths Direct Design Method for Precast Reinforced Concrete Circular Pipe a Application General Strength-Reduction Factors. Process and Material Factors Orientation Angle Reinforcement ieee 164.6.6.1 Reinforcement for Flexural Steength 16.46.62 Minimum Reinforcement... 164.663 Maximum Flexural Reinforcement Without Sirops 16.4.6.6.3.1 Limited by Radial Tension ..........c.005 164.6632 Limited by Concrete Compression... 164.664 Crack Width Control (Service Load Design) 16.46.65 Shear Strength ete 16.46.66 Radial Stinups oo... cteceeeeee 1646661 Radial Tension Stirups 164.6662 Shear Stirrup oe 16.4.6663 Stimup Reinforcement Anchorage... 16.4.66.6.3.1 Radial Tension Stimup Anchorege 16.4.666.32 Shear Stirrup Anchorage 16.4.66633 Stirrup Embedment 16.46.6634 Other Provisions 1647 Development of Quadrant Mat Reinforcement 165 REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH, CAST-IN-PLACE 165.1 Application : 165.2 Materials 16521 Concrete Pr eeeeee 165.22 Reinforcement . ce 1653 Design 1653.1 General Requirements 16532 Minimum Cover 16533 Strength-Reduetion Factors. 16534 Splices of Reinforcement 16535 Footing Design .. 166 REINFORCED CONCRETE BOK, CASTIN-PLACE 166.1 Applic 16.62 Materials 16624 Concrete i 1662.2 Reinforcement 1663 Concrete Cover for Reinforcement 16.64 Design . 1664.1 General Requirements 1664.2 Modification of Earth Loads for Soil Structure Imeraction .. pee 166421 Embankment installations - 1664.22 Trench Installations «2.2. esc. ‘ Division 1 ao a Division T CONTENTS aii 16643 Distribution of Concentrated Load Effects to Bottom Slab ....-.. 425 16644 Distribution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts ... 425 16645 Span Length ree eee 2 AOS 166.46 Swengih-Reduction Factors. fet fee ABS 166.47 Crack Control ....4.se+e+ 425 166.48 Minimam Reinforcement 426 167 REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX, PRECAST . 426 167.1 ‘Application .....++.+ . 426 167.2 Materials 2426 167.21 Concrete 46 16.7.2.2 Reinforcement cea 426 1673 Conerete Cover for Reinforcement . 426 16.74 Design .. re 426 1674.1 General Requirements... fie A26 16.742 Modification of Earth Loads for Soil‘Srveture Interaction .-..... 26 167.421 Embankment Installations : : 426 16.7.4.2.2 ‘Trench Installations oe 426 167.43 Disuibution of Concentrated Loed Effects in Sides and Bottoms @ 16.744 Distibution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts % 167.45 Span Length eee 16.746 ‘Strength-Reduction Factors 16.747 Crack Control : 16.748 Minimum Reinforcement... 168 PRECAST REINFORCED ConcnerE THREE-SIDED STRUCTURES . ae we 42 168.1 Application a 1682 Materials 1682.1 Concrete... 168.22 Reinforcement 1683 Conerete Cover for Reinforcement 16.84 Geometric Properties 1685 Design zi 1685.1 Genera Requirements... 16.852 Distbution of Concentated Loud Effects in Sides 16853 Distribution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts ......-. +428 16854 Shear Transfer in Transverse Joints Between Culvert Sections a zi a8 168.55 Span Length i 428 1685.6 Strength-Reduction Factor . 28 1685.7 ‘Crack Control : 428 16858 Minimum Reinforcement . 428 1685.9 Defiection Control 228, 1685.10 Footing Design 429% 1685.11 Structure Backfill. se Dict M9 1685.12 ScourProtection ......+.e0+eere00e von 29 ‘SECTION 17—SOIL-THERMOPLASTIC PIPE INTERACTION SYSTEMS ma GENERAL .. 431 Wad Scope 431 17.12 Notations 431 1113 Loads... : 431 oO NESPAK CENTRAL LIBRARY my liv CONTENTS Division FA. W214 Design ILS Materiats a Rey 17.16 Soil Design... ead 1716.1 Soil Parameters 47 Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions . 4 718 Minimum Spacing erate 19 End Treatment... ae et 17.10 Construction and Installation . 172 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN .......... 1721 Wall Area : Buckling Handling and Installation Strength 17.3. LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 173.1 Wall Area 1732 Buckling 1733 Handling and Installation Strength . 174 PLASTIC PIPE. ete 174. General VWAL2 Service Load Design—sefety factor, SF 174.13 Load Factor Design—capacity modification factor, 6 41s Flexibility Factor 1415 Minimum Cover... ..00cccces 74.1.6 Maximum Strain . 14.17 Local Buckling 1742 Section Properties 7421 PE Corrugated Pipes 17422 PE Ribbed Pipes 174.23 Profile Wall PVC Pipes 1743 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements .. 1743.1 Polyethylene 1743.11 Smooth wall PE pipe requirements aha 1743.12 Corrugated PE pipe requirements . 4 1743.13 Ribbed PE pipe requirements . 17432 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) . i 1743.21 ‘Smooth wall PVC pipe requirements 1743.22 Ribbed PVC pipe requirements... DIVISION L-A. & SEISMIC DESIGN. SECTION 1=INTRODUCTION li PURPOSE’AND PHILOSOPHY ........... 439 12 BACKGROUND 2 0.......0c00 cco 439 : 13 BASIC CONCEPTS See pees M0, La PROJECT ORGANIZATION ...... eae 440 1s QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS 440 16 FLOW CHARTS ......... Bee As SECTION 2=SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS : 24 NOTATIONS : : Ae a5 as Division FA, CONTENTS, xv SECTION 3=GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3 APPLICABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS . 32 ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT ......-- : 33 IMPORTANCE CLASSIFICATION .....- ere 34 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES « 35 SITE EFFECTS a 35.1 Site Coefficient .. 36 ELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENT 36.1 asic Seismic Response Coefficient for Single Mode Analysis. 3.62 Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient for Multimodal Analysis... 450 37 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTORS ... Sees 38 DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC FORCES AND DISPLACEMENTS . ... 39 COMBINATION OF ORTHOGONAL S 3.10 MINIMUM SEAT-WIDTH REQUIREMENTS ..... Bul DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE SPAN BRIDGES - 312 REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPORARY BRIDGES AND STAGED ‘CONSTRUCTION ee AS2 2 SECTION 4ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS 2 4d GENERAL ..... 2 A338 42 SELECTION OF ANALYSIS METHOD .000 002.2... 200005 000+ 453 421 Special Requirements for Single-Span Bridges and Bridges in SPC... we M53 422 Special Requirements for Curved Bridges 453 423 Special Requirements for Critical Bridges ......... Dae 43 UNIFORM LOAD METHOD—PROCEDURE 1 tee ASM 44 SINGLE MODE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHOD— PROCEDURE? .. cece MSA 45 MULTIMODE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHOD— PROCEDURE 3 : 455 45.1 General ore 455 452 Mathematical Model .. 456 4524) Superstructare 456 43.208) Substructure i 456 433 Mode Shapes and Periods ......seccsseeeseseesss 2456 454 Multimode Spectral Analysis Poceeee ress A568 455 ‘Combination of Mode Forces and Displacements Dineen A56 46 ‘TIME HISTORY METHOD--PROCEDURE 4 ......... 456 ‘SECTION S—DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY 4 34 GENERAL... ca 457 52 DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE, CATEGORY A... sreeeese AST 53 DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE, CATEGORY A... 457 SA FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A 457 53 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A... 498 2) s xlvi CONTENTS 56 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A SECTION 6—DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY By 61 GENERAL... a 62 DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 621 Desiga Forces for Structural Members and Connections "622 Design Forces for Foundations . 623 Design Forces for Abutments and Retaining Walls ...... 63 DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B a 63.1 ‘Minimum Support Length Requirements for Seismic Performance Category B .... 64 FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 641 General .....cccccceeeeeseeeeseeeteee - 6 Foundations... 642(A) Investigation 6428) Foundation Design bee 64.210) Special Pile Requirements ...0....20cccsee+ 643 Abutments : 6.4304) Free-Standing Aburments 6438) Monolithic Abutments .... ; 65 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 651 General ....... ee : 652 Padelta Effects... 20022 ee ecco 66 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 661 General .. : 662 Minimum Transverse Reinforcement Reguremenis for Seismic Performance Category B 66.21) ‘Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement ...... 66.208) Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement . SECTION 7—DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES C AND D 2a GENERAL . 72 DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE | CATEGORIES C AND D areal 724 Modified Design Forces ...... TLMA) Modified Design Forces for Structural Members and Connections z at 7.2.18) Modified Design Forces for Foundations . 722 Forces Resulting from Plastic Hinging in the Columns, Piers, or Bents eet 438 459 59 459 459 460 - 460 460 460 460 360 460 461 461 461 461 462 462 462 462 462 462 462 462 463 465 = 465 465 465 466 Division LA at Division FA. 725 T25(A) 7258) 7250) 126 129 13 731 1a 14d TAL TAAL 74.28) TAC 143 T43(Ad 74.308) Tad TAMA 7448 745 7S 752 782 16 761 7162 16.XA) 7.6.28) 76.C) 7.6.20) 7.6.28) 7.6.20) 163 164 765 CONTENTS: Single Colurnns and Piers seeeee e466 Bents with Two or More Columns ‘ ceese es M66 Column and Pile Bent Design Forces Paneeeereererter Pier Design Forces . ae 467 Connection Design Forces ........+- ete 467 Longitudinal Linkage Forces cesses AGT Hold-Down Devices feces M67 Column and Pier Connections to Cap Beams and Footings -.......467 Foundation Design Forces ......-... zt 467 ‘Abutment and Retaining Wall Design Forces ....... = 468 DESIGN DISPLACEMENT FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CAND D .... : 468 Minimura Support Length Requirements for Seismic Performance Categories C and D .. 468 FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CANDD oo. sees eee ceessee M68 General : 468 Foundation Requirements for Seismic Performance Category C ie . ee 469 Investigation eet ade 469 Foundation Design -..--2..0++ oe 469 Special Pile Requirements cee 469 Abutment Requirements for Seismic Performance Category Co... eee coves 870 Free-Standing Abutments « ae : 470 Monolithic Abutments 470 Additional Requirements for Foundations for Seismic Performance Category D ...-.0+..000025.-470 Investigation parerrePreeee 470 Foundation Design See eeree agli Additional Requirements for Abutments for Seismic Performance Category D an STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CAND D an General ..... : Pat cear Padelta Effects : 471 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CANDD eer ae an General : an Column Requirements - : wan Vertical Reinforcement .......... pai ree an Flexural Strength 747 Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement. an Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement at Plastic Hinges ....- 472 Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement ... AT Splices : cee AB Pier Requirements : 2 ABB Column Connections ati 474 Construction Joints in Piers and Columns... At xh at CONTENTS DIVISION It CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION SECTION I—STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL 1 12 13 14 141 142 1424 14.22 1423 1424 14.25 143 15 15.1 1 GENERAL ...... : WORKING DRAWINGS |... MATERIALS aint bed CONSTRUCTION 0.2.0... eee eee Depth of Footings . Foundation Preparation and Control of Water General Excavations Within Channels . Foundations on Rock Other Foundations Approval of Foundation Backfill 7 7 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT... ‘Measurement 7 Payment SECTION 2—REMOVAL OF EXISTING STRUCTURES 21 22 23 231 232 233 234 24 DESCRIPTION 22... .e0.c. WORKING DRAWINGS CONSTRUCTION General Salvage Partial Removal of Structures Disposal ...... MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT | SECTION 3—TEMPORARY WORKS GENERAL... Description ‘i Working Drawings Design . Construction Removal ... FALSEWORK AND FORMS General , Falsework Design and Construction Loads... ee eeseeceee Foundations... Deflections Clearances .... Construction ...... Forrivwork Design and Construction . General . 416 47 417 an 41 47 478 418 4B 478 4B 48 ATB 479 = flange width (Article 27.4.3) C_ = modification factor for concentrated load, P, used in the design of rail members (Article 2.7.1.3.1) D_ = clear unsupported distance between fiange compo- nents (Aiticle 2.7.4.3) = depth of W oF I section (Article 2.7.4.3) allowable axial stress (Article 2.7.4.3) allowable bending stress (Anicle 27.4.2) allowable shear stress (Article 2.7.4.2) = minimum yield stress (Article 2.7.4.2) axial compression stess (Article 2.7.4.3) = height of top rail above reference surface (Figure 2.7.48) post spacing (Figure 2.7.48) railing design loading = 10 kips (Anicle 2.7.1.3. and Figure 2.7.4B) railing design loading equal to , P/2 or P/3 (Article 27.135) t= flange or Web thickness (Article 2.7.4.3) w = pedestrian or bicycle loading (Articles 2.7.2.2 and 2732) 2.1.2 Width of Roadway and Sidewalk ‘The width of roadway shall be the clear width mea- sured at right angles to the longitudinal center line of the bridge between the bottoms of curbs. If brush curbs or curbs are not used, the clear width shall be the minimum ‘width measured between the nearest faces of the bridge railing. ‘The width of the sidewalk shall be the clear width, measured at right angles to the longitudinal center line of the bridge, from the extreme inside portion of the handrail to the bottom of the curb or guardiimber. If there isa truss, sitder, of parapet wall adjacent to the roadway curb, the ‘width shall be measured to the extreme walk side of these members, 2.2 STANDARD HIGHWAY CLEARANCES— GENERAL 2.2.1 Navigational Permits for the construction of crossings over naviga- ble streams must be obtained from the U.S. Coast Guard and other appropriate agencies. Requests for such permits from the U.S, Coast Guard should be addressed to the ap- propriate District Commander, Permit exemptions are al- owed on nontidal waterways which are not used as a ‘means to transport interstate or foreign commerce, and are not susceptible to such use in their natural condition or by reasonable improvement. 2.2.2 Roadway Width For recommendations on roadway widths for various volumes of traffic, see AASHTO A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, or A Policy on Design Standards—Incerstave System, 2.23 Vertical Clearance Vertical clearance on state trunk highways and inter- state systems in rural areas shall be at least 16 feet over the entire roadway width with an allowance for resurfac~ ing. On state trunk highways and interstate routes through urban areas, a 16-fo0t clearance shall be provided except in highly developed areas. A 16-fo0t clearance should be provided in both rural and urban areas where such clear- nee is not unreasonably costly and where needed for de- fense requirements. Vertical clearance on all other high- ‘ways shall be at least 14 feet over the entire roadway ‘width with an allowance for resurfacing. 22.4 Other The channel openings ané clearances shall be accept- able to agencies having jurisdiction over such matters. Channel openings and clearances shall conform in ‘width, height, and location to all federal, state, and local requirements, my 8 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 2.2.5 Curbs and Sidewalks ‘The face of the curb is defined as the vertical or slop- ing surface on the roadway side of the curb. Horizontal measurements of roadway curbs are from the bottom of, the face, or, inthe case of stepped back curbs, from the bottom of the lower fece, Maximum width of brush curbs, if used, shall be 9 inches. ‘Where curb and gutter sections are used on the road- way approach, at either or both ends of the bridge, the carb height on the bridge may equal or exceed the curb height on the roadway approach. Where no curbs are used. ‘on the roadway approaches, the height of the bridge curb above the roadway shall be not less than 8 inches, and preferably not more than 10 inches, ‘Where sidewalks are used for pedestrian traffic on urban expressways. they shall be separated from the bridge roadway by the use of a combination railing 2s shown in Figure 2.7 4B, In those cases where a New Jersey type parapet or @ ‘curb is constructed on a bridge, particulary in urban areas that have curbs and gutters leading to a bridge, the same widths between curbs on the approach roadways will be maintained across the bridge structure, A parapet or other railing installed ator near the curb line shall have its ends properly flared, sloped, or shielded. 23 HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES, 23.1 Width ‘The horizontal clearance shall be the clear width and the vertical clearance the clear height for the passage of vehicular traffic as shown in Figure 2.3.1 ‘The roadway width shall generally equal the width of the approach roadway section including shoulders. Where curbed roadway sections approach a structure, the same section shall be carried across the structure. 23.2 Vertical Clearance ‘The provisions of Article 2.2.3 shall be used. 2.4 HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR UNDERPASSES See Figure 2.44. 24.1 Width ‘The pier columns or walls for grade separation struc- tures shall generally be located a minimum of 30 feet from the edges of the through-traffic lanes. Where the practical as 8 | Face OF CURB eg ergot deta [Ene yortionay] = BIO. ini aia eee ae | OF SIDEWALK IF WARRANTED.| |S) 2g ul ze hl ye I een z 3 8 FIGURE 23.1 Clearance Diagram for Bridges limits of structure costs type of structure, volume and de- sign speed of through traffic, span arrangement, skew, and terrain make the 30-foot offset impractical, the pier or ‘wall may be placed closer than 30 feet and protected by the use of guardrail or other barrier devices, The guardrail ‘or other device shall be independently supported with the roadway face at least? feet 0 inches from the face of pier or abutment. ‘The face of the guardrail or other device shall be at least 2 feet 0 inches outside the normal shoulder line. 24,2 Vertical Clearance A vertical clearance of not lésé than 14 feet shall be provided between curbs, or if curbs are not used, over the entire width that is available for waffic. 243 Curbs Curbs, if used, shall match those of the approach road- way section, 25 HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR TUNNELS See Figure 2.5. 2.5.1 Roadway Width The horizontal clearance shall be the clear width and the vertical clearance the clear height for the passage of vehicular traffic as shown in Figure 2.5. Unless otherwise provided, the several parts of the: structures shall be constructed to secure the following limiting dimensions or clearances for traffic. at 251 DIVISION I—DESIGN 9 AT AEASY G0.0-GREATER THAN APPROACH PAVEMENT ace OF WALL sace or was. fg on rich Soe E fe - sowrmm | eavenenr | 20-0 un i (GENERAL CONDITION FACE OF WALL Face oF wat—] on res on pren 7 ACE OF FACE OF m—— ii arse GUARD al 3 po iy ro wnf |e SOLER SeouLbeR HINT LimiTED conomon seThe baie 1 face of wall or pier distance shoul not be less than the dynamic deflection ofthe bares fr impact by 2 fsize automobile at impos conelton of sprosimstely 2 eprees and 60 res per Hour For nfommasen on dyzamicéefeston of vous basse: AASHTO Road. side Design Guide. FIGURE 244 Clearance Diagrams for Underpasses (See Article 2.4 for General Requirements.) NOT LESS THAN 20 FT. HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE CURB OR ‘SIDEWALK 18 INCHES 18 INCHES MINIMUM) MINIMUM CURB OF SIDEWALK AT LEAST 14 FT. VERTICAL CLEARANCE ROADWAY WIDTH ‘AT LEAST 2 FT. GREATER THAN APPROACH TRAVELLED WAY BUT NOT LESS THAN 24 FT. “ae CROWN FIGURE 25 Clearance Diagram for Tunnels—Two-Lane Highway Traffic ae 10 HIGHWAY BRIDGES ‘The clearances and width of roadway for two-lane traf- fic shall be not less than those shown in Figure 2.5. The roadway width shall be increased at least 10 feet and preferably 12 feet for each additional traffic lane. 2.8.2 Clearance between Walls ‘The minimum width between walls of two-lane tunnels. shall be 30 feet. 2.53 Vertical Clearance ‘The vertical clearance between curbs shall be not less than 14 feet 284 Curbs ‘The width of curbs shall be not less than 18 inches. The height of curbs shall be as specified for bridges. For heavy traffic roads, roadway widths greater than the above minima are recommended, Aftrafic lane widths exceed 12 feet the roadway width may be reduced 2 feet 0 inches from that calculated from Figure 25. 26 HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR DEPRESSED ROADWAYS 26.1 Roadway Width The clear width between curbs shall be not Tess than that specified for tunnels, 2.6.2 Clearance between Walls ‘The minimum width between walls for depressed road~ ‘ways carrying two lanes of traffic shall be 30 feet. 2.6.3 Curbs ‘The width of curbs shall be not less than 18 inches. The height of curbs shall be as specified for bridges. 27 RAILINGS Railings shall be provided along the edges of struc- tures for protection of traffic and pedestrians. Other suit- able applications may be warranted on bridge-length cul- verts as addressed in the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide. Except on urban expressways, a pedestrian walkway may be separated from an adjacent roadway by a traffic 25.1 railing or barrier with a pedestrian railing along the edge of the structure. On urban expressways, the separation shall be made by a combination railing. 27.4 Vehicular Railing 2711 General 27.1.1 Although the primary purpose of traffic railing is to contain the average vehicle using the struc~ ture, consideration should also be given to (a) protection of the occupants of a vehicle in collision with the railing, (b) protection of other vehicles near the collision, (c) pro- tection of vehicles or pedestrians on roadways underneath the structure, and (d) appearance and freedom of view from passing vehicles. 2.7.1.1.2 Materials for waffic railings shall be con- crete, metal, imber, or a combination thereof. Metal ma- terials with less than 10-percent tested elongation shall not be used. 271.13 Traffic railings should provide a smooth, continuous face of rail on the traffic side with the posts set bback from the face of rail. Structural continuity in the ral ‘members, including anchorage of ends, is essential. The railing system shell be able to resist the applied Joads at all locations. 27.114 Protrusions or depressions at rait joints shall be acceptable provided their thickness or depth is no areater than the wall thickness of the rail member or 7% inch, whichever is less. 27.L1.5 Careful attention shall be given to the treat- ‘ment of railings at the bridge ends. Exposed rail ends, posts, and sharp'changes in the geometry of the railing shall be avoided. A smooth transition by means of a con- tinuation of the bridge barrier, guardrail anchored to the bridge end, or other effective means shall be provided to protect the traffic from direct collision with the bridge rail ends. * FA2 Geometry 27.1.2.1 The heights of rails shal be measured rela- tive tothe reference surface which shall be the top of the roadway, the top ofthe future overay if resurfacing is an- ticipated, or the top of curb when the curb projection is greater than 9 inches from the waffic face ofthe railing. 27.122 Traffic railings and traffic portions of combination railings shall nat be less than 2 feet 3 inches 203 Co 4 27122 from the top of the reference surface. Parapets designed with sloping traffic faces intended to allow vehicles to ride up them under low angle contacts shall be at least 2 feet B inches in height. 7g!" gy samen » 27.12.38 ‘The lower element ofa traffic oF combina tion railing should consist of either a parapet projecting. at least 18 inches above the reference surface or ¢ rail centered between 15 and 20 inches above the reference surface. Tg 2.7.12.4 For waffic railings, the maximum clear ‘opening below the bottom rail shall not exceed 17 inches and the maximum opening between succeeding rails shall not exceed 15 inches, For combination railings, accom- modating pedestrian or bicycle traffic, the maximum ‘opening between railing members shall be governed by Amticles 2.7.2.2.2 and 27.3.2.1, respectively. 2.7.1.2.5 The waffic faces of all traffic rails must be within 1 inch of a vertical plane through the waffic face of the rail closest to traffic. 2.71.3 Loads when & > $33 wm, 2.7.1.3.1 When the height of the top of the top traffic rail exceeds ? feet 9 inches, the total transverse load dis- tributed to the trafic rails and posts shall be increased by the factor C. However, the maximum load applied to any ‘one element need not exceed P, the wansverse design load. 2.7.1,3.2 Rails whose trafic face is more than 1 inch behind a vertical plane through the face ofthe trafic rail closest 1 traffic or centered less than 1S inches above the reference surface shall not be considered to be traffic rails for the purpose of distributing P or CP, but may be con- sidered in determining the maximum clear vertical open- ing, provided they are designed for a transverse loading equal to that applied to an adjacent traffic rail or P/2, whichever is less. 27.1.3.3 Transverse loads on posts, equal oP, or CP, shall be distributed as shown in Figure 2.7.4B, A load equal to one-half the transverse load on a post shall sic multaneously be applied longitudinally, divided among not more than four posts in a continuous rail length. Each itaffic post shall also be designed to resist an indepen- dently applied inward load equal to one-fourth the out ward transverse load. 27.134 The attachment of each rail required in a traffic or combination railing shall be designed to resist a vertical load equal to one-fourth of the transverse design DIVISION [—DESIGN u load of the reil. The vertical load shall be applied alter- nately upward or downward. The attachment shall also be designed to resist an inward transverse load equal to one- fourth the transverse rail design load. 2.7.1.3.5 Rail members shall be designed for a mo- ‘ment, due to concentrated loads, atthe center of the panel and at the posts of P’LI6 where L is the post spacing and P’ is equal to P, P/2, or P, as modified by the factor C where required. The handrail members of combination railings shall be designed for a moment at the center of the ppanel and at the posts of O.IwL?, 2.7.1.3.6 The wansverse force on concrete parapet and barrier walls shall be spread over alongitudinal length of 5 feet. 2.7.1.3.7 Railings other than those shown in Figure 2.7.48 are permissible provided they meet the require ments of this Article, Railing configurations that have been successfully tested by full-scale Impact tests are ex- ‘empt from the provisions of this Anicle. 2.7.2 Bicycle Railing 2.721 General 272.11 Bicycle railing shall be used on bridges specifically designed to carry bicycle traffic, and on bridges where specific protection of bicyclists is deemed necessary. 2721.2 Railing components shall be designed with consideration to safely, appearance, and when the bridge carries mixed waffic freedom of view from passing vehicles. 2.7.22 Geometry and Loads 2.7.2.2.1 The minimum height of a railing used to protect a bicyclist shall be 54 inches, measured from the top of the surface on which the bicycle rides to the top of, the top rail. ae 2.7.2.2,2 Within a band bordered by the bikeway surface and a line 27 inches above it, all elements of the railing assembly shall be spaced such that a 6-inch sphere will not pass through any opening. Within a band bor- dered by lines 27 and 54 inches, elements shall be spaced such that an S-inch sphere will not pass through any opening. If a railing assembly employs both horizontal and vertical elements, the spacing requirements shall apply to one orthe other, but notto both. Chain link fence ae 2 HIGHWAY BRIDGES is exempt from the rail spacing requirements listed above. In general, rails should project beyond the face of posts and/or pickets, 2.7,2.2.3. The minimum design loadings for bicycle railing shall be w = 50 pounds per linear foot transversely and vertically, acting simultaneously on each rail, 2.7.2.2.4 Design loads for rails located more then 54 inches above the riding surface shall be determined by the designer. 2.7.2.2.5 Posts shall be designed for a transverse load of wL (where L is the post spacing) acting atthe cen- J 272.22 ter of gravity of the upper rail, but at a height not greater than 54 inches, 2.7.2.2.6 Refer to Figures 2.7.44 and 2.7.4B for more information concerning the application of loads. 2.7.3 Pedestrian Railing 2.7.31 General 2.7.3.1.1 Railing components shall be proportioned ‘commensurate with the type and volume of anticipated -=Wingnuace (Co be used adjacent to a sidewalk whew highway trafic is separate ftom pedestri traffic by a wraffic railing.) PEDESTRIAN RAILING screening or sli face ie presented, numberof als may be reduced wind loads must wile, NOTES: 1. Leadings on eft se appieé wo ris 2. Loads on ight are app to poss. 3. The shaper ofall members ae lust 2.7 may be used in eny configuration 4, The spacing Mlstrsted are maximum val 27321 NOMENCLATURE: C= Poet spacing BICYCLE RAILING be add if sli face is ive only. Any material or combination of materials listed in Aris Jes. Ril elements spacings sil conform to Arik 2.72.2.2 and Pedestrian o biel loading pe uit egth of rail FIGURE27.4A Pedestrian Railing, Bieycle Railing at & c xX 27314 pedestrian traffic. Consideration should be given to ap- pearance, safety and freedom of view from passing vehi- cles. 2.7.3.1.2 Materials for pedestrian railing may be concrete, metal, simber, or a combination thereof. 2.7.32 Geometry and Loads ie WObS “ 2.7.3.2.1/ The minimum height of a pedestrian railing, shall be 42 inches measured from the top of the walkway to the top of the upper rail member. Within-a band bor- dered by the walkway surface and a line 27 inches above it, all elements of the railing assembly shall be spaced such that a 6:inch sphere will nt passthrough any open- ing, For elements between 27 and 42 inches above the walking surface, elements shall be spaced such thet an eight-inch sphere will not pass through any opening. 3-0" mama DIVISION I—DESIGN 1 ae 2.7.3.2.2 ‘The shinimum design loading for pedestrian railing shall bew = 50 pounds pr linear foot, ransversely and vertically, acting simltaneously on each longitudinal ‘member. Rail members located more than 5 fest 0 inches above the walkway are excluded from these requirements. 2.7.3.2.3 Posts shall be designed fora transverse load of wL (where Lis the post spacing) acting atthe center of ‘gravity of the upper ral or, for high rails, at 5 feet O inches ‘maximum above the walkway. 2.73.24 Refer to Figures 2.7.4A and 2.7.4B for ‘more information concerning the application of loads 2.7.4 Structural Specifications and Guidelines 2.7.4.1 Railings shall be designed by the elastic meth- 04 to the allowable stresses for the appropriate material, (oe use when ear projets more thaa 9” frm the trafic fae of ring) (COMBINATION TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIAN RATLING vate ee é H 4 a | ' é 1 (Tobe uses where theres ap carb or cut projects 9 rls from ai fae of rating) ‘TRAFFIC RAILING FIGURE 2.7.48 ‘Traflic Railing 14 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 4-5" micimum ‘ jan “6° minimum 45° misono 2-8" min COMBINATION TRAFFIC AND BICYCLE RAILING NOTES: 1, Loadiogs om lft are applied oc 2, Loadings on right reapplied o posts 3. The shapes of ral members are ustratve only. Any mstril or combination of material listed in Artie 2.7 may be used in any configuration. 4 The spacings illstrated are maximum values, Rall element spacings shall conform to Article 2.7.4.24, NOMENCLATURE: P= Hligay desig ating = 1089. LZ Pestspedet w = Pedestrian loading per uit gh of ail a1eteBe ca1eteBar (44-49 en) felt of top of top ral shove referencreurface (in), FIGURE 2.7.4B (Continued) For aluminum alloys the design stresses given in the Specifications for Aluminum Structures Fifth Edition, De- cember 1986, for Bridge and Similar Type Structures pub- lished by the Aluminum Association, Ine. for alloys 6061- 6 (Table A.6), 6351-T5 (Table A.6) and 6063-T6 (Table ‘A.6) shall apply, and for cast aluminum alloys the design stresses given for alloys A444.0-T4 (Table A.9), A356,0- Tél (Table A.9) and A356.0-T6 (Table A.9) shall apply. For fabrication and welding of aluminum railing, see Article 11.5. 2.74.2 The allowable unit stresses for steel shall be as given in Anicle 10.32, except as modified below. For steels not generally covered by these Specifica- tions, but having a guaranteed yield srength, F,, the al= lowable unit stress, shall be derived by applying the gen- ral formulas as given in these Specifications under "Unit Stresses” except as indicated below, ‘The allowable unit stress for shear shall be Fy = 0.33, Round or oval steel tubes may be proportioned using amallowable bending stress, F, = 0.66F,, provided the Rit ratio (radius/thickness) is less than or equal to 40. ‘Square and rectangular steel tubes and steel W and. I sections in bending with tension and compression fon extreme fibers of laterally supported compact sec- tions having an axis of symmetry in the plane of loading may be designed for an allowable stress Fy 0.60, 2.7.43 The sequiternents for a compact section are as follows: (a) The width to thickness ratio of projecting elements of the compression lange of W and sections shall not exceed 7 * 2 i a (b) The width 10 thickness ratio of the compression flange of square or rectangular tubes shall not exceed 2-2) o Ey (©) The Dit ratio of webs shall not exceed D .13,000 t oe DIVISION IDESIGN (c) the distance between lateral supports, W or I sections shall not exceed o> 2.4005 Oe (a) subject to combined axial force and bending, the Dieraio of webs shal not exceed 13300] 1-1.43 ( 4 F ‘ Wy but need not be less than << 20,000,000 (2-4) 2-5 15 inches of (2-6) an att Section 3 LOADS PartA ‘TYPES OF LOADS 31 NOTATIONS ‘A. = maximum expected acceleration of bedrock atthe site ‘2 = length of shor span of slab (Article 324.6) = buoyancy (Anicle 3.22) = width of pier or diameter of pile (Article 3.18.2.2.4) length of long span of siab (Article 3.24.6) = combined response coefficient = stiffness parameter = K(W/L) (Article 3.23.4.3) centrifugal force in percent of live load (Article 3.10.1) centtfugal force (Article 322) = coefficient for note inclination (Article 3.18.2.2.1) = steel bending stress coefficient (Article 3.25.1.5) steel shear stress coefficient (Article 3.25.15) = parameter used in determination of load fraction of whee! load (Anicle 3.23.43) egres of curve (Article 3.10.1) dead Joad (Anicle 3.22) fraction of wheel load applied to beam (Azticls 3.28.1) = contributing dead load = width of slab over which a whee! load i distributed (Article 3.24.3) zit pressure (Anicle 3.22) ‘equivalent satc horizontal fore applied atthe center of gravity ofthe structure = modulus of elasticity of concrete (Anicle 3.26.3) = modulus of elasticity of steel (Anicle 326.3) ‘= modulus of elasticity of wood (Article 3.26.3) horizontal ie force on pier (Article 3.18.2.2.1) += allowable bending stress (Article 3.25.1.3) = allowable shear stress (Article 3.25.1.3) 2.2 felsec? impact fraction (Article 3.8.2) 70ss flexural moment of inertia of the precast member (Article 3.23.4,3) ICE = ice pressure (Article 322) ‘ross Seint-Venant torsional constant of the precast member (Article 3.23.4.3) = stream flow force constant (Article 3.18.1) = stiffness constant (Article 3.23.4) = whee! load distribution constant fr timber flooring (Article 3.25.13) ive load distribution constant for spread box girders (Article 3.28.1) = loaded length of span (Article 3.8.2) loaded length of sidewalk (Article 3.14.1.1) Pn BRIpr PEM STOO DON greases CORR RAY Ww wf HIGHWAY BRIDGES = live load (Article 3.22) = span length (Article 3.23.4) longitudinal force from live Toad (Article 3.22) = moment capacity of dowel (Article 325.1.4) = primary bending moment (Article 3251.3) = total transferred secondary moment (Amticle’3.25.1.4) ‘= number of beams (Article 3.28.1) = numberof traffic lanes (Article 323.4) = number of dowels (Article 3.25.14) = live José on sidewalk (Article 3.14.11) = stream flow pressure (Artile 3.18.1) eine uniforre force required to eause unit horizonal deflection of whole structure = load on one rear wheel of truck (Article 3.24.3) = wheel load (Article 3.24.5) = design whee! load (Article 3.25.1.3) 2,000 pounds (Article 3.24.3) 6,000 pounds (Article 3:24:3) fective ice strength (Article 3.18.2.2.1) = proportion of load carried by short span (Article 3.24.6.1) radius of curve (Anicle 3.10.1) = normalized rock response = nib shonening (Article 322) = shear capacity of dowel (Article 3.25.14) primary shear (Article 325.13) otal secondary shear transfered (Article 3.25.1.4) = design speed (Article 3.10.1) = scil amplification spectral ratio. shrinkage (Article 3.22) average stringer spacing (Article 323.2.3.1) spacing of beams (Article 3.23.3) = width of preeast member (Article 3234.3) = effective span Tength (Article 3.24.1) = span length (Article 3.24.8.2) bbeam spacing (Article 3.28.1) = effective deck span (Anicle 25.1.3) = stream flow (Anicle 322) = period of vibration = temperature (Article 3.22) = thickness of ice (Asticle 3182.24) = deck thickness (Article 3.25.13) rariable spacing of truck axles (Figure 3.7.7) = velocity of water (Article 3.18.1) « Sombined weight on the first two axes of a standard HS Truck (Figure 3.7.7A) = width of sidewalk (Article 3.4.1.1) nd load on structure (Article 3.22) = total dead weight of the structure width of exterior girder (Article 323.2:3.2) foverall width of bridge (Article 3.23.43) roadway width between curbs (Article 3.28.1) ‘wind load on live Toad (Article 3.22) = distance from load to point of support (Article 3:24.51) = subscript denoting direction perpendicular to longi A stringers (Article 3.5.1.3) winth of pier or diameter of circalr-shaft pie atthe level of ice ation (Article 3.18.22.) 31 3 DIVISION I—DESIGN 19 (vith appropriate script) coefficient applied to actual loads for service load ang load factor designs (Article 3.22) Z__ = reduction for ductility and risk assessment B y= load factor (Article 3.22) Gn, = proportional limit stress perpendicular to grain (Article 3.5.1.4) y= load combination coefficient for buoyancy (Article 3.22.1) Be = load combination coefficient for centrifugal force (Article 3.22.1) Bo = load combination coefficient for dead load (Article 3.22.1) Be Joad combination coefficient for earth pressure (Article 3.22.1) Beg = load combination coefficient for earthquake (Article 3.22.1) Bice = load combination coefficient for ice (Article 3.22.1) cient for rib shortening, shrinkage, and temperature (Article 3.22.1) 3. = load combination coefficient for live load (Amite 3.22.1) Bx = load combination co Bs load combination coefficient for stream flow (Article 3.22.1) By = load combination coefficient for wind (Amite 3.22.1) Bw = load combination coefficient for wind on live load (Article 3.22.1) A = Poisson's ratio (Article 3.23.4.3) 3.2 GENERAL 3.2.1 Structures shall be designed to carry the following, loads and forces: Dead load. Live load. Impact or dynamic effect of the live load, ‘Wind loads. Other forces, when they exist, as follows: Longitudinal forces; centrifugal force; thermal forces; cath pressure; buoyancy; shrinkage stresses; rib short~ ening; erection stresses; ice and current pressure; and earthquake stresses, Provision shall be made for the transfer of forces be- ‘ween the superstructure and substructure to reflect the ef fect of friction at expansion bearings or shear resistance at elastomeric bearings. 32.2. Members shall be proportioned cither with refer- ence to service loads and allowable stresses as provided in Service Load Design (Allowable Stress Design) or, al- tematively, with reference to load factors and factored strength as provided in Strength Design (Load Factor De- sign), 3.2.3 When stress sheets are required, a diagram or no- tation of the assumed loads shall be shown and the siresses due tothe various loads shall be shown separately 3.2.4 Where required by design conditions, the concrete placing sequence shall be indicated on the plans or in the special provisions. 3.2.8 The loading combinations shall be in accordance with Article 3.22. 3.2.6 When a bridge is skewed, the loads and forces car- ried by the bridge through the deck system to pin connec- tions and hangers should be resolved into vertical, lateral, and longitudinal force components to be considered in the design 33 DEAD LOAD 3.3.1 ‘The dead Joad shall consist of the weight of the entire structure, including the roadway, sidewalks, car tracks, pipes, conduits, cables, and other public utility services. 3.3.2 The snow and ice load is considered to be offset bby an accompanying decrease in live load and impact and shall not be included except under special conditions. 3.3.2.1 If differential serlement is anticipated in a structure, consideration should be given to stresses result- ing from this settlement. 3.3.3. Ifa separate wearing surface isto be Btaced when the bridge is constructed, oris expected to be placed in the future, adequate allowance shall be made for its weight in the design dead load. Otherwise, provision for a future ‘wearing surface is not required. 3.3.4 Special consideration shall be given to the neces- sity for a separate wearing surface for those regions where the use of chains on tires or studded snow tires can be anticipated, 20 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 3.3.5 Where the abrasion of concrete is not expected, the traffic may bear directly on the concrete slab. If con- sidered desirable, Ys inch or more may be added to the slab for a wearing surface. 3.3.6 The following weights are to be used in comput- ing the dead load: Hlou.ft, ‘Steel or cast steel... 490, Cast iron 7 : 450 Aluminum alloys o.....ccceccseceeeseees 195 ‘Timber (treated or untreated)... 50 Concrete, plain or reinforced ... s. 150 Compacied sand, earth, gravel, or ballast ..... 120 Loose sand, earth, and gravel 2... 100 ‘Macadam or gravel, rolled eh 149 Cinder filing .. peprrerst Pavement, other than wood block .......---. 150 Railway rails, cuardrails, and fastenings (per linear foot of track) . 200 Stone masonry seve 170 Asphalt plank, | in. thick . Ib. sq.ft 34 LIVELOAD ‘The live load shall consist of the weight of the applied moving load of vehicles, cars, and pedestrians, 35 OVERLOAD PROVISIONS 3.8.1 For all loadings less than H 20, provision shall be ‘made for an infrequent heavy load by applying Loading Combination IA (See Article 3.22), with the live load as- sumed to be H or HS truck and (0 occupy a single lane without concurrent loading in any other lane. The over Toad shall apply to all paris of the structure affected, ex- ‘cept the roadway deck, or roadway deck plates and stiff- ening ribs in the case of orthotropic bridge super- structures. 3.8.2. Structures may be analyzed for an overload that is, selected by the operating agency in accordance with Loading Combination Group IB in Article 3.22. 36 TRAFFIC LANES 3.6.1 The Jane loading or standard truck shall be as- ‘sumed to occupy a width of 10 fect. 3.6.2 These loads shall be placed in 12-foot wide design 33.5 traffic Janes, spaced across the entire bridge roadway ‘width measured between curbs. 3.6.3 Fractional pars of design lanes shall not be used, but roadway widths from 20 to 24 feet shall have two de- sign lanes each equal to one-half the roadway width. 3.64 The traffic lanes shall be placed in such numbers ‘and positions on the roadway, and the loads shall be placed in such positions within their individual traffic Janes, so as to produce the maximum stress in the mem- ber under consideration. 3.7 HIGHWAY LOADS 3.7.1 Standard Truck and Lane Loads* 3.7.1.1 The highway live loadings on the roadways of bridges or incidental stroetures shall consist of standard trucks or lane loads that are equivalent to truck trains. Two systems of loading ate provided, the H loadings and the HS loadings—the HS loadings being heavier than the cor- responding H loadings. - 3.71.2 Each lan¢ load shall consist of a uniform load per linear foot of traffic lane combined with a single con- centrated load (or two concentrated loads in the case of continuous spans—see Article 3.11.3), so placed on the span as to produce maximum stress. The concentrated load and uniform load shall be considered as uniformly distributed over a 10-foot width on a line normal to the centerline of the ane, 3.7.1.3 For the computation of moments and shears, different concentrated loads shall be used as indicated,in Figure 3.7.6B. The lighter concentrated loads shall be used when the stresses are primarily bending stresses, and the heavier concentrated loads shall be used when the stresses are primarily shearing stresses. "Note The sytem ofan londs defined here (ond ilostrated in Figure 37.68) wa developed in orderto give a simpler method of ealelaing ‘moments and shears than that based‘ wheel loads ofthe trek ‘Appendix B shows ti wuck win lodings ofthe 1935 Specifications ‘of AASHO and the conesponding lane leading. In 1944, the HS series of ueks was dveloped. These approximate the cles ofthe coespondeg 1935 tuck proceded and followed by atais ‘of tucks weighing dee-fours 25 much the basi truck. my & 3.7.2 3.7.2 Classes of Loading ‘There are four standard classes of highway loading: 1120, H15, HS 20, and HS 15. Loading H 15 is 75% of Loading H 20. Loading HS 15 is 75% of Loading HS 20. If loadings other than those designated are desired, they shall be obtained by proportionately changing the weights Shown for both the standard truck and the corresponding Jane loads. 3.7.3. Designation of Loadings “The policy of affixing the year to loadings to identify them was instituted with the publication of the 1944 Edi tion in the following manner: HIS Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated. 7 weonewnnen HSA H 20 Leading, 1944 Edition shall be eSignAted wovsnnenenrninesen H 20-44 H15-S 12 Loading. 1944 Edition shall be designated. ce HS 15-44 1H 20-5 16 Loading. 1944 Edition shall be esignate 7 7 HS 20-44 “The affix shall remain unchanged until such time as the loading specification is revised. The same policy for iden- tification shall be applied, for future reference, to loadings previously adopted by AASHTO. 3.7.4 Minimum Loading Bridges supporting Interstate highways or other high- "ways which camry, or which may cary, heavy truck traf- fic, shall be designed for HS 20-44 Loading or an Alter- hate Military Loading of two axles four feet apart with ach axle weighing 24,000 pounds, whichever produces the greatest sires. 3.78 H Loading “The H loadings consist of a tworaxle truck or the cor responding iane loading as illustrated in Figures 3.7.64 tnd 3..6B. The H loadings are designated H followed by ‘a number indicating the gross weight in tons ofthe stan- dard tuck, 3.7.6 HS Loading The HS loadings consist of s tractor track with semi- trailer or the corresponding lane load as illustrated in Fig- tures 3.7.7A and 3.7.6B. The HS loadings are designated by the letters HS followed by e number indicating the DIVISION 1-DESIGN 21 ‘gross weight in tons ofthe tractor truck. The variable axle spacing has been introduced in order thatthe spacing of axles may approximate more closely the tractor trailers now in use. The variable spacing also provides a more sat isfactory loading for continuous spans, in that heavy axle Joads may be so placed on adjoining spans as to produce ‘maximum negative moments, 38 IMPACT 3.8.1 Application Highway Live Loads shal be increased for those struc tural elements in Group A, below, to allow for dynamic, vibratory and impact effects. Impact allowances shall not be applied to items in Group B. It is intended that impact be included as part of the loads transferred from super structure to substructure, but shall not be included in loads transferred to footings nor to those parts of piles or columns that are below ground. ~ 3.8.1.1 Group A—Impact shall be included. (1) Superstueture, including legs of rigid frames, (Q) Piers, (with or without bearings regardless of type) excluding footings and those portions below the ‘ground line. {G) The ponions above the ground line of concrete oF see! piles that suppor the superstructure, 38.12 Group B—Impact shall not be included. (2) Abutments, retaining walls, piles except as speci- fied in Article 3.8.1.1 (3). (2) Foundation pressures and footings, (3) Timber structures. (4) Sidewalk loads. (5) Culverts and structures having 3 feet or more cover. 3.82 Impact Formula 3.8.2.1 The amount of the impact allowance or in- ‘crement is expressed as a fraction of the live load stress," ‘and shall be determined by the formula: 50 rs @-) in which, 1 impact fraction (maximum 30 petcent); my HIGHWAY BRIDGES 3.82.1 H 20-44 8,000 LBS, 32,000 LBS.™ H 15-44 6,000 LBS. 24,000 LBS. 14 ZI! w= TOTAL WEIGHT OF |2 8} TRUCK AND LoaD [8 w}-— —-{oaw} S1-———- [oz wp so CLEARANCE AND AD LANE WIDTH = ae ». zo" 6" 2-0" FIGURE 3.7.64 Standard H Trucks “ln the design of tbe loots and orthotopic steel decks (excluding wansverse beams) for H20 Loading, one ane loud of 24,000 pounds or two sale loads of 16,000 pounds each spaced 4 feat apart may be used, whichever roduces the pester stress, seat ofthe 32,000-pound ste shown, *-Forslab design, the centr ine of wheels shall be essumed tobe 1 oot rom fae of curb. See Ariele 3.242.) C DIVISION I—DESIGN 23 78,000 LBS. FOR MOMENT* C. } eee LOAD— 96.900 LBS. FOR SHEAR 5 UNIFORM LOAD 640 LBS. PER LINEAR FOOT OF LOAD LANE H20-44 LOADING HS20-44 LOADING 13,500 LBS. FOR MOMENT* 19,500 LBS. FOR SHEAR UNIFORM LOAD 480 LBS. PER LINEAR FOOT OF LOAD LANE LL. CONCENTRATED LOAD— H15-44 LOADING HS15-44 LOADING FIGURE 3.7.58 Lan: Loading “or the losing of contincous spans involving Jane leading eefer to Arce 3.11.3 whith provides for an davon concenuated load length in feet of the portion of the span that is oaded to produce the maximum stress in the member, 3.8.2.2 For uniformity of application, inthis formula, Ge loses length 1 shal bess follows: (@) For roadway floors: the design span length, () For transverse members, such as floor beams: the span length of member center to center of supports, (6) For computing truck load moments: the span Iength, of for cantilever arms the length from the mo- rent center to the farthermost exe. (@ For shear due to truck loads: the length of the loaded portion of span from the point under consider- ation to the far reaction; except, for cantilever arms, use a 30% impact factor (©) For continuous spans: the length of span under consideration for positive moment, andthe average of two adjacent loaded spans for negative moment. 3.8.2.3 For culverts with cover 0'0" to 1-0" inc.1 = 305% L-1" to 2!-0" ine, I = 20% 2-1" to 2'-11" ine. 1 = 10% 3.9 LONGITUDINAL FORCES Provision shall be made for the effect.of a longitudinal force of 5% of the live toad in.all lanes earring traffic headed i the séme direction. Al anes shall be loaded for bridges ikely o become one directional in the future, The’ load used, without impact, shall be the lane load plus the concentrated load for moment specified in Article 3.7, with reduction for multiple-loaded lanes as specified in Article 3.12. The center of gravity of the longitudinal force shall be assumed to be located 6 feet above the floor slab and to be transmitted tothe substructure through the superstructure, 24 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 39 |? 6): © HS20-44 8,000 LBS. 32,000 Las.* 32,000 Las® HS16-44 6,000 LBS. 24,000 LBS. 24,000 LBS. oawhe T FIRST TWO AXLES WHICH IS THE SAME W = COMBINED WEIGHT ON THE AS FOR THE CORRESPONDING H TRUCK. * VARIABLE SPACING — 14 FEET TO 30 FEET INCLUSIVE. SPACING TO BE USED 1S THAT WHICH PRODUCES MAXIMUM STRESSES. CLEARANCE AND OAD LANE WIDTH : [jaa pee 2a" 6 3" FIGURE 37.74 Standard HS Trucks "nthe design of diver ors asd omtovopic ste decks (excluding tansverse beams) for #20 Loading, one ale Josd of 24000 pounds or wo axle lous of 16.000 pounds each, spaced fee apart may be used, whichever produces he greater sss, nslead of Ue 32,000-pound exe shown, >For sab design, he centerline of wees shall be assumed tobe I foot from fce of eur (See Anicte 3.242) ¢ ry 310 DIVISION I—DESIGN 25 310 CENTRIFUGAL FORCES 340.1 Structures on curves shall be designed fora hor- jzontal radial force equal to the following percentage of the live load, without impact, in all affic anes: C=0.001178°D = @-2) where, C = the centrifugal force in percent of the live load, ‘without impact; 'S = the design speed in miles perhour, (% D = the degree of curve; R = the radius of the curve in feet. (ay. 3.10.2 The effects of superelevation shall be taken into account. 3,103. The centrifugal force shall be applied 6 feet above the roadway surfece, measured along the center Tine of the roadway. The design speed shall be determined with regard to the amount of superelevation provided in the roadway, The traffic lanes shall be loaded in accordance ‘with the provisions of Article 3.7 with one standard truck con each design traffic lane placed in position for maxi- mum loading, 3.10.4 Lane loads shell not be used in the computation of centrifugal forces. 30.5 When a reinforced concsete floor slab or # steel rid deck is keyed to or attached to its supporting mem- bers, it may be assumed thatthe deck resists, within its plane, the shear resulting from the centrifugal forces act- ing on the live load. 3.11 APPLICATION OF LIVELOAD 3411 Traffic Lane Units In computing stresses, each 10-foot lane load or single standard truck shall be considered as a unit, and fractions ‘of load lane widths or trucks shall not be used. 311.2 Number and Position of Traffic Lane Units ‘The number and position of the lane load or truck loads shall be as specified in Article 3.7 and, whether lane or truck loads, shall be such as to produce maximum stress, ‘subject to the reduction specified in Article 3.12. 3,113 Lane Loads on Continuous Spans For the determination of maximum negative moment in the design of continuous spans, the lane load shown in Figure 3.7.6B shall be modified by the addition of a see- cond, equal weight concentrated Toad placed in one other span in the series in such position to produce the maxi- um effect. For maximum positive moment, only one concentrated load shall be used per lane, combined with fs many spans loaded uniformly as are required to pro- ‘duce maximum moment. 3.11.4 Loading for Maximum Stress 3.11.4.1 On both simple and continous spans, the type of loading, whether Jane Toad or truck load, to be used shall be the loading which produces the maximum suzess. The moment and shear tables given in Appendix ‘A show which types of loading controls: for simple: spans. 3.11.42. For continuous spans, the lne loading shall be continuous or discontinuots; only one standard Hor HIS track per lane shall be considered on the structure. 3,12 REDUCTION IN LOAD INTENSITY 3.12.1 Where maximum stresses are produced in any member by loading a number of traffic lanes simultane- ‘ously, the following percentages of the live loads may be ‘used in view of the improbability of coincident maximum loading: Percent One or two lanes 100 ‘Three lanes 80 Four lanes or more 5 3.12.2 The reduction in load intensity specified in Ari- ‘le 3.12.1 shall not be applicable when distribution factors from Table 3.23.1 are used to determine moments in lon- gitudinal beams. 32.3 The reduction in intensity of loads on transverse members such as floor beams shall be determined as in the case of main trusses or girders, using the number of traffic lanes across the width of roadway that must be loaded to produce maximum stresses in the floor beam. ” 26 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 3 3.13 ELECTRIC RAILWAY LOADS If highway bridges camy electric railway trafic, the railway loads shall be determined from the class of traffic which the bridge may be expected to carry. The possibil- ity that the bridge may be required to carry railroad freight cars shail be given consideration. 344 SIDEWALK, CURB, AND RAILING LOADING 3.4.1 Sidewalk Loading 3.14.11 Sidewalk floors, stringers, and their imme- diate supports shall be designed for @ live load of 85 pounds per square foot of sidewalk area. Girders, russes, arches, and other members shall be designed for the fol- lowing sidewalk live loads: gate Mi Spans 0 to 25 feet in length 27. 85 butt? Spans 26 to 100 feet in length tls 60 ose? ng to the formula Spans over 100 feet in length according 000) (55) =(30. BW -3 (oD) o> in which P= live load per square foot, max. 60-Ib. per sq ft loaded length of sidewalk in feet W = width of sidewalk in feet. 3.14,1.2 In calculating stresses in strictures that sup~ port cantilevered sidewalks, the sidewalk shall be fully loaded on only one side of the structure if this condition produces maximum stress. 3.4.1.3 Bridges for pedestrian and/or bicycle traffic shall be designed for alive load of 85 PSF. 3.14.1.4 Where bicycle or pedestrian bridges are ex- pected to be used by maintenance vehicles, special design ‘consideration should be made for these loads. 3.142 Curb Loading 3.14.21 Curbs shall be designed to resist a lateral force of not less than 500 pounds per linear foot of curb, applied at the top ofthe curb, or at an elevation 10 inches, above the floor ifthe cucb is higher then 10 inches. 3 3.14.2.2 Where sidewalk, curb, and traffic rail form an integral system, the traffic railing loading shall be ap- plied and stresses in curbs computed accordingly. 3.143 Railing Loading For Railing Loads, see Article 2.7.1.3. 345 WIND LOADS ‘The wind load shall consist of moving uniformly dis- tebuted loads applied to the exposed area ofthe structure ‘The exposed area shall be the sum of the areas ofall mem- bers, including floor system and railing, as seen in eleva tion at 90 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the structure. The forces and loads given herein aze fora base wind ve- Jocity of 100 miles per hour. For Group Ul and Group V Joadings, but not for Group TH and Group VI leadings, they may be reduced or incressed in the ratio ofthe square ofthe design wind velocity tothe square ofthe base wind velocity provided that the maximum probable wind ve- locity can be ascertained with reasonable accuracy, oF provided that there are permanent features of the terrain which make such changes safe and advisable. If a change the design wind velocity is made, the design wind ve- iocity shal be shown on the plans 3.15.1 Superstructure Design 3.15.L1 Group I and Group V Loadings 3.15.11] A wind load of the following intensity shall be applied horizontally at right angles to the longi- tudinal axis of the structure: For trusses and arches ....175 pounds per square foot For girders and beams ......50 pounds per square foot 3.15.1.1.2 ‘The total force shall not be less than 300 pounds per linear foot in the plane of the windward chord ‘and 150 pounds per linear foot in the plane of the leeward cchord on truss spans, and not less than 300 pounds per lin- car foot on girder spans, - 3.15.12 Group IIT and Group VI Loadings Group IIL and Group VI loadings shall comprise the loads used for Group Il and Group V loadings reduced by 70% and a load of 100 pounds per linear foot applied at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the structure and 6 feet above the deck as @ wind load on a moving live load. ab 3.15.1.2 ‘When a reinforced concrete floor slab or a steel grid deck is keyed to or attached to its supporting members, it may be assumed that the deck resists, within its plane, the shear resulting from the wind load on the moving live load. 315.2 Substructure Design Forces transmitted to the substructure by the super- structure and forces applied directly tothe substructure by ‘wind loads shall be as follows: 3:15.2.1 Forces from Superstructure 35.2.1. The transverse and longitudinal forces transmitted by the superstructure to the substructure for various angles of wind direction shall be as set forth in the following table. The skew angle is measured from the per- pendicular to the longitudinal axis and the assumed wind iirection shall be that which produces the maximum stress in the substructure. The transverse and longitudinal forces shall be applied simultaneously at the elevation of the center of gravity of the exposed area of the super~ structure. “Tasses Gude: ‘Skew Angle Lateral Lowgitdinal Lacral Loogiadinal sfWind Load ___Lowd__Leed__Los Degrees PSF PSF TSF SF ° 75 o En ° 5 0 no # 6 30 6s wood a BR is a a 3 6 o u 50 1 y ‘The loads listed above shall be used in Group IT and Group V loadings as given in Anicle 3.22. 3.15212 For Group IL and Group VI loadings, these loads may be reduced by 70% and a load per linear foot added as a wind load on a moving live load, as given inthe following table: Shew Angle of Wind Lateral Load _Louiuina! Load Tce eres cee eee ee reece eee a 308 ° Bb 8 n 30 2 Pr 5 6 2 o # 38 Eee eerie ee eee ee DIVISION DESIGN 27 “This load shall be applied at a point 6 feet above the deck, 3.15.2.1.3 For the usual girder and slab bridges hav- ing maximum span lengths of 125 feet, the following ‘wind loading may be used in liew of the more precise load- ing specified above: LW __ (wind load on structure) . 50 pounds per sguare foot, wansverse: > 1M fe 12 pounds per square foot, longitudinal S25 MI /,,,> Both forces shall be applied simultanzously. (wind load on live load) 100 pouinds per linear foot, transverse 40 pounds per linear foot, longitudinal Both forces shall be applied simultaneously. thoe Nos 3.15.22 Forces Applied Directly to the Substructure ~ “The transverse and longitudinal forces tobe applied di- rectly to the substructure for a 100-mile per hour wind shall be calculated from an assumed wind force of 40 pounds per square foot. For wind directions assumed skewed to the substructure, this force shall be resolved intoromponents-perpendicular to the.end and front ele- vations ofthe substructure, The component perpendicular to the end elevation shall act on the exposed substructure area as seen in end elevation and the component perpen- dicularto the front elevation shall act on the exposed areas, ‘and shall be applied simultaneously with the wind Joads from the superstructure. The above loads are for Group II and Group V loadings and may be reduced by 70% for Group Til and Group VI loadings, as indicated in Arti cle 3.22. 3.453 Overturning Forces ‘The effect of forces tending to overturn structures shall be calculated under Groups TL, Hl) Y, and VI of “Article 3.22 assuming that the wind direction is at right, ‘angles tothe longitudinal axis ofthe structure. In addition, » ‘an upward force shall be applied at the windward quarter point of the transverse superstructure width. This force shall be 20 pounds per square foot of deck and sidewalk plan area for Group Il and Group V combinations and 6 pounds per square foot for Group TIE and Group VI combinations. at 1S Pfu 28 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 316 THERMAL FORCES Provision shall be made for stresses or movements te- sulting from variations in temperature. The rise and fall in temperature shall be fixed for the locality in which the structure is to be constructed and shall be computed from an assumed temperature at the time of erection. Due con- sideration shall be given to the lag between air témpera- ture and the interior temperature of massive concrete members or structures. ‘The range of temperature shall generally be as follows: ‘Metal structres: ‘Moderate climate, fom 010 20°F Cold elma, fom 3010 120° Temperature Temperature Rise all Concrete structs: ‘Moderate climate 30F or Coe climate 3SF ‘SF 37 UPLIFT 37.1 Provision shall be made for adequate attachment of the superstructure to the substructure by ensuring that the calculated uplift at any support is resisted by tension members engaging a mass of masonry equal tothe largest force obtained under one of the following conditions: (@) 100% of the calculated uplift caused by any load ing or combination of loadings in which the live phos impact loading is increased by 100%. (b) 150% of the calculated uplift at working load level. 3.17.2 Anchor bolts subject to tension or other elements of the structure stressed under the above conditions shatl be designed at 150% of the allowable basic stress. 3.18 FORCES FROM STREAM CURRENT AND FLOATING ICE, AND DRIFT CONDITIONS Al piers and other portions of structures that are sub- Jectto the force of lowing water, floating ice, or drift shall bbe designed to resist the maximum stresses induced thereby. 3,481 Force of Stream Current on Piers 3A8.L1 Stream Pressure 38.1.1. The effect of flowing water on piers and drift build-up, essuming a second-degree parabolic veloc 3.16 ity distribution and thus a triangular pressure distribution, shall be calculated by the formula: P, oe) KV? SIS ROMY Prag = average stream pressure, in pounds per square foot, ¢ fa. > Vag = average velocity of water in feet per second, ‘computed by dividing the flow rate by the flow K =a constant, being 1.4 for all piers subjected to rife build-up and square-ended piers, 0.7 for circular piers, and 0.5 for angle-ended piers where the angle is 30 degrees or less. where, ‘The maximum stream flow pressure, Paay shall be ‘equal to twice the average stream flow pressure, Pa, COm- puted by Equation 3-4, Stream flow pressure shal bea tri- angular distribution with Pay located at the top of water elevation and a zero pressure located atthe flow line, 3.18.1.1.2 The stream flow forces shall be computed by the product of the stream flow pressure, taking into ac- count the pressure distribution, and the exposed pier area. In cases where the corresponding top of water elevation is, above the low beam elevation, stream flow loading on the: superstructure shall be investigated. The stream flow pres sure acting on the superstructure may be taken a8 Pag With a uniform distribution. 3.8.12 Pressure Components When the direetion of stream flow is other than normal to the exposed surface area, or when bank migration or a change of stream bed meander is anticipated, the effects of the directional components of stream flow pressure shall be investigated. 3.18.1.3 Drift Lodged Against Pier Where a significant amount of drift lodged agaipst a pier is anticipated, the effects ofthis drift buildup shall be considered in the design of the bridge opening and the bridge components. The overall dimensions of the drift buildup shall reflect the selected pier locations, site con- ditions, and known drift supply upstream. When it is an- ticipated that the flow area will be significantly blocked bby drift buildup, increases in high water elevations, streain velocities, stream flow pressures, and the potential increases in scour depths shall be investigated as € \ 3.18.2 38:2 Force of Ice on 3182.1 General Ice forces on piers shall be selected, having regard to site conditions and the mode of ice action to be ex- pected. Consideration shall be given to the following modes: (a) Dynamic ice pressure due to moving ice-sheets and ice-floes carried by streamflow, wind, or currents, (b) Static ice pressure due to thermal movements of continuous stationary ice-sheets on large bodies of water. (©) Static pressure resulting from ice-jams. (2) Static uplif or vertical loads resulting from a¢her- ing ice in waters of fluctuating level 3.18.2.2 Dynamic Ice Force 3.18.2.2.1 Horizontal forces resulting from the pres- sure of moving ice shall be calculated by the formula: FeGp tw Gs) where, «rizontal ice force on pier in pounds: efficient for nose inclination from table; fective ice strength in pounds per square inch; thickness of ice in contact with pier in inches: \idth of pier or diameter of circular-shatt pier at the level of ice action in inches. Inclination of Nose to vertical Gq 0° t0 15° 1.00 15°10 30° 015 30° t0.45° 050 3.18.2.2.2 The effective ice strength p shall normally be taken in the range of 100 to 400 pounds per square inch con the assumption that crushing or splitting of the ice takes place on contact with the pier. The value used shall bbe based on an assessment of the probable condition of the ice at time of movement, on previous local experience, and on assessment of existing structure performance. Rel- ‘evant ice conditions include the expected temperature of the ice at time of movement, the size of moving sheets and floes, and the velocity at contact. Due consideration shall bbe given to the probability of extreme rather than average ‘conditions atthe site in question. DIVISION I—DESIGN 29 3.18.2.2.3 The following values of effective ice strength appropriate to various situations may be used as a guide. (a) In the order of 100 psi where breakup occurs at melting temperatures and where the ice runs as small “cakes” and is substantially disintegrated in its structure. (b) In the order of 200 psi where breakup occurs at ‘melting temperatures, but the ice moves in large pieces and is internally sound, (©) In the order of 300 psi where at breakup there is an initial movement of the ice shect as a whole or where large sheets of sound ice may strike the piers. (@) In the order of 400 psi where breakup or major ice movement may occur with ice temperatures signifi- cantly below the melting point. 3.18.2.24 ‘The. preceding values for effective ice strength are intended for use with piers of substantial mass and dimensions. The values shall be modified as neces sary for variations in pier width or pile diameter, and de- sign ie thickness by multiplying by the appropriate coef- ficient obiained from the following table: bit Coefficient 0s 18 1.0 13 15 1 2.0 1.0 3.0 09 4.0 or greater 08 where, width of pier or diameter of pile; t = design ice thickness. 3.18.2.2.5 Piers should be placed with their longitu- inal axis parallel to the principal direction of ice action. ‘The force calculated by the formula shall then be taken to act along the direction of the longitudinal‘axis. A force transverse to the longitudinal axis and amounting to not less than 15% of the longitudinal force shall be considered © to act simultaneously. 4.18.2.2.6 Where the longitudinal axis of a pier can- not be placed parallel to the principal direction of ice ac- tion, or where the direction of ice action may shift, the total force on the pier shall be computed by the formula and resolved into vector components. In such conditions, 30 HIGHWAY BRIDGES forces transverse to the longitudinal axis shall in no case be taken as less than 20% of the total force. 3182.2.7 In the case of slender and flexible piers, consideration should be given to the vibrating nature of ‘dynamic ice forces and to the possibility of high momen- lary pressures and structural resonance. Bu Static Tee Pressure Ice pressure on piers frozen into ice sheets on large bodies of water shall receive special consideration where there is reason to believe that the ice sheets are subject to significant thermal movernents relative tothe piers. 3.19 BUOYANCY Buoyancy shall be considered where it affects the de- sign of either substructure, including piling, or the super servcture, 320 EARTH PRESSURE 20.1 Structures which retain fills shal be proportioned ‘withstand pressure as given by Coulomb's Equation or by other expressions given in Section 5, "Retaining Walls": provided, however, that no structure shall be de- signed for less than an equivalent uid weight (mass) of| 30 pounds per cubic Foot. 3.20.2 For rigid frames # maximum of one-half of the moment caused by earth pressure (lateral) may be used to reduce the positive moment in the beams, in the top slab, cr in the top and bottom slab, as the case may be. 3.20.3 When highway waffic ean come within 2 hori zontal distance from the top of the structure equal o one- half its height, the pressure shall have added to it alive toad surcharge pressure equal to not less than 2 feet of earth 3.20.4 Where an adequately designed reinforced con- crete approach slab supported at one end by the bridge is provided, no live load surcharge need be considered. 3.20.5 All designs shall provide for the thorough Arainage of the back-filling material by means of weep 318.226 holes and erushed rock, pipe drains or gravel drains, or by Perforated drains 321 EARTHQUAKES In regions where earthquakes may be anticipated, structures shall be designed to resist earthquake motions by considering the relationship ofthe site to active faults, the seismic response of the soils at the site, and the dy- namic response characteristics of the total structure in ac- cordance with Division LA—Seismic Design Part B COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 3.22 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 3.22.1 The following Groups represent various combi- nations of loads and forces to which a stricture may be ‘subjected. Each component of the structure, or the foun- dation on which it rests, shall be proportioned to with- stand safely all group combinations of these forces that are applicable to the particular site or type. Group loading combinations for Service Load Design and Load Factor Design are given by: € Group (N) = 31o-D + Bu (L+ 1) +B:CF + BE +-BoB + BsSF + BwW + Bw WL +B. -LF+ Be(R+S+T) + BegEQ + BicelCE] G-10) where, N= group number; y= load factor, see Table 3.22.1; B = coefficient, see Table 3.22.14; D = dead load: L_ = live load; I ve load impact; E = earth pressure; B = buoyancy; W = wind load on structure; : WL = wind load on live load—100 pounds pecdinear fot, LF = longitudinal force from live load; CF = centrifugal force; R s T EQ SF i ICE = ice pressure. ( * EE DIVISION I—DESIGN 2 TABLE322,1A Table of Coefficients y and B (Gunes T2Ts Te ed CET ECE EI FACTORS enour | » [fear] ey oT srl wT wey ca ese ee} Pe et Toe er o pore fie etre tee tet ef ol of of of « fof es ate ate pete pert at ef fete fete pe sHehri peter a ep ere eto ae shrpeete pe tet rest eae Peto tae Soe pe beet a eels Tete fins Sfwtiotito yo jo; ay ay ty tt of e 1 {of o {140 ziartieti tape pep a eep at Pepe fle Shepette poets tar a eee es tye Ts ope epee a a et ef oo fet ae Be HS pecteta papa ef of Pots fase x Hetero ot oo alo fo La00 | cans T ao ete ep ay oe] 2s tea et ey ey of of of 8 foto Se Spee apap ey ep ef epee g ctote tetas epee pepe 3 8 Cir th titetpapes ae pope) £ et treo eee pero] § giv ieee pepe ¢ ima rpectrpset stapes pete E aim ‘eater ef ep ete tate | 2 [vn rpetipesl ate etepere pols 8 ioe step apap ot oy 8 pepe % rate pepe er etet epee Lene, cuvest (L Dp~ Live load plus impact for AASHTO Highway H or HS loading (+ Dp Live lo plus impact consist agency 725 may be used fr design of utsde roadway bear when £m ination of sidewalk ive load as wel staff ie Toad plus impact vem sb design, But We capacity ofthe section should not be lest Fare iced for highway wf ive load only using «beta factor of 101100 mey be sed for design of deck sab with combination of Wads as described in Aisle 3.24.22 Maximum Unit Ses (Operating Rating ¢p “Allowable Basi Unt Sess Percenage = For Serve Lond Design (Column 14) Pereectage of Basie Uni Stress \No increase fn alowable uni streses sal be permite for members ‘recnnectons earying wnt loads ony. (00 for vertical and ltra Jods onal ber strctres. 5 (bm rent with the overload criteria of the operation For culvert oad specications, ste Article 6.2. ie = 1.0 and 0.5 fr nea ods on gi frames (check both oad ing tose which one governs) See Arie 3.20. _ Foe Load Fator Design Be = 1.3 for lateral earth pressure for retaining walls ane vigid ffames excoding rigid culverts. For lnteral‘atrest earth pressures, Be= 115 a a = DIS for imeral earth’ pressure when checking positive ‘oma in igi frames This complies with Article 3.20. Be = TD for vertical earth pressure BE = ots when checking member fr minimurn axial load and Sharm mosert cr msximum ecentiiy «FO fo = hOwben checking member for maximem exial Colon [oad and minim moment. vo 500 Desiga Bo = 1.0 or flexural an tension members 1.0 foe Rigid Cuvers Be = 15 forFleibe Cavers For Group X londng (tverts the Bp factor shall be applied to vert alan orizontl lads. at 22 HIGHWAY BRIDGES 3% For service load design, the percentage of the unit stress for the various groups is given in Table ‘The loads and forces in each group shall be taken as ap- propriate from Articles 3.3 o 3.21. The maximum section required shall be used. 322.3. For load factor desga, the gamma and bets fac- iors given in Table 3.22.14 shall be used for designing structural members and foundations by the load factor ceoneepl 4.22.4 When long span structures are being designed by iad factor design, the gamma and beta factors specified for Load Factor Design represent general conditions and should be increased if, in the Engineer's judgment, expected loads, service conditions, or materials of Construction are different from those anticipated by the specifications. 3225. Structures may be analyzed for an overload that jsselected by the operating agency Size and configuration Df the overload, loading combinations, and load dstiby- tion will be consistent with procedures defined in permit policy of that agency, The load stall be applied in Grovp 1B as defined in Table 3.22.1. For alloading less than 1120, Group TA loading combination shall be used (see Article 3.5). EE Part C DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS 323 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS TO STRINGERS, LONGITUDINAL BEAMS, ‘AND FLOOR BEAMS* 3.23.4 Position of Loads for Shear 3.23.1.1 In calculating end shears and end reactions in transverse floor beams and longitudinal beams and “singers, no longitudinal distribution of the whee! load shall be assumed for the wheel or axle load adjacent tothe transverse floor beam or the end of the longitudinal bear ‘or stringer at which the stress is being determined. 3231.2 Lateral distribution of the wheel loads at ends of the beams or stringers shall be that produced by gssuming the flooring to act as a simple span between sringers or beams. For wheels or axles in other positions on the span, te distribution for shear shall be determined by the method prescribed for moment, except thatthe cal- “provisions inthis Aric shell not apply to onhoupie deck bridges, 2 ‘culations of horizontal shear in rectangular timber beams shall be in accordance with Article 13.3. 3.23.2 Bending Moments in Stringers and Longitudinal Beams** 3.23.21 General In calculating bending moments in longitudinal beams or stringers, no longitudinal distribution of the wheel loads shall be assumed. The lateral distribution shall be determined as follows. 3.23.2.2 Interior Stringers and Beams ‘The live load bending moment for each interior stringer shall be determined by applying othe stringer the fraction of a wheel load (both front and reat) determined in Table 3.23.1 3.23.23 Outside Roadway Stringers and Beams 3.23.2.3.1 Steel-Timber-Concrete T-Beams 3.23.2.3.1.1 The dead load supported by the outside roadway stringer or beam shall be that portion ofthe floor slab carried by the stringer or beam. Curbs, railings, and ‘wearing surface, if placed after the slab has cured, may be distributed equally to all roadway stringers or beams. 3.23.2.3.1.2 The live load bending moment for out- side roadway stringers or beams shall be determined by applying to the stringer or beam the reaction of the wheel oad obtained by assuming the flooring to act as a simple span between stringers or beams. 23,2.3.1.3 When the ovtside roadway beam or stinger supports the sidewalk Tive load as well as traffic live load and impact and the structure is tobe designed by the servie load method, the allowable stress inthe beam or stringer may be increased by 25% for the combination of dead load, sidewalk live load, affc live load, and im- pact, providing the beam is of no less camying capacity than would be required if there were no sidewalks. When ‘the combination of sidewalk live load and traffic livg load plus impact governs the design and the structure isto be Gesigned by the load factor method, 1.25 may be used as the beta factor in place of 1.67. 43,23.2.3.1.4 Inno case shall an exterior stringer have Jess carrying capacity than an interior stringer. "fn view ofthe compleity ofthe beoreial analysis involved ithe Aisetbaion of wheel loads to siges, the empirical method herein d- {exibed is authorized forthe design of normal highway beds. ab aGhe.

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