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What is multiphase flow? Two or more phases will exist in the production fluid, such as oil, gas, water, and sand.
What problems can occur by Can make deposit and cause corrosion
slugging? Can cause difficulties to equipment such as inlet seperators
What are the (7) causes of slugging? Low flow rate (late life conditions)
Production shut down and restarts
Low gas-oil ratio
High Water Cut
Flow Rate Chages
Changes in Subsea Operations (Transient Conditions)
Decreasing Reservoir/Wellhead Pressure
What is the frequency seen in liquid Because of the continuous slugging that occurs plugging and unplugging regions in
flow rate for slugging? the pipeline. Higher production rate is ideal. Lots of oscillation represents the slugging.
Does low flow rate effect liquid more liquids accumulate when you ramp down with a peak as well.
accumulation?
What is the (8) different liquid optimize flowline and rise size for full ranges of flow rates and operating conditions
slugging mitigation options? pigging to remove liquids in long pipelines
gas lift - wellbore, tree, manifold, riser base
gas recycle
first state separator sizing
slug handling equipment at host facility
run gas lift delivery string inside the riser
flowmanager software system for monitoring and control
choke control in subsea or topside
Where is gas lift applied to? wellbore, tree, manifold, riser base
What are finger slug catcher? -downward pipe for stratified flow
-fingers to separate into a series of pupes
What are four flow regimes to worry homogeneous flow
about when dealing with erosion heterogeneous flow
during production? stratified flow
stationary bed flow
When is sand flow most difficult? When sand flow is going uphill
Which system is more prone to The gas system since it tends to move at higher velocity
erosion?
What is erosion? (geology) the mechanical process of wearing or grinding something down (as by
particles washing over it)
What is problem sand in liquid? gas slug expansion due to sand deposit carried by the liquid which will cause low
pressure and gas expansion resulting in higher velocity for erosion
How does the C-Factor vary for gas C factor increases with gas flow rate where it should be well below the maximum c-
flow rate? factor
How are erosion estimated and what Using the basic models in the SPPS and DNV RP 0501 for simple geometries only and
are the limitations? cannot estimate for complex geometries as well as upstream effects.
What does SPPS stand for and what is Sand Production Pipe Saver is a friendly computer program developed by University of
it? Tulsa, input involves geometry, fluid property, and sand property (rates included)
What is the DNV RP 0501 and what is Tool to calculate erosion for different pipe geometry but only considers oval particles,
the assume particle shape? similar inputs to SPPS
For the NORSOK model how does depends on a combination of erosion and corrosion
the n power vary?
What is the rule of thumb for ID the 3 mm wall thickness for erosion and corrosion allowance.
design for erosion and corrosion?
What is erosion and corrosion a sand, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, water, and process ocnditions
function of?
What is pitting corrosion? localize corrosion that results in internal corrosion (holes) where stainless steel are
more prone. There attacks occurs in acidic solution containing chlorides.
What is crevice corrosion? Corrosion that occurs below a material due to the depletion of oxygen that allows the
area the act as a anode and other parts that has oxygen act as a cathode leading to
corrosion.
Are hydrates flammable and what yes its flammable and looks like snow
does it look like?
What problems do hydrates plugs require costly and time consuming removal , plug removal operations can also be
causes? connected with high risk
Name two hydrate control methods Hydraulic: fluid displacement, depressurization, compression, dense phase, fluid
for each of the following group: displacement
hydraulic, thermal, chemical, and Thermal: insulation, direct electric heating, bundles, heat tracing
process solutions. Chemical: Methonal, Glycols, LDHI, Salt
Process solutions: Water cut reduction, gas dehydration
What are the (3) different types of Thermodynamics, low dosage hydrate inhibitor, anti-agglomerants
hydrates inhibitors? include
mechanism, advantage, disadvantage,
and applications
What is wax? wax is made of natrual components of crude oil mose which is gas, they are mostly
made of long n-alkanes chain and strongly dependent on temperature that leads to
gelling and deposition
Where does wax often accumulate Wax often accumulate at the storage tank due to gravity settling as well as oil cooler
and deposit? topside which requre frequent cleaning
What are (5) wax concerns? wax deposition in well and pipeline
wax deposition in oil cooler topside
wax accumulation in storage tank
gelling in flowlines
pressure transducer malfunction
What is pour point? Point where the wax loses its ability to flow
How does wall roughness effect wax increases the thickness of the wax and dependent on flow pattern and shear stress
formation?
What are the wax control strategies? single phase can be control be regular pigging
medium length multiphase require insulation
long range, no real effective way
What is asphaltenes? falls under the SARA where a fraction of a petroleum fluid that is insoluble in n-alkanes
and soluble in simple aromatics, asphaltenes in not a pure substance, and is different
from fluids to fluids