High Efficiency Video Coding

High Efficiency Video Coding
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), also known as H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2, is a video compression standard, one of several
potential successors to the widely used AVC (H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10). In comparison to AVC, HEVC offers about double the data
compression ratio at the same level of video quality, or substantially improved video quality at the same bit rate. It supports resolutions
up to 81924320, including 8K UHD.
In most ways, HEVC is an extension of the concepts in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Both work by comparing different parts of a frame of
video to find areas that are redundant, both within a single frame as well as subsequent frames. These redundant areas are then
replaced with a short description instead of the original pixels. The primary changes for HEVC include the expansion of the pattern
comparison and difference-coding areas from 1616 pixel to sizes up to 6464, improved variable-block-size segmentation, improved
"intra" prediction within the same picture, improved motion vector prediction and motion region merging, improved motion
compensation filtering, and an additional filtering step called sample-adaptive offset filtering. Effective use of these improvements
requires much more signal processing capability for compressing the video, but has less impact on the amount of computation needed
for decompression.
HEVC was developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), a collaboration between the ISO/IEC MPEG and
ITU-T VCEG. The ISO/IEC group refers to it as MPEG-H Part 2 and the ITU-T as H.265. The first version of the HEVC standard was
ratified in January 2013 and published in June 2013. The second version, with multiview extensions (MV-HEVC), range extensions
(RExt), and scalability extensions (SHVC), was completed and approved in 2014 and published in early 2015. Extensions for 3D video
(3D-HEVC) were completed in early 2015, and extensions for screen content coding (SCC) were completed in early 2016 and
published in early 2017, covering video containing rendered graphics, text, or animation as well as (or instead of) camera-captured
video scenes.
HEVC contains technologies covered by patents owned by the organizations that participated in the JCT-VC. Implementing a device or
software application that uses HEVC may require a license from HEVC patent holders. The ISO/IEC and ITU require companies that
belong to their organizations to offer their patents on Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing (RAND) terms. Patent licenses can
be obtained directly from each patent holder, or through patent licensing bodies, such as MPEG LA, HEVC Advance, and Velos
Media. The combined licensing fees currently offered by all of the patent licensing bodies are higher than for AVC. The licensing fees
are one of the main reasons HEVC adoption has been low on the web and is why some of the largest tech companies (Amazon, AMD,
ARM, Cisco, Google, Intel, Microsoft, Mozilla, Netflix, Nvidia, and more) have joined the Alliance for Open Media,[1] which aims to
finalize the royalty-free alternative video coding format AV1 by the end of 2017.[2]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Previous work
1.2 Standardization
1.3 Patent licensing
1.4 Versions
1.5 Implementations and products
1.5.1 2012
1.5.2 2013
1.5.3 2014
1.5.4 2015
1.5.5 2016
1.5.6 2017
2 Coding efficiency
3 Features
3.1 Video coding layer
3.2 Coding tools
3.2.1 Coding tree unit
3.2.2 Parallel processing tools
3.2.3 Other coding tools
3.2.4 Loop filters
3.2.5 Range extensions
3.2.6 Screen content coding extensions
4 Profiles
4.1 Version 1 profiles
4.1.1 Main
4.1.2 Main 10
4.1.3 Main Still Picture
4.2 Version 2 profiles
4.3 Version 3 and higher profiles
5 Tiers and levels
5.1 Decoded picture buffer
6 Containers
7 Patent license terms
7.1 Provision for costless software
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Citations
9.2 Bibliography
10 External links
History
Previous work
In 2004, the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) began significant study of technology advances that could enable creation of
a new video compression standard (or substantial compression-oriented enhancements of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard).[3] In
October 2004, various techniques for potential enhancement of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard were surveyed. In January 2005, at
the next meeting of VCEG, VCEG began designating certain topics as "Key Technical Areas" (KTA) for further investigation. A
software codebase called the KTA codebase was established for evaluating such proposals.[4] The KTA software was based on the
Joint Model (JM) reference software that was developed by the MPEG & VCEG Joint Video Team for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.
Additional proposed technologies were integrated into the KTA software and tested in experiment evaluations over the next four
years.[5][3][6][7] MPEG and VCEG established a Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) to develop the HEVC
standard.[3][8][9][10]
Two approaches for standardizing enhanced compression technology were considered: either creating a new standard or creating
extensions of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. The project had tentative names H.265 and H.NGVC (Next-generation Video Coding), and was a
major part of the work of VCEG until its evolution into the HEVC joint project with MPEG in 2010.[11][12][13]
The preliminary requirements for NGVC was the capability to have a bit rate reduction of 50% at the same subjective image quality
compared with the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High profile and computational complexity ranging from 1/2 to 3 times that of the High
profile.[13] NGVC would be able to provide 25% bit rate reduction along with 50% reduction in complexity at the same perceived
video quality as the High profile, or to provide greater bit rate reduction with somewhat higher complexity.[13][14]
The ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) started a similar project in 2007, tentatively named High-performance Video
Coding.[15][16] An agreement of getting a bit rate reduction of 50% had been decided as the goal of the project by July 2007.[15] Early
evaluations were performed with modifications of the KTA reference software encoder developed by VCEG.[3] By July 2009,
experimental results showed average bit reduction of around 20% compared with AVC High Profile; these results prompted MPEG to
initiate its standardization effort in collaboration with VCEG.[16]
Standardization
A formal joint Call for Proposals on video compression technology was issued in January 2010 by VCEG and MPEG, and proposals
were evaluated at the first meeting of the MPEG & VCEG Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), which took place in
April 2010. A total of 27 full proposals were submitted.[11][17] Evaluations showed that some proposals could reach the same visual
quality as AVC at only half the bit rate in many of the test cases, at the cost of 210 increase in computational complexity, and some
proposals achieved good subjective quality and bit rate results with lower computational complexity than the reference AVC High
profile encodings. At that meeting, the name High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) was adopted for the joint project.[3][11] Starting at
that meeting, the JCT-VC integrated features of some of the best proposals into a single software codebase and a "Test Model under
Consideration", and performed further experiments to evaluate various proposed features.[3][18] The first working draft specification of
HEVC was produced at the third JCT-VC meeting in October 2010. Many changes in the coding tools and configuration of HEVC
were made in later JCT-VC meetings.[3]
On January 25, 2013, the ITU announced that HEVC had received first stage approval (consent) in the ITU-T Alternative Approval
Process (AAP).[19][20][21] On the same day, MPEG announced that HEVC had been promoted to Final Draft International Standard
(FDIS) status in the MPEG standardization process.[22][23]
On April 13, 2013, HEVC/H.265 was approved as an ITU-T standard.[24][25][26] The standard was formally published by the ITU-T on
June 7, 2013 and by the ISO/IEC on November 25, 2013.[8][7]
On July 11, 2014, MPEG announced that the 2nd edition of HEVC will contain three recently completed extensions which are the
multiview extensions (MV-HEVC), the range extensions (RExt), and the scalability extensions (SHVC).[27]
On October 29, 2014, HEVC/H.265 version 2 was approved as an ITU-T standard.[28][29][30] It was then formally published on
January 12, 2015.[8]
On April 29, 2015, HEVC/H.265 version 3 was approved as an ITU-T standard.[31][32][33]
On June 3, 2016, HEVC/H.265 version 4 was consented in the ITU-T and was not approved during a vote in October 2016.[34][35]
On December 22, 2016, HEVC/H.265 version 4 was approved as an ITU-T standard.[36][37]
Patent licensing
On September 29, 2014, MPEG LA announced their HEVC license which covers the essential patents from 23 companies.[38] The first
100,000 "devices" (which includes software implementations) are royalty free, and after that the fee is $0.20 per device up to an
annual cap of $25 million.[39] This is significantly more expensive than the fees on AVC, which were $0.10 per device, with the same
100,000 waiver, and an annual cap of $6.5 million. MPEG LA does not charge any fee on the content itself, something they had
attempted when initially licensing AVC, but subsequently dropped when content producers refused to pay it.[40] The license has been
expanded to include the profiles in version 2 of the HEVC standard.[41]
When the MPEG LA terms were announced, commenters noted that a number of prominent players were not part of the group. Among
these were AT&T, Microsoft, Nokia, and Motorola. Speculation at the time was that these companies would form their own licensing
pool to compete with or add to the MPEG LA pool. Such a group was formally announced on March 26, 2015 as HEVC Advance.[42]
The terms, covering 500 essential patents, were announced on July 22, 2015, with rates that depend on the country of sale, type of
device, HEVC profile, HEVC extensions, and HEVC optional features. Unlike the MPEG LA terms, HEVC Advance reintroduced
license fees on content encoded with HEVC, through a revenue sharing fee.[43]
The initial HEVC Advance license had a maximum royalty rate of US$2.60 per device for Region 1 countries and a content royalty
rate of 0.5% of the revenue generated from HEVC video services. Region 1 countries in the HEVC Advance license include the United
States, Canada, European Union, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and others. Region 2 countries are countries not listed
in the Region 1 country list. The HEVC Advance license had a maximum royalty rate of US$1.30 per device for Region 2 countries.
Unlike MPEG LA, there was no annual cap. On top of this, HEVC Advance also charged a royalty rate of 0.5% of the revenue
generated from video services encoding content in HEVC.[43]
When they were announced, there was considerable backlash from industry observers about the "unreasonable and greedy" fees on
devices, which were about seven times that of the MPEG LA's fees. Added together, a device would require licenses costing $2.80,
twenty-eight times as expensive as AVC, as well as license fees on the content. This led to calls for "content owners [to] band together
and agree not to license from HEVC Advance".[44] Others argued the rates might cause companies to switch to competing standards
such as Daala and VP9.[45]
On December 18, 2015, HEVC Advance announced changes in the royalty rates. The changes include a reduction in the maximum
royalty rate for Region 1 countries to US$2.03 per device, the creation of annual royalty caps, and a waiving of royalties on content
that is free to end users. The annual royalty caps for a company is US$40 million for devices, US$5 million for content, and US$2
million for optional features.[46]
On February 3, 2016, Technicolor SA announced that they had withdrawn from the HEVC Advance patent pool[47] and would be
directly licensing their HEVC patents.[48]
On November 22, 2016, HEVC Advance announced a major initiative, revising their policy to allow software implementations of
HEVC to be distributed directly to consumer mobile devices and personal computers royalty free, without requiring a patent
license.[49]
On March 31, 2017, Velos Media announced their HEVC license which covers the essential patents from Ericsson, Panasonic,
Qualcomm Incorporated, Sharp, and Sony.[50]
Versions
Versions of the HEVC/H.265 standard using the ITU-T approval dates.[8]
Version 1: (April 13, 2013) First approved version of the HEVC/H.265 standard containing Main, Main 10, and Main Still
Picture profiles.[24][25][26]
Version 2: (October 29, 2014) Second approved version of the HEVC/H.265 standard which adds 21 range extensions profiles,
two scalable extensions profiles, and one multi-view extensions profile.[28][29][30]
Version 3: (April 29, 2015) Third approved version of the HEVC/H.265 standard which adds the 3D Main profile.[31][32][33]
Version 4: (December 22, 2016) Fourth approved version of the HEVC/H.265 standard which adds seven screen content coding
extensions profiles, three high throughput extensions profiles, and four scalable extensions profiles.[51][36][37]
Implementations and pr oducts
2012
On February 29, 2012, at the 2012 Mobile World Congress, Qualcomm demonstrated a HEVC decoder running on an Android tablet,
with a Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 dual-core processor running at 1.5 GHz, showing H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC versions of the
same video content playing side by side. In this demonstration, HEVC reportedly showed almost a 50% bit rate reduction compared
with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[52]
2013
On February 11, 2013, researchers from MIT demonstrated the world's first published HEVC ASIC decoder at the International Solid-
State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) 2013.[53] Their chip was capable of decoding a 38402160p at 30 fps video stream in real time
consuming under 0.1W of power.[54][55]
On April 3, 2013, ATEME announced the availability of the first open source implementation of a HEVC software player based on the
OpenHEVC decoder and GPAC video player which are both licensed under LGPL. The OpenHEVC decoder supports the Main profile
of HEVC and can decode 1080p at 30 fps video using a single core CPU.[56] A live transcoder that supports HEVC and used in
combination with the GPAC video player was shown at the ATEME booth at the NAB Show in April 2013.[56][57]
On July 23, 2013, MulticoreWare announced, and made the source code available for the x265 HEVC Encoder Library under the GPL
v2 license.[58][59]
On August 8, 2013, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone announced the release of their HEVC-1000 SDK software encoder which
supports the Main 10 profile, resolutions up to 7680x4320, and frame rates up to 120 fps.[60]
On November 14, 2013, DivX developers released information on HEVC decoding performance using an Intel i7 CPU at 3.5 GHz
which had 4 cores and 8 threads.[61] The DivX 10.1 Beta decoder was capable of 210.9 fps at 720p, 101.5 fps at 1080p, and 29.6 fps at
4K.[61]
On December 18, 2013, ViXS Systems announced shipments of their XCode 6400 SoC which is the first SoC to support the Main 10
profile of HEVC.[62]
2014
On April 5, 2014, at the NAB show, eBrisk Video, Inc. and Altera Corporation demonstrated an FPGA-accelerated HEVC Main10
encoder that encoded 4Kp60/10-bit video in real-time, using a dual-Xeon E5-2697-v2 platform.[63][64]
On August 13, 2014, Ittiam Systems announces availability of its third generation H.265/HEVC codec with 4:2:2 12-bit support.[65]
On September 5, 2014, the Blu-ray Disc Association announced that the 4K Blu-ray Disc specification will support 4K video at 60 fps,
High Efficiency Video Coding, the Rec. 2020 color space, high dynamic range, and 10-bit color depth.[66][67] 4K Blu-ray Disc will
have a data rate of at least 50 Mbit/s and may include support for 66/100 GB discs.[66][67] 4K Blu-ray Disc will be licensed in the
spring or summer of 2015 and 4K Blu-ray Disc players have an expected release date of late 2015.[66][67]
On September 9, 2014, Apple announced the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus which supports HEVC/H.265 for FaceTime over cellular.[68]
On September 18, 2014, Nvidia released the GeForce GTX 980 (GM204) and GTX 970 (GM204), which includes Nvidia NVENC,
the world's first HEVC hardware encoder in a discrete graphics card.[69]
On October 31, 2014, Microsoft confirmed that Windows 10 will support HEVC out of the box, according to a statement from Gabriel
Aul, the leader of Microsoft Operating Systems Group's Data and Fundamentals Team.[70][71] Windows 10 Technical Preview Build
9860 added platform level support for HEVC and Matroska.[72][73]
On November 3, 2014, Android Lollipop was released with out of the box support for HEVC using Ittiam Systems' software.[74]
2015
On January 5, 2015, ViXS Systems announced the XCode 6800 which is the first SoC to support the Main 12 profile of HEVC.[75]
On January 5, 2015, Nvidia officially announced the Tegra X1 SoC with full fixed-function HEVC hardware decoding.[76][77]
On January 22, 2015, Nvidia released the GeForce GTX 960 (GM206), which includes the world's first full fixed function HEVC
Main/Main10 hardware decoder in a discrete graphics card.[78]
On February 23, 2015, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) announced that their UVD ASIC to be found in the Carrizo APUs would be
the first x86 based CPUs to have a HEVC hardware decoder.[79]
On February 27, 2015, VLC media player version 2.2.0 was released with robust support of HEVC playback. The corresponding
versions on Android and iOS are also able to play HEVC.
On March 31, 2015, VITEC announced the MGW Ace which was the first 100% hardware-based portable HEVC encoder that
provides mobile HEVC encoding.[80]
On August 5, 2015, Intel launched Skylake products with full fixed function Main/8bit decoding/encoding and hybrid/partial
Main10/10bit decoding.
On August 20, 2015, Nvidia released the GeForce GTX 950 (GM206), which includes the full fixed function HEVC Main/Main10
hardware decoder like the GTX 960.
2016
On April 11, 2016, full HEVC (H.265) support was announced in the newest MythTV version (0.28).[81]
On May 27, 2016, Nvidia released the GeForce GTX 1080 (GP104), which includes full fixed function HEVC Main10/Main12
hardware decoder.
On June 10, 2016, Nvidia released the GeForce GTX 1070 (GP104), which includes full fixed function HEVC Main10/Main12
hardware decoder.
On July 19, 2016, Nvidia released the GeForce GTX 1060 (GP106), which includes full fixed function HEVC Main10/Main12
hardware decoder.
On August 2, 2016, Nvidia released the Nvidia Titan X (GP102), which includes full fixed function HEVC Main10/Main12 hardware
decoder.
On August 30, 2016, Intel officially announced 7th generation Core CPUs (Kaby Lake) products with full fixed function HEVC
Main10 hardware decoding support.[82]
On October 25, 2016, Nvidia released the GeForce GTX 1050Ti (GP107) and GeForce GTX 1050 (GP107), which includes full fixed
function HEVC Main10/Main12 hardware decoder.
2017
On January 3, 2017, Intel officially announced 7th generation Core CPUs (Kaby Lake) desktop products with full fixed function
HEVC Main10 hardware decoding support.
On March 10, 2017, Nvidia released the GeForce GTX 1080 Ti (GP102), which includes full fixed function HEVC Main10/Main12
hardware decoder.
On April 6, 2017, Nvidia released the NVIDIA TITAN Xp (GP102), which includes full fixed function HEVC Main10/Main12
hardware decoder.
On May 17, 2017, Nvidia released the GeForce GT 1030 (GP108), which includes full fixed function HEVC Main10/Main12
hardware decoder.
On June 5, 2017, Apple announced HEVC H.265 support in macOS High Sierra, iOS 11, tvOS[83], HTTP Live Streaming[84] and
Safari (web browser)[85].[86]
On June 25, 2017, Microsoft released a free HEVC app extension for Windows 10, enabling some Windows 10 devices with HEVC
decoding hardware to play video using the HEVC format inside any app.[87]
Coding efficiency
The design of most video coding standards is
primarily aimed at having the highest coding
efficiency. Coding efficiency is the ability to
encode video at the lowest possible bit rate while
maintaining a certain level of video quality. There
are two standard ways to measure the coding
efficiency of a video coding standard, which are
to use an objective metric, such as peak signal-to-
noise ratio (PSNR), or to use subjective
assessment of video quality. Subjective
assessment of video quality is considered to be
the most important way to measure a video
coding standard since humans perceive video
quality subjectively.[88]
HEVC benefits from the use of larger coding tree

unit (CTU) sizes. This has been shown in PSNR
tests with a HM-8.0 HEVC encoder where it was
forced to use progressively smaller CTU sizes.
For all test sequences, when compared with a Block Diagram of HEVC
6464 CTU size, it was shown that the HEVC bit
rate increased by 2.2% when forced to use a
3232 CTU size, and increased by 11.0% when forced to use a 1616 CTU size. In the Class A test sequences, where the resolution of
the video was 25601600, when compared with a 6464 CTU size, it was shown that the HEVC bit rate increased by 5.7% when
forced to use a 3232 CTU size, and increased by 28.2% when forced to use a 1616 CTU size. The tests showed that large CTU sizes
increase coding efficiency while also reducing decoding time.[88]
The HEVC Main Profile (MP) has been compared in coding efficiency to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High Profile (HP), MPEG-4 Advanced
Simple Profile (ASP), H.263 High Latency Profile (HLP), and H.262/MPEG-2 Main Profile (MP). The video encoding was done for
entertainment applications and twelve different bitrates were made for the nine video test sequences with a HM-8.0 HEVC encoder
being used. Of the nine video test sequences, five were at HD resolution, while four were at WVGA (800480) resolution. The bit rate
reductions for HEVC were determined based on PSNR with HEVC having a bit rate reduction of 35.4% compared with H.264/MPEG-
4 AVC HP, 63.7% compared with MPEG-4 ASP, 65.1% compared with H.263 HLP, and 70.8% compared with H.262/MPEG-2
MP.[88]
HEVC MP has also been compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP for subjective video quality. The video encoding was done for
entertainment applications and four different bitrates were made for nine video test sequences with a HM-5.0 HEVC encoder being
used. The subjective assessment was done at an earlier date than the PSNR comparison and so it used an earlier version of the HEVC
encoder that had slightly lower performance. The bit rate reductions were determined based on subjective assessment using mean
opinion score values. The overall subjective bitrate reduction for HEVC MP compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP was 49.3%.[88]
cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL) did a study to evaluate the subjective video quality of HEVC at resolutions higher
than HDTV. The study was done with three videos with resolutions of 38401744 at 24 fps, 38402048 at 30 fps, and 38402160 at
30 fps. The five second video sequences showed people on a street, traffic, and a scene from the open source computer animated
movie Sintel. The video sequences were encoded at five different bitrates using the HM-6.1.1 HEVC encoder and the JM-18.3
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC encoder. The subjective bit rate reductions were determined based on subjective assessment using mean opinion
score values. The study compared HEVC MP with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP and showed that, for HEVC MP, the average bitrate
reduction based on PSNR was 44.4%, while the average bitrate reduction based on subjective video quality was 66.5%.[89][90][91][92]
In a HEVC performance comparison released in April 2013, the HEVC MP and Main 10 Profile (M10P) were compared with
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP and High 10 Profile (H10P) using 38402160 video sequences. The video sequences were encoded using the
HM-10.0 HEVC encoder and the JM-18.4 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC encoder. The average bit rate reduction based on PSNR was 45% for
inter frame video.
In a video encoder comparison released in December 2013, the HM-10.0 HEVC encoder was compared with the x264 encoder
(version r2334) and the VP9 encoder (version v1.2.0-3088-ga81bd12). The comparison used the Bjntegaard-Delta bit-rate (BD-BR)
measurement method, in which negative values tell how much lower the bit rate is reduced, and positive values tell how much the bit
rate is increased for the same PSNR. In the comparison, the HM-10.0 HEVC encoder had the highest coding efficiency and, on
average, to get the same objective quality, the x264 encoder needed to increase the bit rate by 66.4%, while the VP9 encoder needed to
increase the bit rate by 79.4%.[93]
Subjective video performance comparison[94]
Video Average bit rate reduction
coding compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP
standard 480p 720p 1080p 2160p
HEVC 52% 56% 62% 64%
In a subjective video performance comparison released in May 2014, the JCT-VC compared the HEVC Main profile to the
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC High profile. The comparison used mean opinion score values and was conducted by the BBC and the
University of the West of Scotland. The video sequences were encoded using the HM-12.1 HEVC encoder and the JM-18.5
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC encoder. The comparison used a range of resolutions and the average bit rate reduction for HEVC was 59%. The
average bit rate reduction for HEVC was 52% for 480p, 56% for 720p, 62% for 1080p, and 64% for 4K UHD.[94]
In a subjective video codec comparison released in August 2014 by the EPFL, the HM-15.0 HEVC encoder was compared with the
VP9 1.2.05183 encoder and the JM-18.8 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC encoder. Four 4K resolutions sequences were encoded at five different
bit rates with the encoders set to use an intra period of one second. In the comparison, the HM-15.0 HEVC encoder had the highest
coding efficiency and, on average, for the same subjective quality the bit rate could be reduced by 49.4% compared with the VP9
1.2.05183 encoder, and it could be reduced by 52.6% compared with the JM-18.8 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC encoder.[95][96][97]
In August, 2016, Netflix published the results of a large-scale study comparing the leading open-source HEVC encoder, x265, with the
leading open-source AVC encoder, x264 and the reference VP9 encoder, libvpx.[98] Using their advanced Video Multimethod
Assessment Fusion (VMAF) video quality measurement tool, Netflix found that x265 delivered identical quality at bit rates ranging
from 35.4% to 53.3% lower than x264, and from 17.8% to 21.8% lower than VP9.[99]
Features
HEVC was designed to substantially improve coding efficiency compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC HP, i.e. to reduce bitrate
requirements by half with comparable image quality, at the expense of increased computational complexity.[3] HEVC was designed
with the goal of allowing video content to have a data compression ratio of up to 1000:1.[100] Depending on the application
requirements, HEVC encoders can trade off computational complexity, compression rate, robustness to errors, and encoding delay
time.[3] Two of the key features where HEVC was improved compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC was support for higher resolution
video and improved parallel processing methods.[3]
HEVC is targeted at next-generation HDTV displays and content capture systems which feature progressive scanned frame rates and
display resolutions from QVGA (320x240) to 4320p (7680x4320), as well as improved picture quality in terms of noise level, color
spaces, and dynamic range.[14][101][102][103]
Video coding layer
The HEVC video coding layer uses the same "hybrid" approach used in all modern video standards, starting from H.261, in that it uses
inter-/intra-picture prediction and 2D transform coding.[3] A HEVC encoder first proceeds by splitting a picture into block shaped
regions for the first picture, or the first picture of a random access point, which uses intra-picture prediction.[3] Intra-picture prediction
is when the prediction of the blocks in the picture is based only on the information in that picture.[3] For all other pictures, inter-picture
prediction is used, in which prediction information is used from other pictures.[3] After the prediction methods are finished and the
picture goes through the loop filters, the final picture representation is stored in the decoded picture buffer.[3] Pictures stored in the
decoded picture buffer can be used for the prediction of other pictures.[3]
HEVC was designed with the idea that progressive scan video would be used and no coding tools were added specifically for
interlaced video.[3] Interlace specific coding tools, such as MBAFF and PAFF, are not supported in HEVC.[104] HEVC instead sends
metadata that tells how the interlaced video was sent.[3] Interlaced video may be sent either by coding each frame as a separate picture
or by coding each field as a separate picture.[3] For interlaced video HEVC can change between frame coding and field coding using
Sequence Adaptive Frame Field (SAFF), which allows the coding mode to be changed for each video sequence.[105] This allows
interlaced video to be sent with HEVC without needing special interlaced decoding processes to be added to HEVC decoders.[3]
Color spaces
The HEVC standard supports color spaces such as generic film, NTSC, PAL, Rec. 601, Rec. 709, Rec. 2020, SMPTE 170M,
SMPTE 240M, sRGB, sYCC, xvYCC, XYZ, and externally specified color spaces.[8] HEVC supports color encoding representations
such as RGB, YCbCr, and YCoCg.[8]
Coding tools
Coding tree unit
HEVC replaces 1616 pixel macroblocks, which were used with previous standards, with coding tree units (CTUs) which can use
larger block structures of up to 64x64 samples and can better sub-partition the picture into variable sized structures.[3][106] HEVC
initially divides the picture into CTUs which can be 6464, 3232, or 1616 with a larger pixel block size usually increasing the
coding efficiency.[3]
Parallel processing tools
Tiles allow for the picture to be divided into a grid of rectangular regions that can independently be decoded/encoded. The main
purpose of tiles is to allow for parallel processing.[3] Tiles can be independently decoded and can even allow for random access
to specific regions of a picture in a video stream.[3]
Wavefront parallel processing (WPP) is when a slice is divided into rows of CTUs in which the first row is decoded normally
but each additional row requires that decisions be made in the previous row.[3] WPP has the entropy encoder use information
from the preceding row of CTUs and allows for a method of parallel processing that may allow for better compression than
tiles.[3]
Tiles and WPP are allowed, but are optional.[3][8] If tiles are present, they must be at least 64 pixels high and 256 pixels wide
with a level specific limit on the number of tiles allowed.[3][8]
Slices can, for the most part, be decoded independently from each other with the main purpose of tiles being the re-
synchronization in case of data loss in the video stream.[3] Slices can be defined as self-contained in that prediction is not made
across slice boundaries.[3] When in-loop filtering is done on a picture though, information across slice boundaries may be
required.[3] Slices are CTUs decoded in the order of the raster scan, and different coding types can be used for slices such as I
types, P types, or B types.[3]
Dependent slices can allow for data related to tiles or WPP to be accessed more quickly by the system than if the entire slice had
to be decoded.[3] The main purpose of dependent slices is to allow for low-delay video encoding due to its lower latency.[3]
Other coding tools
Entropy coding
HEVC uses a context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) algorithm that is fundamentally similar to CABAC in
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[3] CABAC is the only entropy encoder method that is allowed in HEVC while there are two entropy encoder
methods allowed by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[3] CABAC and the entropy coding of transform coefficients in HEVC were designed for a
higher throughput than H.264/MPEG-4 AVC,[107] while maintaining higher compression efficiency for larger transform block sizes
relative to simple extensions.[108] For instance, the number of context coded bins have been reduced by 8 and the CABAC bypass-
mode has been improved in terms of its design to increase throughput.[3][107][109] Another improvement with HEVC is that the
dependencies between the coded data has been changed to further increase throughput.[3][107] Context modeling in HEVC has also
been improved so that CABAC can better select a context that increases efficiency when compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[3]
Intra prediction
HEVC specifies 33 directional modes for intra prediction compared with the 8 directional
modes for intra prediction specified by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC.[3] HEVC also specifies DC intra
prediction and planar prediction modes.[3] The DC intra prediction mode generates a mean
value by averaging reference samples and can be used for flat surfaces.[3] The planar prediction
mode in HEVC supports all block sizes defined in HEVC while the planar prediction mode in
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is limited to a block size of 16x16 pixels.[3] The intra prediction modes
use data from neighboring prediction blocks that have been previously decoded from within the
same picture.[3]
Motion compensation
For the interpolation of fractional luma sample positions HEVC uses separable application of
HEVC has 33 intra prediction modes
one-dimensional half-sample interpolation with an 8-tap filter or quarter-sample interpolation
with a 7-tap filter while, in comparison, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC uses a two-stage process that
first derives values at half-sample positions using separable one-dimensional 6-tap interpolation followed by integer rounding and then
applies linear interpolation between values at nearby half-sample positions to generate values at quarter-sample positions.[3] HEVC
has improved precision due to the longer interpolation filter and the elimination of the intermediate rounding error.[3] For 4:2:0 video,
the chroma samples are interpolated with separable one-dimensional 4-tap filtering to generate eighth-sample precision, while in
comparison H.264/MPEG-4 AVC uses only a 2-tap bilinear filter (also with eighth-sample precision).[3]
As in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, weighted prediction in HEVC can be used either with uni-prediction (in which a single prediction value is
used) or bi-prediction (in which the prediction values from two prediction blocks are combined).[3]
Motion vector prediction
HEVC defines a signed 16-bit range for both horizontal and vertical motion vectors (MVs).[8][110][111][112] This was added to HEVC
at the July 2012 HEVC meeting with the mvLX variables.[8][110][111][112] HEVC horizontal/vertical MVs have a range of 32768 to
32767 which given the quarter pixel precision used by HEVC allows for a MV range of 8192 to 8191.75 luma
samples.[8][110][111][112] This compares to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC which allows for a horizontal MV range of 2048 to 2047.75 luma
samples and a vertical MV range of 512 to 511.75 luma samples.[111]
HEVC allows for two MV modes which are Advanced Motion Vector Prediction (AMVP) and merge mode.[3] AMVP uses data from
the reference picture and can also use data from adjacent prediction blocks.[3] The merge mode allows for the MVs to be inherited
from neighboring prediction blocks.[3] Merge mode in HEVC is similar to "skipped" and "direct" motion inference modes in
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC but with two improvements.[3] The first improvement is that HEVC uses index information to select one of
several available candidates.[3] The second improvement is that HEVC uses information from the reference picture list and reference
picture index.[3]
Inverse transforms
HEVC specifies four transform units (TUs) sizes of 4x4, 8x8, 16x16, and 32x32 to code the prediction residual.[3] A CTB may be
recursively partitioned into 4 or more TUs.[3] TUs use integer basis functions that are similar to the discrete cosine transform (DCT).[3]
In addition 4x4 luma transform blocks that belong to an intra coded region are transformed using an integer transform that is derived
from discrete sine transform (DST).[3] This provides a 1% bit rate reduction but was restricted to 4x4 luma transform blocks due to
marginal benefits for the other transform cases.[3] Chroma uses the same TU sizes as luma so there is no 2x2 transform for chroma.[3]
Loop filters
HEVC specifies two loop filters that are applied sequentially, with the deblocking filter (DBF) applied first and the sample adaptive
offset (SAO) filter applied afterwards.[3] Both loop filters are applied in the inter-picture prediction loop, i.e. the filtered image is
stored in the decoded picture buffer (DPB) as a reference for inter-picture prediction.[3]
Deblocking filter
The DBF is similar to the one used by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC but with a simpler design and better support for parallel processing.[3] In
HEVC the DBF only applies to a 8x8 sample grid while with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC the DBF applies to a 4x4 sample grid.[3] DBF uses
a 8x8 sample grid since it causes no noticeable degradation and significantly improves parallel processing because the DBF no longer
causes cascading interactions with other operations.[3] Another change is that HEVC only allows for three DBF strengths of 0 to 2.[3]
HEVC also requires that the DBF first apply horizontal filtering for vertical edges to the picture and only after that does it apply
vertical filtering for horizontal edges to the picture.[3] This allows for multiple parallel threads to be used for the DBF.[3]
Sample adaptive offset
The SAO filter is applied after the DBF and is designed to allow for better reconstruction of the original signal amplitudes by applying
offsets stored in a lookup table in the bitstream.[3][113] Per CTB the SAO filter can be disabled or applied in one of two modes: edge
offset mode or band offset mode.[3][113] The edge offset mode operates by comparing the value of a sample to two of its eight
neighbors using one of four directional gradient patterns.[3][113] Based on a comparison with these two neighbors, the sample is
classified into one of five categories: minimum, maximum, an edge with the sample having the lower value, an edge with the sample
having the higher value, or monotonic.[3][113] For each of the first four categories an offset is applied.[3][113] The band offset mode
applies an offset based on the amplitude of a single sample.[3][113] A sample is categorized by its amplitude into one of 32 bands
(histogram bins).[3][113] Offsets are specified for four consecutive of the 32 bands, because in flat areas which are prone to banding
artifacts, sample amplitudes tend to be clustered in a small range.[3][113] The SAO filter was designed to increase picture quality,
reduce banding artifacts, and reduce ringing artifacts.[3][113]
Range extensions
Additional coding tool options have been added in the range extensions.[8] This includes new definitions of profiles and levels:
Profiles supporting bit depths beyond 10 bits per sample.[8] Profiles that support a range of bit depths can use different bit depths
for luma and chroma with YCbCr color spaces.[8]
Profiles that support 4:0:0 (monochrome), 4:2:2 (half-horizontal chroma resolution), and 4:4:4 (full chroma resolution) chroma
sampling.[8]
Additional profiles supporting only all-intra coding and only still-picture coding for applications that do not need inter-picture
(temporal) prediction.[8]
The Still Picture profiles can use an unbounded level, level 8.5, for which no limit is imposed on the picture size.[8] Decoders for
level 8.5 are not required to decode all level 8.5 bitstreams, since some may exceed their picture size capability.[8]
Within these new profiles are enhanced coding features that include:
High precision weighted prediction uses an increased precision for weighted prediction that increases the coding efficiency for
fading video scenes at high bit depths.[114]
Cross-component prediction, using prediction between the chroma/luma components to improve coding efficiency.[8] The
reduction in bit rate can be up to 7% for YCbCr 4:4:4 video and up to 26% for RGB video.[114][115] RGB video has a larger
reduction in bit rate due to the greater correlation between the components.[8]
Intra smoothing disabling, allowing the neighbor region filtering process ordinarily applied in intra prediction to be disabled.[8]
Persistent Rice adaptation, using a Rice coding parameter derivation for entropy coding that has memory that persists across
transform coefficient sub-block boundaries.[8]
Modifications of transform skip mode processing:
Residual DPCM (RDPCM), allowing a vertical or horizontal spatial-predictive coding of residual data in transform skip
and transform-quantization bypass blocks (which can be selected for use in intra blocks, inter blocks, or both).[8]
Transform skip block size flexibility, supporting block sizes up to 32x32 (versus only 4x4 support in version 1).[8]
Transform skip rotation, allowing the encoder to indicate a rotation of residual data for 4x4 transform skip blocks.[8]
Transform skip context enabling, using a separate context for entropy coding the indication of which blocks are coded
using transform skipping.[8]
Extended precision processing, using an extended dynamic range for inter prediction interpolation and inverse transform.[8]
CABAC bypass alignment, allowing for the alignment of the data to a byte boundary before bypass decoding is supported in the
High Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra profile.[8]
The second version of HEVC adds several supplemental enhancement information (SEI) messages which include:
Color remapping information SEI message, provides information on remapping from one color space to a different color
space.[8] An example would be to preserve the artistic intent when converting wide color gamut (WCG) video from the Rec.
2020 color space for output on a Rec. 709 display.[116] The color remapping information SEI message was proposed for future
UHDTV applications.[116] Multiple color remapping processes can be supported for different display scenarios.[8]
Knee function information SEI message, provides information on how to convert from one dynamic range to a different dynamic
range.[8] An example would be to compress the upper range of high dynamic range (HDR) video that has a luminance level of
800 cd/m2 for output on a 100 cd/m2 display.[117] Multiple knee function processes can be supported for different display
scenarios.[8]
Mastering display color volume SEI message, provides information on the color primaries and dynamic range of the display that
was used to author the video.[8]
Time code SEI message, provides information on the time of origin when the video was recorded.[8]
Screen content coding extensions
Additional coding tool options have been added in the March 2016 draft of the screen content coding (SCC) extensions:[118]
Adaptive color transform.[118]

Adaptive motion vector resolution.[118]
Intra block copying.[118]
Palette mode.[118]
The ITU-T version of the standard that added the SCC extensions (approved in December 2016 and published in March 2017) also
contains support for the HDR video formats in ITU-R BT.2100, including the Perceptual Quantizer (PQ) and Hybrid Log-Gamma
(HLG) transfer functions and the ICtCp color matrix as well as conventional YCbCr.[51]
The fourth version of HEVC adds several supplemental enhancement information (SEI) messages which include:
Alternative transfer characteristics information SEI message, provides information on the preferred transfer function to use.[118]
The primary use case for this would be to deliver HLG video in a way that would be backward compatible with legacy
devices.[119]
Ambient viewing environment SEI message, provides information on the ambient light of the viewing environment that was
used to author the video.[118][120]
Profiles
Version 1 of the HEVC standard defines three profiles: Main, Main 10, and Main Still Picture.[8] Version 2 of HEVC adds 21 range
extensions profiles, two scalable extensions profiles, and one multi-view profile.[8] HEVC also contains provisions for additional
profiles.[8] Extensions that were added to HEVC include increased bit depth, 4:2:2/4:4:4 chroma sampling, Multiview Video Coding
(MVC), and Scalable Video Coding (SVC).[3][121] The HEVC range extensions, HEVC scalable extensions, and HEVC multi-view
extensions were completed in July 2014.[122][123][124][124] In July 2014 a draft of the second version of HEVC was released.[122]
Screen content coding (SCC) extensions are under development for screen content video, which contains text and graphics, with an
expected final draft release date of 2015.[125][126]
A profile is a defined set of coding tools that can be used to create a bitstream that conforms to that profile.[3] An encoder for a profile
may choose which coding tools to use as long as it generates a conforming bitstream while a decoder for a profile must support all
coding tools that can be used in that profile.[3]
Feature support in some of the video profiles[8]

Version 1 Version 2
Feature Main Main Main Main Main 4:4:4 16
Main Main 4:4:4 Main 4:4:4 10 Main 4:4:4 12
10 12 4:2:2 10 4:2:2 12 Intra
8 to 8 to
Bit depth 8 8 to 10 8 to 12 8 8 to 10 8 to 12 8 to 16
10 12
Chroma
sampling 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0 4:2:0/4:2:2 4:2:0/4:2:2 4:2:0/4:2:2/4:4:4 4:2:0/4:2:2/4:4:4 4:2:0/4:2:2/4:4:4 4:2:0/4:2:2/4:4:4
formats
4:0:0
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Monochrome)
High precision
weighted No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
prediction
Chroma QP
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
offset list
Cross-
component No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
prediction
Intra
smoothing No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
disabling
Persistent Rice
No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
adaptation
RDPCM
implicit/explicit
Transform skip
block sizes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
larger than 4x4
Transform skip
context/rotation
Extended
precision No No No No No No No No Yes
processing
Version 1 profiles
Main
The Main profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with 4:2:0 chroma sampling, which is the most common type of video
used with consumer devices.[3][8][123]
Main 10
The Main 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 10-bits per sample with 4:2:0 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to
the Main 10 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles: Main and Main 10.[8] A higher bit depth
allows for a greater number of colors. 8-bits per sample allows for 256 shades per primary color (a total of 16.78 million colors) while
10-bits per sample allows for 1024 shades per primary color (a total of 1.07 billion colors). A higher bit depth allows for a smoother
transition of color which resolves the problem known as color banding.[127][128]
The Main 10 profile allows for improved video quality since it can support video with a higher bit depth than what is supported by the
Main profile.[129] Additionally, in the Main 10 profile 8-bit video can be coded with a higher bit depth of 10-bits, which allows
improved coding efficiency compared to the Main profile.[130][131][132][133]
Ericsson has stated that the Main 10 profile will bring the benefits of 10-bits per sample video to consumer TV. They also state that for
higher resolutions there is no bit rate penalty for encoding video at 10-bits per sample.[127] Imagination Technologies states that 10-
bits per sample video will allow for larger color spaces and is required for the Rec. 2020 color space that will be used by UHDTV.
They also state that the Rec. 2020 color space will drive the widespread adoption of 10-bits per sample video.[128][134]
In a PSNR based performance comparison released in April 2013 the Main 10 profile was compared to the Main profile using a set of
38402160 10-bit video sequences. The 10-bit video sequences were converted to 8-bits for the Main profile and remained at 10-bits
for the Main 10 profile. The reference PSNR was based on the original 10-bit video sequences. In the performance comparison the
Main 10 profile provided a 5% bit rate reduction for inter frame video coding compared to the Main profile. The performance
comparison states that for the tested video sequences the Main 10 profile outperformed the Main profile.[130] The Main 10 profile was
added at the October 2012 HEVC meeting based on proposal JCTVC-K0109 which proposed that a 10-bit profile be added to HEVC
for consumer applications. The proposal stated that this was to allow for improved video quality and to support the Rec. 2020 color
space that has become widely used in UHDTV systems and to be able to deliver higher dynamic range and color fidelity avoiding the
banding artifacts. A variety of companies supported the proposal which included ATEME, BBC, BSkyB, CISCO, DirecTV, Ericsson,
Motorola Mobility, NGCodec, NHK, RAI, ST, SVT, Thomson Video Networks, Technicolor, and ViXS Systems.[129]
Main Still Picture
The Main Still Picture profile allows for a single still picture to be encoded with the same constraints as the Main profile. As a subset
of the Main profile the Main Still Picture profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with 4:2:0 chroma sampling.[3][8][123] An
objective performance comparison was done in April 2012 in which HEVC reduced the average bit rate for images by 56% compared
to JPEG.[135] A PSNR based performance comparison for still image compression was done in May 2012 using the HEVC HM 6.0
encoder and the reference software encoders for the other standards. For still images HEVC reduced the average bit rate by 15.8%
compared to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, 22.6% compared to JPEG 2000, 30.0% compared to JPEG XR, 31.0% compared to WebP, and
43.0% compared to JPEG.[136]
A performance comparison for still image compression was done in January 2013 using the HEVC HM 8.0rc2 encoder, Kakadu
version 6.0 for JPEG 2000, and IJG version 6b for JPEG. The performance comparison used PSNR for the objective assessment and
mean opinion score (MOS) values for the subjective assessment. The subjective assessment used the same test methodology and
images as those used by the JPEG committee when it evaluated JPEG XR. For 4:2:0 chroma sampled images the average bit rate
reduction for HEVC compared to JPEG 2000 was 20.26% for PSNR and 30.96% for MOS while compared to JPEG it was 61.63% for
PSNR and 43.10% for MOS.[137]
Comparison of standards for still image compression based on

equal PSNR and MOS[137]
Still image coding Average bit rate reduction compared to
standard (test method) JPEG 2000 JPEG
HEVC (PSNR) 20.26% 61.63%
HEVC (MOS) 30.96% 43.10%
A PSNR based HEVC performance comparison for still image compression was done in April 2013 by Nokia. HEVC has a larger
performance improvement for higher resolution images than lower resolution images and a larger performance improvement for lower
bit rates than higher bit rates. For lossy compression to get the same PSNR as HEVC took on average 1.4 more bits with JPEG 2000,
1.6 more bits with JPEG-XR, and 2.3 more bits with JPEG.[138]
A compression efficiency study of HEVC, JPEG, JPEG XR, and WebP was done in October 2013 by Mozilla. The study showed that
HEVC was significantly better at compression than the other image formats that were tested. Four different methods for comparing
image quality were used in the study which were Y-SSIM, RGB-SSIM, IW-SSIM, and PSNR-HVS-M.[139][140]
Version 2 profiles
Version 2 of HEVC adds 21 range extensions profiles, two scalable extensions profiles, and one multi-view profile: Monochrome,
Monochrome 12, Monochrome 16, Main 12, Main 4:2:2 10, Main 4:2:2 12, Main 4:4:4, Main 4:4:4 10, Main 4:4:4 12,
Monochrome 12 Intra, Monochrome 16 Intra, Main 12 Intra, Main 4:2:2 10 Intra, Main 4:2:2 12 Intra, Main 4:4:4 Intra,
Main 4:4:4 10 Intra, Main 4:4:4 12 Intra, Main 4:4:4 16 Intra, Main 4:4:4 Still Picture, Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture, High
Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra, Scalable Main, Scalable Main 10, and Multiview Main.[8][141] All of the inter frame range extensions
profiles have an Intra profile.[8]
Monochrome
The Monochrome profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 chroma sampling.[8]
Monochrome 12
The Monochrome 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 12-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 chroma sampling.[8]
Monochrome 16
The Monochrome 16 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 16-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 chroma sampling. HEVC
decoders that conform to the Monochrome 16 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles:
Monochrome, Monochrome 12, and Monochrome 16.[8]
Main 12
The Main 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 12-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 and 4:2:0 chroma sampling. HEVC
decoders that conform to the Main 12 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles: Monochrome,
Monochrome 12, Main, Main 10, and Main 12.[8]
Main 4:2:2 10
The Main 4:2:2 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 10-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, and 4:2:2 chroma
sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Main 4:2:2 10 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following
profiles: Monochrome, Main, Main 10, and Main 4:2:2 10.[8]
Main 4:2:2 12
The Main 4:2:2 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 12-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, and 4:2:2 chroma
profiles: Monochrome, Monochrome 12, Main, Main 10, Main 12, Main 4:2:2 10, and Main 4:2:2 12.[8]
Main 4:4:4
The Main 4:4:4 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling.
HEVC decoders that conform to the Main 4:4:4 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles:
Monochrome, Main, and Main 4:4:4.[8]
Main 4:4:4 10
The Main 4:4:4 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 10-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma
profiles: Monochrome, Main, Main 10, Main 4:2:2 10, Main 4:4:4, and Main 4:4:4 10.[8]
Main 4:4:4 12
The Main 4:4:4 12 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 12-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma
profiles: Monochrome, Main, Main 10, Main 12, Main 4:2:2 10, Main 4:2:2 12, Main 4:4:4, Main 4:4:4 10, Main 4:4:4 12, and
Monochrome 12.[8]
Main 4:4:4 16 Intra
The Main 4:4:4 16 Intra profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 16-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4
chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Main 4:4:4 16 Intra profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with
the following profiles: Monochrome Intra, Monochrome 12 Intra, Monochrome 16 Intra, Main Intra, Main 10 Intra, Main 12 Intra,
Main 4:2:2 10 Intra, Main 4:2:2 12 Intra, Main 4:4:4 Intra, Main 4:4:4 10 Intra, and Main 4:4:4 12 Intra.[8]
High Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra
The High Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 16-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2,
and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The High Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra profile has an HbrFactor 12 times higher than other HEVC profiles
allowing it to have a maximum bit rate 12 times higher than the Main 4:4:4 16 Intra profile.[8][142] The High Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra
profile is designed for high end professional content creation and decoders for this profile are not required to support other
profiles.[142]
Main 4:4:4 Still Picture
The Main 4:4:4 Still Picture profile allows for a single still picture to be encoded with the same constraints as the Main 4:4:4 profile.
As a subset of the Main 4:4:4 profile the Main 4:4:4 Still Picture profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with support for
4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling.[8]
Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture
The Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture profile allows for a single still picture to be encoded with the same constraints as the Main 4:4:4 16
Intra profile. As a subset of the Main 4:4:4 16 Intra profile the Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 16-
bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling.[8]
Scalable Main
The Scalable Main profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Main profile of HEVC.[8]
Scalable Main 10
The Scalable Main 10 profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Main 10 profile of HEVC.[8]
Multiview Main
The Multiview Main profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Main profile of HEVC.[8]
Version 3 and higher pr ofiles
Version 3 of HEVC added one 3D profile: 3D Main. The February 2016 draft of the screen content coding extensions added seven
screen content coding extensions profiles, three high throughput extensions profiles, and four scalable extensions profiles: Screen-
Extended Main, Screen-Extended Main 10, Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4, Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10, Screen-Extended
High Throughput 4:4:4, Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10, Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14, High
Throughput 4:4:4, High Throughput 4:4:4 10, High Throughput 4:4:4 14, Scalable Monochrome, Scalable Monochrome 12,
Scalable Monochrome 16, and Scalable Main 4:4:4.[8][118]
3D Main
The 3D Main profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Main profile of HEVC.[8]
Screen-Extended Main
The Screen-Extended Main profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 and 4:2:0 chroma sampling.
HEVC decoders that conform to the Screen-Extended Main profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following
profiles: Monochrome, Main, and Screen-Extended Main.[118]
Screen-Extended Main 10
The Screen-Extended Main 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 10-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0 and 4:2:0 chroma
sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Screen-Extended Main 10 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with
the following profiles: Monochrome, Main, Main 10, Screen-Extended Main, and Screen-Extended Main 10.[118]
Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4
The Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4
chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams
made with the following profiles: Monochrome, Main, Main 4:4:4, Screen-Extended Main, and Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4.[118]
Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10
The Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 10-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2,
and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. HEVC decoders that conform to the Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10 profile must be capable of decoding
bitstreams made with the following profiles: Monochrome, Main, Main 10, Main 4:2:2 10, Main 4:4:4, Main 4:4:4 10, Screen-
Extended Main, Screen-Extended Main 10, Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4, and Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10.[118]
Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4

The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and
4:4:4 chroma sampling. The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than most inter frame
HEVC profiles allowing it to have a maximum bit rate 6 times higher than the Main 4:4:4 profile. HEVC decoders that conform to the
Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles:
Monochrome, Main, Main 4:4:4, Screen-Extended Main, Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4, Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4, and
High Throughput 4:4:4.[118]
Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10
The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 10-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0,
4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than
most inter frame HEVC profiles allowing it to have a maximum bit rate 6 times higher than the Main 4:4:4 10 profile. HEVC decoders
that conform to the Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the
following profiles: Monochrome, Main, Main 10, Main 4:2:2 10, Main 4:4:4, Main 4:4:4 10, Screen-Extended Main, Screen-Extended
Main 10, Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4, Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10, Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4, Screen-Extended
High Throughput 4:4:4 10, High Throughput 4:4:4, and High Throughput 4:4:4.[118]
Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14
The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 14-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0,
4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling. The Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than
most inter frame HEVC profiles. HEVC decoders that conform to the Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile must be
capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles: Monochrome, Main, Main 10, Main 4:2:2 10, Main 4:4:4, Main
4:4:4 10, Screen-Extended Main, Screen-Extended Main 10, Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4, Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10, Screen-
Extended High Throughput 4:4:4, Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10, Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14, High
Throughput 4:4:4, High Throughput 4:4:4 10, and High Throughput 4:4:4 14.[118]
High Throughput 4:4:4
The High Throughput 4:4:4 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma
sampling. The High Throughput 4:4:4 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than most inter frame HEVC profiles allowing it to have
a maximum bit rate 6 times higher than the Main 4:4:4 profile. HEVC decoders that conform to the High Throughput 4:4:4 profile
must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles: High Throughput 4:4:4.[118]
High Throughput 4:4:4 10
The High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 10-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and
4:4:4 chroma sampling. The High Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than most inter frame HEVC profiles
allowing it to have a maximum bit rate 6 times higher than the Main 4:4:4 10 profile. HEVC decoders that conform to the High
Throughput 4:4:4 10 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the following profiles: High Throughput 4:4:4 and
High Throughput 4:4:4 10.[118]
High Throughput 4:4:4 14
The High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile allows for a bit depth of 8-bits to 14-bits per sample with support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2, and
4:4:4 chroma sampling. The High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile has an HbrFactor 6 times higher than most inter frame HEVC profiles.
HEVC decoders that conform to the High Throughput 4:4:4 14 profile must be capable of decoding bitstreams made with the
following profiles: High Throughput 4:4:4, High Throughput 4:4:4 10, and High Throughput 4:4:4 14.[118]
Scalable Monochrome
The Scalable Monochrome profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Monochrome profile of HEVC.[118]
Scalable Monochrome 12
The Scalable Monochrome 12 profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Monochrome 12 profile of HEVC.[118]
Scalable Monochrome 16
The Scalable Monochrome 16 profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Monochrome 16 profile of HEVC.[118]
Scalable Main 4:4:4
The Scalable Main 4:4:4 profile allows for a base layer that conforms to the Main 4:4:4 profile of HEVC.[118]
Tiers and levels

The HEVC standard defines two tiers, Main and High, and thirteen levels. A level is a set of constraints for a bitstream. For levels
below level 4 only the Main tier is allowed. The Main tier is a lower tier than the High tier. The tiers were made to deal with
applications that differ in terms of their maximum bit rate. The Main tier was designed for most applications while the High tier was
designed for very demanding applications. A decoder that conforms to a given tier/level is required to be capable of decoding all
bitstreams that are encoded for that tier/level and for all lower tiers/levels.[3][8]
Tiers and levels with maximum property values[8]

Example picture resolution @
Max bit rate for Main
highest frame rate[B]
Max luma sample rate Max luma picture size and Main 10 profiles (kbit/s)[A]
Level
(samples/s) (samples) (MaxDpbSize[C])
Main tier High tier More/Fewer examples
12896@33.7 (6)
1 552,960 36,864 128
176144@15.0 (6)
176144@100.0 (16)
2 3,686,400 122,880 1,500
352288@30.0 (6)
352288@60.0 (12)
2.1 7,372,800 245,760 3,000
640360@30.0 (6)
640360@67.5 (12)
3 16,588,800 552,960 6,000 720576@37.5 (8)
960540@30.0 (6)
720576@75.0 (12)
3.1 33,177,600 983,040 10,000 960540@60.0 (8)
1280720@33.7 (6)
1,280720@68.0 (12)
4 66,846,720 12,000 30,000 1,9201,080@32.0 (6)
2,0481,080@30.0 (6)
2,228,224
1,280720@136.0 (12)
4.1 133,693,440 20,000 50,000 1,9201,080@64.0 (6)
2,0481,080@60.0 (6)
1,9201,080@128.0 (16)
5 267,386,880 25,000 100,000 3,8402,160@32.0 (6)
4,0962,160@30.0 (6)
1,9201,080@256.0 (16)
5.1 534,773,760 8,912,896 40,000 160,000 3,8402,160@64.0 (6)
4,0962,160@60.0 (6)
1,9201,080@300.0 (16)
5.2 1,069,547,520 60,000 240,000 3,8402,160@128.0 (6)
4,0962,160@120.0 (6)
3,8402,160@128.0 (16)
6 1,069,547,520 60,000 240,000 7,6804,320@32.0 (6)
8,1924,320@30.0 (6)
3,8402,160@256.0 (16)
6.1 2,139,095,040 35,651,584 120,000 480,000 7,6804,320@64.0 (6)
8,1924,320@60.0 (6)
3,8402,160@300.0 (16)
6.2 4,278,190,080 240,000 800,000 7,6804,320@128.0 (6)
8,1924,320@120.0 (6)
A The maximum bit rate of the profile is based on the combination of bit depth, chroma sampling, and the type of profile. For bit
depth the maximum bit rate increases by 1.5 for 12-bit profiles and 2 for 16-bit profiles. For chroma sampling the maximum
bit rate increases by 1.5 for 4:2:2 profiles and 2 for 4:4:4 profiles. For the Intra profiles the maximum bit rate increases by
2.[8]
B The maximum frame rate supported by HEVC is 300 fps.[8]
C The MaxDpbSize is the maximum number of pictures in the decoded picture buffer.[8]
Decoded picture buffer
Previously decoded pictures are stored in a decoded picture buffer (DPB), and are used by HEVC encoders to form predictions for
subsequent pictures. The maximum number of pictures that can be stored in the DPB, called the DPB capacity, is 6 (including the
current picture) for all HEVC levels when operating at the maximum picture size supported by the level. The DPB capacity (in units of
pictures) increases from 6 to 8, 12, or 16 as the picture size decreases from the maximum picture size supported by the level. The
encoder selects which specific pictures are retained in the DPB on a picture-by-picture basis, so the encoder has the flexibility to
determine for itself the best way to use the DPB capacity when encoding the video content.[8]
Containers
MPEG has published an amendment which added HEVC support to the MPEG transport stream used by ATSC, DVB, and Blu-ray
Disc; MPEG decided not to update the MPEG program stream used by DVD-Video.[143][144] MPEG has also added HEVC support to
the ISO base media file format.[145][146] HEVC is also supported by the MPEG media transport standard.[143][147] Support for HEVC
was added to Matroska starting with the release of MKVToolNix v6.8.0 after a patch from DivX was merged.[148][149] A draft
document has been submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force which describes a method to add HEVC support to the Real-time
Transport Protocol.[150]
Using HEVC's intra frame encoding, a still-image coded format called Better Portable Graphics (BPG) has been proposed by the
programmer Fabrice Bellard.[151] It is essentially a wrapper for images coded using the HEVC Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture profile with
up to 14 bits per sample, although it uses an abbreviated header syntax and adds explicit support for Exif, ICC profiles, and XMP
metadata.[151][152]
Patent license terms

License terms and fees for HEVC patents, compared with its main competitors:
Codec Codec
Video Codec Content
Licensor Royalty Royalty
format Royalties Distribution Fee
Exemptions Annual Cap
First 100k units
US$0.20 per US$ 25
MPEG LA each US$0
unit [153] million
year
Region 1: US$25,000 For content that is free

to end users:
US$0.40 each year[155]
(mobile) US$0
US$0.80 (PC) Paid By Title Model:
Most software
US$1.20 (TV) US$0.025 per paid title
HEVC
HEVC Region 2: US$ 40 Paid Subscriber Model:
implementations
Advance US$0.20 million US$0.005 per month
distributed to
(mobile) per paid subscriber
consumer
HEVC US$0.40 (PC) US$ 2.5 million annual
devices
US$0.60 cap per business model
after first
US$ 5 million total
(TV)[154] sale[156] annual cap
Technicolor tailor-made agreements[48] US$0[48]
Velos Media[50]
others (AT&T,
Microsoft,
Motorola,
Nokia,
Cisco, )[42][157][158]
Free Television:
one time $2,500 per
transmission encoder, or
Codecs to $2,500$10,000
Codecs to end end users annual fee
users Codecs to end and OEM Internet Broadcast:
and OEM for users for PC but US$0
PC but and OEM for not part of Paid Subscriber Model:
not part of PC PC but PC OS: $0/yr: 0k
OS: not part of PC US$ 9.75 100k subscribers
US$0.20: OS: million $25,000/yr: 100k
100k+ units/year First 100k units (for 2017- 250k subscribers
US$0.10: 5M+ each 20 period) $50,000/yr: 250k
MPEG LA units/year year 500k subscribers
AVC Branded $75,000/yr: 500k
Branded OEM Branded OEM OEM 1M subscribers
Codecs Codecs Codecs $100,000/yr: 1M+
for PC OS: for PC OS: for PC OS: subscribers
US$0.20: First 100k units US$ 9.75 Paid by Title Model:
100k+ units/year each million 012 min: no royalty
US$0.10: 5M+ year[159] (for 2017- 12+ min: lower of 2%
units/year[159] 20 or US$0.02/title
period)[159] Maximum Annual
Content Related
Royalty:
US$ 8.125 million
others (Nokia, Qualcomm, Broadcomm,
Blackberry, Texas Instruments, MIT)[160]
VP9 Google US$0 N/A US$0
Alliance for
AV1 US$0 N/A US$0
Open Media
Provision for costless softwar e
Like its predecessor AVC, software which implements HEVC must pay a price per distributed copy. While this licensing model is
unproblematic for paid software, it is an obstacle to most free and open-source software, which is crucially meant to be freely
distributable. In the opinion of MulticoreWare, developers of x265, enabling royalty-free software encoders and decoders is in the
interest of accelerating HEVC adoption.[157][161][162] HEVC Advance made an exception that specifically waives the royalties on
software-only implementations (both decoders and encoders) when not bundled with hardware.[163] However, the exempted software
is not free from license obligations until also exempted by MPEG LA and Technicolor.
While the obstacle to free software is no concern in for example TV broadcast networks, this problem, combined with the prospect of
future collective lock-in to the format, makes several ideal organizations like Wikipedia,[164] Mozilla (see OpenH264), and the
European Free Software Foundation[165] wary of royalty bearing formats for internet use. Competing formats intended for internet use
(VP9 and the upcoming AV1) steer clear of these concerns by being royalty-free.
^ : Regardless of how the software is licensed from the software authors (see software licensing), if what it does is patented, it is
(additionally) bound by the patent holders' licenses.
See also
UHDTV digital television formats with resolutions of 4K / 2160p (38402160) and 8K / 4320p (76804320)
Rec. 2020 ITU-R Recommendation for UHDTV with standard dynamic range
Rec. 2100 ITU-R Recommendation for HDTV and UHDTV with high dynamic range
Image file formats based on HEVC
Better Portable Graphics a file format for images based on HEVC
High Efficiency Image File Format a file format for images and image sequences based on HEVC
Comparison of video codecs
List of open-source codecs
x265 an open-source software implementation of HEVC
List of multimedia (audio/video) codecs
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC the video standard predecessor of HEVC
VP9 an open format developed by Google as a competitor to HEVC
AV1 an open format that is being developed by the Alliance for Open Media as a successor to VP9 and a competitor to
HEVC
Daala an open format that is being developed by Mozilla Foundation and Xiph.Org Foundation as a competitor to
HEVC
Dirac (video compression format) an open format that is being developed by the BBC Research & Development as a
competitor to HEVC
Thor (video codec) an open format that is being developed by Cisco as a competitor to HEVC
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J.-R. Ohm; G. J. Sullivan; H. Schwarz; T. K. Tan; T. Wiegand (December 2012). "Comparison of the Coding Efficiency of
Video Coding Standards Including High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)" (PDF) . IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for
Video Technology. IEEE. 22 (12). Retrieved 2012-09-22.
Philippe Hanhart; Martin Rerabek; Francesca De Simone; Touradj Ebrahimi (2012-08-13). "Subjective quality evaluation of the
upcoming HEVC video compression standard" (PDF) . cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL). Retrieved
2012-11-08.
Related slides: Philippe Hanhart; Martin Rerabek; Francesca De Simone; Touradj Ebrahimi (2012-08-15). "Subjective
quality evaluation of the upcoming HEVC video compression standard". slideshare.com. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
Vivienne Sze; Madhukar Budagavi; G. J. Sullivan (2014). High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC): Algorithms and Architectures.
Integrated Circuit and Systems. Springer.
Related slides: Vivienne Sze; Madhukar Budagavi (2014-06-01). "Design and Implementation of Next Generation Video
Coding Systems (H.265/HEVC Tutorial)" (PDF) . IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).
External links
Official websites
Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HEVC website

Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC)
JCT-VC Document Management System
Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) website
ITU-T Recommendation H.265 High Efficiency Video Coding
Videos
HEVC 4K Video Demonstration (DiVX)

Standardization of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)
Motorola's Ajay Luthra discusses HEVC
MainConcept HEVC Demonstration Video IBC 2012
Comparison Videos
Tears_400_x265.mp4
Tears_400_x264.mp4
Tractor_500kbps_x265.mp4
Tractor_500kbps_x264.mp4
BigBuckBunny_2000hevc.mp4
BigBuckBunny_2000h264.mp4
http://kodi.wiki/view/Samples
https://x265.com/hevc-video-files/
http://www.libde265.org/downloads-videos/
Bitrate Test Files
Example HEVC bitstreams from NGCodec
Videos in different resolutions/bitrates in HEVC/AAC multiplexed TS from Elecard
Open Source and Free Codecs
x265 Open source HEVC/H.265 encoder (GNU GPL v2) bitbucket.org/multicoreware

x265 Open source HEVC/H.265 encoder (GNU GPL v2) multicoreware
libde265 Open HEVC/H.265 video codec implementation (LGPL) github.com/strukturag
libde265 Open HEVC/H.265 video codec implementation (LGPL) libde265.org
OpenHEVC Open source HEVC decoder github.com/OpenHEVC
Kvazaar Open source HEVC/H.265 encoder (LGPL) Tampere University of Technology (Finland)
https://github.com/ultravideo/kvazaar
f265 Open source HEVC/H.265 encoder (BSD) 2016-01-11
DivX's Free HEVC/H.265 Encoder and Decoder
Codecs Products
Cinemartin Cinec HEVC H.265 encoder software for windows

Lentoid HEVC/H.265 Encoder/Decoder strongene
x265.com HEVC/H.265 encoder (GNU GPL v2) multicoreware
Websites
Intel's HEVC/H.265 Encoder, Decoder and Analysis Tools

H2B2VS. HEVC Hybrid Broadcast Broadband Video Services. European R&D project on HEVC TV and Hybrid TV
Elecard HEVC Analyzer in-depth analysis tool for HEVC encoded video
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Efficiency_Video_Coding&oldid=790161204"
Categories: Computer file formats Graphics file formats High-definition television IEC standards ISO standards
ITU-T recommendations Lossy compression algorithms MPEG Open standards covered by patents Video codecs
Video compression Videotelephony
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

On April 29, 2015, HEVC/H.265 version 3 was approved as an ITU-T standard.[31][32][33]

On December 22, 2016, HEVC/H.265 version 4 was approved as an ITU-T standard.[36][37]

Versions of the HEVC/H.265 standard using the ITU-T approval dates.[8]

Implementations and pr oducts

HEVC benefits from the use of larger coding tree

Video coding layer

Parallel processing tools

Other coding tools

Motion vector prediction

Sample adaptive offset

Screen content coding extensions

Adaptive color transform.[118]

Feature support in some of the video profiles[8]

Main Still Picture

Comparison of standards for still image compression based on

Main 4:4:4 16 Intra

High Throughput 4:4:4 16 Intra

Main 4:4:4 Still Picture

Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture

Version 3 and higher pr ofiles

Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4

Screen-Extended Main 4:4:4 10

Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4

Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 10

Screen-Extended High Throughput 4:4:4 14

High Throughput 4:4:4

High Throughput 4:4:4 10

High Throughput 4:4:4 14

Scalable Main 4:4:4

Tiers and levels

Tiers and levels with maximum property values[8]

Decoded picture buffer

Patent license terms

Region 1: US$25,000 For content that is free

Provision for costless softwar e

Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HEVC website

HEVC 4K Video Demonstration (DiVX)

Open Source and Free Codecs

x265 Open source HEVC/H.265 encoder (GNU GPL v2) bitbucket.org/multicoreware

Cinemartin Cinec HEVC H.265 encoder software for windows

Intel's HEVC/H.265 Encoder, Decoder and Analysis Tools

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