Geog 1 LE Review

Conceptual Approaches to Places - Wilkie Sense of Place

Place; bounded spaces where human identity and social interaction come together with
memories and meaning
Every person has feelings and attitudes about that they have known and experienced.
You may see a place differently at different stages of your life cycle.
Some people may have a collective sense with respect to a place: Ang ganda!, Ang baho!,
Parang Pilipinas lang.
Places can draw or repel you.
You may have to spend some time to capture the essence, character or value of a place.
Take time to notice the sights, sounds, and smells of a place

(7)
Place as Design
e.g. dubai buildings
Place as Power

Threatened Places
e.g. forests
Place as Symbol
can bring back a range of emotional feeling and intellectual responses when revisited
e.g. Oble
Place as experienced through movement
e.g. EDSA
Experiencing places second hand
through pictures online
Sensual Approaches to place
e.g. temples, MOA for UAAP games

Topophilia - love of place

Geopiety - a spiritual bonding with the historical sacredness of a place

Meinig (Landscape) - The Beholding of Eye

made up of physical and cultural elements
Can be made up of several places whose agglomeration creates a distinct character
Landscapes are always changing and can reflect the culture of a society
Those who are in power can also portray landscapes to suit their interests.
How we see it depends as much on what is inside our heads.

The parish church used to be the most dominating structure during the Spanish period.
The muncipios and public schools became imprints of American colonisation
Cockpits, public markets along national roads, and the ubiquitous basketball court now dot our
landscape.

The sudden proliferation of Korean restaurants, groceries, language schools, churches that exist
side by side and even billboards with Korean endorsers is a reflection of what?
Maginhawa Street in Teachers Village used to be very quiet and completely residential. How
come the place has become very commercialized and is even now being touted as the next
Tomas Morato Avenue?
The American-dominated National Geographic once showed pictures of Cuba before and after
American occupation. A picture of young Filipino boys in a well- equipped classroom in US-
occupied Manila also saw print in the magazine.
Even UP has manifestations of a changing landscape

Landscape: stretch of country as seen from a single point

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 Any landscape is compose not only of what lies before our eyes but what lies within our heads

1. Landscape as Nature
it is nature that controls
everlasting hills vault of heaven
what man does on earth is minute compared to a mere scratching on the skin of mother earth

2. Landscape as Habitat
landscape is a piece of the earth as the home of man

3. Landscape as Artefact
sees everywhere the mark of man in everything
nature provides a stage, earth is platform, but everything else is furnished with mans effects
soils, trees, and streams are not nature as distinct from man, they are human creations: soils
altered by plowing, cropping, burning, mulching, etc.
shape of land surface has been modified in a thousand of ways

4. Landscape as System
he may see all that lies before his eyes as an immense and intricate system of systems
land, trees, roads, buildings, and man are regarded not as individual objects but as surgical clues
of underlying process
river not as a river, but as a link in a hydrologic circuit

5. Landscape as Problem
condition needing condition
evidence looms in any view: eroded hills, flooding rivers, shattered woodlands, dying trees,
dilapidated farms, industrial pollution, urban sprawl, garbage and grit, smog and sewage
every landscape evokes wrath and alarm; mirrors the ills of our society

6. Landscape as Wealth
not looking at it with eyes of an appraiser; rather, assigning a monetary value
factors: relative location, quality of neighbourhood, etc
such a view of landscape is future-oriented and is rooted in American ideology
land is a form of capital and secondarily home or familial inheritance

7. Landscape as Ideology
they see distinct manifestations of American interpretations of freedom, individualism,
competition, power, etc
more concerned to look more deeply how landscape represents a translation of philosophy
into tangible features
to see as a social philosopher and to express a firm belief that broad philosophical ideas matter
in certain ways

8. Landscape as History
to see a complex cumulative record of the work of nature and man
seeing how size, shape, decoration, yard, etc of a house tells us something about the way
people live

9. Landscape as Place
landscape as a locality, an individual place in infinitely varied mosaic of earth
landscape as environment, embracing all that we live

10. Landscape as Aesthetic

artistic quality
landscape as a more comprehension abstraction of color, texture, mass, line, position, symmetry

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Culture-Nature
People and cultures evolve, therefore nature is NOT fixed or unchanging
Nature flatlined throughout the years
everything we encounter belongs either to culture or nature
Culture = social construct
Nature = functioning biological entity
The line that separates the NATURAL from the CULTURAL is blurred.
Nature is both PHYSICAL ENTITY (no debate) and CULTURAL CREATION (product of our
imagination; a reflection of our values)
Our relationship with nature is always filtered by our families, institutions, media, and available
technologies (think the Bible and Nat Geo)
POV 1: Humans as being separate from nature
Nature can be produced (cultural of our making)
Nature as: original, industrial, genetically-modified, virtual
Think from VIRGIN FOREST to INDUSTRIAL TREE PLANTATION to FAST GROWING,
DISEASE- RESISTANT TREES or even FARMVILLE
How we get resources off of nature influences our relationship with it
Capitalism has turned nature into goods that can be consumed for a price
Now, lets compare how our Aeta brethren view nature as opposed to perception of a kid who
lives in highly-urbanized Singapore - its like comparing Mother Nature the Provider vs.
purchasable and sanitized nature
What we consider as nature is filtered by our culture (our religion, what we see on TV
documentaries, what we read in magazines, what we are taught in school, ads by the tourism
industry, even paintings!)
1. Judeo-Christian tradition: nature should be subjugated (stewards of the Earth), and
controlled; wilderness as a dangerous place but also a place where you can meet God
2. The tropics as diseased places
3. What we see as natural in National Geographic and Discovery Channel, even our weather
reports, has already been filtered by media. Think When Nature Strikes Back, Nat Geo Wild.
Reality A. People are so much a part of nature, even if we can reproduce or represent it
Reality B: Nature is not as pristine as you think...

division of the world into two all encompassing and mutually exclusive kind of things, the culture-
nature binary, can be traced to the European Enlightenment
Karl Marx
rise of industrial capitalism has made us see that we are accustomed to think of as
natural is becoming refashioned as products of human labor
observed the ways in which plants and animals were transformed by farmers using careful
selection and breeding methods to produce commercially more valuable crops and
livestock
The production of nature
1. human societies have interacted differently with natural environments in different times and
places (e.g. hunter-gatherer to post-industrial)
2. captures the double-edged sense; process of producing goods for human use by
transforming physical fabric of the natural world
3. capitalist productions stops at nothing in its quest for profitability
capitalism has puts human society in the driving seat, replacing God as the creative force
fashioning the natural world
capital transforms the shape of the entire world
social capacity to produce nature = second nature

Social Constructions of Nature

1. Marxist tradition: concerned with the material transformation of nature as it is put to a
variety of human uses under different conditions
2. Cultural geography: focused on changing the idea of nature, what it means to be different
societies and how they go about representing it in words and image

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 Our experience of the natural world is always MEDIATED
shaped by rhetorical constructs like photography, advertising, and aesthetics
shaped by institutions like religion, tourism, and education

Three Principles of Landscape

1. representation of nature is not a neutral process that simply produces a mirror image of a fixed
external reality, like a photocopy
2. do not take representations of the natural world at face value, however much they seem to be
true to life
3. there are many incompatible ways of seeing the same natural phenomenon, event or
environment

Nature is SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED in the sense that it is shaped as powerfully by the

HUMAN IMAGINATION as by any physical manipulation
LANDSCAPES of nature are understood as WAYS OF SEEING the world which the REAL and
the IMAGINED are intricacy interwoven

Touch the Magic

Sea/Aqua world - highly artificial and standardised, decontextualizes nature
opportunity to encounter and pet wild animals
keeps consumers spending, by offering a diverse array of activities e.g. animal shows
Sea World is like a MALL with fish
advertising-promotional-public relations mix
styles itself a public facility but a powerful carrier of human emotions
we see nature in a way that we rarely could out in the real world
one exception to the decontextualisation of nature: scientists and experts are present,
who breed endangered species
Touch the Magic; centre piece of a campaign for the Busch Entertainment Company
urges everyone to make contact but presents a condensed, more perfect world
delivers Sea Worlds visual richness but shows that theme parks and television are
intimately connected media
integral to media culture because television promotes the park as a tourist destination
and shows their animal saving activities
media shapes how Americans understand nature and the environment
takes viewers to inaccessible, invisible places
sea world touches you touch the world that you once knew MAKE CONTACT
Anheuser-Busch
planets largest brewer wherein 11.35 million pay annually to visit the theme parks
push by a private entertainment corporation into the public school classroom
Location: easy to find, accessible, thus nature is easily revealed
shot of the children pressed nose to nose with SHAMU
making contact with nature
but whale appears to be meeting the childrens gaze
Star animals get sponsors, others do not
example in real life, Manny Pacquiao
Sea World subsidise some of their displays with corporate sponsorships
CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility
makes Anheuser-Busch look environmentally and socially concerned
Visiting theme parks - magical, touching experience,
audience: white, very high level of income and education

Sea World world asks audience to form a relationship with nature under their auspices
mass-mediated nature is constructed to appeal to its consumers in terms of who they want to be
Americans live in a vast environment of MASS-MEDIATED CULTURE

Messages
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1. our capitalist world has made us more dominant in respect to nature thus our relationship is
transformed
2. it is also transformed because we have different representations in our mind

Nature as Community
Black african women read the environmental impact report (EIR), which was not expected
LANCER INCINERATOR = LULU (locally unaccepted
planned to be sited in the centre of Robin Cannons neighbourhood
low income communities of color are targeted for industrial & toxic waste disposal sites
residents who attended meeting were treated to splendid images of LANCER with beautifully
landscape picnic areas
residents: African-American, low income, working-class community
burning tons of waste within community meant highly toxic dioxins and flourons would
contaminate the air
preservation vs conservation
preservation: do not touch
conservation: managing
White vs Black
W: Save the whales, Lets buy part of Amazon
people: mainly white, middle-class
i.e, mainstream/old environmentalists
constructs a separation between humans and the natural world
obsessed with preserving and protecting wlld and natural areas defined as places
where humans are NOT and SHOULD NOT be in large numbers
preserving biodiversity at the expense of local cultures
what counts as environment is limited to issues such as wild land preservations and
endangered species protections
issues pertaining to survival, community, and workplace poisoning are not considered
white people are blind to the problems of people of color
i.e. mainstream environmentalism
B: what affects them e.g. oil spills, joblessness, anthropocentric (before saying whales,
save the people!)
people: low-income women and predominantly women of color
i.e. environmental justice movement
Before talking about biodiversity, we should talk about our local culture & environment
nature = your community
environment: where you work, live, & play > thus you will defend it to death
W are saying that they dont care about the environment
TERRA PRETA
use of charcoal to make soil more fertile
means for people
ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: racial discrimination in environmental policy making and the
enforcement of regulations and laws, the deliberate targeting of people of color communities for
toxic waste facilities, and the official sanctioning of life-threatening presence of poisons and
pollutants in communities
Group of Ten
ignored invitation to come to table as equals

Nature as Destiny - GABON

- +
HDI (which measures non financial development like Highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Sub-
literacy and life expectancy) Saharan Africa

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empty lots with weed and shantytowns, foreign First impressions: tree-lined boulevards, gleaming
companies largely dominated private business, and ministry buildings, well-stocked shops
few business opportunities for the Gabonese

Owned and controlled by the rich rich in oil & timber

wealth only concentrated in the hands of the elite

Libreville, Gabon INITIALLY

stable government, little ethnic tension, plenty of OIL and TIMBER, and unexplored
mineral wealth
Gabon ACTUALLY
a waste-ocracy since massive amount of oil had been pumped out of the ground
appeared rich, but it was only a facade
Gabons black river of oil wealth flowed straight out of the country
political and economic systems were ridden with corruption and cronyism
cronyism; the appointment of friends and associates to positions of authority, without
proper regard to their qualifications
country with so many natural resources but so poor since it was not able to transform its
natural resource endowments into sustainable wealth
government has relied too long on natural resources, so it is stuck in poverty
In Africa, natural resource wealth has an inverse correlation with the health of the
economic situation: countries with high natural resources are the ones that experience conflicts
and economic crisis
e.g. Angola, Congo
SEVEN FORMS OF CAPITAL contribute to the development of a country: countries should not
rely solely on natural advantages (physical capital) or comparative advantages, but rather on
higher forms of capital (social capital) to create competitive advantages

Botswana = interested in population

invested its diamond money for institutions, schools, health clinics, hospitals
Rwanda = resource poor country
BUT government is dedicated to developing industries based on competitive advantages
Gabon = stuck in lowest form of capital
Natural oil wealth has made government complacent and unwilling to reinvest in any other
forms of capital
OIL AND TIMBER wealth, satisfies the needs of the elite
little incentive to invest in institutions, technology, knowledge, human capital
People of Gabon
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 passive acceptance, lack of desire to rock their boat or attempt change
living, working, trying to survive a system
culture that only rewarded absolute obedience to the status quo
decision making, wealth, and power are concentrated in a small circle
development was something that might fall some day > waiting for a miracle
Jeanne-Yves
bored by her job and not many other options for EDUCATED Gabonese people
future of the country had no other aspirations but to seek out moribund jobs
product of a flawed system
one day I might be in a better positiom.. be in charge of a budget
People of Asia
a sense of personal implication
sense of personal contributions to the countrys development is fast-growing
in korea, working until midnight means he is involve din the development of his country
China - more growth
high HDI, low GDP = CUBA
low HDI, high GDP = Gabon, Philippines
LESSON: if you have natural resources, extract it so it can proceed to better development
I can win - singapore mentality vs I will just lose - filipino mentality

Seeing Like a State

SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY
developed in 1765 to 1800 in Prussia and Saxony
new forest science was a sub discipline: CAMERAL SCIENCE, reduce fiscal management
to allow systematic planning
basis of forest management techniques in France, England etc
all about SYSTEMATIC planning
precise measurement of forests
minimum diversity, balance sheet, and sustained yield
the revenue yield of the timber that might be extracted annually was most important
each species of tree - each part - has its unique properties and uses
fruits, as food for people and domestic animals
branches, as bedding, fencing, hop poles
bark and roots, for making medicines and for tanning
sap, for making resins
ELM = popular in 17th century
timber whereby it can be dry or wet thus it is proper for water works, pumps, wheelwrights
used for chopping blocks, trunks, etc
the use of the leaves of the tree prove to be of great relief to cattle in the winter
green leaf of elms heals a wound or cut, and boiled with bark, consolidates bone fractures

FISCAL FORESTRY
vast number of possible uses was replaced by abstract tree representing a volume of lumber
confined to the direct needs of a state, thus gone was the majority of flora, reptiles, fauna
forest as habitat disappears and is replaced with forest as an economic source to be managed
efficiently and profitably
plants that are valued become crops
species that compete with such plants are weeds
insects that ingest them are stigmatized as pests
Johann Gottlieb
more precise measurements of forests
color-coded nails, corresponding to five categories of tree sizes, which they had been
trained to identify
each tree is tagged with an appropriate nail
for forest scientists: goal was to deliver the greatest possible constant volume of wood
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 wanted a forest that was easier for to count, manipulate, measure, and assess
German forest ; became the archetype for imposing on disorderly nature to forests
forests could be read accurately from tables and maps in the foresters office
forest where many variables were held constant, it is easier to manipulate experimentally
the more uniform the forest, the greater the possibilities for centralised management
controlled environment = striking advantages; could be surveyed, easily supervised and
harvested, long-range plans, steady and uniform commodity so eliminates revenue
fluctuation, created legible natural terrain > UTOPIAN DREAM
it became much easier to manage new, stripped down forest
a relatively unskilled labor crew could adequately carry out tasks by following a standard
rule in the new forest environment
one commodity machine
germany forestry science = hegemonic
Norway spruce: restoration crop with commercial profits
monocropped forest: disaster for peasants who were deprived of food, raw
materials, and medicines
simplification of the forest to a single commodity
monocultures are more fragile and more vulnerable to the stress of disease and
weather than polycultures are
a diverse, complex forest with many species of trees (e.g. with birds, insects
mammals, is far more resilient and able to withstand and recover from injuries)

WALDSTERBEN = forest death

germans invented FOREST HYGIENE
in place of hollow trees that were a home to owls and other tree-nesting birds, the
foresters provided designed boxes
e.g. ant colonies were artificially raised in the forest
Land Tax
absolutist France in 17th century
indirect taxes e.g. levies on salt and tobacco, tolls, license fees, sales of offices and
titles > FAVORED FORMS, since easy to administer
main direct land tax - the TAILLE, was freq. not paid at all

Greening for All: The Right to Access Healthy Food

Verde Elementary School in North Richmond
farmers market in front of school every two weeks
teachers work Verde Garden into lesson plans
in early 1900s, North Richmond area around Verde School was called CABBAGE PATCH
for its dozens of truck farms
gardens bloomed in Richmond after WWII, wherein Okies, Arkies, and African
Americans grew fruits and veggies
How did the garden come to be?
garden started in 1955, after a group of Laotian immigrants began digging there
Hmong & Mien women decided they needed a garden and began hand-tilling the rubbish-
filled vacant lot next to the school
Public Land/Property
you can claim areas and negotiate later
they seek legitimacy - social function
Lots of Crops; getting permissions from owners to use land
if you have a need and the land is available, the greater good supersedes ownership
while they are not being used, there is a right to use the land in the community
Food Self Sufficiency
Richmond could be the most food self-sufficient urban community in the U.S. because it
has a climate that lets them grow year round, number of agrarian traditions, lots of open
space and public officials who are interested
Newly Minted Richmond Greenway, can be a new prime site for urban gardens
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 runs a mile up an old railroad, past cyclone fences, broken down factories
west end > Lincoln School Garden makes use of the greenways open space
east end > Khmhu immigrants, who like Hmong and Mien comes from the hill country in
Loas- raise eggplants, peppers, cilantro, cucumbers, squash, and beans
CATHOLIC CHURCH had to negotiate with citys bureaucracy to get permis. to use land, a
process that was odd to the Khmhu
for them, when you want a garden, you find some place and cut down the trees
no fences - fences for them were offensive
working the system / equity
age of responsibility
CYCLE - Community Youth Council for Leadership and Education
FORG - Friends of the Richmond Greenway
Greening for All - involve patient work in the neighbourhoods to draw people in and be sure the
have a meaningful voice in land use planning
any land will have winners vs lowers

Managua, Nicaragua
SAN AUGUSTO = Greenest city in Central America
overwhelmingly green - rich urban forest
includes planting trees in public places
majority of trees are found in the PATIOS OF HOUSES
many poor households have more trees than wealthier homes
Trees in Patios provide food, shelter, comfort, and income
URBAN METABOLISM: how energy is produced and transformed in the city
WOMEN are responsible for making decisions around food
households in San Augusto are among the poorest in Managua; many have no stable income
and struggle to meet their daily dietary needs
Thus households attempt to supplement: food purchases with fruit, vegetables, and herbs
cultivated in their patios
Home; serves as a space wherein foods, rituals, food cultures, and identities are produced
The lack of affordable state-funded housing and inability of many households to purchase legal
housing meant that poorer households buy land informally and construct their own basic housing
Unable to access citys sewer and water network
Goal: to produce liveable urban spaces in San augusto
REFRESCOS naturales
children are made to drink this daily - it is staple of Nicaraguan diet
fruit pulp is mixed with water and sugar
constitute a main source of vitamins and minerals
refrescos & rice and beans = main component of daily diet
indispensable menu item at comedores (small food stands)
Fruit trees and REFRESCOS shape individual metabolisms in two main physiological ways:
1. by providing nutrients and liquid (through REFRESCOS)
2. protecting the body from heat (i.e. SHADE)
constant need in Managua where temperatures are above 30 degrees celsius
fruit trees provide needed shelter in patios, which is where domestic activities take place
keeps bodies comfortable in Managuas heat
enables women to cook without overheating
Fruit trees also transform urban landscape, as it helps circulate nutrients in soils by
absorbing excess water and creates micro-climates
Global Nutritional Discourses
views refrescos as an inadequate source of vitamins and minerals, and as a
contributing factor to poor health of Nicaraguans
little fruit and large quantities of water and sugar
Nicaraguans suffer from deficiencies in major vitamins
provides insufficient nutrients and unnecessary sugar

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 health projects led to educating poorer households on how to obtain proper quantities of
vitamins and minerals by increasing consumptions of VEGETABLES & RAW FRUITS
however, vegetables crops require at least SIX HOURS of direct sunlight a day to
successfully develop
they did attempt to grow tomatoes plants in patios by finding small areas in their
patios with the most sunlight to plant tomatoes
women plant tomatoes in CONTAINERS so that they can MOVE THEM AROUND the
patio TWO OR THREE TIMES A DAY to FOLLOW THE SUN
containers need to be moved every several hours to obtain enough sunlight

Lessons
if theres a good and a bad, it will be addressed
Urban agriculture is very important in maintaining social networks
Conclusion
production of urban spaces is socionatural and the continual reproduction of fruits trees and
consumption of refreshes has produced particular metabolic processes for individuals
right to the city > right to urban metabolism

Table Wars
Home Economics, a discipline introduced into the Philippine public school curriculum in 1904
Originally called HOUSEKEEPING, added to intermediate grades
To teach the practical application of science to homemaking
Initial classroom material, particularly for nutrition and dietetics, failed to wean taste buds from
native preferences to Americanized savors.
Home economics strengthened the hold of pre-American period cuisine
Filipinos continued to prefer their familiar foods
sustained a strong sense of flavour and expected it of native cuisine
Cuisine is a valuable component of culture

teach culture to teach a language

teaching english through practical benefits
If you learn english culture, you acquire: new tastes, new needs, new wants
structure vs agency > BAKED GOODS
Agency = people deciding what to choose and what not to choose
american gave us resources and we got what they want
Philippine is a CONTACT zone
Bulletin 35
introduced thickener = CORN STARCH / wheat flour
salt and pepper to taste
American recipes e.g. sugar cookies, creole dishes
e.g. mongo soup > americanized with serving croutons
Reactions according to social class
Philippine local elite women protested against this
protective of culinary heritage
Americans use resources to change rules to make policies/books/curriculum
LESSON - greatest weapon: the uniqueness of your own culture
there will always be more room to manoeuvre
this is where agency happens
Fullers manuals aim: not just teach how to cook and sew but rather how to live
pedagogy: student-centered and future-focused
chocolate was apparently good with egg
schools with a lunch program reported DECREASED absences and cases of upset stomach
Francisca Tirona - became a teacher for the American style public school system, and
established Philippine Womens College

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Gambling
The Guardia Civil, infantrymen, and the denuciador
19th century: increase in recorded crimes in the country in urban areas, such as Manila
Gambling environment that the Guardia Civil Tercio encountered (1880s to 1990s)
became an object of hatred to the gen. population because of its job to apprehend player
relied on a combination of vigilance and paid informants to catch their target by surprise
Foreigners saw gambling situation in the country as one of the greatest plagues
Most popular card games: MONTE and PANGUINGUI
Arrests made are found in the JUEGOS PROHIBIDOS at the Philippine National Archives
Officers - aprehensores, players - jugadores
Typical arresting party: a small group made up of TWO to FOUR men who would usually
employ the element of surprise to trap their targets
Guardia Civil lacked in personnel, especially during the years of the Spanish regime
sometimes they obtain the assistance of six CAZADORES or light infantrymen
Catching illegal gamblers by surprise was an ability
Monetary rewards induced some members of the community to act as POLICE INFORMANTS
names would remain anonymous
referred to as DENUNCIADOR
in one case, P12.09 (around 1/4 of 48.63) was given to that anonymous informant
basically, the informant gets more money than those who are arrested

A Profile of the Apprehended Parties

Majority of those who gambles were POOR INDIO MALES and are LIKELY TO BE ILLITERATE
(i.e. unable to read and write) and who were involved in occupations such as ARTISANS OR
LABORERS, where they were PAID DAILY OR REGULARLY IN COIN / LOW - WAGE JOBS
Majority of those arrested were MALE who could ONLY DRAW A CROSS for their signatures in
the written accounts of police
A good number of those who played panguingui were women
most of those apprehended are likely to be member of the LOWER CLASSES since those who
lived stone houses with polished floors can more easily evade police regulations

Chinese version of Panguigui: Panguingui Chinica

gambling takes place in houses
they go to a CHRISTIAN CHINESE HOUSE
rich individuals were also active players but were rarely caught by authorities
Place: describe a particular location or an individuals social position in society
1. rich > privates houses CASA or CASITAS was the most frequently employed hiding place
factors: spot within the house, geographic location, visibility of the house
they would use KITCHENS that would be located at the back of the structure, make it one
of the least accessible and ovserable areas
2. rich > warehouses
3. poor > wilderness
far away from urban Manila
e.g. bamboo groves
4. poor > open lots SOLAR or farm lands SEMENTERA
5. transport vehicles as havens for monte
boat CASCO
train wagon VAGON DE FERROCARRIL
6. ESCAPE
gamblers who are desperate not to serve jail time or pay fines
those who played monte were more desperate to avoid getting caught
1/4 monte police reports involved the escape of a few to a large number of gamblers
better to escape when in natural environments rather than enclosed spaces
harder for women to escape than men
Monte Panguigui

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 Pure luck pay fee for table
/
had to apply for a permit and pay the requisitee
annual fee worth P12.00 to have the privilege of
operating a table

illegal activity certain hours for playing time

not monitored monitored

pre-dominantly male endeavour seemed popular with women players and the
Chinese

Lesson: people of all ethnicities, social classes and gender can come together to fulfil their
mutual interest in gaming

Tikopia
Tikopia > a tiny, isolated, tropical island in the Southwest Pacific Ocean
1200 people, population density of 800 people per square mile
island has been occupied for almost 3,000 years
nearest island is island of Anuta, 85 miles away
bottom-up management
team members are invited to participate in every step of the management process
whole island is micromanaged for continuous and sustainable food production
chief is a prime agent and interpreter where he and his people share the same values
chief is just a custodian, shares the same values
working in favour of sustainability
1. high rainfall
2. moderate latitude
3. location in the zone of high volcanic ash fallout
4. high fallout of Asian dust
almost every plant species on Tikopia is used by people in one way or another
most of the islands area is covered with an ORCHARD whose tallest trees produce EDIBLE
NUTS or FRUITS or other useful products
TWO other types of small areas in addition to orchards that are open and treeless, and used
for food production
1. freshwater swamp, devoted to growing moisture-adapted form of giant swamp taro
2. fields devoted to short-fallow, labor-intensive of three root crops: taro, yums, and manioc
main food products of orchards, swamps, and fields are STARCHY PLANT FOODS
as sources of proteins, they rely on ducks and fish
sustainable exploitation of seafood results from taboos administered by chiefs, whose
PERMISSION WAS REQUIRED to catch fish, thus it had an effect of preventing overfishing
HUNGI KENGE - biggest cyclone in living memory
TWO reasons why surplus food had to be produced to avoid starvation
1. annual dry season of May and June, thus crop production was low
2. cyclone that destroy gardens and orchard crops (lies in the cyclone belt, with 20 avg a yr)
TWO types of emergency food
1. fermenting surplus breadfruit in pits to produce a starchy paste that can be stored for two
or three years
2. exploit remaining stands of rainforest to harvest fruits, nuts, and other edible plant parts
prereq for sustainable occupation of Tikopia is a STABLE, NON-INCREASING POPULATION
SEVEN Methods of Population Regulation
1. Tikopia chefs carry out a ritual in which they preach an ideal of ZERO POPULATION
GROWTH

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 2. Tikopia parents feel that it is wrong for them to continue to give birth to children of their own
once their eldest son has reached marriageable age, or to have more children than a
number variously given as four children, or one boy & a girl, or one boy and one or two girls
3. Simplest method: CONTRACEPTION by coitus interrupts
4. ABORTION; pressing on the belly or placing hot stones on the belly
5. INFANTICIDE; burying alive, smothering, or turning a newborn infant on its face
6. SUICIDE; hanging or swimming out to sea, virtual suicide - setting out to the sea
7. when Tikopias former large saltwater bay become converted into the current brackish
lake which resulted in the death of the bays former rich shellfish beds and a drastic
decrease in its fish populations, hence starvation for the NGA ARIKI clan
However, these methods have declined under EUROPEAN influence so population grew
encouraged people to resettle onto less populated solomon islands
clan is now divided among four lands with a hereditary chief
they know one another, and can do anything they want, but they all face the same problems
Matou nga Tikopia - how Tikopians explains their society
History
settled by Lapita people ancestral to modern Polynesians
feasted on breeding colonies of seabirds, land birds, fruit birds
slash and burn agriculture to maintain orchards with nut trees
drastic declines in birds and seafood, thus people shifted to eating pigs
Emergency food = storage/preservation > Protein and starch
Usufruct
if its open land, just ask and you can use it
the right to enjoy the use and advantages of another's property short of the destruction
Practiced resource management
open access - using resources judiciously

Structure-Agency
To what extent is our behaviour dictated by social structure? > Structure
circumstances and conditions not of their choosing
Are we as individuals & human beings free to act? > (Human) Agency
capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices
people making their own geographies
We are operating within a set of rules and resources, yet our own actions created these
Real situation: Someone close to you will be undergoing major surgery
Things to do: Get a room, Take turns making bantay, Maintain a room for patient while he/she is
in the recovery room and ICU, Do work while in hospital
Ward, semi-private, private, or suite? Even if you have the money, can you reserve a room while
your loved one is recovering (re: rules of the hospital)? Is it possible to park your car at the
parking area?
In reality, what we can do is shaped by both the RULES of our culture and the institutions
that we deal with (in this case, the hospital) and the RESOURCES at our disposal

Rules and resources can be likened to the social structure that guides our actions.
The structure not only impedes our decision-making, it FACILITATES it.
There is still such a thing as human agency
Example: Visitors at ICU is not allowed, but medical practitioners also understand the walang
iwanan ng pamilya values of Filipinos. Thus, visitors and bantays are given some room to
manoeuvre in certain spaces and situations.

Yet human agency also means that individuals can go against cultural norms and, in some
cases, are allowed to do so.
Example: Even if it is culturally acceptable, one can decide not to stay on and do guard duty
outside the ICU. A question of personal meaning: The bed bug and rat-infested surroundings
may not be to your liking, or you may associate the hospital with sadness
structure and human agency, the personal and social, are very much intertwined
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 Environmental determinism; structuring properties of climate and environment
e.g. great cities are controlled by temperature and rainfall
e.g. distribution of towns varies in the U.S. with climatic controls
human activity controlled by physical environment
latitude is the variable which most controls human affairs
each individual has a HISTORY and GEOGRAPHY which imposes constrains within his lifeworld
STRUCTURATION, developed by Antony Giddens
way for human geographers to move beyond the dichotomy
attempting to unify structure and agency through PSYCHOANALYSIS

Image-Reality
In contemporary society, image matters.
Image is seen in a negative light (cover up, not factual, not accurate, and SUBJECTIVE)
thin line between IMAGE and REALITY, including the way we look at places and landscapes
Images can both reflect or alter the world (as we see it)
Whether you are creator or receiver of images of places, it all begins with perception.
Our perception of places are influenced by the interacting factors of our:
8. Biology (walking-driving, man-woman, tall-short)
9. Physical and Social Position (implies inequality; viewing things from different angles)
10. The culture we belong to (different cultures have different ways of seeing the world; How do
Germans and Filipinos give directions; different maps of different nations?)
Heres the rub on non-scientific perception: How we perceive the world reflects how we
experience it (our reality). As such, there is some truth to our perceptions and it does influence
our actions.
There is intense competition among different parties to make their image of a certain place as the
most accepted.
Even tourism websites and post cards shape our image of the world, or at least parts of it. This is
called photogenic geography.

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