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Mutations: New alleles are formed by mutations. Mutations may result when nucleotide sequence in DNA of a chromosome is changed leading to an
alteration in the amino acid sequence in proteins formed in the cell. Consequence maybe a diff. phenotype. Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase
the mutation rate and can cause genetic disease and cancer.
Prokaryote chromosome Eukaryote chromosome:
- Consists of a circular + naked DNA - Linear DNA molecule
- No proteins - Associated with histone proteins
- Plasmids often present - NO plasmids
- One chromosome only - Two or more diff. chromosomes
Early stages of meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over followed by condensation. Orientation of homologous pairs are
random. 1st division of meiosis pairs of homologous chromosomes separate halving the chromosome number
Crossing over and random orientation promotes genetic variation. Fusion of gametes from different parents promotes genetic variation.
Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance with experiment in which large numbers of pea plants were crossed. Gametes are haploid, so contain
only one allele of each gene. The two alleles of gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei during meiosis. Fusion of gametes results in diploid
zygotes with two alleles of each gene that may be the same allele or different alleles. Monohybrid cross inheritance of a contrasting characteristic that
is controlled by a gene is investigated.
Pattern of inheritance is different with sex-linked genes due to their location on sex chromosomes (XX female and XY male).
X is longer than Y and carries alleles for genes that are not present on the Y chromosome.
In males, recessive alleles on the single X chromosome cannot be masked
Rare recessive conditions of this type occur more frequently in males including red-green colour blindness. A carries has a recessive allele of a gene but
it does not affect the phenotype because a dominant allele is also present. Genetic disorders are heritable conditions that are caused by a specific defect
in a gene or genes. Many are due to recessive alleles of autosomal chromosomes.