Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Authors
Agnes Szabo MA
Monika Bai
UNI T 1
A AND AN
A AN
We use a before a consonant (a book, We use an before a vowel (an apple,
a magazine). an English book)
nail screw
nut wrench
srewdriver bolt
gears hammer
drill pliers
2
Supply a or an for each job
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns are words that replace nouns. Like nouns, they also express gender (he,
she, it), number (I, we) and case (I , me, my). Personal pronouns in English have the
following forms:
Singular Plural
1 I 1 we
2 you 2 you
3 he/she/it 3 they
The verb be in the present tense has the forms am, is and are depending on the
person it refers to.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am (Im) 1 we are (were)
2 you are (youre) 2 you are (youre)
3 he/she/it is (hes/shes/its) 3 they are (theyre)
The interrogative (question form) of the verb be in the present tense is formed by
inverting (changing) the word order of the subject and the verb:
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 am I ? 1 are we ?
2 are you ? 2 are you ?
3 is he/she/it ? 3 are they ?
The negative form of the verb be in the present is formed by adding the word not to the
present forms of be:
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am not (the form *I amnt is 1 we are not (arent)
ungrammatical!)
2 you are not (arent) 2 you are not (arent)
3 he/she/it is not (isnt) 3 they are not (arent)
3
Transform the sentences into the interrogative, negative or affirmative or fill in the
missing words (am, is, are, a/an)
1. He is an artist.
..?
.not.
2. She is not a mechanic.
..?
..
3. Is it an envelope?
..
.not.
4. ..she.photographer? No, she.. She..student.
5. Itnot ..screwdriver. Ita screw.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Supply the missing words (possessive adjectives) or the present forms of the verb be
to complete these sentences
OPPOSITE ADJECTIVES
4
expensive, small, curved, low, difficult, closed, narrow, short, new, thin, slow, shallow
big/large
easy
old
cheap
open
thick
wide
fast
long
high
straight
deep
Write a sentence for each illustration given below using a word from the above table
Example:
It is big. It is small.
.. ..
.. ..
$2 $ 357
.. ..
5
5m 1m
.. ..
10m
1m
.. ..
3m 1m
.. ..
.. ..
E X E R C I S E S
Name: Bill
Surname: Thompson
From: Oxford
Job: a welder
Name: Liz
Surname: Baker
From: Bristol
Job: an architect
6
Match the following adjectives with the nouns in the opposite column
difficult car
thick tool
fast road
deep book
expensive story
wide building
long box
old water
big problem
1. Where.?
She is from England.
2. How much.?
It is $1.
3. What.?
My surname is Jenkins.
4. What.job ?
He is a mechanic.
5. How mucha hamburger?
It is cheap.
2.1 Put am, is, are, his or her into the gaps.
7
8. Where _________ Peter? He is in ________ office.
9. "What is ________ job." "She _______ an architect."
10. "What is _________ name?" "Peter."
UNI T 2
NOUN + S
In English the possessive case can be expressed by the Saxon genitive. We form this by
adding s to the noun in the singular (Toms house, Mr. Browns office). It is usually used
for persons.
8
E X E R C I S E S
Write the names of the well-known people/scientists using the Saxon genitive whose
names are connected to the events or inventions mentioned in the table below.
NUMERALS
There are two classes of numerals: cardinal and ordinal numbers. The cardinal numbers are:
0 nought, zero 16 sixteen
1 one 17 seventeen
2 two 18 eighteen
3 three 19 nineteen
4 four 20 twenty
5 five 30 thirty
6 six 40 forty
7 seven 50 fifty
8 eight 60 sixty
9 nine 70 seventy
10 ten 80 eighty
11 eleven 90 ninety
12 twelve 100 hundred
13 thirteen 1000 - thousand
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
9
12 sixty-eight 8 forty-four 50 eight 97 thirty
80 eighty 90 eighty-seven
name Peter
surname Walker
age 35
job a lorry driver
country Australia
address 69 Oakwood Street, Melbourne
phone number 6492153078
1. ______________________________________ ?
2. ______________________________________ ?
3. ______________________________________ ?
4. ______________________________________ ?
5. ______________________________________ ?
6. ______________________________________ ?
7. ______________________________________ ?
?
He is a mechanic.
?
He is 39.
?
53 Queens Road, Liverpool.
?
He is an engineer.
?
He is from Canada.
?
He is 25.
10
PLURAL OF NOUNS
DEMONSTRATIVES
This (these) is used to point out a person, or a thing near the speaker in time or space.
That (those) is used to point out a person or thing far from the speaker in time or space.
SINGULAR PLURAL
THIS THESE
THAT THOSE
11
Make sentences with this/that using opposite adjectives
Put these sentences into the plural. Example: This is a difficult problem. These are
difficult problems.
Singular:
This is a difficult problem
Plural
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
The four basic mathematical operations are: addition (its symbol is + plus), subtraction
(its symbol is - minus), division (its symbol is : divided by) and multiplication (its
symbol is x multiplied by or times).
Addition
When we add two quantities, for example, 12 and 30 we say: twelve and/plus thirty
is/are/equals forty-two.
12 + 30 = 42
twelve and / plus thirty is / are / equals forty-two
Subtraction
When we subtract one quantity from another, for example, 3 from 12, we say: twelve minus
three is/equals nine.
12
12 - 3 = 9
twelve minus three is / equals nine
Division
When we divide one quantity by another, for example, 12 by 3, we say: twelve divided by
three is/equals four.
12 : 3 = 4
twelve divided by three is / equals four
Multiplication
When we multiply one quantity by another, for example, 12 by 4, we say: twelve multiplied
by/times four is/equals forty eight.
12 x 4 = 48
twelve multiplied by / times three is / equals forty-
cylinder, curved line, cube, circle, rectangle, triangle, straight line, square
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
13
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 2
VOCABULARY
easy
cheap
open
thick
wide
fast
1.4 Write the name of the operation besides the given symbols
14
1.6 Write down with numbers
twenty-six
ninety-eight-
thirty-seven-
thirteen-
twelve-
sixty-five-
two thousand four hundred and sixty seven
rectangle- circle-
straight- cube-
square-
GRAMMAR
1. a) There are two screwdriver on the table. 6. a) Those phenomenon are interesting.
b) There are two screwdrivers on the table. b) Those phenomena are interesting.
2. a) What is your sister's name? 7. a) That book is thin.
b) What is your sisters name? b) That book are thin.
3. a) This car is not fast. 8. a) He has two watches.
b) This car not fast. b) He has two watchs.
4. a) They are a truck drivers. 9. a) Tom house is very big.
b) They are truck drivers. b) Tom's house is very big.
5. a) This are expensive machines.
b) These are expensive machines.
2.2 Turn the sentences in plural into the singular and vice versa.
15
UNI T 3
In the first category are substances which provide an easy path for an electric current.
All metals are conductors, however, some metals do not conduct well. Manganin, for
example, is a poor conductor. Copper is a good conductor, therefore, we use it for
cables. A non-metal which conducts well is carbon. Salt water is an example of a liquid
conductor.
A material which does not easily release electrons is an insulator. Rubber, nylon,
porcelain and air are all insulators. There are no perfect insulators. All insulators allow
some flow of electrons, however, this is usually very small.
Semiconductors are midway between conductors and insulators. Under certain
conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave as
insulators. Germanium and silicon are semiconductors. Mixtures of certain metallic
oxides also act as semiconductors. We call them thermistors. The resistance of
thermistors falls rapidly as the temperature rises.
VOCABULARY
according to however
across into
act liquid
air midway
all mixture
allow movement path
battery perfect
behave permit
between poor
body provide
call rapidly
carbon readily
certain release
classify resistance
condition rise
conduct rubber
conductor salt
connect semiconductor
copper small
current some
easy substance
end there are
16
example therefore
fall towards
flow under
for example use
free usually
group well
how
E X E R C I S E S
flow permit
provide increase
allow movement
usually fast
rise enable
rapidly normally
ignore group
classify a certain
fall disregard
some decrease
II. Replace the underlined words with a suitable synonym from the table.
III. Find the words in the text to which these words are synonyms.
1. matter, material
2. elastic material.
3. a binary compound of an element with oxygen..
IV. Make noun phrases by joining the words in the two rows.
17
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
The affirmative of the Present Simple tense in English is formed with the infinitive of the
verb (without to) in all persons except the third person singular (he, she, it) where the verb
has an s (or sometimes an es) ending (he works, she asks, he teaches). Verbs ending in y
and preceded by a consonant change y into i and add es pronounced [iz]: try he/she/it
tries; cry he/she/it cries. But if y is preceded by a vowel, there is no change and only s
is added: play he/she/it plays; say he/she/it says.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I work 1 we work
2 you work 2 you work
3 he/she/it works 3 they work
The interrogative (question) form of the Present Simple tense is formed by the auxiliary
verbs do or does plus the infinitive of the verb (without to).
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 Do I work? 1 Do we work?
2 Do you work? 2 Do you work?
3 Does he/she/it work? (Note that there 3 Do they work?
is no s ending!!)
The negative of the Present Simple is formed by adding the word not to the auxiliary verb
(do/does).
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I do not work (or: I dont work) 1 we do not (dont) work
2 you do not (dont) work 2 you do not (dont) work
3 he/she/it does not (doesnt) work 3
(Note that there is no s ending!!) they do not (dont) work
USE:
1. We use the Present Simple tense to express general truths
Water boils at 100 Centigrade.
2. We use the Present Simple tense to express habits and repeated actions.
He smokes a lot. He works in a bank.
Use the Present Simple forms of the verbs in the sentences below.
18
5. all materials (provide) a path for an electric current? No,
they.
6. A material which ..not..(release) electrons is an insulator.
7. .all insulators.(allow) some flow of electrons?
8. This material.(behave) as a conductor.
9. .the materials..(act) as semiconductors? No, they..
10. The resistance of thermistors.(fall) rapidly with their temperature.
Use the present forms of the verb be to complete the following sentences.
We use 'a' or 'an' when we mention things for the first time.
We use 'the' when we mention things for the second time. (This is a book. The book is on
the table.)
We use the if the noun is determined or defined and if it is known to the speaker and to
the person spoken to (Give me the pen. The blackboard is wet).
1. My friends live in ______ house. _______ house is very old. But, they have _______
expensive car and _______ nice garden.
2. Close ________ window, please. It is cold in here.
3. It is a beautiful day. Let's sit in _______ garden.
4. He has _______ new job. He works in ________ car factory.
5. We go to _______ cinema every Friday.
6. I have _______ problem. Can you help me?
7. "Do you have _________ car?" "Yes, it is in ________ garage."
8. They have _________ apartment in ________ center.
9. How much is _______ cup of tea?
10. Go to ________ supermarket and buy me _______ chocolate.
19
PREPOSITIONS
1.1 Words ending in or/-er in English denote the doer of the action (person, thing,
device, machine, etc) and they are added to verbs. For example: a winder can be a
person or a machine that is doing the operation of winding. Write down the verb
forms of the given nouns:
1) conductor -
2) designer-
3) insulator -
4) opener -
5) teacher-
6) calculator-
7) reader-
8) manager-
air- copper-
allow- current-
between- easy-
20
carbon- fall-
condition- flow-
conduct- provide-
conductor- rapidly-
3. Under certain conditions they allow a current to flow easily but under others they behave
as insulators.
..
1.5 Write down the names of these people or things using or/-er suffixes
conductor non-metal
metal slowly
small insulator
rapidly big
21
1.7 Find the Serbian/Hungarian equivalents of the given English words
GRAMMAR
2.1 Complete the sentence using one of the following verbs in the present simple tense.
22
7. She always cleans ________ house on Saturdays.
8. It is dark in here. Can you turn on ______light?
9. Open the door! It's _______ postman.
10. You can take my car. It's in _________ garage.
11. Is there _______ park in this area?
UNI T 4
The genitive in English can be also expressed by the Norman or prepositional genitive
(the roof of the house, the leg of the table). It has an inverted word order (in comparison to
the Saxon Genitive) and it is formed with the preposition of. The Norman genitive is
usually used to express possession between things (inanimate objects).
E X E R C I S E S
Use the present forms of the verb be and the Norman genitive to complete these
sentences.
Transform these sentences using the Norman genitive. Example: We measure length
in meters. The unit of length is the meter.
23
Make sentences by connecting words from each column using the Norman genitive.
Example: The speed of the car is 120 km/h.
1. ________________________________________ .
2. ________________________________________ .
3. ________________________________________ .
4. ________________________________________ .
5. ________________________________________ .
6. ________________________________________ .
Howwe.?
In meters per second.
Howwe.?
In ohms.
Howwearea ?
In square meters.
What.the unit of.?
The hertz.
What.the unit of.?
The kilogram.
What.the unit of.?
The cubic meter.
ADVERBS
Adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding ly. These words answer the question of
how (bad badly, quick quickly).
ADJECTIVES + LY
Make adverbs from the adjectives given below and connect them with the verbs.
24
determine
work
position
sell..
calculate.
drive..
FEW / A FEW
OBJECT PRONOUNS
25
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
The resistance of metals varies with their temperature. When they are hot, their temperature
increases. When they cool, their resistance falls. The resistance of some metals and alloys
steadily decreases as their temperature is lowered, then falls suddenly to a negligible value
at temperatures a few degrees above absolute zero. In other words, these materials have
almost no resistance to an electric current at very low temperatures. They become almost
perfect conductors. We call this phenomenon superconductivity. It occurs only with certain
materials, for example, lead, and only at very low temperatures.
The very low temperatures limit the practical applications of superconductivity. But we
can find some applications of superconductivity. If we induce current in a ring or
superconducting material it continues to circulate when we remove the magnetic field. In
theory we can use this in the memory cells of computer. Memory cells made of
superconducting materials can store information indefinitely. Because of the zero resistivity
of the cells, the computer can retrieve information very quickly.
A high percentage of the total losses in modern transformers is due to the resistance of the
windings. If we find a way to make transformers with windings cooled to the low
temperatures at which superconductivity occurs, the resistance of the windings would be
zero and the transformer almost ideal.
VOCABULARY
above limit
alloy loss
almost low
application lower (v)
become magnetic field
call negligible
cell occur
certain only
circulate phenomenon
continue quickly
cool remove
decrease resistance
degree retrieve
due to ring
electric current steadily
fall store
find suddenly
for example then
hot value
in other words vary
increase way
indefinitely when
induce winding
lead
26
Comprehension check
1.1 Find the Serbian/Hungarian meanings of the words given in the first column
27
If we..(nai/tallni) a way to make transformers with windings cooled to
the(niske temperature/alacsony hmrskletek) at which
superconductivity occurs, the resistance of the windings would be zero and the transformer
almost ideal.
GRAMMAR
28
2.2 Make adverbs from the adjectives given below and then put them in the
appropriate sentence.
R E V I S I O N
Complete the table on the use of British and American money by writing the
appropriate coin or banknote in the suitable column. Choose from:
29
British money American money
COINS COINS
1 1
2 5
5 10
10 25
20
50 BANKNOTES
2 1
BANKNOTES 5
5 10
10 20
20 50
50 100
Make sentences using the present simple tense by connecting the words given below.
pipe repair picture weld drive mend sell car metal paint
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Make Saxon or Norman genitive forms of the given words. Dont forget: the Saxon
genitive is used for persons the Norman genitive for things: brother hat; roof
house; length part; my sister school subjects; end year; Einstein theory;
movement electrons; Tesla - motor.
30
Saxon Genitive Norman Genitive
Replace the prepositional genitive by the Saxon genitive in the following sentences:
Arrange the following nouns into the four given columns: servant, car, river, foot,
science, daughter, professor, John, branch, madam, mathematics, earth, man, ship,
son, aunt, parent, electricity, friend.
Almost all cars currently ___________ (use) what is called a four-stroke combustion
cycle to convert gasoline into motion. The four strokes are:
The intake stroke.
The compression stroke.
The combustion stroke
The exhaust stroke.
31
Here's what happens as the engine __________ (go) through its cycle:
The piston_________ (start) at the top, the intake valve_________ (open), and the
piston ________ (move) down to let the engine take in a cylinder full of air and
gasoline. This _______ (be) the intake stroke. Only the tiniest drop of gasoline
________ ( need) to be mixed into the air for this to work.
Then the piston ________ (move) back up to compress this fuel/air mixture.
Compression _________ (make) the explosion more powerful.
When the piston _________ (reach) the top of its stroke, the spark plug _______ (emit)
a spark to ignite the gasoline. The gasoline charge in the cylinder ________(explode)
and _______ (drive) the piston down.
When the piston ________ (hit) the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve _______
(open) and the exhaust _______ (go) out the tail pipe.
Choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which best fits into the sentence or explains the word
given in brackets.
32
5. Some semiconductors can..(behave) as insulators.
33
18. are insulators.
a) he b) it c) they d) she
a) the workers tool b) the workers tool c) the workers tools d) workers tools
34
UNI T 5
VOCABULARY
a bit- law-
bare- natural
because- necessary-
branch- nowadays-
comprehension- occupy-
concept- often-
demand- place-
development- possible-
different- quite-
economy- require-
especially- science-
essential- social sciences-
even- state-
express- teaching-
important- tendency-
including- thought-
just- understand-
knowledge- without-
language- word-
35
Comprehension check
Connect the science on the left with its definition on the right.
science definition
1.chemistry a) the study of matter and energy
2.biology b) a branch of mathematics that deals with the operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division
3.astronomy c) the study of basic characteristics of substances and the ways they
combine or react with other substances
4.algebra d) the study of illnesses and injuries
5.biometrics e) the study of numbers and their operations
6.medicine f) the study of the universe and objects which exist in space, such as the
sun, the moon, planets and stars
7.mathematics g) the study of the living organisms and processes in the nature
8.physics h) the statistical study of biological processes and events
9.arithmetic i) a branch of mathematics in which signs and letters represent numbers
When a noun representing an indefinite person or thing is the subject of the verb be we
normally use a there + be + noun construction (There is a man at the door). Note that
though there appears to be the subject, the real subject is the noun that follows the verb,
and if this noun is plural the verb must be plural too (There are two chairs in the room).
The verb be usually means exist/happen/take place (There is a movement of free
electrons towards the positive end./ There are no perfect insulators).
Put there is/are in the appropriate slot and supply the correct form of the verb in the
present simple tense.
Parts of an engine
___________ a cylinder and a piston. The piston ________ (move) up and down inside the
cylinder. _____________ engines with one or more cylinders. Then,___________ a spark
plug. It _________ (supply) the spark that ___________ (ignite) the air/fuel mixture.
__________ two valves: intake and exhaust valve. They __________ (let in) the air and
fuel and__________ (let out) exhaust. ___________ also a combustion chamber where the
combustion and compression ___________ (take place). Finally, ___________ a crank
shaft. It _________ (turn) the up and down motion of the piston into circular motion.
36
SOME ANY
When we use some we are not interested in the exact number. Example: I have ten fingers.
But: I have some friends. We usually use some in positive sentences and any in negative
and interrogative sentences ( I have some pens. Are there any photographs? There arent
any people here).
Countable Uncountable
There is a car outside. There is no electricity in this house.
Car is a countable noun. A countable noun Electricity is an uncountable noun. An
can be singular ( car) or plural ( cars). uncountable noun has only one form
Countable nouns are things we can count. (electricity). Uncountable nouns are things
So we can say "one car", "two cars" etc. we cannot count. So we cannot say "one
electricity", "two electricities" etc.
sand piston
water iron
element mathematics
steam cylinder
rain air
conductor machine
sugar day
light law
37
Turn the following nouns into the plural form.
MUCH MANY
After much the noun is in the singular and after many the noun is in the plural form.
38
1.2 Translate these expressions into Serbian/Hungarian
1.3 Fill in the missing words. Choose from: thought, laws, necessary, knowledge,
require, expresses.
1.4 Connect the segments given in the two columns to make sentences
GRAMMAR
39
9. Are there ______ messages for me?
10. I have ______ question to ask.
11. There isn't ________ oil in the tank.
12. They make ________ of these components from steel.
UNI T 6
40
VOCABULARY
achieve- occupy-
act upon- peaceful-
against- pollute-
although- possess-
attraction- power plant-
build- powerful-
change (v)- previous-
changed- production-
complete- properly-
conversion- property-
country- pull-
depending on- purpose-
determine- quite-
different- remain-
earth- result (v)-
equation- source-
equivalence- space-
external- specimen-
extinct- squared-
force- than-
force of gravity- the same-
from place to place- therefore-
fundamental- think-
given- threaten-
handle- through-
heat- thus-
hence- vary-
how far- velocity-
however- volume-
human race- waste-
in favour of- weapon-
in other words- weight-
mankind- work-
measure (v)-
object-
Comprehension check
41
5. The ___________ of an object varies depending on its distance from the ___________
6. E=mc2 is an ___________ which shows the ___________ of mass and energy.
7. Scientists use the ___________ of mass into energy to make an ___________ .
8. Many are against nuclear energy because they think ___________ is polluting the earth,
while others use it as a new ___________.
The affirmative of the present continuous tense in English is formed with the present forms
of the verb be( am/is/are) and an ing ending added to the verb. The interrogative
(question) form is formed by inverting the word order (auxiliary verb preceding the subject)
and the negative is formed by adding not to the present forms of be (am not; is not; are
not).
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am working 1 we are working
2 you are working 2 you are working
3 he/she/it is working 3 they are working
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 Am I working? 1 Are we working?
2 Are you working? 2 Are you working?
3 is he/she/it working? 3 Are they working?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am not working (note that there is no 1 we are not (arent) working
amnt !)
2 you are not (arent) working 2 you are not (arent) working
3 he/she/it is not (isnt) working 3
they are not (arent) working
USE:
1. We use the present continuous tense when the action is happening now or around now.
He is writing a book.
Make sentences using the present continuous tense and then turn them into the
interrogative form:
1. He / drive / to work
________________________ .
42
2. Nuclear waste / pollute /the earth
________________________ .
3. The scientists / make / experiments
________________________ .
4. He / sell / his computer
________________________ .
5. Some countries / build / nuclear power plants
________________________ .
6. The temperature / increase
________________________ .
7. I / download / a new programme
________________________ .
8. They / monitor / the damage to the ozone layer
________________________ .
9. We / install / a new software
________________________ .
Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form.
paint wait work repair make go look for learn try study rain do
Can and may are used with the infinitive of the verb (without to). Can usually denotes
possibility (This car can reach a speed of 170 km/h) or ability (I can lift a hundred kilos).
May denotes permission, possibility (You may leave now./ I may see him today.)
Make sentences with can by choosing a word from each row (A,B or C).
43
an atomic
A too much high- power fast
generators radiation steam sunlight voltage plant trains
B kill reach produce cause provide turn be
energy for a speed
C turbines cancer a whole electricity of 300 dangerous people
region km/h
1. ..
2. ..
3. ..
4. ..
5. ..
6. ..
THE IMPERATIVE
The Imperative is a verb used without a subject. The Imperative is most often used for the
second person singular and plural. The negative is formed by do not and the infinitive of
the verb (do not ask).
Singular Plural
ask ! ask !
dont ask! dont ask!
close / do not fill /do not overfill /do not smoke / fill / make sure /replace / use
44
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 6
VOCABULARY
1. However, the same specimen of matter may occupy quite different volumes when
changed from solid to a liquid and then to gas.
................................................................................................................................................
2. Energy is anything that can change into work such as heat, or electricity.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
complete define
although essential
determine total
earth make dirty
pollute ground
powerful strong
fundamental but
1. Materija ima masu i zauzima prostor. (Az anyagnak van tmege s teret foglal el.)
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
45
GRAMMAR
2.3 Complete the sentences using may and one of these verbs.
46
2.4 Complete the sentences using can and one of these verbs. Sometimes you need the
negative form.
UNI T 7
47
Figure 1
VOCABULARY
abundant- living-
among- nature-
amount to- occur-
animal- only-
at least- order-
available- over-
boiling point- percent-
both- plant-
carbon- poisonous-
certain- product-
chlorine- property-
common- quite-
compound- react-
constituent- show-
constitute- silicon-
copper- similarly-
definite- sodium-
different- soft-
divide- such as-
familiar- surprisingly-
greenish- the rest-
harmless- tin-
important- violently-
iodine- whereas-
iron- white-
lead- yellow-
48
Comprehension check
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
49
SHORT ADJECTIVES LONG ADJECTIVES
There are some adjectives which have an irregular comparative and superlative forms. The
most commonly used ones are:
NOTE:
We do not use 'the' in the superlative before possessive adjectives.
My oldest brother works in London. RIGHT
My the oldest brother works in London. WRONG
Put the adjective into the superlative form and then answer the questions to check
your general knowledge.
50
2. Which is _______________ (long) river in the world?
a) Mississippi
b) Amazon
c) Nile
3. Which planet is _______________ ( close) to the sun?
a) Venus
b) Mercury
c) Mars
4. What is _______________ (popular) sport in the world?
a) Basketball
b) Tennis
c) Soccer
5. What is ________________ (abundant) metallic element on earth?
a) aluminium
b) calcium
c) magnesium
6. Which of the following metals is ______________ (good) conductor of electricity?
a) copper
b) silver
c) nickel
7. What is _______________ (dangerous) profession in the world?
a) stuntman
b) astronaut
c) racing car driver
8. Which is ______________ (bright) planet?
a) Jupiter
b) Mercury
c) Venus
9. Which is ______________ (tall) building in the world?
a) Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur
b) Empire State Building in New York
c) Sears Tower in Chicago
10.Which is ______________ (long) bridge in the world?
a) Sydney Harbour Bridge
b) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan
c) Golden Gate Bridge
Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers by adding st (the first), -nd (the
second), -rd (the third) or th (the fourth, the fifth). In most cases the ending of ordinal
numbers is th. The exceptions are only: the first, the second, the third. Ordinal numbers
are generally used with the definite article (the). There are also some changes in writing
and pronunciation (five the fifth; eight the eighth; nine- the ninth; twelve the twelfth;
twenty the twentieth, etc).
51
ORDINAL NUMBERS
A date is expressed in figures by ordinal numbers: 25 May the twenty-fifth of May or:
May 25th May the twenty-fifth.
In fractional numbers the numerator is a cardinal number and the denominator is an ordinal
number: one third, two fifths.
A decimal number such as 25. 43 is read like: twenty five point four three.
The zero in decimal and telephone numbers is pronounced [ou] not zero: 2.05 (two point ou
five).
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. The water is boiling. Turn it off!
Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.
52
4. She is good at languages. She speaks four languages very well. _________________
5. Don't take that book back to the library. I read it. ________________
6. Every hour the planet Earth is travelling 66,620 miles around the sun. ____________
Use the present simple or present continuous to complete the following sentences:
VOCABULARY
1. at least ninety-two-
2. the tenth most common element-
3. constituent elements-
4. a greenish-yellow poisonous gas-
5. harmless substance-
6. available on earth-
7. occur in nature-
8. the boiling point of water-
1.2 Find a synonym in the box below for each word underlined in the text
There are one hundred and five different elements we know of. Of these, at least ninety-two
occur in nature, some only in their compounds, and the rest are the products of man. Two
elements, oxygen and silicon, are surprisingly abundant. Thirteen elements constitute over
99.7 percent of all the material. Many familiar elements, such as copper, lead, tin, iodine,
are not among them.
appear, various, in great quantity, just, like, make up, minimum, more than, others, well-
known
53
1.3 Fill in the appropriate forms of the words
priroda/termszet prirodan/termszetes
slian/hasonl sim slino/hasonlan
otrovan/mrgez otrov/mreg
proizvod/termk con proizvoditi/termelni,gyrtani
GRAMMAR
1. The sun is _____________ (big) object in our solar system. It is also our ___________
(close) star.
2. Hydrogen is ___________________ (abundant) element in the universe.
3. Mercury travels around the sun ____________ (fast) than any other planet.
4. Mars has some of ____________ (tall) volcanoes and some of ____________ (deep)
valleys in our solar system.
5. Travelling by train is_______________ (cheap) than travelling by plane.
6. Magnesium is ________________ (light) metal.
7. Watt's steam engine is _____________ (effective) than Newcomen's.
8. Diamond is ____________ (hard) substance occurring in nature.
9. Canada is _____________ (large) than the United States.
10. Copper is _____________ (good) conductor of heat.
54
2.2 Make sentences comparing these two cars and using the following adjectives:
1. ______________________________________________.
2. ______________________________________________.
3. ______________________________________________.
4. ______________________________________________.
5. ______________________________________________.
2.3 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.
REVISION
Make sentences using the present simple negative. Example: They are poor. They do
not have money.
He is unemployed. .
They are selfish. . other people.
I am a vegetarian. . meat.
55
She is illiterate. . how to write.
Fill in the gaps using the present simple positive. Example: He is a mechanic. He
mends cars.
He is a pilot. . a plane.
She is a waitress. . food in a restaurant.
They are actors. . a theatre.
I am a doctor. . patients in a hospital.
We are students. . at this university.
Fill out the missing information and practice saying the dates
Astronomically
Spring begins .
Summer begins .
Autumn/fall begins .
Winter begins .
is .
The speed of light is .
The boiling point of water in degrees Fahrenheit is .
There are . days in a year.
1 inch is . millimeters.
g is . m/s2.
Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
Read the following sentences and try to define which planet the definition refers to.
1. The third largest planet in the solar system. Diameter: 33 000 miles.
..
2. The most brilliant planet in the solar system poetically called Lucifer as the morning star
and Hesperus as the evening star. Diameter: 7600 miles
..
3. The outmost planet of the solar system ninth in distance from the sun. diameter: 7 600
miles.
..
4. The second largest planet in the solar system. It has three concentric rings around it.
Diameter: 72000 miles.
..
5. The largest planet in the solar system. Diameter: 87000 miles.
..
56
6. The smallest planet in the solar system closest to the sun. Diameter: 3000 miles.
..
7. A planet in the solar system notable for its red light. Diameter: 4230 miles.
..
Supply superlative adjective forms and ordinal numbers to complete these sentences.
The .planet in the solar system which isin distance from the
sun is Jupiter.
The.largest planet in the solar system which isin distance from
the sun is Saturn.
The ..largest planet in the solar system which isin distance from
the sun is Neptune.
The.largest planet in the solar system which is..in distance from
the sun is Uranus.
Pluto is..planet in the solar system which is.in distance
from the sun.
Earth is.largest planet in the solar system which isin distance from
the sun.
Asia iscontinent.
Africa is..than Asia butthan Europe.
Europe is..than Australia butthan Africa.
Australia iscontinent.
Use the present continuous or present simple tense in the following sentences.
57
UNI T 8
VOCABULARY
accepted- field-
agree- frequently-
alike- invisible-
assumption- particle-
available- propose-
BC- provide-
compound- ratio-
consist- research (n)-
create- research (v)-
destroy- tiny-
differ- tool-
evidence- unable-
exactly- weight-
explain- whole-
Comprehension check
1. Democritus was the first scientist who tried to explain the structure of matter.
2. Democritus provided experimental evidence for these tiny particles.
58
3. Dalton's atomic theory explains the structure of atoms.
4. Atomic theory includes five basic assumptions.
5. Atoms of a given element differ from each other in weight.
6. Atoms combine to make chemical compounds.
7. Chemical changes destroy but don't create atoms.
8. Scientists still use Dalton's atomic concept.
9. Scientists are still conducting research in the field of atomic structure.
10. Accepted ideas often don't agree with new experimental facts.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I worked 1 we worked
2 you worked 2 you worked
3 he/she/it worked 3 they worked
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 Did I work? 1 Did we work?
2 Did you work? 2 Did you work?
3 Did he/she/it work? 3 Did they work?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I did not work 1 we did not work
2 you did not work 2 you did not work
3 he/she/it did not work 3 they did not work
USE:
1. We use the past simple tense to express actions that were finished at a definite past time.
The Second World War ended in 1945.
59
3. In the twentieth century, scientists discovered new experimental facts.
________________________________________________________ .
________________________________________________________ .
4. The atomic concept of an atom explained the experimental facts.
___________________________________________________ .
___________________________________________________ .
5. The accepted ideas changed very frequently.
___________________________________ .
___________________________________ .
Singular Plural
1 I was 1 we were
2 you were 2 you were
3 he/she/it was 3 they were
Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was / were.
The weather was nice yesterday.
Was the weather nice yesterday?
The weather wasn't nice yesterday.
Use the past forms of the verbs in brackets to complete the text.
CARS
Hundreds of years ago there ________ (be) no cars, so people ____________ (travel) by
coaches. The first coach without horses ___________ (have) a steam engine. In 1885 Carl
Benz _____________ (invent) the first car with a petrol-engine. It _________ (have) three
wheels and _________ (be) very slow. Some years later, Daimler __________ (build) the
first car with four wheels. It _________ (be) much safer than the Benz car. At that time cars
__________ (be) usually open, so they _________ (not / be) very comfortable. The first
cars _________ (be) very expensive. But then, in 1913, Ford __________ (begin) to build
the famous "Model T "cars. That ________ (be) the start of mass production.
60
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
The prefixes (in-/im-/un-/dis-/il-) are called negative prefixes because they give the
adjective a negative meaning. Their meaning is similar to not: Scientists were unable to
determine (unable=not able).
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
IN-
IM-
IL-
IR-
UN-
practical, able, logical, regular, possible, safe, visible, reparable, accurate, even, legal,
expensive, pure, literate, retrievable
ARTICLES
In English we can use the definite article ('the'), the indefinite article ('a' or 'an') and the so-
called 'zero' article (when we do not use any articles in front of a noun).
1. We use the definite article in English when we talk about things which are unique (one
of a kind). For example: the sun, the earth, the universe, the president of the USA, etc.
2. We also use the definite article before superlatives and ordinal numbers (the hardest, the
most difficult, the next, the first, the second, the fifth, etc.)
3. 'The' is also used before the names of seas, rivers, chains of mountains, etc. For
example: the Atlantic Ocean, the Danube, the Alps.
1. We use 'a' when the next word is pronounced with a consonant (a desk, a room). We use
'an' when the next word is pronounced with a vowel (an apple, an hour).
2. We use the indefinite article before names of professions (an engineer, a teacher, a
student).
3. We also use the indefinite article in the meaning of 'one' or 'any' (Take a chair = take any
chair; I have a son =I have one son).
61
'ZERO' ARTICLE
1. We do not use any articles when we talk about things generally (Men like football.)
2. We also omit articles in English before material and abstract nouns (Steel is important
for industry./ Water is essential for life.).
1.2 Find a synonym for each word underlined below. Choose from the following: fact,
the same, come up with, very small, for quite some time, often.
proposed an idea-
was long unable to-
62
experimental evidence-
change very frequently-
exactly alike-
a tiny particle-
evidence field
area suggest
exactly proof
propose give, offer
provide precisely
1.4 Give the infinitive, past and past participle forms of these verbs
a) Sva materija sastoji se od malih, nevidljivih estica. (Minden anyag kis, lthatatlan
rszecskkbl ll.)
.................................................................................................................................
b) Hemijske promene ne stvaraju i ne unitavaju atome. (A vegyi vltozsok nem
hoznak ltre s nem teszik tnkre az atomokat.)
.................................................................................................................................
c) Nauka, meutim, dugo nije mogla da da eskperimentalni dokaz. (A tudomny,
azonban, sokig nem tudott ksrleti bizonytkot adni.)
.................................................................................................................................
d) Svi atomi jednog elementa su isti. (Egy elem minden atoma egyforma.)
.................................................................................................................................
63
GRAMMAR
2.1 Use the past simple tense to complete this passage and learn more about John
Dalton.
John Dalton __________ (be) a British chemist and physicist. When he was only 14 years
old, he ___________ (teach) with his brother at a school in Kendal and he __________
(stay) there for 12 years. Then he ___________ (become) a teacher of mathematics and
natural philosophy in a college in Manchester. He __________ (leave) this job in 1800 and
from 1817 till his death he _________ (be) the president of the Philosophical Society. His
scientific work _________ (begin) in 1787 and ___________ (continue) until the end of his
life. In 1793, he ___________ (publish) his first book. He ____________ (write) essays on
such topics as barometer, thermometer and climate. He _____________(experiment) with
chemical elements and ___________ (propose) many theories, including the atomic theory.
He __________ (die) in 1844 and more than 40,000 people __________ (come) to his
funeral.
2.3 Put in the or a / an where necessary. If the sentence is already correct , put
'RIGHT'.
64
UNI T 9
NIKOLA TESLA
65
Alternating Current Power Plant at World's Fair, Chicago, 1893.
Four of the twelve 1000 horse-power two-phase generators
In 1900, Tesla began construction on Long Island of a wireless world broadcasting tower,
with $150,000 capital from the American financier J. Pierpont Morgan. Tesla secured the
loan by assigning 51 percent of his patent rights of telephony and telegraphy to Morgan. He
expected to provide worldwide communication and to enable sending pictures, messages,
weather warnings, and stock reports. The project was abandoned because of Morgan's
withdrawal of support. It was Tesla's greatest defeat.
Tesla's work then shifted to turbines and other projects. Tesla was the recipient of the
Edison Medal in 1917, the highest honour of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
After Tesla's death the custodian of alien property impounded his trunks, which held his
papers, his diplomas and other honours, his letters, and his laboratory notes. These were
eventually inherited by Tesla's nephew, Sava Kosanovich, and later housed in the Nikola
Tesla Museum in Belgrade.
VOCABULARY
abandon- inventor-
advantage- inevitable-
alien property- light (v)-
alternating current- loan-
approach- nephew-
arrive- power-
assign (v)- power struggle-
attend- precipitate-
be far apart- provide-
bear-bore-born- recipient-
66
begin-began-begun- researcher-
broadcast- reverse (v)-
buy-bought-bought- rotating magnetic field-
capital- sail (v)-
carry secure (v)-
coil see-saw-seen-
conceive- sell-sold-sold-
custodian- separation-
defeat (n)- shift (v)-
develop- sign a contract-
direct current- stock report-
discover- successful-
emigrate- support-
employment- the following year-
enable- tower-
eventually- training-
expect- trunk-
exposition- utilization-
find-found-found- visualize-
go-went-gone- warning-
his first step forward- while on assignment-
impound- widely used-
in after work hours- win-won-won-
inherit- wireless-
patent right- withdrawal-
Comprehension check
1. Tesla attended first the University of Prague and then the University of Graz.
2. The Gramme dynamo was able to operate as a generator and as an electric motor.
3. Tesla invented an electric motor which operated on direct current.
4. He used the principle of the rotating magnetic field to develop an induction motor.
5. While he was in Paris, he constructed his first induction motor.
6. He was already very rich when he arrived in America.
7. In America, he first worked for Thomas Edison.
8. George Westinghouse bought the rights to Edison's direct current systems.
9. Tesla constructed and financed a wireless world broadcasting tower.
10. Tesla had more than 50 percent of the patent rights of telephony and telegraphy.
11. Today, Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade keeps all his papers, letters and notes.
67
Match the synonyms in the table.
inventor use
conceive give up
eventually job
install discoverer
attend finally
abandon design, build
employment function
utilization think of
operate go to
construct set up
Replace the underlined words with a suitable synonym from the table.
1. _______ Nikola Tesla ___________ (discover) the rotating magnetic field? Yes, he
_________ .
2. He __________ (sell) the patent rights to George Westinghouse.
3. _______ he _________ (see) the Gramme dynamo in Prague? No, he _________ . He
_________ it in Graz.
4. He _________ (find) a way to use alternating current in an induction motor.
5. _________ he ___________ (construct) his first induction motor in Budapest? No, he
just __________ (develop) plans for the motor but he ______________ (construct) it in
Strassburg.
6. He __________ (go) to America in 1884.
7. Edison and Tesla ___________ (differ) from each other in their background and
methods, so they soon _____________ (separate).
8. _________ George Westinghouse ___________ (buy) Edison's direct-current system?
No, he __________ . He ___________ Tesla's alternating current motors.
9. They __________ (use) Tesla's system to light the Exposition at Chicago.
10. In 1900 Tesla __________ (begin) building a wireless world broadcasting tower.
11. _________ he _________ (finish) this project? No, he ___________ (abandon) it.
12. In 1917, Tesla ___________ (receive) the Edison Medal.
WH-QUESTIONS
We form wh-questions with who, whom , whose, what, which, when, where, why and how
.
Wh-word + auxiliary + subject + main verb + ...?
68
Example
He repaired the car.
What did he repair?
NOTE
Note that the verb is always in the third person singular.
Example
a)They work in the factory. b)He broke the window.
Who works in the factory? Who broke the window?
69
6. John Dalton proposed an atomic theory in 1805.
______________________________________?
7. Atoms combine to make chemical compounds.
_____________________________________?
8. Scientists are conducting research in the field of atomic structure.
____________________________________________________?
9. Modern research methods are available to scientists.
_________________________________?
10. Certain elements have properties of both metals and non-metals.
___________________________________________________?
VOCABULARY
inventor- utilization-
the following year- employment-
develop- discover-
successful- attend-
coil- advantage-
arrive- patent right-
1.3 Give the infinitive and past forms of the given verbs in English
infinitive past
prodati/eladni
otii/elmenni
nai/tallni
razviti/fejleszteni
kupiti/megvenni
videti/ltni
postati/valamiv vlni
70
1.4 Fill in the missing meanings and noun forms of the given verbs
1.5 Fill in the gaps by using the past tense of the following verbs: see, sell, emigrate,
attend, go, discover,
GRAMMAR
71
Make questions about Tesla's life. Then find the answers in the table below.
QUESTION ANSWER
1. ( Who / be / Tesla)
_________________________________
2. ( When / he / emigrate / to United States)
_________________________________
3. ( Whom / he / sell / his patent rights)
_________________________________
4. (Which university / he / attend)
_________________________________
5. ( Where / he / go / in 1882)
_________________________________
6. ( What / he / construct / in Strassburg)
_________________________________
7. (Whom / he / meet / in New York)
_________________________________
8. (Whose system / Westinghouse / use / at the exposition in Chicago)
_________________________________
9. ( Who / finance / the construction of world broadcasting tower)
_________________________________
10. ( What / he / receive / in 1917)
_________________________________
72
UNIT 10
It is hard to believe that Edison had only a few months of formal education. But its true.
He showed an early interest in science and at a very young age he started experimenting.
He liked constructing things with his own hands.
His working life falls into three sections: his juvenile enterprises, his work as a telegraphist
and his life as an inventor.
As a boy he needed money for his experiments and persuaded his parents to find him a job.
Soon he began working on the train between Port Huron and Detroit. He was selling
newspapers on the train. Between trains he was reading at the Detroit Public Library and
printing his own newspaper. He was also doing experiments on the train. He had a
laboratory in one of the vans.
It was literally an accident which brought Edison nearer to his proper activity. One day, as
he was waiting for his train, he saw a child playing on the line as a van was coming. He
jumped and saved the child. The grateful father offered to teach Edison how to be a railway
telegraphist. At the age of sixteen he was attending a course for telegraphists and soon he
became one of the speediest in North America. In 1864 he got a job as a telegraphist. While
he was working over the border in Canada, he received signals every hour and had to send a
reply. This was to check whether the operator was awake. Edisons reply showed that he
was. But the people who sent the hourly signal began to wonder as the correct reply always
came, but sometimes an ordinary signal sent soon afterward failed to bring reply.
As Edison was doing experiments and was working in his lab at night, he sometimes fell
asleep in his office during the day, so he attached a wheel with a notched rim to the clock,
connected this with the telegraph line and so arranged it that every time the hour was
reached, the right number of dots was automatically sent along the line by the turning of the
wheel.
During his most inventive years, Edison conducted experiments at his Menlo Park, New
Jersey, laboratory (built 1876). He did not work alone. A team of talented workers assisted
him all hours of the day and night. These men had the skills to make Edison's ideas and
sketches into real devices of wood, wire, glass, and metal.
73
VOCABULARY
accident- need-
afterward- notch-
alone- ordinary-
arrange- own-
at night- parents-
attach- persuade-
awake- proper-
begin-began-begun public library-
believe- railway-
between- reach-
border- read-read-read-
bring-brought-brought- receive-
child- reply-
clock- rim-
conduct- save-
connect- sell-sold-sold-
device- send-sent-sent-
dot- sketch-
education- skill-
enterprise- soon-
fail- speedy-
fall asleep- thing-
find-found-found train-
get-got-got- true-
glass- van-
grateful- wheel-
hand- whether-
hard- while-
hourly- wire-
jump- wonder-
juvenile- wood-
line- working life-
literally-
74
Comprehension check
A B
1. As a young boy he liked a) send signals automatically every hour
2. His first job was b) showed that he was awake
3. He was doing experiments c) he was studying to become a telegraphist
4. His first step towards his future career d) a team of talented workers assisted him
happened when
5. At the age of sixteen e) experimenting and constructing things
6. While he was working in Canada f) he was working in his lab at night
7. Hourly replies g) selling newspapers on the train
8. Sometimes he fell asleep because h) he received and sent signals every hour
9. He discovered a way to i) in a laboratory on the train
10.While he was working in New Jersey j) he saved a child playing on the line
The Past Continuous tense is formed by the auxiliaries was or were and the present
participle (-ing) of the verb required. The interrogative is formed by inversion, that is
changing the word order of the subject and the auxiliary verb. In the negative we add 'not'
to the auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I was working 1 we were working
2 you were working 2 you were working
3 he/she/it was working 3 they were working
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 was I working? 1 were we working?
2 were you working? 2 were you working?
3 was he/she/it working? 3 were they working?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I was not working 1 we were not working
2 you were not working 2 you were not working
3 he/she/it was not working 3 they were not working
75
USE:
1. We use the past continuous tense to express an action that happened in the past for a
longer period of time.
He was working all day.
What was John doing at the following times? Write sentences using the past
continuous tense.
Past continuous (in the middle of an action) Past simple (completed action)
He was reading a book when the phone He read a book last night. (=he finished
rang. (=in the middle of reading a book, did reading it)
not finish reading it)
We often use the past simple and past continuous together to say that some action happened
in the middle of another.
He was reading a book when the phone rang.
76
THE GERUND
The gerund is an ing form used as a noun with a verbal meaning. The gerund is formed by
adding ing to a verb and it is very common after verbs such as: like, love, hate, prefer,
start, begin, stop, finish, etc. (at a very young age he started experimenting. He liked
constructing things with his own hands.)
VOCABULARY
a few- fail-
begin-began-begun offer-
believe- ordinary persuade-
between- railway-
bring-brought-brought- reach-
conduct- read-read-read-
connect- receive-
device- reply-
education- science-
77
1.2 Match the antonyms
hard stop
young farther
begin old
nearer hate
receive easy
like get
1.He showed an early interest in science and at a very young age he started experimenting.
4. These men had the skills to make Edison's ideas and sketches into real devices of wood,
wire, glass, and metal.
GRAMMAR
2.1 Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous tense and then turn the
sentences into the interrogative form.
1. Edison __________________ (construct) things with his hands at a very young age.
__________________________________________________________________?
78
2. He ___________________ (do) experiments on the train.
_____________________________________________?
3. A child __________________ (play) on the line.
______________________________________?
4. He __________________ (attend) a course for telegraphists at the age of sixteen.
________________________________________________________________?
5. He _________________ (sell) newspapers on the train.
___________________________________________?
2.2 Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous tense and then turn the
sentences into the negative form.
1. ____________________________________________________________ .
2. ____________________________________________________________ .
3. ____________________________________________________________ .
4. ____________________________________________________________ .
5. ____________________________________________________________ .
6. ____________________________________________________________ .
7. ____________________________________________________________ .
2.4 Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
79
B: " Well, you see, while I _________________ (watch) this film, the postman
_____________ (arrive) with a letter and I had to go out.
A:"I see. That is why you _____________ (not be) home.
2.5 Make sentences from these segments by using gerund. Pay attention to the use of
tenses!
1. ______________________________________________________ .
2. ______________________________________________________ .
3. ______________________________________________________ .
4. ______________________________________________________ .
5. ______________________________________________________ .
6. ______________________________________________________ .
7. ______________________________________________________ .
REVISION
Choose the right verb and make questions in the past simple tense.
fly cars
make dynamite
sail to the radio
ride a plane
measure Coca-Cola
use the internet
listen telephone calls
keep a bicycle
surf by train
drive a photograph
drink food in the refrigerator
travel temperature
watch on a steamboat
eat a jet engine
build nuclear power plants
take frozen food
construct television
80
1. _______________________________________________________ .
2. _______________________________________________________ .
3. _______________________________________________________ .
4. _______________________________________________________ .
5. _______________________________________________________ .
6. _______________________________________________________ .
7. _______________________________________________________ .
8. _______________________________________________________ .
9. _______________________________________________________ .
10.______________________________________________________ .
11.______________________________________________________ .
12.______________________________________________________ .
13. _____________________________________________________ .
14.______________________________________________________ .
15.______________________________________________________ .
16.______________________________________________________ .
Make statements about what people could and could not do one hundred years ago.
Example
One hundred years ago, people used dynamite.
1. _______________________________________________________ .
2. _______________________________________________________ .
3. _______________________________________________________ .
4. _______________________________________________________ .
5. _______________________________________________________ .
6. _______________________________________________________ .
7. _______________________________________________________ .
8. _______________________________________________________ .
9. _______________________________________________________ .
10.______________________________________________________ .
11.______________________________________________________ .
12.______________________________________________________ .
13. _____________________________________________________ .
14.______________________________________________________ .
15.______________________________________________________ .
16.______________________________________________________ .
6.30 get up
7 - 7.30 pack his suitcase
7.45 - 8.15 drive to the airport
8.30 - 10.00 fly to London
11.00 - 12.30 have a meeting
1.00 - 1.45 have lunch
2.15 - 4.00 visit the factory
4.30 - 5.15 write a report on the plane
81
7.30. - 9.00 listen to music
10.00 go to bed
1. 7.15 am _________________________ .
2. 8.00 am _________________________ .
3. 9.00 am _________________________.
4. 12.00 am _________________________ .
5. 1.15 pm _________________________ .
6. 3.00 pm __________________________ .
7. 5.00 pm __________________________ .
8. 8.00 pm __________________________ .
9. 11.00 pm _________________________ .
Make wh-questions using the present simple and past simple tense.
KNOWLEDGE QUIZ
82
4. When ___________________ (the first man / travel) in space?
a) 1959
b) 1961
c) 1969
5. How fast ____________________ (the Concorde / fly) ?
a) 2,000 kilometres an hour
b) 2,500 kilometres an hour
c) 3,000 kilometres an hour
6. Who ______________ (build) the first car with four wheels?
a) Benz
b) Ford
c) Daimler
7. Where ____________________________ ( the Empire State Building / be)?
a) Chicago
b) New York
c) Washington
8. How often _________________ (we / see) the Halley's comet?
a) every 4 years
b) every 100 years
c) every 76 years
9. How much electricity in the world ___________________________ (nuclear power
plants / provide)?
a) 30 percent
b) 17 percent
c) 7 percent
10. How long _________________ (it / take) to build the Eiffel tower?
a) 12 months
b) 26 months
c) 5 years
83
UNIT 11
Most paper is made from wood from the forests of Scandinavia, North America and some
areas of Britain. These forests are carefully tended and for every tree that is felled for
papermaking, two or three more are planted. Tree bark is not used to make paper so it is
stripped from the logs. The bark is burned as boiler fuel. The stripped logs are fed through
huge chipping machines which cut the wood into small pieces about 2 centimetres long.
The wood chips are cooked in pressure cookers with chemicals, water and steam which turn
them into a kind of porridge called pulp. To remove all particles of dirt and any lumps or
pieces of tree bark, the pulp is thoroughly cleaned in water. The pulp is then bleached and
finally it is washed in water one more time to remove the bleaching agents. Before the pulp
is made into paper the fibres are beaten and fibrillated. The refined pulp is poured into an
enormous mixing vat to which hundreds of litres of water are added. Chemicals and dyes
are added to this mixture which give the paper its final colour, and general appearance.
VOCABULARY
84
Comprehension check
85
Reproduced from Denis Diderot's Encyclopedie
1767
Stamping mechanisms are reducing the rags into usable fibers for papermaking.
86
1767
Women and a male apprentice at work in the drying loft. The paper sheets are being placed
on ropes woven from cow or horse hair after pressing.
VOCABULARY
87
AM / IS /ARE + PAST PARTICIPLE
The verb in the present continuous passive has the following form:
Complete the following sentences using the present simple active or passive.
88
7. In power plants, energy _______________ (convert) into work.
8. Chemical changes ________________ (not create) atoms.
9. All the matter in the universe _______________ (compose) of the atoms.
10.Chemical compounds __________________ (form) by combining atoms.
When we make paper, we use trees from the forests of Scandinavia, North America and
Britain. We first cut the trees but we always replace them with new ones. The huge
chipping machine cuts the wood into small pieces. We, then cook these pieces of wood in
pressure cookers. After that, we clean the pulp in water, we bleach it and wash it again. We
beat and fibrillate the fibres and then we add chemicals and dyes to give the paper its final
colour.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ .
89
7. Our top engineers are constructing a solar powered car.
___________________________________________ .
1.2 Make noun phrases by combining the suitable words from the two columns
refined chips
wood mixing vat
stripped pulp
enormous bark
tree logs
90
4. The paper sheets are being placed on ropes.
GRAMMAR
2.1 Put the verbs into the present simple active / passive.
91
UNIT 12
A BIT OF HISTORY
Paper, the name, as most people know, comes from the Latin papyrus, which in the hands
of the early Egyptians (its first known users) comprised the pith
of a grass-like plant which was sliced into layers. Then it was
beaten or pressed into sheets. The place of paper in history is
underlined by the fact that most of the works of the Greek and
Roman scholars were written upon it. In Egypt flattened stalks
of papyrus reeds were used as a writing surface.
But paper, as we know it today, had its origins in China.
Traditional Chinese records give the credit for its development, to one T'sai Lun (about 105
AD), who was even identified as the god of papermakers. Samples in the British Museum
indicate that the early Chinese paper was of a very high quality and comparable even with
that of hand made rag paper today. Paper, which was in general use in China nearly 2,000
years ago, was unknown further west until the capture of Chinese prisoners by Arabs in the
eighth century.
The earliest reference to England's first mill was in a book printed by Carton in about 1490
and, in fact, its products were used for an edition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. (The
picture shows early paper making during this time).
By the end of the 18th century the shortage of raw materials was
great, because the growth of industry increased the demand for
papers of all kinds, both at home and for the growing export
trade. There was more correspondence, the educated classes
bought more books and more account books were required. In
the 18th century paper was being used for schoolbooks and
writing. The demand for rags for the manufacture of paper was
enormous. In 1800, 24 million pounds of rags were being used
annually and a good proportion of these were imported from the Continent. A number of
mills were built to satisfy the demand for paper. The quality of hand made paper was
usually high, but the output was low, so constant attempts were being made to replace the
old methods by machinery.
VOCABULARY
a bit- know-knew-known-
account books- layer-
annually- nearly-
bit- output-
capture- pith-
come from- press (v)-
comparable- prisoner-
comprise- proportion-
92
correspondence- rag-
deify- raw material-
demand (n)- records-
development- reed-
early- replace-
edition- require -
educated- sample-
even- satisfy-
flatten- scholar-
further- sheet-
general use- shortage-
give credit- slice (v)-
god- stalk-
grass-like plant surface-
grow-grew-grown- trade-
growth- underlined-
hand made- unknown-
high quality- user-
in fact- west-
increase (v)- work (n)-
indicate-
Comprehension check
93
WAS / WERE + PAST PARTICIPLE
The verb in the past continuous passive has the following form:
EXERCISES
94
10. They were making efforts to replace the old methods.
_____________________________________________
Make passive sentences using the passive forms of the verbs given in the center
column.
MUST
1. A necessity or strong obligation (You must do it now), when the speaker thinks it is
necessary to do something (I really must go to the meeting).
2. Probability (He must be home now =it is probable that he is at home.)
SHOULD
95
3. She.(probability) be at the university now.
4. They..(possibility) be at the station by now.
5. You..(obligation) visit us next weekend.
6. There is not much time. We.(necessity) hurry up.
7. She.(strong obligation) stay here.
96
1.2 Use the Norman Genitive to join the suitable words from each row
OF
annually cloth
rag machine
deify year
manufacture school
educated god
GRAMMAR
2.1 Complete the following passage using the passive forms of the verbs given in
brackets.
2.2 Make sentences in the past simple passive and choose the appropriate year from
the box below.
97
1. The telephone / patent
2. The first satellite, Sputnik / launch
3. The Eiffel tower / complete
4. The Internet / establish
5. America / discover
6. Tesla's patent rights / sell /to Westinghouse
7. The first atomic bomb / detonate
8. The first Nobel Prizes / award
9. The first television picture / transmit
10. Mount Everest / finally climb
1825 1876 1492 1953 1945 1983 1863 1889 1901 1885 1957
UNIT 13
The use of waste paper has increased greatly worldwide. It has now reached over 85 million
tons in the UK and recyclers have recently anticipated a further increase in the utilization of
recycled paper.
As forests in the UK account for only 10 per cent of the total land area compared with 25 to
80 percent elsewhere in Europe, waste paper has been the backbone of the UK paper
industry for many years. It has been an essential resource and at present represents 55% of
the fibre used by the UK paper industry.
98
Utilising waste paper has had great economic
and environmental benefits.
The recovery of waste paper begins with its
collection. It is then sorted by hand into some
10 different groups of paper, all suitable for
different tasks. It is much more efficient if
paper is separated at source and this in fact is
what the public is doing by depositing their
newspapers and magazines in special
supermarket skips. Office paper recycling has
become more common and employers have
installed special bins in offices so that the 'non-
recyclables', such as envelopes and fax papers,
can be separated from other valuable office
papers.
So far, paper recyclers have not been able to
create a perfect cycle. They have not succeeded
in finding a method which allows paper to be
made, used and then made again. To make
long-lasting paper they add new fibres to the
cycle to replace exhausted fibres (see diagram).
Unfortunately, paper recycling has never been
a panacea for the environment. It is, too an
industrial process, with environmental
implications which waste paper mills (like all
industry) have always wanted to minimize.
VOCABULARY
99
envelope- such as-
environment- suitable-
essential- task-
exhausted fibre- unfortunately-
find-found-found- valuable-
further- want-
greatly- waste-
implication- worldwide-
in fact-
Comprehension check
1. Recyclers think that ,in the future, the use of paper will
a) increase
b) reach over 85 million tons
c) stay the same as now
2. The total land area covered by forests in the UK is
a) the same as elsewhere in Europe
b) larger than elsewhere in Europe
c) smaller than elsewhere in Europe
3. To make paper, UK industry uses mostly
a) forests as essential resources
b) imported fibres
c) waste paper
4. The use of waste paper has been
a) bad for the environment and the economy
b) good for the environment and the economy
c) good for the environment but bad for the industry
5. It is better to
a) first sort the paper and then collect it
b) first collect the paper and then sort it
c) first divide it into 10 groups
6. Envelopes and fax papers
a) are valuable office papers
b) are used for recycling
c) are not used for recycling
7. Paper recyclers use
a) only recycled paper to make long-lasting paper
b) both old and new fibres
c) special method to replace exhausted fibres
8. Paper recycling
a) has minimized pollution
b) is a good solution for many environmental problems
c) is not so good solution for environmental problems
100
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The present perfect tense is formed by the auxiliaries have or has and the past participle
of the verb required. The interrogative is formed by inversion, that is changing the word
order of the subject and the auxiliary verb. In the negative we add 'not' to the auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I have worked 1 we have worked
2 you have worked 2 you have worked
3 he/she/it has worked 3 they have worked
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 have I worked? 1 have we worked?
2 have you worked? 2 have you worked?
3 has he/she/it worked? 3 have they worked?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I have not worked 1 we have not worked
2 you have not worked 2 you have not worked
3 he/she/it has not worked 3 they have not worked
USE:
1. We use the present perfect tense to express an action that happened at an indefinite time
in the past (we do not know when or it is not important when). For example: I have lost my
bag.
2. We also use the present perfect tense if the action was finished in the past but has some
connection (often a result) in the present. For example: We must go on foot because my car
has broken down.
3. We often use the present perfect with adverbs such as: ever, never, yet, already, just,
lately, recently, and since.
101
THE PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE
1. I ____________ (be) to Italy four times but I ______________ (not be) to Rome.
2. He has some money. He ___________ (just / come) back from the bank.
3. I _____________ (write) four e-mails but I ___________ (not send) them yet.
4. __________ you ____________ (see) Tom today?
5. This year, his company ____________ (not make) a profit.
6. I _____________ (have) a few problems with the car.
7. __________ you ever ____________ (fly) in a plane?
8. We ________ already __________ (hear) the news.
9. We live in the same street but I ________ never ________ (speak) to them.
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past simple.
102
5. Nine planets ________________ (discover) in our solar system.
6. The business _________________ (take over) by the new company.
7. The world ___________________ (change) a lot by information technology.
8. The new network _______________ (install) at last.
Make sentences in the present perfect passive from the following segments.
anticipate use
different come to
essential not long ago
reach basic
recently various
utilize wait for, look forward to
1) Waste paper has been the backbone of the UK paper industry for many years.
2) Utilizing waste paper has had great economical and environmental benefits.
103
3) They have not succeeded in finding the method of which allows paper to be made, used
and then made again.
4) So far, paper recyclers have not been able to find a perfect cycle.
a) in the past/might b) far away/could not c) till now/could not d) up to the present
time/may
1.3 Complete the following passage by putting the appropriate word (given in
brackets) in the gaps (compared with, has increased, elsewhere, a further, begins,
account for, recovery)
1.5 Find a synonym or explanation for these words by choosing one of the four given
alternative choices (a, b, c, or d)
GRAMMAR
2.1 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong.
104
6. Where have you been yesterday morning?
7. He hasn't written to me since October.
8. The Chinese have used paper nearly 2000 years ago.
9. He has told me his address but I have forgotten it.
2.2 Turn the active sentences into passive and passive into active.
UNIT 14
105
VOCABULARY
Comprehension check
One day over 300,000 people _________ live in a building one ________ the height of
Mount Everest. Japanese architects have already __________ such a building. It will have
500 ________ and you will be able to go from __________________ in just 15 minutes.
This building will __________ a whole city, including ___________ , ___________ ,
schools etc. There will also be "green floors" where workers can eat their ___________
sandwiches. A possible fire will be _________ by robots. This ____________ high
building will be built ______________ Tokyo Bay.
The future simple tense is formed by the auxiliaries 'shall' or 'will' and the infinitive of
the verb required. The interrogative is formed by inversion, that is changing the word order
106
of the subject and the auxiliary verb. The negative is formed by adding 'not' to the
auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I shall / will work 1 we shall / will work
2 you will work 2 you will work
3 he/she/it will work 3 they will work
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 shall / will I work? 1 shall / will we work?
2 will you work? 2 will you work?
3 will he/she/it work? 3 will they work?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I shall / will not work 1 we shall / will not work
2 you will not work 2 you will not work
3 he/she/it will not work 3 they will not work
USE:
1. We use the future simple tense to express intention at the moment of decision. For
example: It is cold here. I shall turn on the heater.
2. We use the future simple tense to make predictions about the future.
For example: The lift will break down.
The 'going to' future tense is formed by the auxiliaries 'am', 'is' or 'are' + 'going to' and
the infinitive of the verb required. The interrogative is formed by inversion, that is changing
107
the word order of the subject and the auxiliary verb. The negative is formed by adding 'not'
to the auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am going to work 1 we are going to work
2 you are going to work 2 you are going to work
3 he/she/it is going to work 3 they are going to work
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 am I going to work? 1 are we going to work?
2 are you going to work? 2 are you going towork?
3 is he/she/it going to work? 3 are they going to work?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I am not going to work 1 we are not going to work
2 you are not going to work 2 you are not going to work
3 he/she/it is not going to work 3 they are not going to work
USE:
1. We use the 'going to' future tense to express actions that have been planned or decided
earlier. For example: I am going to buy a house.
The readers of a magazine were asked to make predictions about the future. Here are some
of the results:
108
1. Robots _______________ (do) people's jobs.
2. Nobody _______________ (use) cash any more. People _____________ (use) credit
cards.
3. Trees _______________ (die) because of acid rain.
4. There ______________ (not be) any more illnesses.
5. People ______________ (live) in space.
6. Cars ________________ (use) water instead of gas.
7. People _______________ (not eat) animals any more.
8. Every home ____________ (have) a computer.
Match a country or a city with an activity and then make sentences using the 'going
to' future.
1. I __________________________________ in Kenya.
2. They _______________________________ in Egypt.
3. He ________________________________ in Scotland.
4. We ________________________________ in USA.
5. I __________________________________ in Hawaii.
6. We ________________________________ in Italy.
7. She ________________________________ in China.
8. They _______________________________ in Norway.
9. He _________________________________ in Spain.
10. We _______________________________ in Rio.
1. "Did you phone her?" "No. I forgot. I ___________ (phone) her now."
2. It is getting a bit dark. I ____________ (turn on) the light.
3. " We can't come tonight. We ________________ (watch) football on television." " Ok,
than I ____________ (come) and watch it with you.
4. "I have a headache." "Wait a minute. I _______________ (bring) you an aspirin."
5. We _________________ (see) a play tonight. Tom has already bought the tickets.
109
__________________________________________________
4. Workers will eat their lunch break sandwiches on "green floors".
__________________________________________________
5. Robots will build a two kilometre high building.
__________________________________________________
6. Foreign investors are going to give them money for their project.
__________________________________________________
7. The use of hydrogen instead of petrol will solve the problem of air pollution.
__________________________________________________
8. They will import these machines from Germany.
__________________________________________________
LIFE IN SPACE
According to the scientists working in NASA, people will be able to live in space in the
future. They ___________ (live) in a gigantic wheel more than 400 feet in diameter. The
wheel ___________ (spin) gently once a minute. The spin __________ (produce) a force of
gravity. The day-length ____________ (control). The sunlight ___________ (direct) into
the wheel by a number of mirrors. The farms ________________ (arrange) in terraces. The
population ___________ (fix) at about 10,000 people. About 44 square metres of
vegetables _____________ (need) for each person. The whole settlement ____________
(place) on the Moon's orbit around the Earth.
design under
below elevator
lift sufficient
start construct
enough begin
High .
Design .
110
Build .
Work .
Live .
Walk.of the front door ; Stand right ..the middle of the bay; To get ..the
bottom the top ;
sprat emelet
dovoljno elegend
dodirnuti megrinteni
ulazna vrata bejrati ajt
take a window
eat a lift
put out the money
get a sandwich
open a fire
2) Restorantes, ofices, flets, cinemmas, shools, hospitals, and post ofices wil bee just a few
lift stops avay.
4) Arhitects are going to start doeing tests to find the best place to bild Aeropolis.
GRAMMAR
According to the scientists, we ________________ (use) flying cars in the next few
decades. The so called "Skycar" _______________(take off) and land vertically. It
_____________ (have) the mobility of a helicopter or airplane. Satellites _____________
(control) the navigation system. It ____________ (reach) the speeds of 644 kilometers per
hour and ______________ (cruise) at around 563 kilometers per hour. It _____________
(use) gasoline, diesel, alcohol, kerosene and propane as fuel. In case of an accident, the
vehicle _______________(release) a parachute The initial cost of a Skycar
____________(be) about $1 million but once the mass production begins, the price
_____________ (come down) to $60,000.
111
2.2 Complete these sentences using a future form('going to' or shall/will future)
1. "Why are you turning on the television?" "I _________________ (watch) the news."
2. "Is John home?" "Just a moment. I _____________ (get) him."
3. "I hear Mary has won some money. What ______ she_____________ (do) with it?"
"She ___________________ (buy) a new car."
4. "Have a nice holiday." "Thanks. We ________________ (send) you a postcard."
5. "Has he decided what to do when he leaves school?" "Yes. First he ______________
(have) a long holiday and then he ________________ (take) a computer programming
course.
112
UNIT 13
Albert Mathieu-Favier had put forward a serious plan for an undersea tunnel long before
the building actually started. Faviers idea was a tunnel under the Channel ventilated by
huge chimneys. The first real attempt was made almost 75 years later. A boring machine
had made a tunnel of 1.85 km when the works were stopped for fear of invasion. In 1981
Britain and France decided to build a link between the two countries. By 1985 contractors
had submitted 9 plans of which four were chosen for further studies. As road tunnels would
present enormous ventilation problems, it was decided to build a rail tunnel. The rock
beneath the Straits of Dover appeared ideal for tunnelling. The first tunnel had been made
in the 1880s in a layer of chalk and clay and was reopened a century later. It appeared to be
still dry and in good condition. Three properties make this mixture of chalk and clay an
excellent type of soil for boring a tunnel. Firstly it is more or less waterproof. Secondly, it
is soft and can be cut relatively easily. Thirdly, it is strong enough to avoid collapsing as it
is unlikely to crack and crumble. In fact, there are three tunnels. The northern one is for
trains from Britain to France and the southern one for trains in the opposite direction. These
two main tunnels have a diameter of 7.6 m. Between them is a smaller tunnel. This 4.8-
meter-diameter service tunnel acted as a pilot for the two main tunnels. As the tunnel was
being bored from both sides, it was essential to advance in the right direction. This was
achieved by using a computerized laser guidance system. The laser technology proved to be
successful when two miners cut through the last few inches of chalk in the service tunnel
and shook hands to establish the first land connection between Britain and Mainland
Europe on Saturday 1 December 1990. Five years after the tunnel had been officially
opened by the British and French heads of state it became fully operational.
VOCABULARY
achieve further
act (V) guidance system
actually head of state
advance (V) huge
almost land connection
appear link (N)
attempt main tunnel
avoid miner
beneath mixture
bore more or less
boring machine northern
both officially
chalk - opposite direction
chimney - property -
choose-chose-chosen- prove
clay put forward a plan
collapse (V) - rail tunnel
113
contractor reopen
crack (V) road tunnel
crumble (V) rock (N)
cut-cut-cut shake hands
dry soil
easily southern
enough still
essential submit
establish successful
excellent under
fear (N) undersea
fully operational - unlikely
Comprehension check
114
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect tense is formed by the auxiliaries had and the past participle of the verb
required. The interrogative and negative are formed by inversion, that is changing the word
order of the subject and the auxiliary verb.
AFFIRMATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I had worked 1 we had worked
2 you had worked 2 you had worked
3 he/she/it had worked 3 they had worked
INTERROGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 had I worked? 1 had we worked?
2 had you worked? 2 had you worked?
3 had he/she/it worked? 3 had they worked?
NEGATIVE
Singular Plural
1 I had not worked 1 we had not worked
2 you had not worked 2 you had not worked
3 he/she/it had not worked 3 they had not worked
USE:
1. We use the past perfect tense to express an action that happened before another past
action. For example: I was hungry because I had not eaten all day.
2. We also use the past perfect tense in compound sentences with 'before' and 'after'. For
example: He had closed all the windows before he left the house./ He called me after he
had unpacked.
115
Use the past perfect tense to fill the gaps.
1. When she arrived at the office, her boss wasn't there. He _____________ (go) home.
2. She didn't come to the theatre with us because she _____ already _______ (see) that
play.
3. I invited her to the party but she couldn't come. She ______________ (make) other
plans.
4. I offered him a cup of coffee but he refused. He _______ already ___________ (drink)
two cups at home.
5. Last year we went to London for the first time. We ______________ (not be) there
before.
6. They arrived late at the cinema last night. By the time they got there, the film
______________ (begin).
7. Tom finally found a job. He _______________ (be) unemployed for months.
8. I ________________________ (spend) all my money on clothes so I borrowed some
from a friend.
Use the past perfect and past simple in the following sentences.
1. Albert Mathieu-Favier had put forward a serious plan for an undersea tunnel.
_______________________________________________
2. A boring machine had made a tunnel of 1.85 km.
_______________________________________________
3. Contractors had submitted 9 plans.
_______________________________________________
4. They had chosen four plans for further studies.
_______________________________________________
5. They had cut this mixture of chalk and clay relatively easy.
_______________________________________________
116
6. They had built three tunnels.
_______________________________________________
7. They had used laser technology to guide them in the right direction.
_______________________________________________
8. They had established the first land connection between Britain and Mainland Europe.
_______________________________________________
9. British and French heads of state had officially opened the tunnel.
_______________________________________________
official - ..(zvanino/hivatalosan)
small tunnel ..................................................(manji tunel/kisebb alagt)
computer sytem ..................................................(kompjuterizovani sistem/
kompjterizlt rendszer)
open - .................................................(ponovo otvoren/
jra megnyitni)
north tunnel- .................................................(severni/szaki)
like - .................................................(verovatno/valsznleg)
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GRAMMAR
2.3 Turn the verbs that are in the past perfect tense into the past perfect passive.
118
REVISION
119
12. .................... haven't been analysed yet.
a) this phenomenon b) this phenomena c) these phenomena d) these phenomenon
120
8. Conductors release electrons easily.
________________________________________________.
________________________________________________.
Put the verbs in the passive form. Use the tense given in brackets.
121
KEY TO EXERCISES
Unit I
2.1 1) are /am 2) is 3) her 4) are 5) am 6) his 7) is / is 8) is / his 9) her / is 10) his
2.2 1) b 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) b 8) a 9) b 10) a
2.3 1) my / it 2) our / she 3) his 4) their / it 5) your 6) he 7) our 8) your / she
Unit II
1.1 easy difficult, hard; cheap expensive; open closed, shut; thick thin; wide
narrow; fast - slow
1.2 1) asynchronous motor 2) steam engine 3) television picture 4) discovery of X-rays
5) flight to space
1.3 1) This water is deep. 2) These books are open. 3) That car is fast. 4) Those roads
are wide.
1.4 x multiplication; - subtraction; division; + addition
1.5 1) add 2) multiply 3) subtract 4) divide
1.6 26; 98; 13; 12; 65; 2467
1.7 rectangle- pravougaonik/ngyszg, tglalap ; straight- pravo/egyenes ; square-
kvadrat/ ngyzet ; circle- krug /kr ; cube- kocka/ kocka
2.1 1) b 2) a 3) a 4) b 5) b 6) b 7) a 8) a 9) b
2.2 1) This question is difficult. 2) That is their lorry. 3) These are their addresses. 4)
Those roads are wide. 5) This line is crooked. 6) These are new discoveries. 7) Those are
expensive watches. 8) These are very interesting stories. 9) Those countries are very poor.
10) This formula is complicated.
Unit III
1.1 1) conduct 2) design 3) insulate 4) open 5) teach 6) calculate 7) read 8) manage
1.2 air- vazduh/leveg ; allow-dozvoliti/megengedni ; between-izmeu/kztt ; carbon-
ugljenik/szn ; condition-uslov/felttel ; conduct-voditi/vezetni ; conductor-
provodnik/vezet ; copper-bakar/rz ; current-struja/ram ; easy-lak/knny ; fall-
pasti, opadati/esni,cskkeni ; flow-tei/folyni ; provide-omoguiti, obezbediti / lehetv
tenni ; rapidly-brzo/gyorsan
1.3 1) Materijale klasifikujemo u tri grupe. / Az anyagokat hrom csoportba soroljuk. 2)
Meavine nekih metalnih oksida se takoe ponaaju kao poluprovodnici. / Bizonyos
fmokszidok keverkei is flvezetknt viselkednek.
3) Pod odreenim uslovima oni dozvoljavaju da struja lako tee, ali pod drugim oni se
ponaaju kao izolatori. / Bizonyos felttelek mellett megengedik, hogy az ram knnyen
follyon, mskor pedig szigetelknt viselkednek.
1.4 flow / free / electric current / allow, permit / flow / ignore / little / resistance / rapidly,
quickly, fast
1.5 designer / teacher / opener / manager
1.6 conductor insulator; metal non-metal; small big; rapidly - quickly
1.7 conduct voditi/vezetni; fall - opadati/esni; release - osloboditi/felszabadtani;
behave - ponaati se/viselkedni
2.1 1) freezes 2) consists 3) use 4) produce 5) melts 6) blow 7) travels 8) turns into
2.2 1) translates 2) do / know / lives 3) does / travel / goes 4) have 5) passes 6) doesn't
write / sends 7) start 8) do / drive / drive 9) does / go 10) don't work
2.3 1) a / the 2) a 3) a / a / the 4) a / the 5) a / a / the / the 6) a / the / a 7) the 8) the 9)
the 10) the 11) a
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Unit IV
1.1 for example - na primer/ pldul; hot vru/ forr; in other words - drugim reima/
msszval; increase (v) - poveati se/ nvekedni; lead (n) olovo/ lom; loss gubitak/
vesztesg; occur - (po)javiti se/ megjelenni; quickly brzo/ gyorsan; resistance otpor/
ellenlls; use (v) koristiti/ hasznlni; value vrednost/ rtk; winding namotaj/
tekercs
1.2 resistance / alloys / percentage / losses / windings / current / magnetic field / find / low
temperatures
1.3 1) The speed of the automobile is 120 km per hour. 2) The movement of electrons is
electric current. 3) The pressure of water is 2 bars. 4) The length of the bar is 3 meters. 5)
The power of the electric motor is 120 KW.
1.4 1) otpor metala / a fmek ellenllsa 2) zanemarljiva vrednost /elhanyagolhat rtk
3) stalno/postepeno opada / llandan/fokozatosan cskken 4) indukovati struju u prstenu
/ ramot induklni a gyrben 5) zbog otpora namotaja / a tekercsek ellenllsa miatt 6)
niske temperature na kojima se javlja superprovodnost / az alacsony hmrskletek
amelyeken a supravezets/vezetkpessg megjelenik 7) nekoliko stepeni iznad / nhny
fokkal felette
1.5 1) The resistance of metals varies with their temperature. 2)The very low
temperatures limit the practical applications of superconductivity. 3)Memory cells made
of superconducting materials can store information indefinitely. 4) Because of the zero
resistivity of the cells, the computer can retrieve information very quickly.
2.1 1) the result of the football match 2) the new manager of the company 3) your sister's
eyes 4) the top of the page 5) my brother's book 6) the owner of the restaurant 7) the
name of this street 8) Mr Brown's daughter 9) his father's car 10) the speed of the wind
2.2 1) slowly 2) quickly 3) badly 4) fluently 5) carefully 6) quietly 7) regularly 8)
precisely
2.3 1) He has few friends. 2) A few nails are on the table. 3) Few people understand this
theory. 4) A few engineers work in this factory.
Unit V
1.1 razvoj (fejlds)- development ; izraziti (kifejezni)- express ; vaan (fontos)-
important ; ukljuujui (belertve)- including ; znanje (tuds)- knowledge ; zauzimati
(elfoglalni)- occupy ; zahtevati (kvetelni)- demand, require ; nauka (tudomny)- science
; misao (gondolat)- thought ; shvatiti,razumeti (megrteni)- understand
1.2 1) jezik nauke /a tudomny nyelve 2) znanje matematike / matematikai tuds 3)
osnovi aritmetike /az aritmetika alapjai 4) nije mogue razumeti /nem lehet megrteni 5)
zauzima vano mesto /fontos helyet foglal el
1.3 expresses laws require thought knowledge - necessary
1.4 1) There are some sciences which demand a good knowledge of mathematics. 2)
Nowadays there is a tendency to require quite a bit of mathematical knowledge. 3)
Mathematics occupies an important place in many different occupations today. 4) There
is even an elementary knowledge of mathematics required in social sciences.
2.1 1) There is no petrol in my car. 2) There are two valves in an engine. 3) There are a
lot of workers in this factory. 4) There is a letter on the table. 5) There are four strokes in
the combustion cycle. 6) There is only one piston in the cylinder. 7) There are many books
about computers.
2.2 1) any 2) any 3) an 4) any 5) a / some 6) some 7) any 8) some 9) any 10) a 11)
any 12) some
2.3 1) much time 2) some dictionaries 3) information 4) job 5) some fresh air 6) copper
7) solar energy / many 8) is 9) is 10) light
Unit VI
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1.1 1) Meutim, isti uzorci materije mogu da zauzmu razliite zapremine kada se promene
iz vrstog u teno (stanje) a onda u gas.
Az anyag ugyanazon pldnyai azonban klnbz trfogatot foglalhatnak el amikor
szilrd (halmazllapotbl) folykonny vlnak majd azutn gzz.
2) Energija je sve to moe da se promeni u rad kao to je toplota ili struja.
Az energia minden amit munkv alakulhat t, mint pldul a h vagy az ram.
3) Naunici danas mogu da postignu ovu konverziju mase u energiju.
A tudsok ma meg tudjk csinlni az anyagnak ezt az energiv alaktst.
1.2 complete total; although but; determine define; earth ground; pollute - make
dirty; powerful strong; fundamental - essential
1.3 1) Matter has mass and occupies space. 2) Mass is constant on earth but gravitation
varies. 3) Some countries are against building nuclear power plants.
2.1 1) is / working 2) are / running /am going 3) is not raining 4) am not doing 5) are
staying 6) are looking 7) is / studying 8) is reading / is trying 9) are building 10) A: are /
doing B: am painting A: are / doing B: are helping 11) is waiting
2.2 1) buy 2) don't throw 3) talk 4) leave / ride 5) put 6) don't buy 7) don't use 8) throw
9) plant 10) turn off
2.3 1) may rain 2) may break 3) may know 4) may wait 5) may come 6) may buy
7) may be 8) may invite
2.4 1) can speak 2) can't understand 3) can't visit / can come 4) can wait 5) can drive
6) can't find 7) can see 8) can't sleep
Unit VII
1.1 1) barem 92 /legalbb 92 2) deseti najei element/a tizedik leggyakoribb elem 3)
sastavni elementi/alkot elemek 4) zelenkasto-uti otrovni gas/zldes-srga mrgez gz
5) bezopasna supstanca/rtalmatlan anyag 6) koji se moe nai na svetu/megtallhat a
fldn 7) javiti se u prirodi/megjelenik a termszetben 8) taka kljuanja vode/a vz
forrspontja
1.2 different various; at least minimum; occur appear; only just; rest others;
abundant - in great quantity; constitute - make up; over - more than; familiar - well-
known; such as - like
1.3
priroda/termszet nature prirodan/termszetes natural
slian/hasonl similar slino/hasonlan similarly
otrovan/mrgez poisonous otrov/mreg poison
proizvod/termk product proizvoditi/termelni,gy produce
rtani
1.4 over under; all none; boiling freezing; abundant rare; different same; white
black; living - dead
1.5 3rd, 30th, 9th, 22nd, 80th, 12th, 50th
2.1 1) the biggest / closest 2) the most abundant 3) faster 4) the tallest / the deepest 5)
cheaper 6) the lightest 7) more effective 8) the hardest 9) larger 10) the best
2.2 1) A Ford is cheaper than a Ferrari. 2) A Ferrari has a more powerful engine than a
Ford. 3) A Ferrari is faster than a Ford. 4) A Ford is more comfortable than a Ferrari. 5) A
Ford is larger than a Ferrari. 6) A Ferrari / Ford is better than a Ferrari / Ford.
2.3 1) is waiting 2) right 3) share 4) right 5) are you talking 6) has 7) right 8) doesn't
usually work 9) is boiling 10) right
Unit VIII
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1.1 Greek philosopher / tiny particles / matter / invisible particles / all atoms / exactly alike
/ different elements / weight / chemical changes / destroy atoms
1.2 proposed come up with; long - for quite some time; evidence fact; frequently
often; alike the same; tiny very small
1.3 evidence proof; area field; exactly precisely; propose suggest; provide give,
offer
1.4 praviti/csinlni make, made, made; meriti/mrni measure, measured, measured;
voziti/vezetni drive, drove, driven; uzeti/elvenni take, took, taken; graditi/pteni
build, built, built; leteti/replni fly, flew, flown
1.5 a) All matter consists of tiny, invisible particles. b) Chemical changes do not create
and do not destroy atoms. c) Science, however, was long unable to provide experimental
evidence. d) All atoms of an element are alike
2.1 was; taught; stayed; became; left; was; began; continued; published; wrote;
experimented; proposed; died; came
2.2 1) did / sail 2) was / didn't read 3) did / invent 4) did / enjoy / was not 5) received 6)
gave 7) did / offer / accepted 8) studied 9) didn't help / did 10) did / write
2.3 1) the sun is a star. 2) right 3) my brother is an electrician. 4) right 5) he is looking
for a job. 6) the Queen lives in Buckingham Palace. 7) the highest mountain in Africa is
Kilimanjaro. 8) crime is a problem in most big cities. 9) right 10) the President is the most
powerful person in the United States. 11) the River Seine flows through Paris. 12) the moon
goes round the earth every 27 days. 13) Our flat is on the second floor. 14) right 15) the
Mediterranean is a sea, but the Pacific is an ocean. 16) Uranium has the largest atoms.
Unit IX
1.1 inventor- pronalaza / feltall ; the following year- naredne godine / a kvetkez
vben ; develop- razvijati / fejleszteni ; successful- uspean / sikeres;
coil- kalem / tekercs ; arrive- stii / megrkezni ; utilization- korienje / hasznlat;
employment- posao / munka / lls ; discover- otkriti / felfedezni ; attend- pohaati /
jrni valahov ; advantage- prednost / elny ; patent right- patentno pravo / szabadalmi
jog
1.2 1) magnetic field 2) alternating current 3) induction motor 4) direct current 5) sign a
contract
1.3
infinitive past
prodati/eladni sell sold
otii/elmenni leave left
nai/tallni find found
razviti/fejleszteni develop developed
kupiti/megvenni buy bought
videti/ltni see saw
Postati/valamiv vlni become became
1.4
Meaning in Noun form in Meaning in
Serbian/Hungarian English Serbian/Hungarian
utilize koristiti/hasznlni utilization korienje/hasznlat
induce indukovati/induklni induction indukcija/indukci
employ zaposliti/munkt adni employment zaposlenost/lls
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approach prii/megkzelteni approach prilaz/megkzelts
research istraiti/kutatni research istraivanje/kutats
use koristiti/hasznlni use korienje/hasznlat
126
poslati/elkldeni send Edison sent You were sending
skoiti/ugrani jump They jumped We were jumping
prodati/eladni sell We sold He was selling
2.1 1) a) was constructing b) Was Edison constructing things with his hands at a very
young age? 2) a) was doing b) Was he doing experiments on the train? 3) a) was playing
b) Was a child playing on the line? 4) a) was attending b) Was he attending a course for
telegraphists at the age of sixteen? 5) a) was selling b) Was he selling newspapers on the
train?
2.2 1) a) was reading b) He was not reading in the library between trains. 2) a) was
printing b) He was not printing his own newspapers. 3) a) was sending b) The device was
not sending signals automatically. 4) a) were assisting b) Talented workers were not
assisting him in his work.
2.3 1) They had lunch at the airport while they were waiting for their plane. 2) It started
to rain while we were driving home from work. 3) She fell down while she was carrying
several bags. 4) I hurt my arm when / while I was working in the garage. 5) They met
him while they were shopping. 6) The phone rang twice while we were having dinner. 7)
He made a few mistakes when / while he was doing his exam.
2.4 I) was driving; stepped; was going; stopped; did not hit
II) A: were you doing B: was watching A: was trying / was B: was watching /
arrived A: were not
2.5 1) They enjoy going to the theatre once a week. 2) He likes talking to his friends in
America every week. 3) They began taking guitar lessons last year. 4) He hates working
every day. 5) They finished painting the house yesterday afternoon. 6) He stopped
smoking two years ago. 7) He started constructing things when he was a boy.
Unit XI
1.1 1) napraviti od drveta; fbl kszteni/csinlni 2) ume Skandinavije; Skandinvia
erdei 3) kora drveta se skida sa stabla; a fa krgt leszedik a fatrzsrl 4) sagoreva se kao
gorivo za kotao; elgetik mint kazn-zemanyagot 5) maine za seenje; favggpek 6)
odstraniti svu prljavtinu; eltvoltani minden piszkot 7) detaljno oien; alaposan
megtiszttott 8) opti izgled; ltalnos kinzs
1.2 refined pulp; wood chips; stripped logs; enormous mixing vat; tree bark
1.3 remove add; enormous-small; plant-fell; bleach-colour; long-short
1.4 according to; usable fibres; excess water; remaining water
1.5 1) Veina papira se pravi od drveta. /A papr tbbsge fbl kszl. 2) ume u nekim
zemljama se paljivo uvaju. /Egyes orszgokban az erdket fltve rzik. 3) Hemikalije i
farbe daju papiru konaanu boju i opti izgled. /A vegyszerek s a festkek adjk meg a
papr vgs szint s ltalnos kinzst. 4) Listovi papira se stavljaju na konopce. /A
paprlapokat ktelekre helyezik.
2.1 1) is made 2) is covered 3) use 4) has 5) are driven 6) is measured 7) attracts 8) are
spoken 9) makes 10) is surrounded
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2.2 1) A project on pollution is being done. 2) A new hotel is being built in our town. 3)
All materials are classified in three groups. 4) Copper is usually used to make cables. 5)
Information is being stored in the memory cells of the computer. 6) His car is being sold
for 700 pounds. 7) 200 people are employed in this company. 8) Her house is being
redecorated at the moment. 9) Computer hardware is manufactured in this factory. 10)
Modern technologies are being discussed at this symposium.
Unit XII
1.1 1) Most of the works of the Greek and Roman scholars were written on paper.
2) The name paper comes from the Latin papyrus. 3) Samples in the British Museum
indicate that the early Chinese paper was of very high quality. 4) Paper as we know it
today had its origins in China.
1.2 Stalks of papyrus, capture of prisoners, shortage of new materials, manufacture of
paper.
1.3 fact, most of, the earliest, century, correspondence, educated people,
proportion/percentage, satisfy the demand/meet the needs, constant attempts, replace
1.4 annually year; rag cloth; deify god; manufacture machine; educated - school
2.1 were printed; were drawn; was determined; were made; was first made; were
introduced; was produced
2.2 1) The telephone was patented in 1876. 2) The first satellite, Sputnik was launched in
1957. 3) Eiffel tower was completed in 1889. 4) Internet was established in 1983. 5)
America was discovered in 1492. 6) Tesla's patent rights were sold to Westinghouse in
1885. 7) The first atomic bomb was detonated in 1945. 8) The first Nobel Prizes were
awarded in 1901. 9) The first television picture was transmitted in 1825. 10) Mount
Everest was finally climbed in 1953.
2.3 1) must read them 2) must take it 3) must call him 4) must pay for them 5) must
organize it
2.4 1) should go 2) should eat 3) should lend 4) should work 5) should listen
Unit XIII
1.1 anticipate wait for, look forward to ; different - various ; essential - basic ; reach -
come to ; recently not long ago ; utilize- use
1.2 1) b ; 2) c ; 3) a ; 4) c
1.3 has increased ; a further ; account for ; compared with ; elsewhere ; recovery ; begins
1.4 a) Deposit old newspapers in supermarket skips. b) Find a perfect method for
recycling paper. c) Add new fibres to exhaused fibres. d) Separate envelopes and fax
papers from other valuable office papers.
1.5 1 d ; 2 a ; 3 d ; 4 c ; 5 a
2.1 1) proposed 2) right 3) didn't come 4) was / constructed 5) right 6) where were
you 7) right 8) used 9) told / right
2.2 1) The light in the hall has been fixed. 2) The workers' demands have been rejected
(by the company) 3) They have given us the wrong address. 4) They haven't signed the
contract yet. 5) The faulty spark plug has been replaced. 6) A new computer game has
been put on the market. 7) They have abandoned the project because of financial
problems. 8) The course has just been completed.
Unit XIV
1.1 1) more jedna milja ispod tebe/a tenger egy mrfrdnyire alattad 2) ba u sredini zaliva
/ ppen az bl kzepn 3) prema arhitektama / az ptszek szerint 4) samo nekoliko
milja daleko / csak nhny mrfrdnyire 5) nai dovoljno para za svoj projekat / tallni
elegend pnzt a projetumukhoz
1.2 Design construct ; below under ; lift elevator ; start begin ; enough - sufficient
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1.3 High - height ; design- design/designer ; build - building ; work-work /working /worker
; live life/living
1.4 out, in, from, to
1.5
sprat emelet floor
dovoljno elegend enough
dodirnuti megrinteni touch
ulazna vrata bejrati ajt front door
1.6 take a lift ; eat a sandwich ; put out a fire ; get the money ; open a window
1.7 1) Imagine that you can never open a window. 2) Restaurants, offices, flats, cinemas,
schools, hospitals, and post offices will be just a few lift stops away. 3) They hope people
will like to live on the 500th floor. 4) Architects are going to start doing tests to find the
best place to build Aeropolis.
2.1 shall or will use; will take off; will have; will control; will reach; will cruise; will
use; will release; will be; will come down
2.2 1) am going to watch 2) will get 3) is she going to do / is going to buy 4) will send
5) is going to have / is going to take
2.3 1) The report is going to be finished by Tuesday. 2) These cables will be checked
tomorrow. 3) The invention is going to be tested this week. 4) High quality equipment
will be manufactured in their factory. 5) Additional information will be sent to you by
mail. 6) The number of workers is going to reduced by half.
2.3 1) They are going to build a new paper mill in our town. 2) They will advertize the
new product on TV. 3) They are going to print this book in England. 4) The use of
machines is going to replace the old methods. 5) They will sell raw material to western
countries. 6) They will present their latest project at the next exposition.
Unit XV
1.1 essential basic ; establish make ; connection link ; opposite not the same ; main
major ; bore - drill
1.2 official - officially ; small tunnel- smaller tunnel ; computer sytem computerized system ;
open -reopen ; north tunnel-northern ; like -likely ;
1.3
ispod / alatt - under; inile su se / gy tntek - appeared; sloj / rteg - layer; glina / agyag
-clay; vek / szzad -century; suv / szraz -dry; meavina / keverk - mixture; manje vie /
tbb kevsb more less; mekana / puha -soft; lako / knnyen -easily; dovoljno jaka /
elgg ers strong enough; izbei / elkerlni - avoid; u stvari / valjban in fact
1.4 connection between Britain and Mainland. ; mixture of chalk and clay. ; trains from
Britain to France. ; a pilot for the two main tunnel.
2.1 1) had heard 2) hadn't competed 3) had stolen 4) hadn't played 5) had lost 6) hadn't
washed
2.2 1) He came after the meeting had started. (or The meeting had started before he came)
2) After you had told me about that film, I went to see it. ( or You had told me about that
film before I went to see it.) 3) Before she went to England, she had studied English. ( or
She went to England after she had studied English) 4) After he had graduated, he started
looking for a job. ( or He had graduated before he started looking for a job.) 5) She called
her friends after she had come home from school. ( or She had come home from school
before she called her friends.) 6) The train had already left before I arrived at the station. (
or I arrived at the station after the train had left) 7) She had passed her driving test before
she bought a car. ( or She bought a car after she had passed her driving test) 8) Before he
129
called the mechanic he had tried to repair the car himself. ( or After he had tried to repair
the car himself, he called a mechanic.)
2.3 1) Candles had been used before electricity was found. 2) The TV set had been
repaired before he went to work. 3) All the computers had been switched off before the
sudents left the classroom. 4) After every piece of information had been checked, they
published the article. 5) As soon as all the facts had been analysed, a new theory was
postulated. 6) Everything had been written down before the end of the class. 7) After the
test had been finished, the teacher started correcting mistakes.
130
Irregular verbs
1 be was/were been
2 bear bore borne/born
3 beat beat beaten/beat
4 become became become
5 begin began begun
6 bend bent bent
7 bet bet/betted bet/betted
8 bind bound bound
9 bite bit bitten/bit
10 bleed bled bled
11 blow blew blown
12 break broke broken
13 bring brought brought
14 build built built
15 burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
16 burst burst burst
17 buy bought bought
18 catch caught caught
19 choose chose chosen
20 come came come
21 cost cost cost
22 cut cut cut
23 deal dealt dealt
24 dig dug dug
25 do did done
26 draw drew drawn
27 dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
28 drink drank drunk
29 drive drove driven
30 eat ate eaten
31 fall fell fallen
32 feed fed fed
33 feel felt felt
34 fight fought fought
35 find found found
36 fly flew flown
37 forbid forbid/forbade (B) forbidden
38 forget forgot forgotten/forgot (A)
39 forgive forgave forgiven
40 freeze froze frozen
41 get got got/gotten (A)
42 give gave given
43 go gone went
44 grow grew grown
45 hang hung hung/hanged
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46 have had had
47 hear heard heard
48 hide hid hidden/hid
49 hit hit hit
50 hold held held
51 hurt hurt hurt
52 keep kept kept
53 know knew known
54 lay (put down) laid laid
55 learn learned/learnt (B) learned/learnt (B)
56 leave left left
57 lend lent lent
58 let let let
59 lie (rest/recline) lay lain
60 light lit/lighted lit/lighted
61 lose lost lost
62 make made made
63 mean meant meant
64 meet met met
65 pay paid paid
66 put put put
67 quit quit quit
68 read read read
69 ride rode ridden
70 ring rang rung
71 rise rose risen
72 say said said
73 see saw seen
74 sell sold sold
75 send send sent
76 shine shone shone
77 shoot shot shot
78 show showed shown
79 shrink shrank shrunk
80 shut shut shut
81 sing sang sung
82 sink sank sunk
83 sit sat sat
84 sleep slept slept
85 smell smelled/smelt (B) smelled/smelt (B)
86 speak spoke spoken
87 spend spent spent
88 spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
89 spread spread spread
90 stand stood stood
91 steal stole stolen
92 stick stuck stuck
93 sting stung stung
94 strike struck struck/stricken
95 swim swam/swum (A) swum
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96 swing swung swung
97 take took taken
98 teach taught taught
99 tear tore torn
100 tell told told
101 think thought thought
102 throw threw thrown
103 understand understood understood
104 wake woke/waked woken/waken
105 wear wore worn
106 win won won
107 write wrote written
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Table of Contents
UNIT 1 _________________________________________________________________ 2
A AND AN __________________________________________________________________ 2
PERSONAL PRONOUNS _____________________________________________________ 3
THE PRESENT FORMS OF THE VERB BE ___________________________________ 3
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES __________________________________________________ 4
OPPOSITE ADJECTIVES ____________________________________________________ 4
E X E R C I S E S _________________________________________________________ 6
test yourself - unit 1_________________________________________________________________ 7
UNIT 2 _________________________________________________________________ 8
THE POSSESSIVE CASE (SAXON GENITIVE)__________________________________ 8
E X E R C I S E S _________________________________________________________ 9
NUMERALS ________________________________________________________________ 9
PLURAL OF NOUNS________________________________________________________ 11
DEMONSTRATIVES________________________________________________________ 11
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS____________________________________________ 12
LINES AND SHAPES _______________________________________________________ 13
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 2________________________________________________________ 14
UNIT 3 ________________________________________________________________ 16
CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS _____________________________ 16
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 16
E X E R C I S E S _______________________________________________________ 17
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE __________________________________________________ 18
USE OF "A /AN" OR "THE" ________________________________________________ 19
PREPOSITIONS____________________________________________________________ 20
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 3________________________________________________________ 20
UNIT 4 ________________________________________________________________ 23
E X E R C I S E S _______________________________________________________ 23
ADVERBS _________________________________________________________________ 24
FEW / A FEW ______________________________________________________________ 25
OBJECT PRONOUNS _______________________________________________________ 25
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY __________________________________________________________ 26
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 26
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 27
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 4________________________________________________________ 27
R E V I S I O N__________________________________________________________ 29
UNIT 5 ________________________________________________________________ 35
MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE ___________________________________________________ 35
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 35
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Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 36
THERE IS THERE ARE ___________________________________________________ 36
SOME ANY ______________________________________________________________ 37
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS__________________________________ 37
MUCH MANY ____________________________________________________________ 38
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 5________________________________________________________ 38
UNIT 6 ________________________________________________________________ 40
MATTER AND ENERGY __________________________________________________________ 40
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 41
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 41
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE________________________________________ 42
MODAL VERBS (CAN, MAY) ________________________________________________ 43
THE IMPERATIVE _________________________________________________________ 44
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 6________________________________________________________ 45
UNIT 7 ________________________________________________________________ 47
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ___________________________________________________ 47
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 48
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 49
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES ____________________________________________ 49
READING ORDINAL AND DECIMAL NUMBERS, DATES AND FRACTIONS _____ 51
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS_____________________________ 52
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 7________________________________________________________ 53
REVISION_________________________________________________________________ 55
UNIT 8 ________________________________________________________________ 58
DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY _____________________________________________________ 58
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 58
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 58
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE _________________________________________________ 59
THE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB "BE" ______________________________________ 60
NEGATIVE PREFIXES _____________________________________________________ 61
ARTICLES ________________________________________________________________ 61
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 8________________________________________________________ 62
UNIT 9 ________________________________________________________________ 65
NIKOLA TESLA _________________________________________________________________ 65
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 66
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 67
WH-QUESTIONS___________________________________________________________ 68
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 9________________________________________________________ 70
UNIT 10 _______________________________________________________________ 73
eDISONS EARLY LIFE ___________________________________________________________ 73
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 74
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Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 75
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE____________________________________________ 75
THE GERUND _____________________________________________________________ 77
TEST YOURSELF - UNIT 10_______________________________________________________ 77
REVISION_________________________________________________________________ 80
UNIT 11 _______________________________________________________________ 84
HOW PAPER IS MADE____________________________________________________________ 84
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 84
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 85
THE ART OF PAPER MAKING IN THE OLD DAYS _________________________________ 85
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 87
THE PASSIVE VOICE ______________________________________________________ 87
test yourself - unit 11_______________________________________________________________ 90
UNIT 12 _______________________________________________________________ 92
A BIT OF HISTORY ____________________________________________________________ 92
VOCABULARY ____________________________________________________________ 92
Comprehension check________________________________________________________ 93
THE PASSIVE VOICE ______________________________________________________ 93
EXERCISES _______________________________________________________________ 94
MUST_____________________________________________________________________ 95
SHOULD __________________________________________________________________ 95
test yourself - unit 12_______________________________________________________________ 96
UNIT 13 _______________________________________________________________ 98
MAKING PULP FROM WASTE_____________________________________________________ 98
Comprehension check_______________________________________________________ 100
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ___________________________________________ 101
THE PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE _________________________________________ 102
test yoURSELF - UNIT 13 _________________________________________________________ 103
UNIT 14 ______________________________________________________________ 105
LIVING IN THE SKIES ___________________________________________________________ 105
VOCABULARY ___________________________________________________________ 106
Comprehension check_______________________________________________________ 106
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE _____________________________________________ 106
THE FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE ___________________________________________ 107
THE 'GOING TO' FUTURE TENSE _________________________________________ 107
THE 'GOING TO' FUTURE PASSIVE ________________________________________ 108
test yourself - unit 14______________________________________________________________ 110
UNIT 13 ______________________________________________________________ 113
THE CHANNEL TUNNEL ________________________________________________________ 113
VOCABULARY ___________________________________________________________ 113
Comprehension check_______________________________________________________ 114
136
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE _______________________________________________ 115
THE PAST PERFECT PASSIVE _____________________________________________ 115
test yourself - unit 15______________________________________________________________ 117
REVISION________________________________________________________________ 119
KEY TO EXERCISES ______________________________________________________ 122
Irregular verbs ____________________________________________________________ 131
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