John Stuart Mill - Wikipedia

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JohnStuartMill
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JohnStuartMill(20May18068May1873)wasan
Englishphilosopher,politicaleconomistandcivilservant. JohnStuartMill
Oneofthemostinfluentialthinkersinthehistoryof
liberalism,hecontributedwidelytosocialtheory,political
theoryandpoliticaleconomy.Dubbed"themostinfluential
Englishspeakingphilosopherofthenineteenthcentury",[5]
Mill'sconceptionoflibertyjustifiedthefreedomofthe
individualinoppositiontounlimitedstateandsocial
control.[6]
Millwasaproponentofutilitarianism,anethicaltheory
developedbyhispredecessorJeremyBentham,and
contributedsignificantlytothetheoryofthescientific
method.[7]
AmemberoftheLiberalParty,hewasalsothefirstMember
ofParliamenttocallforwomen'ssuffrage.[8] Millc.1870
Born 20May1806
Pentonville,London,England
Contents Died 8May1873(aged66)
Avignon,France
1 Biography
2 Works Residence UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand
2.1 ASystemofLogic Ireland
2.2 Theoryofliberty
2.2.1 Sociallibertyandtyrannyof Nationality British
majority Spouse(s) HarrietTaylor
2.2.2 Liberty
2.2.3 Freedomofspeech Era 19thcenturyphilosophy
2.2.4 HarmPrinciple Classicaleconomics
2.3 Colonialism Region WesternPhilosophy
2.4 Slavery
2.5 Women'srights School Empiricism,utilitarianism,liberalism
2.6 Utilitarianism Main Politicalphilosophy,ethics,
2.7 Economicphilosophy interests economics,inductivelogic
2.7.1 Economicdemocracy
2.7.2 Politicaldemocracy Notable Public/privatesphere,hierarchyof
2.7.3 Theenvironment ideas pleasuresinUtilitarianism,liberalism,
2.7.4 Economicdevelopment earlyliberalfeminism,harmprinciple,
2.7.5 Controlofpopulationgrowth Mill'sMethods
2.7.6 Wagefund
2.7.7 Rateofcapitalaccumulation Influences
2.7.8 Rateofprofit Influenced
3 Inpopularculture
4 Majorpublications Signature
5 Seealso
6 Notes
7 References
8 Furtherreading
9 Externallinks JohnStuartMill
9.1 Mill'sworks MemberoftheUnitedKingdomParliament
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill 1/17
Memberofthe
9.2 Secondaryworks forCityandWestminster
9.3 Furtherinformation
Inoffice
18651868
Biography Personaldetails
Nationality British
JohnStuartMillwasbornonRodneyStreetinthe Politicalparty Liberal
PentonvilleareaofLondon,theeldestsonoftheScottish
philosopher,historianandeconomistJamesMill,andHarriet
Burrow.JohnStuartwaseducatedbyhisfather,withtheadviceandassistanceofJeremyBenthamandFrancis
Place.Hewasgivenanextremelyrigorousupbringing,andwasdeliberatelyshieldedfromassociationwith
childrenhisownageotherthanhissiblings.Hisfather,afollowerofBenthamandanadherentof
associationism,hadashisexplicitaimtocreateageniusintellectthatwouldcarryonthecauseofutilitarianism
anditsimplementationafterheandBenthamhaddied.[9]
Millwasanotablyprecociouschild.Hedescribeshiseducationinhisautobiography.Attheageofthreehe
wastaughtGreek.[10]Bytheageofeight,hehadreadAesop'sFables,Xenophon'sAnabasis,[10]andthewhole
ofHerodotus,[10]andwasacquaintedwithLucian,DiogenesLartius,IsocratesandsixdialoguesofPlato.[10]
HehadalsoreadagreatdealofhistoryinEnglishandhadbeentaughtarithmetic,physicsandastronomy.
Attheageofeight,MillbeganstudyingLatin,theworksofEuclid,andalgebra,andwasappointed
schoolmastertotheyoungerchildrenofthefamily.Hismainreadingwasstillhistory,buthewentthroughall
thecommonlytaughtLatinandGreekauthorsandbytheageoftencouldreadPlatoandDemostheneswith
ease.HisfatheralsothoughtthatitwasimportantforMilltostudyandcomposepoetry.OneofMill'searliest
poeticcompositionswasacontinuationoftheIliad.Inhissparetimehealsoenjoyedreadingaboutnatural
sciencesandpopularnovels,suchasDonQuixoteandRobinsonCrusoe.
Hisfather'swork,TheHistoryofBritishIndiawaspublishedin1818immediatelythereafter,atabouttheage
oftwelve,Millbeganathoroughstudyofthescholasticlogic,atthesametimereadingAristotle'slogical
treatisesintheoriginallanguage.Inthefollowingyearhewasintroducedtopoliticaleconomyandstudied
AdamSmithandDavidRicardowithhisfather,ultimatelycompletingtheirclassicaleconomicviewoffactors
ofproduction.Mill'scomptesrendusofhisdailyeconomylessonshelpedhisfatherinwritingElementsof
PoliticalEconomyin1821,atextbooktopromotetheideasofRicardianeconomicshowever,thebooklacked
popularsupport.[11]Ricardo,whowasaclosefriendofhisfather,usedtoinvitetheyoungMilltohishousefor
awalkinordertotalkaboutpoliticaleconomy.
Attheageoffourteen,MillstayedayearinFrancewiththefamilyofSirSamuelBentham,brotherofJeremy
Bentham.Themountainsceneryhesawledtoalifelongtasteformountainlandscapes.Thelivelyandfriendly
wayoflifeoftheFrenchalsoleftadeepimpressiononhim.InMontpellier,heattendedthewintercourseson
chemistry,zoology,logicoftheFacultdesSciences,aswellastakingacourseofthehighermathematics.
WhilecomingandgoingfromFrance,hestayedinParisforafewdaysinthehouseoftherenownedeconomist
JeanBaptisteSay,afriendofMill'sfather.TherehemetmanyleadersoftheLiberalparty,aswellasother
notableParisians,includingHenriSaintSimon.
Millwentthroughmonthsofsadnessandponderedsuicideattwentyyearsofage.Accordingtotheopening
paragraphsofChapterVofhisautobiography,hehadaskedhimselfwhetherthecreationofajustsociety,his
life'sobjective,wouldactuallymakehimhappy.Hisheartanswered"no",andunsurprisinglyhelostthe
happinessofstrivingtowardsthisobjective.Eventually,thepoetryofWilliamWordsworthshowedhimthat
beautygeneratescompassionforothersandstimulatesjoy.[2](http://www.victorianweb.org/philosophy/mill/cri
sis.html)Withrenewedjoyhecontinuedtoworktowardsajustsociety,butwithmorerelishforthejourney.He
consideredthisoneofthemostpivotalshiftsinhisthinking.Infact,manyofthedifferencesbetweenhimand
hisfatherstemmedfromthisexpandedsourceofjoy.
MillhadbeenengagedinapenfriendshipwithAugusteComte,thefounderofpositivismandsociology,since
MillfirstcontactedComteinNovember1841.Comte'ssociologiewasmoreanearlyphilosophyofscience
thanweperhapsknowittoday,andthepositivephilosophyaidedinMill'sbroadrejectionofBenthamism.[12]
AsanonconformistwhorefusedtosubscribetotheThirtyNineArticlesoftheChurchofEngland,Millwas
noteligibletostudyattheUniversityofOxfordortheUniversityofCambridge.[13]Insteadhefollowedhis
fathertoworkfortheEastIndiaCompany,andattendedUniversityCollege,London,tohearthelecturesof
JohnAustin,thefirstProfessorofJurisprudence.[14]HewaselectedaForeignHonoraryMemberofthe
AmericanAcademyofArtsandSciencesin1856.[15]
Mill'scareerasacolonialadministratorattheBritishEastIndiaCompanyspannedfromwhenhewas17years
oldin1823until1858,whentheCompanywasabolishedinfavorofdirectrulebytheBritishcrownover
India.[16]In1836,hewaspromotedtotheCompany'sPoliticalDepartment,wherehewasresponsiblefor
correspondencepertainingtotheCompany'srelationswiththeprincelystates,andin1856,wasfinally
promotedtothepositionofExaminerofIndianCorrespondence.InOnLiberty,AFewWordsonNon
Intervention,andotherworks,MilldefendedBritishimperialismbyarguingthatafundamentaldistinction
existedbetweencivilizedandbarbarouspeoples.[17]MillviewedcountriessuchasIndiaandChinaashaving
oncebeenprogressive,butthatwerenowstagnantandbarbarous,thuslegitimizingBritishruleasbenevolent
despotism,"providedtheendis[thebarbarians']improvement."[18]Whenthecrownproposedtotakedirect
controloverthecoloniesinIndia,hewastaskedwithdefendingCompanyrule,penningMemorandumonthe
ImprovementsintheAdministrationofIndiaduringtheLastThirtyYearsamongotherpetitions.[19]Hewas
offeredaseatontheCouncilofIndia,thebodycreatedtoadvisethenewSecretaryofStateforIndia,but
declined,citinghisdisapprovalofthenewsystemofrule.[19]
In1851,MillmarriedHarrietTaylorafter21yearsofanintimatefriendship.Taylorwasmarriedwhenthey
met,andtheirrelationshipwasclosebutgenerallybelievedtobechasteduringtheyearsbeforeherfirst
husbanddied.Brilliantinherownright,TaylorwasasignificantinfluenceonMill'sworkandideasduring
bothfriendshipandmarriage.HisrelationshipwithHarrietTaylorreinforcedMill'sadvocacyofwomen's
rights.HecitesherinfluenceinhisfinalrevisionofOnLiberty,whichwaspublishedshortlyafterherdeath.
Taylordiedin1858afterdevelopingseverelungcongestion,afteronlysevenyearsofmarriagetoMill.
Betweentheyears1865and1868MillservedasLordRectoroftheUniversityofSt.Andrews.Duringthe
sameperiod,186568,hewasaMemberofParliamentforCityandWestminster.[20][21]Hewassittingforthe
LiberalParty.DuringhistimeasanMP,MilladvocatedeasingtheburdensonIreland.In1866,Millbecame
thefirstpersoninthehistoryofParliamenttocallforwomentobegiventherighttovote,vigorously
defendingthispositioninsubsequentdebate.Millbecameastrongadvocateofsuchsocialreformsaslabour
unionsandfarmcooperatives.InConsiderationsonRepresentativeGovernment,Millcalledforvarious
reformsofParliamentandvoting,especiallyproportionalrepresentation,thesingletransferablevote,andthe
extensionofsuffrage.InApril1868,MillfavouredinaCommonsdebatetheretentionofcapitalpunishment
forsuchcrimesasaggravatedmurderhetermeditsabolition"aneffeminacyinthegeneralmindofthe
country."[22]
HewasgodfathertothephilosopherBertrandRussell.
Inhisviewsonreligion,Millwasanagnostic.[23][24]
Milldiedin1873oferysipelasinAvignon,France,wherehewasburiedalongsidehiswife.
Works
ASystemofLogic
MilljoinedthedebateoverscientificmethodwhichfollowedonfromJohnHerschel's1830publicationofA
PreliminaryDiscourseonthestudyofNaturalPhilosophy,whichincorporatedinductivereasoningfromthe
knowntotheunknown,discoveringgenerallawsinspecificfactsandverifyingtheselawsempirically.William
Whewellexpandedonthisinhis1837HistoryoftheInductiveSciences,fromtheEarliesttothePresentTime
followedin1840byThePhilosophyoftheInductiveSciences,FoundedUpontheirHistory,presenting
inductionasthemindsuperimposingconceptsonfacts.Lawswereselfevidenttruths,whichcouldbeknown
withoutneedforempiricalverification.Millcounteredthisin1843inASystemofLogic,Ratiocinativeand
Inductive,BeingaConnectedViewofthePrinciplesofEvidence,andtheMethodsofScientificInvestigation.In
Mill'sMethodsofinduction,likeHerschel's,lawswerediscoveredthroughobservationandinduction,and
requiredempiricalverification.[25]
Theoryofliberty
Mill'sOnLibertyaddressesthenatureandlimitsofthepowerthatcanbelegitimatelyexercisedbysocietyover
theindividual.HoweverMillisclearthathisconcernforlibertydoesnotextendtoallindividualsandall
societies.Hestatesthat"Despotismisalegitimatemodeofgovernmentindealingwithbarbarians".[26]
Millstatesthatitisacceptabletoharmoneselfaslongasthepersondoingsoisnotharmingothers.Healso
arguesthatindividualsshouldbepreventedfromdoinglasting,seriousharmtothemselvesortheirpropertyby
theharmprinciple.Becausenooneexistsinisolation,harmdonetooneselfmayalsoharmothers,and
destroyingpropertydeprivesthecommunityaswellasoneself.[27]Millexcusesthosewhoare"incapableof
selfgovernment"fromthisprinciple,suchasyoungchildrenorthoselivingin"backwardstatesofsociety".
Thoughthisprincipleseemsclear,thereareanumberofcomplications.Forexample,Millexplicitlystatesthat
"harms"mayincludeactsofomissionaswellasactsofcommission.Thus,failingtorescueadrowningchild
countsasaharmfulact,asdoesfailingtopaytaxes,orfailingtoappearasawitnessincourt.Allsuchharmful
omissionsmayberegulated,accordingtoMill.Bycontrast,itdoesnotcountasharmingsomeoneifwithout
forceorfraudtheaffectedindividualconsentstoassumetherisk:thusonemaypermissiblyofferunsafe
employmenttoothers,providedthereisnodeceptioninvolved.(Milldoes,however,recogniseonelimitto
consent:societyshouldnotpermitpeopletosellthemselvesintoslavery).Intheseandothercases,itis
importanttobearinmindthattheargumentsinOnLibertyaregroundedontheprincipleofUtility,andnoton
appealstonaturalrights.
Thequestionofwhatcountsasaselfregardingactionandwhatactions,whetherofomissionorcommission,
constituteharmfulactionssubjecttoregulation,continuestoexerciseinterpretersofMill.Itisimportantto
emphasisethatMilldidnotconsidergivingoffencetoconstitute"harm"anactioncouldnotberestricted
becauseitviolatedtheconventionsormoralsofagivensociety.
OnLibertyinvolvesanimpassioneddefenseoffreespeech.Millarguesthatfreediscourseisanecessary
conditionforintellectualandsocialprogress.Wecanneverbesure,hecontends,thatasilencedopiniondoes
notcontainsomeelementofthetruth.Healsoarguesthatallowingpeopletoairfalseopinionsisproductivefor
tworeasons.First,individualsaremorelikelytoabandonerroneousbeliefsiftheyareengagedinanopen
exchangeofideas.Second,byforcingotherindividualstoreexamineandreaffirmtheirbeliefsintheprocess
ofdebate,thesebeliefsarekeptfromdecliningintomeredogma.ItisnotenoughforMillthatonesimplyhas
anunexaminedbeliefthathappenstobetrueonemustunderstandwhythebeliefinquestionisthetrueone.
AlongthosesamelinesMillwrote,"unmeasuredvituperation,employedonthesideofprevailingopinion,
reallydoesdeterpeoplefromexpressingcontraryopinions,andfromlisteningtothosewhoexpressthem."[28]
Sociallibertyandtyrannyofmajority
Millbelievedthat"thestrugglebetweenLibertyandAuthorityisthemostconspicuousfeatureintheportions
ofhistory".Forhim,libertyinantiquitywasa"contest...betweensubjects,orsomeclassesofsubjects,andthe
government."Milldefined"socialliberty"asprotectionfrom"thetyrannyofpoliticalrulers".Heintroduceda
numberofdifferentconceptsoftheformtyrannycantake,referred
toassocialtyranny,andtyrannyofthemajority.
SociallibertyforMillmeantputtinglimitsontheruler'spowerso
thathewouldnotbeabletousehispoweronhisownwishesand
makedecisionswhichcouldharmsocietyinotherwords,people
shouldhavetherighttohaveasayinthegovernment'sdecisions.
Hesaidthatsociallibertywas"thenatureandlimitsofthepower
whichcanbelegitimatelyexercisedbysocietyovertheindividual".
Itwasattemptedintwoways:first,byobtainingrecognitionof
certainimmunities,calledpoliticallibertiesorrightssecond,by
establishmentofasystemof"constitutionalchecks".
However,inMill'sview,limitingthepowerofgovernmentwasnot
enough.Hestated,"Societycananddoesexecuteitsown
mandates:andifitissueswrongmandatesinsteadofright,orany
mandatesatallinthingswithwhichitoughtnottomeddle,it
practicesasocialtyrannymoreformidablethanmanykindsof
politicaloppression,since,thoughnotusuallyupheldbysuch JohnStuartMillandHelenTaylor.Helen
extremepenalties,itleavesfewermeansofescape,penetrating wasthedaughterofHarrietTaylorand
muchmoredeeplyintothedetailsoflife,andenslavingthesoul collaboratedwithMillforfifteenyears
itself."[29] afterhermother'sdeathin1858.
Liberty
JohnStuartMill'sviewonliberty,whichwasinfluencedbyJosephPriestleyandJosiahWarren,isthatthe
individualoughttobefreetodoashewishesunlessheharmsothers.Individualsarerationalenoughtomake
decisionsabouttheirwellbeing.Governmentshouldinterferewhenitisfortheprotectionofsociety.Mill
explained:
Thesoleendforwhichmankindarewarranted,individuallyorcollectively,ininterferingwiththe
libertyofactionofanyoftheirnumber,isselfprotection.Thattheonlypurposeforwhichpower
canberightfullyexercisedoveranymemberofacivilizedcommunity,againsthiswill,isto
preventharmtoothers.Hisowngood,eitherphysicalormoral,isnotsufficientwarrant.Hecannot
rightfullybecompelledtodoorforbearbecauseitwillbebetterforhimtodoso,becauseitwill
makehimhappier,because,intheopinionofothers,todosowouldbewise,orevenright...The
onlypartoftheconductofanyone,forwhichheisamenabletosociety,isthatwhichconcerns
others.Inthepartwhichmerelyconcernshim,hisindependenceis,ofright,absolute.Over
himself,overhisownbodyandmind,theindividualissovereign.[30]
Freedomofspeech
Aninfluentialadvocateoffreedomofspeech,Millobjectedtocensorship.Hesays:
Ichoose,bypreferencethecaseswhichareleastfavourabletomeInwhichtheargument
opposingfreedomofopinion,bothontruthandthatofutility,isconsideredthestrongest.Letthe
opinionsimpugnedbethebeliefofGodandinafuturestate,oranyofthecommonlyreceived
doctrinesofmorality...ButImustbepermittedtoobservethatitisnotthefeelingsureofa
doctrine(beitwhatitmay)whichIcallanassumptionofinfallibility.Itistheundertakingto
decidethatquestionforothers,withoutallowingthemtohearwhatcanbesaidonthecontrary
side.AndIdenounceandreprobatethispretensionnotthelessifitisputforthonthesideofmy
mostsolemnconvictions.However,positiveanyone'spersuasionmaybe,notonlyofthefaculty
butoftheperniciousconsequences,but(toadoptexpressionswhichIaltogethercondemn)the
immoralityandimpietyofopinion.yetif,inpursuanceofthatprivatejudgement,thoughbacked
bythepublicjudgementofhiscountryorcontemporaries,hepreventstheopinionfrombeing
heardinitsdefence,heassumesinfallibility.Andsofarfromtheassumptionbeingless
objectionableorlessdangerousbecausetheopinioniscalledimmoralorimpious,thisisthecase
ofallothersinwhichitismostfatal.[31]
Milloutlinesthebenefitsof'searchingforanddiscoveringthetruth'asawaytofurtherknowledge.Heargued
thatevenifanopinionisfalse,thetruthcanbebetterunderstoodbyrefutingtheerror.Andasmostopinions
areneithercompletelytruenorcompletelyfalse,hepointsoutthatallowingfreeexpressionallowstheairingof
competingviewsasawaytopreservepartialtruthinvariousopinions.[32]Worriedaboutminorityviewsbeing
suppressed,Millalsoarguedinsupportoffreedomofspeechonpoliticalgrounds,statingthatitisacritical
componentforarepresentativegovernmenttohaveinordertoempowerdebateoverpublicpolicy.[32]Millalso
eloquentlyarguedthatfreedomofexpressionallowsforpersonalgrowthandselfrealization.Hesaidthat
freedomofspeechwasavitalwaytodeveloptalentsandrealiseaperson'spotentialandcreativity.He
repeatedlysaidthateccentricitywaspreferabletouniformityandstagnation.[32]
HarmPrinciple
Thebeliefthatthefreedomofspeechwilladvancethesocietywasformedwithtrustofthepublicsabilityto
filter.Ifanyargumentisreallywrongorharmful,thepublicwilljudgeitaswrongorharmful,andthenthose
argumentscannotbesustainedandwillbeexcluded.Millarguedthatevenanyargumentswhichareusedin
justifyingmurderorrebellionagainstthegovernmentshouldntbepoliticallysuppressedorsociallypersecuted.
Accordingtohim,ifrebellionisreallynecessary,peopleshouldrebelifmurderistrulyproper,itshouldbe
allowed.But,thewaytoexpressthoseargumentsshouldbeapublicspeechorwriting,notinawaythatcauses
actualharmtoothers.ThisistheHarmPrinciple.
Thattheonlypurposeforwhichpowercanberightfullyexercisedoveranymemberofacivilised
community,againsthiswill,istopreventharmtoothers.[33]
Atthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,AssociateJusticeOliverWendellHolmesJr.madethestandardof
"clearandpresentdanger"basedonMill'sidea.Inthemajorityopinion,Holmeswrites:
Thequestionineverycaseiswhetherthewordsusedareusedinsuchcircumstancesandareof
suchanatureastocreateaclearandpresentdangerthattheywillbringaboutthesubstantiveevils
thatCongresshasarighttoprevent.[34]
Shoutingout"Fire!"inadarktheatre,whichmakespeoplepanicandgetstheminjured,isacaseofthat.[35]But
ifthesituationallowspeopletoreasonbythemselvesanddecidetoacceptitornot,anyargumentortheology
shouldnotbeblocked.
Nowadays,Mill'sargumentisgenerallyacceptedbymanydemocraticcountries,andtheyhavelawsaboutthe
harmprinciple.Forexample,inAmericanlawsomeexceptionslimitfreespeechsuchasobscenity,defamation,
breachofpeace,and"fightingwords".[36]
Colonialism
Mill,anemployeefortheBritishEastIndiaCompanyfrom1823to1858,[37]arguedinsupportofwhathe
calleda'benevolentdespotism'withregardtothecolonies.[38]Millarguedthat"Tosupposethatthesame
internationalcustoms,andthesamerulesofinternationalmorality,canobtainbetweenonecivilizednationand
another,andbetweencivilizednationsandbarbarians,isagraveerror....Tocharacterizeanyconductwhatever
towardsabarbarouspeopleasaviolationofthelawofnations,onlyshowsthathewhosospeakshasnever
consideredthesubject."[39]
Slavery
In1850,Millsentananonymousletter(whichcametobeknownunderthetitle"TheNegroQuestion"),[40]in
rebuttaltoThomasCarlyle'sanonymouslettertoFraser'sMagazineforTownandCountryinwhichCarlyle
arguedforslavery.MillsupportedabolitionintheUnitedStates.
InMill'sessayfrom1869,"TheSubjectionofWomen",heexpressedhisoppositiontoslavery:
Thisabsolutelyextremecaseofthelawofforce,condemnedbythosewhocantoleratealmost
everyotherformofarbitrarypower,andwhich,ofallothers,presentsfeaturesthemostrevolting
tothefeelingofallwholookatitfromanimpartialposition,wasthelawofcivilizedandChristian
Englandwithinthememoryofpersonsnowliving:andinonehalfofAngleSaxonAmericathree
orfouryearsago,notonlydidslaveryexist,buttheslavetrade,andthebreedingofslaves
expresslyforit,wasageneralpracticebetweenslavestates.Yetnotonlywasthereagreater
strengthofsentimentagainstit,but,inEnglandatleast,alessamounteitheroffeelingorof
interestinfavourofit,thanofanyotherofthecustomaryabusesofforce:foritsmotivewasthe
loveofgain,unmixedandundisguised:andthosewhoprofitedbyitwereaverysmallnumerical
fractionofthecountry,whilethenaturalfeelingofallwhowerenotpersonallyinterestedinit,was
unmitigatedabhorrence.[41]
Women'srights
Mill'sviewofhistorywasthatrightupuntilhistime"thewholeofthe
female"and"thegreatmajorityofthemalesex"weresimply"slaves".
Hecounteredargumentstothecontrary,arguingthatrelationsbetween
sexessimplyamountedto"thelegalsubordinationofonesextothe
other[which]iswrongitself,andnowoneofthechiefhindrancesto
humanimprovementandthatitoughttobereplacedbyaprincipleof
perfectequality."Withthis,Millcanbeconsideredamongtheearliest
malefeminists.HisbookTheSubjectionofWomen(1861,published
1869)isoneoftheearliestwrittenonthissubjectbyamaleauthor.In
TheSubjectionofWomenMillattemptstomakeacaseforperfect
equality.[42]Hetalksabouttheroleofwomeninmarriageandhowit
neededtobechanged.There,Millcommentsonthreemajorfacetsof
women'slivesthathefeltarehinderingthem:societyandgender
construction,education,andmarriage.Hearguedthattheoppressionof
womenwasoneofthefewremainingrelicsfromancienttimes,asetof
prejudicesthatseverelyimpededtheprogressofhumanity.[41][43]
Utilitarianism
"AFemininePhilosopher".Caricature
ThecanonicalstatementofMill'sutilitarianismcanbefoundin bySpypublishedinVanityFairin
Utilitarianism.Thisphilosophyhasalongtradition,althoughMill's 1873.
accountisprimarilyinfluencedbyJeremyBenthamandMill'sfather
JamesMill.
JeremyBentham'sfamousformulationofutilitarianismisknownasthe"greatesthappinessprinciple".Itholds
thatonemustalwaysactsoastoproducethegreatestaggregatehappinessamongallsentientbeings,within
reason.Mill'smajorcontributiontoutilitarianismishisargumentforthequalitativeseparationofpleasures.
Benthamtreatsallformsofhappinessasequal,whereasMillarguesthatintellectualandmoralpleasures
(higherpleasures)aresuperiortomorephysicalformsofpleasure(lowerpleasures).Milldistinguishesbetween
happinessandcontentment,claimingthattheformerisofhighervaluethanthelatter,abeliefwittily
encapsulatedinthestatementthat"itisbettertobeahumanbeingdissatisfiedthanapigsatisfiedbettertobe
Socratesdissatisfiedthanafoolsatisfied.Andifthefool,orthepig,areofadifferentopinion,itisbecause
theyonlyknowtheirownsideofthequestion."[44]
Milldefinesthedifferencebetweenhigherandlowerformsofpleasurewiththeprinciplethatthosewhohave
experiencedbothtendtopreferoneovertheother.Thisis,perhaps,indirectcontrastwithBentham'sstatement
that"Quantityofpleasurebeingequal,pushpinisasgoodaspoetry",[45]that,ifasimplechild'sgamelike
hopscotchcausesmorepleasuretomorepeoplethananightattheoperahouse,itismoreimperativeupona
societytodevotemoreresourcestopropagatinghopscotchthanrunningoperahouses.Mill'sargumentisthat
the"simplepleasures"tendtobepreferredbypeoplewhohavenoexperiencewithhighart,andaretherefore
notinaproperpositiontojudge.Millalsoarguesthatpeoplewho,forexample,arenobleorpractice
philosophy,benefitsocietymorethanthosewhoengageinindividualistpracticesforpleasure,whicharelower
formsofhappiness.Itisnottheagent'sowngreatesthappinessthatmatters"butthegreatestamountof
happinessaltogether".[46]
ThequalitativeaccountofhappinessthatMilladvocatesthusshedslightonhisaccountpresentedinOn
Liberty.AsMillsuggestsinthattext,utilityistobeconceivedinrelationtohumanity"asaprogressivebeing",
whichincludesthedevelopmentandexerciseofrationalcapacitiesaswestrivetoachievea"highermodeof
existence".Therejectionofcensorshipandpaternalismisintendedtoprovidethenecessarysocialconditions
fortheachievementofknowledgeandthegreatestabilityforthegreatestnumbertodevelopandexercisetheir
deliberativeandrationalcapacities.
Economicphilosophy
Mill'searlyeconomicphilosophywasoneoffreemarkets.However,he
acceptedinterventionsintheeconomy,suchasataxonalcohol,ifthere
weresufficientutilitariangrounds.Healsoacceptedtheprincipleof
legislativeinterventionforthepurposeofanimalwelfare.[47]Mill
originallybelievedthat"equalityoftaxation"meant"equalityof
sacrifice"andthatprogressivetaxationpenalisedthosewhoworked
harderandsavedmoreandwastherefore"amildformofrobbery".[48]
Givenanequaltaxrateregardlessofincome,Millagreedthat
inheritanceshouldbetaxed.Autilitariansocietywouldagreethat
everyoneshouldbeequalonewayoranother.Therefore,receiving
inheritancewouldputoneaheadofsocietyunlesstaxedonthe
inheritance.Thosewhodonateshouldconsiderandchoosecarefully
wheretheirmoneygoessomecharitiesaremoredeservingthan
others.Consideringpubliccharitiesboardssuchasagovernmentwill
disbursethemoneyequally.However,aprivatecharityboardlikea
churchwoulddisbursethemoniesfairlytothosewhoareinmoreneed
thanothers.[49]
Essaysoneconomicsandsociety,
Laterhealteredhisviewstowardamoresocialistbent,addingchapters 1967
tohisPrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyindefenceofasocialistoutlook,
anddefendingsomesocialistcauses.[50]Withinthisrevisedworkhe
alsomadetheradicalproposalthatthewholewagesystembeabolishedinfavourofacooperativewage
system.Nonetheless,someofhisviewsontheideaofflattaxationremained,[51]albeitalteredinthethird
editionofthePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomytoreflectaconcernfordifferentiatingrestrictionson"unearned"
incomes,whichhefavoured,andthoseon"earned"incomes,whichhedidnotfavour.[52]
Mill'sPrinciples,firstpublishedin1848,wasoneofthemostwidelyreadofallbooksoneconomicsinthe
period.[53]AsAdamSmith'sWealthofNationshadduringanearlierperiod,Mill'sPrinciplesdominated
economicsteaching.InthecaseofOxfordUniversityitwasthestandardtextuntil1919,whenitwasreplaced
byMarshall'sPrinciplesofEconomics.
Economicdemocracy
Millpromotedeconomicdemocracyinsteadofcapitalism,inthemannerofsubstitutingcapitalistbusinesses
withworkercooperatives.Hesays:
Theformofassociation,however,whichifmankindcontinuetoimprove,mustbeexpectedinthe
endtopredominate,isnotthatwhichcanexistbetweenacapitalistaschief,andworkpeople
withoutavoiceinthemanagement,buttheassociationofthelabourersthemselvesontermsof
equality,collectivelyowningthecapitalwithwhichtheycarryontheiroperations,andworking
undermanagerselectedandremovablebythemselves.[54]
Politicaldemocracy
Mill'smajorworkonpoliticaldemocracy,ConsiderationsonRepresentativeGovernment,defendstwo
fundamentalprinciples,extensiveparticipationbycitizensandenlightenedcompetenceofrulers.[55]Thetwo
valuesareobviouslyintension,andsomereadershaveconcludedthatheisanelitistdemocrat,[56]whileothers
counthimasanearlierparticipatorydemocrat.[57]Inonesectionheappearstodefendpluralvoting,inwhich
morecompetentcitizensaregivenextravotes(aviewhelaterrepudiated).Butinchapter3hepresentswhatis
stilloneofthemosteloquentcasesforthevalueofparticipationbyallcitizens.Hebelievedthatthe
incompetenceofthemassescouldeventuallybeovercomeiftheyweregivenachancetotakepartinpolitics,
especiallyatthelocallevel.
Millisoneofthefewpoliticalphilosophersevertoserveingovernmentasanelectedofficial.Inhisthreeyears
inParliament,hewasmorewillingtocompromisethanthe"radical"principlesexpressedinhiswritingwould
leadonetoexpect.[58]
Theenvironment
MilldemonstratedanearlyinsightintothevalueofthenaturalworldinparticularinBookIV,chapterVIof
"PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy":"OftheStationaryState"[59][60]inwhichMillrecognisedwealthbeyondthe
material,andarguedthatthelogicalconclusionofunlimitedgrowthwasdestructionoftheenvironmentanda
reducedqualityoflife.Heconcludedthatastationarystatecouldbepreferabletounendingeconomicgrowth:
Icannot,therefore,regardthestationarystatesofcapitalandwealthwiththeunaffectedaversion
sogenerallymanifestedtowardsitbypoliticaleconomistsoftheoldschool.
Iftheearthmustlosethatgreatportionofitspleasantnesswhichitowestothingsthatthe
unlimitedincreaseofwealthandpopulationwouldextirpatefromit,forthemerepurposeof
enablingittosupportalarger,butnotabetterorahappierpopulation,Isincerelyhope,forthe
sakeofposterity,thattheywillbecontenttobestationary,longbeforenecessitycompelthemtoit.
Economicdevelopment
Millregardedeconomicdevelopmentasafunctionofland,labourandcapital.Whilelandandlabourarethe
twooriginalfactorsofproduction,capitalis"astock,previouslyaccumulatedoftheproductsofformerlabour."
Increaseinwealthispossibleonlyiflandandcapitalhelptoincreaseproductionfasterthanthelabourforce.It
isproductivelabourthatisproductiveofwealthandcapitalaccumulation."Therateofcapitalaccumulationis
thefunctionoftheproportionofthelabourforceemployedproductively.Profitsearnedbyemploying
unproductivelaboursaremerelytransfersofincomeunproductivelabourdoesnotgeneratewealthorincome".
Itisproductivelabourerswhodoproductiveconsumption.Productiveconsumptionisthat"whichmaintains
andincreasetheproductivecapacityofthecommunity."Itimpliesthatproductiveconsumptionisaninput
necessarytomaintainproductivelabourers.[61]
Controlofpopulationgrowth
MillsupportedtheMalthusiantheoryofpopulation.Bypopulationhemeantthenumberoftheworkingclass
only.Hewasthereforeconcernedaboutthegrowthinnumberoflabourerswhoworkedforhire.Hebelieved
thatpopulationcontrolwasessentialforimprovingtheconditionoftheworkingclasssothattheymightenjoy
thefruitsofthetechnologicalprogressandcapitalaccumulation.Milladvocatedbirthcontrol.In1823Milland
afriendwerearrestedwhiledistributingpamphletsonbirthcontrolbyFrancisPlacetowomeninworkingclass
areas.[62]
Wagefund
AccordingtoMill,supplyisveryelasticinresponsetowages.Wagesgenerallyexceedtheminimum
subsistencelevel,andarepaidoutofcapital.Hence,wagesarelimitedbyexistingcapitalforpayingwages.
Thus,wageperworkercanbederivedbydividingthetotalcirculatingcapitalbythesizeoftheworking
population.Wagescanincreasebyanincreaseinthecapitalusedinpayingwages,orbydecreaseinthe
numberofworkers.Ifwagesrise,supplyoflabourwillrise.Competitionamongworkersnotonlybringsdown
wages,butalsokeepssomeworkersoutofemployment.ThisisbasedonMill'snotionthat"demandfor
commoditiesisnotdemandforlabourers".Itmeansthatincomeinvestedasadvancesofwagestolabour
createsemployment,andnotincomespentonconsumergoods.Anincreaseinconsumptioncausesadeclinein
investment.Soincreasedinvestmentleadstoincreasesinthewagefundandtoeconomicprogress.
In1869,MillrecantedhissupportoftheWageFundDoctrineduetorecognitionthatcapitalisnotnecessarily
fixedinthatitcanbesupplementedthrough"incomeoftheemployerwhichmightotherwisegointosavingsor
bespentonconsumption."(Spiegel,p.390)Walkeralsostatesin"TheWagesQuestion"thatthelimitson
capitalandthegrowthinpopulation"wereaccidental,notessential"totheformationofthedoctrine.The
limitationonthegrowthofindustrialcapacityplacedalimitonthenumberofworkerswhocouldbe
accommodatedmorethanthelimitoncapital.Furthermore,Englishagriculture"hadreachedtheconditionof
diminishingreturns."(Walker)therefore,eachadditionalworkerwasnotprovidingmoreoutputthanhe
neededforhimselfforsurvival.Giventheimprovementsintechnologyandproductivitythatfollowed1848,
theoriginalreasonsthatgaverisetothedoctrinewereseentobeunusualandnotthebasisforauniversallaw.
Rateofcapitalaccumulation
AccordingtoMill,therateofcapitalaccumulationdependson:(1)"theamountoffundfromwhichsavingcan
bemade"or"thesizeofthenetproduceoftheindustry",and(2)the"dispositiontosave".Capitalistheresult
ofsavings,andthesavingscomefromthe"abstinencefrompresentconsumptionforthesakeoffuturegoods".
Althoughcapitalistheresultofsaving,itisneverthelessconsumed.Thismeanssavingisspending.Since
savingdependsonthenetproduceoftheindustry,itgrowswithprofitsandrentwhichgointomakingthenet
produce.Ontheotherhand,thedispositiontosavedependson(1)therateofprofitand(2)thedesiretosave,
orwhatMillcalled"effectivedesireofaccumulation".However,profitalsodependsonthecostoflabour,and
therateofprofitistheratioofprofitstowages.Whenprofitsriseorwagesfall,therateofprofitsincreases,
whichinturnincreasestherateofcapitalaccumulation.Similarly,itisthedesiretosavewhichtendsto
increasetherateofcapitalaccumulation.
Rateofprofit
AccordingtoMill,theultimatetendencyinaneconomyisfortherateofprofittodeclineduetodiminishing
returnsinagricultureandincreaseinpopulationataMalthusianrate[63]
Inpopularculture
Millisthesubjectofa1905clerihewbyE.C.Bentley:[64]
JohnStuartMill,
Byamightyeffortofwill,
Overcamehisnaturalbonhomie
AndwrotePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy.
MillisnamecheckedinMontyPython's"PhilosophersSong".
JohnStuartMillwasthestagenameofmusicianJohnSchmersalbetweenthedisbandmentofthegroup
BrainiacandtheformationofthebandEnon.
Majorpublications
Title Date Source

"The
"TwoLettersontheMeasureofValue" 1822
Traveller"
"QuestionsofPopulation" 1823 "BlackDwarf"
Westminster
"WarExpenditure" 1824
Review
Westminster
"QuarterlyReviewPoliticalEconomy" 1825
Review
"ReviewofMissMartineau'sTales" 1830 Examiner
"TheSpiritoftheAge" 1831 Examiner
"UseandAbuseofPoliticalTerms" 1832
1833,
"WhatisPoetry"
1859
"RationaleofRepresentation" 1835
"DeTocquevilleonDemocracyinAmerica[i]" 1835
"StateofSocietyInAmerica" 1836
"Civilization" 1836
"EssayonBentham" 1838
"EssayonColeridge" 1840
"EssaysOnGovernment" 1840
"DeTocquevilleonDemocracyinAmerica[ii]" 1840
ASystemofLogic 1843
EssaysonSomeUnsettledQuestionsofPoliticalEconomy 1844
Edinburgh
"ClaimsofLabour" 1845
Review
ThePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy:withsomeoftheirapplicationstosocial
1848
philosophy
Fraser's
"TheNegroQuestion" 1850
Magazine
"ReformoftheCivilService" 1854
DissertationsandDiscussions 1859
AFewWordsonNonintervention 1859
OnLiberty 1859
'ThoughtsonParliamentaryReform 1859
ConsiderationsonRepresentativeGovernment 1861
Edinburgh
"Centralisation" 1862
Review
Harper's
"TheContestinAmerica" 1862
Magazine
Utilitarianism 1863
AnExaminationofSirWilliamHamilton'sPhilosophy 1865
AugusteComteandPositivism 1865
InauguralAddressatSt.AndrewsConcerningthevalueofculture 1867
"SpeechInFavorofCapitalPunishment"[65][66] 1868
Title Date Source

EnglandandIreland 1868
Fortnightly
"ThorntononLaboranditsClaims" 1869
Review
TheSubjectionofWomen 1869
ChaptersandSpeechesontheIrishLandQuestion 1870
Nature,theUtilityofReligion,andTheism 1874
AutobiographyofJohnStuartMill(https://archive.org/stream/autobiographymil00m
1873
illuoft#page/n7/mode/2up)
ThreeEssaysonReligion(https://archive.org/stream/threeessaysonrel00mill#page/n
1874
7/mode/2up)
Economica
"NotesonN.W.Senior'sPoliticalEconomy" 1945
N.S.12
Seealso
Listofliberaltheorists
Mill'sMethods
OnSocialFreedom
Women'ssuffrageintheUnitedKingdom
Notes
1.Hyman,Anthony(1982).CharlesBabbage:PioneeroftheComputer.PrincetonUniversityPress.pp.12021."What
effectdidBabbagesEconomyofMachineryandManufacturershave?Generallyhisbookreceivedlittleattentionasit
notgreatlyconcernedwithsuchtraditionalproblemsofeconomicsasthenatureof'value'.Actuallytheeffectwas
considerable,hisdiscussionoffactoriesandmanufacturesenteringthemaincurrentsofeconomicthought.Hereit
mustsufficetolookbrieflyatitsinfluenceontwomajorfiguresJohnStuartMillandKarlMarx"
2.FriedrichHayek(1941)."TheCounterRevolutionofScience".Economica.Economica.8(31):281320.
doi:10.2307/2549335.JSTOR2549335.
3."TheProjectGutenbergEBookofAutobiography,byJohnStuartMill"(http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10378/
pg10378.html)gutenberg.org.Retrieved11June2013.
4.MichaelN.Forster,AfterHerder:PhilosophyofLanguageintheGermanTradition,OxfordUniversityPress,2010,
p.9.
5.JohnStuartMill(StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy)(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/)
6."JohnStuartMill'sOnLiberty".victorianweb.Retrieved23July2009."OnLibertyisarationaljustificationofthe
freedomoftheindividualinoppositiontotheclaimsofthestatetoimposeunlimitedcontrolandisthusadefenseof
therightsoftheindividualagainstthestate."
7."JohnStuartMill(StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy)".plato.stanford.edu.Retrieved31July2009.
8.https://www.parliament.uk/about/livingheritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary
collections/1866suffragepetition/johnstuartmill/
9.Halevy,Elie(1966).TheGrowthofPhilosophicRadicalism.BeaconPress.pp.28284.ISBN0191010200.
10.Journals:NewEnglander(18431892)(http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pagevieweridx?c=nwngcc=nwngrg
n=full%20textidno=nwng00334didno=nwng00334view=imageseq=620node=nwng00334:1page=rootsize=sfrm
=frameset)
11.MurrayN.Rothbard(1February2006).AnAustrianPerspectiveontheHistoryofEconomicThought.Ludwigvon
MisesInstitute.p.105.ISBN9780945466482.Retrieved21January2011.
12.Pickering,Mary(1993),AugusteComte:anintellectualbiography,CambridgeUniversityPress,p.540
13.Capaldi,Nicholas.JohnStuartMill:ABiography.p.33,Cambridge,2004,ISBN0521620244.
14.Journals:NewEnglander(18431892)(http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pagevieweridx?c=nwng&cc=nwng&
idno=nwng00334&node=nwng00334:1&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=623)
15."BookofMembers,17802010:ChapterM"(PDF).AmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences.Retrieved15April
2011.
16.Mill,JohnStuart.WritingsonIndia.EditedbyJohnM.Robson,MartinMoirandZawahirMoir.Toronto:
UniversityofTorontoPressLondon:Routledge,c.1990.
17.Klausen,JimmyCasas(20160107)."ViolenceandEpistemologyJ.S.Mill'sIndiansafterthe"Mutiny" ".Political
ResearchQuarterly.69:1065912915623379.doi:10.1177/1065912915623379.ISSN10659129.
18.Harris,AbramL.(19640101)."JohnStuartMill:ServantoftheEastIndiaCompany".TheCanadianJournalof
EconomicsandPoliticalScience/Revuecanadienned'EconomiqueetdeSciencepolitique.30(2):185202.
doi:10.2307/139555.JSTOR139555.
19.Lal,Vinay."'JohnStuartMillandIndia',areviewarticle".NewQuest,no.54(JanuaryFebruary1998):5464.
20.TheLondonGazette:no.22991.p.3528(https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22991/page/3528).14July
1865.Retrieved20June2016.
21.Capaldi,Nicholas.JohnStuartMill:ABiography.pp.321322,Cambridge,2004,ISBN0521620244.
22.JohnStuartMill:Utilitarianismandthe1868SpeechonCapitalPunishment.(Sher,ed.HackettPublishingCo,
2001)
23."EditorialNotes".SecularReview.16(13):203.28March1885."Ithasalwaysseemedtousthatthisisoneofthe
instancesinwhichMillapproached,outofdeferencetoconventionalopinion,asneartotheborderlandofCantashe
wellcouldwithoutcompromisinghisprideofplaceasarecognisedthinkerandsceptic"
24.LindaC.Raeder(2002)."SpiritoftheAge".JohnStuartMillandtheReligionofHumanity.UniversityofMissouri
Press.p.65.ISBN9780826263278."Comtewelcomedtheprospectofbeingattackedpubliclyforhisirreligion,he
said,asthiswouldpermithimtoclarifythenonatheisticnatureofhisandMill's"atheism"."
25.Shermer,Michael(15August2002).InDarwin'sShadow:TheLifeandScienceofAlfredRusselWallace:A
BiographicalStudyonthePsychologyofHistory.OxfordUniversityPress.p.212.ISBN9780199923854.
26.OnLiberty,byJohnStuartMill,pp.1819.(http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34901/34901h/34901h.htm)
27.Mill,JohnStuart"OnLiberty"PenguinClassics,2006ISBN9780141441474pp.9091
28.Mill,JohnStuart,OnLiberty,HarvardClassics:Volume25,p.258,PFCollier&SonsCompanyNewYork1909
29.Mill,JohnStuart,"OnLiberty"PenguinClassics,2006ISBN9780141441474pp.1011
30.Mill,OnLiberty,p.13.Cornell.edu(http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pagevieweridx?c=harpcc=harprgn=ful
l%20textidno=harp00245didno=harp00245view=imageseq=00693node=harp00245%3A1)
31.JohnStuartMill(18061873)"OnLiberty"1859.ed.GertrudeHimmelfarb,UK:Penguin,1985,pp.8384
32.FreedomofSpeech,Volume21,byEllenFrankelPaul,FredDycusMiller,JeffreyPaul
33.JohnStuartMill.(1863).OnLiberty.TicknorandFields.p.23
34.Schenckv.UnitedStates,249US47SupremeCourt1919
35.George&Kline,2006,p.409.
36.George&Kline,2006,p.410.
37.J.S.Mill'sCareerattheEastIndiaCompany(http://www.victorianweb.org/philosophy/mill/career.html)
38.DavidTheoGoldberg(2000)Liberalism'slimits:CarlyleandMillon"thenegroquestion",NineteenthCentury
Contexts:AnInterdisciplinaryJournal,22:2,20316,doi:10.1080/08905490008583508(https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%
2F08905490008583508)
39.JohnStuartMill,DissertationsandDiscussions:Political,Philosophical,andHistorical(NewYork1874)Vol.3,
pp.25253.
40.TheNegroQuestion,pp.13037.(http://files.libertyfund.org/files/255/Mill_022321_EBk_v6.0.pdf)byJohnStuart
Mill.
41.Mill,J.S.(1869)TheSubjectionofWomen(http://www.constitution.org/jsm/women.htm),Chapter1
42.JohnStuartMill:criticalassessments,Volume4,ByJohnCunninghamWood
43.Mill,JohnStuart(2005),"Thesubjectionofwomen",inCudd,AnnE.Andreasen,RobinO.,Feministtheory:a
philosophicalanthology,Oxford,UKMalden,Massachusetts:BlackwellPublishing,pp.1726,
ISBN9781405116619.
44.Mill,JohnStuart,Utilitarianism(ProjectGutenbergonlineedition)(http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11224/11224h/11
224h.htm#CHAPTER_II)
45.Poetry,pushpinandutility(http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14657295.1977.tb00452.x/abstract)
46.Mill1906,p.16
47.[1](http://www.ifaw.org/ifaw/dfiles/file_285.pdf)Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20080626225342/http://ww
w.ifaw.org/ifaw/dfiles/file_285.pdf)26June2008attheWaybackMachine.
48.IREF|Pourlaliberteeconomiqueetlaconcurrencefiscale(http://www.irefeurope.org/col_docs/doc_51_fr.pdf)(PDF)
Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20090327011315/http://www.irefeurope.org/col_docs/doc_51_fr.pdf)27March
2009attheWaybackMachine.
49.(Strasser,1991)
50.Mill,JohnStuartandBentham,JeremyeditedbyRyan,Alan.(2004).Utilitarianismandotheressays.London:
PenguinBooks.p.11.ISBN0140432728.
51.Wilson,Fred(2007)."JohnStuartMill:PoliticalEconomy".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.Stanford
University.Retrieved4May2009.
52.Mill,JohnStuart(1852)."OnTheGeneralPrinciplesofTaxation,V.2.14".PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy.Library
ofEconomicsandLiberty.(3rdeditionthepassageaboutflattaxationwasalteredbytheauthorinthisedition,which
isacknowledgedinthisonlineedition'sfootnote8:"[Thissentencereplacedinthe3rded.asentenceoftheoriginal:
'Itispartialtaxation,whichisamildformofrobbery.']")
53.Ekelund,RobertB.,Jr.Hbert,RobertF.(1997).Ahistoryofeconomictheoryandmethod(4thed.).Waveland
Press[LongGrove,Illinois].p.172.ISBN1577663810.
54.PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomywithsomeoftheirApplicationstoSocialPhilosophy,IV.7.21JohnStuartMill:
PoliticalEconomy,IV.7.21
55.Thompson,Dennis.JohnStuartMillandRepresentativeGovernment.PrincetonUniversityPress,1976.ISBN978
0691021874
56.Letwin,Shirley.ThePursuitofCertainty.CambridgeUniversityPress,1965(p.306).ISBN9780865971943
57.Pateman,Carole.ParticipationandDemocraticTheory.CambridgeUniversityPress,1970(p.28).ISBN978
0521290043
58.Thompson,Dennis."MillinParliament:WhenShouldaPhilosopherCompromise?"inJ.S.Mill'sPoliticalThought,
eds.N.UrbinatiandA.Zakaras(CambridgeUniversityPress,2007),pp.16699.ISBN9780521677561
59.ThePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,Book4,ChapterVI.(http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/mill/book4/bk4ch06)
60."TheearlyhistoryofmodernecologicaleconomicsIngeRpkeinEcologicalEconomicsVolume50,Issues34,1
October2004".EcologicalEconomics.50:293314.doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.012.Retrieved8August2008.
61.JohnStuartMill'sSocialandPoliticalThought:CriticalAssessments,byJohnStuartMill
62.NicholasCapaldi(12January2004).JohnStuartMill:ABiography.CambridgeUniversityPress.p.41.ISBN978
1139449205.Retrieved1September2013.
63.Mill,JohnStuart.PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy(PDF).p.25.Retrieved1November2016.
64.Swainson,Bill(ed.)(2000).EncartaBookofQuotations.Macmillan.pp.64243.ISBN0312230001.
65.HansardreportofCommonsSitting:CAPITALPUNISHMENTWITHINPRISONSBILL[BILL36.]
COMMITTEEstage:HCDeb21April1868vol191cc103363includingMill'sspeechCol.10471055(http://hansa
rd.millbanksystems.com/commons/1868/apr/21/committee#S3V0191P0_18680421_HOC_33)
66.HisspeechagainsttheabolitionofcapitalpunishmentwascommenteduponinaneditorialinTheTimes,Wednesday,
22April1868pg.8Issue26105colE:
References
DuncanBell,"JohnStuartMillonColonies,"PoliticalTheory,Vol.38(February2010),pp.3464.
Brink,DavidO.(1992)."Mill'sDeliberativeUtilitarianism".PhilosophyandPublicAffairs.21:67103.
CliffordG.ChristiansandJohnC.Merrill(eds.)EthicalCommunication:FiveMoralStancesinHumanDialogue,
Columbia,MO.:UniversityofMissouriPress,2009
George,RogerZ.Kline,RobertD.(2006).Intelligenceandthenationalsecuritystrategist:enduringissuesand
challenges.Rowman&Littlefield.ISBN9780742540385.
AdamGopnik,"RightAgain,ThepassionsofJohnStuartMill,"TheNewYorker,6October2008.(http://www.newy
orker.com/arts/critics/atlarge/2008/10/06/081006crat_atlarge_gopnik)
Harrington,Jack(2010).SirJohnMalcolmandtheCreationofBritishIndia,Ch.5.NewYork:PalgraveMacmillan.
ISBN9780230108851.
SterlingHarwood,"ElevenObjectionstoUtilitarianism,"inLouisP.Pojman,ed.,MoralPhilosophy:AReader
(Indianapolis,IN:HackettPublishingCo.,1998),andinSterlingHarwood,ed.,BusinessasEthicalandBusinessas
Usual(Belmont,CA:WadsworthPublishingCo.,1996),Chapter7,andin[3](http://www.sterlingharwood.com/)
www.sterlingharwood.com.
SamuelHollander,TheEconomicsofJohnStuartMill(UniversityofTorontoPress,1985)
WendyKolmarandFrancesBartowski.FeministTheory.2nded.NewYork:McGrawHill,2005.
ShirleyLetwin,ThePursuitofCertainty(CambridgeUniversityPress,1965).ISBN9780865971943
MichaelSt.JohnPacke,TheLifeofJohnStuartMill,Macmillan(1952).
CarolePateman,ParticipationandDemocraticTheory(CambridgeUniversityPress,1970).ISBN9780521290043
RichardReeves,JohnStuartMill:VictorianFirebrand,AtlanticBooks(2007),paperback2008.ISBN978184354
6443
Robinson,Dave&Groves,Judy(2003).IntroducingPoliticalPhilosophy.IconBooks.ISBN184046450X.
FrederickRosen,ClassicalUtilitarianismfromHumetoMill(RoutledgeStudiesinEthics&MoralTheory),2003.
ISBN0415220947
MarkPhilipStrasser,MoralPhilosophyofJohnStuartMill,LongwoodAcademic(1991).Wakefield,New
Hampshire.ISBN0893416819
ChinLiewTen,MillonLiberty,ClarendonPress,Oxford,1980,fulltextonlineatContents(http://www.victorianwe
b.org/philosophy/mill/ten/contents.html)Victorianweb.org(NationalUniversityofSingapore)
DennisThompson,JohnStuartMillandRepresentativeGovernment(PrincetonUniversityPress,1976).ISBN978
0691021874
DennisThompson,"MillinParliament:WhenShouldaPhilosopherCompromise?"inJ.S.Mill'sPoliticalThought,
eds.N.UrbinatiandA.Zakaras(CambridgeUniversityPress,2007).ISBN9780521677561
Furtherreading
Alican,NecipFikri(1994).MillsPrincipleofUtility:ADefenseofJohnStuartMillsNotoriousProof.
AmsterdamandAtlanta:EditionsRodopiB.V.ISBN9789051837483.
Bayles,M.D.(1968).ContemporaryUtilitarianism.AnchorBooks,Doubleday.
Bentham,Jeremy(2009).AnIntroductiontothePrinciplesofMoralsandLegislation(Dover
PhilosophicalClassics).DoverPublicationsInc.ISBN9780486454528.
Brandt,RichardB.(1979).ATheoryoftheGoodandtheRight.ClarendonPress.ISBN0198245505.
Lyons,David(1965).FormsandLimitsofUtilitarianism.OxfordUniversityPress(UK).ISBN978
0198241973.
Mill,JohnStuart(2011).ASystemofLogic,RatiocinativeandInductive(ClassicReprint).Forgotten
Books.ISBN9781440090820.
Mill,JohnStuart(1981)."Autobiography".InRobson,John.CollectedWorks,volumeXXXI.University
ofTorontoPress.ISBN0710007183.
Moore,G.E.(1903).PrincipiaEthica.PrometheusBooksUK.ISBN0879754982.
Rosen,Frederick(2003).ClassicalUtilitarianismfromHumetoMill.Routledge.
Scheffler,Samuel(August1994).TheRejectionofConsequentialism:APhilosophicalInvestigationof
theConsiderationsUnderlyingRivalMoralConceptions,SecondEdition.ClarendonPress.ISBN978
0198235118.
Smart,J.J.C.Williams,Bernard(January1973).Utilitarianism:ForandAgainst.Cambridge
UniversityPress.ISBN9780521098229.
Externallinks
Mill'sworks
CollectedWorksofJohnStuartMill(http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%
3Fperson=21&Itemid=28)DefinitiveEditionin33volumes,plusseparatetitles,ontheOnlineLibraryofLiberty
ASystemofLogic,UniversityPressofthePacific,Honolulu,2002,ISBN1410202526
WorksbyJohnStuartMill(https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Mill,+John+Stuart)atProjectGutenberg
WorksbyoraboutJohnStuartMill(https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Mill%2C%20Joh
n%20Stuart%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mill%2
C%20J%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Stuart%20Mill%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joh
n%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mil
l%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Stuart%20M
ill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Mi
ll%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Stuart%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20
Stuart%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20
J%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20J%2E%20Stuart%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joh
n%20Mill%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Stuart%20Mil
l%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Mill%2
2%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Mill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Stuart%20Mill%22%20OR%
20description%3A%22John%20S%2E%20Mill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20S%2E%20Mill%22%
20OR%20description%3A%22Mill%2C%20John%20Stuart%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mill%2C%20Joh
n%20S%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Mill%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mill%2C%20Jo
hn%22%29%20OR%20%28%2218061873%22%20AND%20Mill%29%29%20AND%20%28mediatype:software%
29)atInternetArchive
WorksbyJohnStuartMill(http://librivox.org/author/2881)atLibriVox(publicdomainaudiobooks)
TheOnlineBooksPage(http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Mill+John+Stuart&amode=
words&title=&tmode=words)listsworksonvarioussites
Works(http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/m/mill/john_stuart/),readableanddownloadable
Primaryandsecondaryworks(http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/mill/)
MoreeasilyreadableversionsofOnLiberty,Utilitarianism,ThreeEssaysonReligion,TheSubjectionofWomen,A
SystemofLogic,andAutobiography(http://www.earlymoderntexts.com)
OftheCompositionofCauses(http://isnature.org/Files/Mill1859Composition_of_Causes.htm),ChapterVIof
SystemofLogic(1859)
JohnStuartMill'sdiaryofawalkingtouratMountHolyokeCollege(http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountho
lyoke/mshm189_main.html)
Secondaryworks
Macleod,Christopher."JohnStuartMill".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.
JohnStuartMill(http://www.iep.utm.edu/milljs/)intheInternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy
Bendle,MervynF.(December2009)."Onliberty:IsaiahBerlin,JohnStuartMillandtheendsoflife".Quadrant.53
(12):3643.Retrieved8August2011.
Furtherinformation
CatalogueofMill'scorrespondenceandpapers(http://archives.lse.ac.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&fi
eld=RefNo&key=MILLTAYLOR)heldattheArchivesDivision(http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/archive/Default.htm)
oftheLondonSchoolofEconomics.ViewtheArchivesCatalogueofthecontentsofthisimportantholding,which
alsoincludeslettersofJamesMillandHelenTaylor.
JohnStuartMill'slibrary(http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/libraryit/specialcollections/)SomervilleCollegeOxfordholds
c1700volumesownedbyJohnStuartMillandhisfatherJamesMill,manycontainingtheirmarginalia
"JohnStuartMill(obituary,Tues.,4November1873).InEminentpersons:BiographiesreprintedfromtheTimes.
Vol.16.D.VolI,18701875".Macmillan&Co.1892:195224.
JohnStuartMill(https://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8534586)atFindaGrave
ParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom
Precededby MemberofParliamentforWestminster Succeededby
SirGeorgedeLacyEvans 18651868 WilliamHenrySmith
Academicoffices
Precededby RectoroftheUniversityofStAndrews Succeededby
WilliamStirlingofKeir 18651868 JamesAnthonyFroude
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Stuart_Mill&oldid=773260470"
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