Tracking Moving Objects in Wireless Sensor

Networks
Anshuman Prakash Singh1, Prof. (Dr.) S. Hasan Saeed 2
1
Research Scholar, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Integral University, Lucknow, India
2
Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Integral University, Lucknow, India

1
2
Abstract -- We study
the problem of
localizing and tracking
moving object in
wireless sensor
networks. We apply
sensor networks to the
problem of tracking a
moving object. We
describe reporting
mechanism, in which
both sensor nodes and
the base station predict
the future movements
of the objects.
Transmissions of sensor
readings are avoided as
long as the predictions
are consistent with the
real object movements.
Keywords: Energy
Consumption, Tracking
objects.
I. INTRODU
CTION
Their low cost and
wireless communication
capability make it
feasible to deploy them
in large numbers, and
without pre-existing
infrastructure. With more
sensors available in the
environment, it is more
likely that phenomena of
interest are near some
sensors, there by leading
to the main appeal of
wireless sensors
compared to the tethered
ones. On the other hand,
such sensors relay on
limited sources of power,
and so energy efficiency
becomes an important
feature of the systems
that use them.
Tracking consists of
detecting and monitoring
locations of real-world
objects, possibly
numerous applications of
tracking are currently in
use; for example, air
traffic control, fleet
tracking, monitoring,
mobile telephony, etc.
Networked sensors have
recently been used for
this purpose.
We are interested in
designing an efficient
tracking method, based
on networked sensors,
that has the ability to
cover large regions of
interest by using many
sensors with small
detection range. The
method will need to
handle a large number of
moving objects at once.
To address the scalability
goals, we use
hierarchical
organization, similar to
schemes previously used
in cellular telephone
systems. We focus on
improving the energy
efficiency of such
schemes.
Object tracking sensor
networks mainly two
regional operations:
1) Monitoring: Sensor
nodes are required
to detect and track
the movement states
of mobile objects.
2) Reporting: The
nodes that sense the
objects need to
report their
discoveries to the
applications. These
main operations are
interleaved during
the entire object
tracking process.
Our focus, in a prior
study, has been on
developing
strategies for
reducing the energy
consumption in
monitoring
3
operations. In this area, and reporting the
paper, we expand states of the moving
our study to the objects with certain
energy management reporting frequency, it is
in reporting adjustable to the network
operations. and application
requirements. Deciding
the states of the tracked
II. OBJECT objects may need several
TRACKIN sensor nodes to work
G together. This is an
SENSOR important area of
NETWOR research (called sensor
KS fusion) in the sensor
applications, but out of
Object tracking sensor scope of this study. Thus,
networks (OTSNs) have in this paper, we assume
widespread use in that each sensor node is
applications such as a logical representation
security surveillance and (i.e., sensing leaders or
wildlife habitat cluster heads)
monitoring .Therefore, a of a set of sensor nodes
new networking which collaboratively
paradigm for OTSNs, decide the state of a
with a focus on the moving object. We also
energy efficiency of assume that the moving
reporting operations is objects are identifiable
studied in this paper. In so that sensor nodes are
the following, we first able to store the moving
provide some objects movement
background of OTSNs history, which is used for
for this paper, and make predictions for
describe a monitoring objects future
mechanism underlying movement.
the DPR mechanism. B. Impacting Factors
In this section, we
A. Background discuss various factors
that have impacts on the
energy consumption in
The Object tracking OTSN:
sensor networks
(OTSN), a number of Network workload
sensor nodes are is related to the
deployed over a number of moving
monitored region with objects inside the
predefined the network, which has
geographical boundaries. an impact on the
The main base station overall energy
acts as the interface dissipation of
between the OTSN and OTSNs due to the
applications by issuing amount of
commands and monitoring and
collecting the data of an reporting activities.
interest. A sensor node
has the responsibility for Reporting
tracking the object frequency of sensor
intruding its detection nodes is determined
 by application the micro-controller unit make the same energy is below a
requirements. Since and sensor components. prediction of any moving threshold. We assume
higher than the However, the energy objects future that there is an optimal
reporting frequency saving schemes for movements. This way, threshold value, which
implies more update monitoring are the sensor nodes are able can be found by
packets, keeping orthogonal to the to avoid transmitting its experimental way.
reporting frequency reporting mechanism are sense data to the base Assumedly, another node
as low as application addressing in this paper. station, as long as their with largest energy
allows can conserve predictions about the becomes a new cluster
energy of OTSNs. To focus on the energy objects movements head. In our mechanism,
optimization for match their readings. we propose to fix the
Data precision is reporting operations, we Meanwhile, the base round time within a
closely relevant to adopt one of the basic station always assumes certain time range which
the location models monitoring schemes, its prediction reflects the is determined by that the
(see below) and the called continuous real movements of cluster with largest
frequency of monitoring scheme. The moving objects, unless it population in WSN. The
sampling performed advantage of CM is that receives the corrections round time equals the
by the sensor nodes. it involves only one from the sensor nodes. communication time of
The application can sensor node for each node multiplied the
depict the moving monitoring each moving III. PROPOSE largest cluster
objects movement object, while other D population. Within the
in more details by sensor nodes can switch SYSTEM round time, if a cluster
asking for the to sleep mode and save head notifies energy
location information energy. However, to The proposed work done below a threshold, the
more frequently ensure no missing in this paper is node within the cluster
and/or a location reports, the active sensor mentioned below in that has largest energy
model with higher has to stay awake all the steps: takes over the task as
granularity, which in time as long as the object temporary cluster head
turn consumes extra stays in its detection 1. Deploy WSN by before the end of the
energy and requires area, even if the initializing the round. In this
more computations. application requires only parameters. mechanism, the whole
a very low reporting 2. Selecting the cluster network does not need
Location models frequency. head in the sensor re-clustering. The
are used to present network. proposed algorithm
the location D. Reporting 3. Initializing the adopts a monitoring
information of Mechanism communication by mechanism, which
moving objects. sending the data controls the energy of
Additional The Dual Prediction packets. the cluster heads, and a
movement states, based reporting 4. Implementing predefined threshold
e.g., speed and mechanism has two main LEACH, a routing value. The purpose of
direction can be components: location protocol used for this monitoring
derived from the models which regulate finding optimal mechanism is for
location changes. the granularity of the WSN. transferring cluster head
location information that 5. Implementing based on the comparison
C. Monitoring the system desires; and optimal Leach (EN- result between the
Mechanism prediction models that LEACH). energy of cluster head
analyze the moving 6. The moving object and threshold value If
In a previous study, the history of tracked objects is detected. cluster heads energy is
authors studied several and estimate their future lower than the
energy-saving schemes movement states. In the When the node which is predefined threshold
for monitoring DPR mechanism, a acting as cluster head value, the third loop is
operations. A prediction- prediction model is stops working before the applied to replace cluster
based energy saving deployed at both sensor round time is end, the head by another node,
scheme for monitoring nodes and the base network should switch which poses the largest
has been shown to station. By using the the cluster head to energy within the cluster.
achieve high energy same historical data, the another node within the The new cluster head
efficiency by minimizing sensor nodes and the clusters, when the cluster continues to cooperate
the energy dissipation in base station consistently head notifies that the with cluster members.
4
This way protects the
cluster heads, which
have lower energy. This
algorithm can protect
cluster heads from quick
death and prolong the
network lifetime.
When a target enters the
wireless sensor network,
the CH that detects the
target becomes active
while other nodes are in
sleep mode. Then the
active CH selects three
sensor nodes of its
members for tracking in
which one node is
selected as Leader node.
The selected nodes sense
the target and current
target location is
calculated using
trilateration algorithm.
Figure 1: Architecture
Diagram
In this algorithm three
sensor nodes are selected
each time in which two
nodes calculates its
distance from the
moving object and sends
the data to the leader
node. The localization of
the moving object is
done by leader node
whereas in previous
methods its done by
CH.
Using prediction based
clustering method energy
consumed in the network
will be reduced since the
transmission power of
the nodes is directly
proportional to the
distances. The three
nodes selected for
tracking are close to each
other, thus the energy
consumed for sending a
data between the nodes
is lower than sending a
data from one of the
selected nodes to its CH.
A. Target Detection
The target detection is
done using Received
Signal Strength Indicator
method. It estimates the
distance between two
sensors by measuring the
power of the signal
transmitted from sender
to receiver. Theoretically,
the signal strength is
inversely proportional to
squared distance, and a
known radio propagation
model can be used to
convert the signal
strength into distance.
The main advantage is
its low cost, because
most receivers are
capable of estimating the
received signal strength.
In some cases, there may
be inaccuracies of
distance estimation due
to noise and interference.
But, considering its low
cost, it is possible that a
more sophisticated and
precise use of RSSI (e.g.,
with better transmitters)
could become the most
used technology of
distance estimation. A
sender node sends a
signal with a determined
strength that fades as the
signal propagates. The
bigger the distance to the
receiver node, the lesser
5
the signal strength when
it arrives at that node.
B. Prediction
Mechanism
A prediction-based
algorithm uses a
prediction mechanism
that predicts the next
location of target is a
linear prediction method.
This mechanism with
current and previous
location of target,
predicts next location of
target. Using (xi,yi) and
(xi-1,yi-1) ,coordinates
of nodes i and i-1 at time
ti and ti-1 the targets
speed v and the direction
is calculated .The
predicted location
(xi+1,yi+1) of the target
after the given time t is
calculated using the
target speed and
direction. If the predicted
location is within the
current cluster, then the
active CH selects the
three nodes which are
nearest to the location. If
the predicted location is
placed out of the current
cluster, active CH selects
nearest CH to that
location as next active
CH and gives the
tracking task to the new
active CH.
C. Trilateration
Algorithm
After receiving the
distance message from
two other selected nodes,
the leader node
calculates current
location of moving
object using trilateration
algorithm. Trilateration
algorithm forms relation
between three nodes and
by solving three formed
relations the coordinate
of target(x,y) is obtained.
Figure 2: Trilateration
Algorithm
In Trilateration, the
mobile nodes are
localized using
overlapping circles as
shown in Figure 2. The
circumference radii are
equal the estimated
distance among nodes.
E. Tracking of Moving
Object
In general, tracking
system track the moving
targets in a WSN by
sensing capability of
sensors (like acoustic,
vision, thermal). Since
sensor nodes have
limited battery power
and replacement of
battery is impossible,
energy saving is an issue
in tracking process
.
Steps 1: Initially the
nodes are clustered using
EN-LEACH.
Steps 2: The moving
object is detected by the
sensor using RSSI and
the CH which is close to
moving object becomes
the Active CH.
Steps 3: The Active CH
uses the prediction
mechanism and predicts
the next location of the
moving object as (xi+1,
yi+1).
Steps 4: If the predicted
location is within the
cluster members, then Conference on Sensors and [9] Singh, A.P., and Saeed
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