ox A TH IST) INTRODUCTION 10 ANALOG CIRCUITS | Electronics Study of motion of &s in semiconductors. a) Semiconductor oA E 2 | A maternal whose energy gar. le approximately) ev. pegs: Bie Ge a a | tinal Coe) (loo conduhitef) = oe = = vic imou) belie conduit) pone 1a lahinsic. se semiconductor is is “Converted into. extyinsic $C Impuritia are 3" group of om group elements - ste 34 group eleminds such a3 Boon ejlertss tmough addition of impurities in a procers called doping. cic pa Fo Pyne $c Epil 40 bk Conductivity >To, = Nees Hp | Na Acceptor impur cententration: "& DP choige of) Tighe moe) Pe —? Mobility of holes + a Concentiagion of holes free @s as roinosibyy Carriers + ove adlded 40 Apu sc. ik becoms. Prkype gen Fos bead AP ype sc has holes a a majority carriers and | Bos Ne . + ae of es, | | = Wipate TJC] a) For | type 5c } ig oe Grup elements or Pentavalent Impurities such as Phosphorus , Arsenic ek are ado! for pure 8 ie beconuy auire Sc - Free @s qe melon canes and holes ave momonky Comat i Conductmiy on 2 Noe Hn | No. = — impunty Concentedion 2 &. thai Hn > mobility of freee 2 Free @ concentration , On & No 3. Hole Concenbation , 2 Prec me No | Caen} ctreugh Zic dewtces can. be of 2 types, 1 Dif _cunenk 9 canon) vhid> fos duete velkag difference oy due to prennce of Elecnic Field « Ditt cuneor duntity yo< Applied . Etechic Fretd Col Tek [T= cEy. ea Conclucelnurby Duift calle tens auesieee és (In) [dn = ne Mn: Ee] [Se= pe Hp Ee | | Mobiliby 4 « meciuie ot how freely @ Camier can mev | uncer te eect of Elect Field « classmate,pate [| I I | . Dittusion Camenr § Camenk hich flows dur to presence of wncentiation difference or concentration Gradient * Caries travel from higher Concentration to lseer concentration - Diffusion Cancat olensiby o¢ “ Concanhedion Gnadiant * for és ‘Sn, = @: Dn- do | = \ for hols, “) Te. ee Dp. de \ da and de are toncentation grediants - au du Da and D, Dp are diffusion Constanis | (er) Diffusivi Ditusiviky 4 equivalent of mobility: Einstetrs Relation » foge py Me ya "Hp Hs i ey norris t 11606 r Vr_=_96 my at “The relatonshie ble diffusivity and mobility “Vr = Thal volte. [Volt equivalant af Temp | = ‘Teme _m kelvin - Elechonic Device Q ah A device made from $C materia) . Eqs Piode | transistor -- - 6 Elechonic ciycaje ee A creat Ohich has atleast one = Open cin Rosene hraed Lonelden- Ve Ojo [3 classmate PAGENon = |okal Diode —p = | Re in _F-Biased Condition « | Vg = R. Biased condition ED —p} ash ma Ve_=2 Faward voltage Diop of ¢ dioas r= 1 ° ve fee (oe) th xo tiie | Sie an eee FE L Re 2 aid i ot ohods (4 feco ohrus) Ry DD Reverse residanee of diock CA fev nega Ohma Ac equivalent cicuit of a didele will Coniut of poalte! _ combination of dynamic reiistance and juncton Capacitance - phe SA fo smal a a er bt ii af __1 for Yeo caversDATE | F If temperature increaues ‘by Te shan To Increases by 1% Ato = 7% + Ty /p i: pet bold Idto - 007 To/y | 7 letra neti jel Co > Diltusion Capacitance = : | iCpeeaa Tal To Canier Life tne | % | Rife time U dh duration for Lohieh an & oy hele ewsts before re comioination « Cy _—D_ Transition capacitance [Depletion Capacitance [Cr= SA | 2-9 pewolivty of se = Coe | MBG oA? Treas of arunatibon W-? Deplefion yegion cicth: (=> A | Above 4 roperties Applications of Diccla A Rectifiey - An @ic ckt which Converts pure 4c signal into pulsating. ape signal: Qux Ac + iS Gi) Peviodic variation | Ci) Bidvectional Cik will exut both above and below ban Gi) Zoro avere valu ie Zero De value Gv) Ie _doetnok contain harmonics - ce are Preenk Mu in a sing ome Henee @ puwe AC signa i> represented hoy sinusotela} Lave form - 7a classmatepare (eal [es Palsating, De Rann, ait | Penodic variation \ iS i Uni diectional (ik will eur only ons ont sids ot +- avis) Gi) He hes non-zero averase of OC valus - Gv) Contains harmonica A_puuatng d¢ signal hes periodic vewiation whieh indiceibes Presence of FC Comporunis and ik has non cero average valu ahub indicates prexence ot OC Component. Henee pabating. ty De signal is called combination of AC and DC. 9. Regulatoy Cy An @ic Kt whith maintains the Oc olp volkage oa Power Supply constant. 3. | GNener An ic ckt Ohivd wuts or removes unwanted portion of a waveform . 4: Clampey A cke whith adds 0¢ volkage nko an Ac waveform without changing ib shape: 3: | Volkage Mulkipliey aris) A cke whos Tip 4 he Signal and lp 4a OC voltagc which will be inkegey maulkiple. of peak AC input’ Eqs: 1% peak Ac lip 4 Veo then the De oe voltag< can he Vm, BVay, AVm ---- 6. Swikth Dios inF@ = On Switch Oioole a RB = ofr Swikh- ‘classmate PAoare [J aE OT 1 = | Rwewe yecove | Sakeh speed of @ dloce time clepends up on recovers co | Tims baleen by a dliocs % ¢ state fiom on —> OFF | je ta cha rom Forward condition to veverse Gnalition.. | dunoted by bey: 2 a | ity = tee t, | ts 9 storage dink bff poiDIMev 3 bai te transition Hime | Storage nd 8. hin a oliade is in FQ condition, holes are injected fora PN sida and @s are injeotect fom NP side. Dus do dns tre chage will be injected into N side and -ve cha ell be injecteol into P Sicte when dio y do Change stale fom ON GFF , thy idjeckd charge shoulet ll become teo: [Te tmx talen by injected ch age to become te 2 Called storage time _Tharitoo tina q to q wolte ge One te i bhensition Capacitance of the aliocde sill injecteal Charge | beconces Shave Charging, eqyal 40° Applied Tevese volkeege » Thy tin | Fatan by Ha tanuition Capaciten too herge up to Gephed _everse voltage 4 Callea bansition Hint « | Forsard Recovery Fine [- Ts bakan by dioote to change shale fron oFF~on ie_ rom Rove eanalition to Foreard © Condition.aes DATE I I Reguiated Power Supply Power supply a unt dhieh converls. AC power into pe power- KC Powev | 0c Power | Supoly Srey, A requlakd Power supply conuiids of rectifier, 4ilker and et a : ON Tegulator. Sarl Cor) Que he Patsinyl per | Husk aC Joc De regulated Des cue Ne oe : ~ Rectifiey : : 3 Convers pure Ac into pulseting De: ev aeese ars lp li using Dioelea’ ms oe “Clee ofp le v3) (using Deets) = “ taal Crs r ap * ri Gcrs)) Watg ware Rectifier oa = 4 skp down tranformar UW ig ° utd to Convere te |? AC aad d | v volkage having. avg, yous A0v,% FIle vi Re =) on vats” into AC volkage having Poe [2 | smaller, You value aim + Fora taney Vi Jae ny | CNY pe Rass Thi, Wnversion from high yu Value to too Yeu valuut ‘s re quireal because eH G) to obtain low ac ele voltage © Gi) do proteck Hs oliode gaint any damage: Egs: A Si! Trqnfomu Convery BROV amy a) 44 Ving A ae “olassmate. pace [0 [0 [8]patel | | al “Vi ww pure AC volkay sith Smaller rms value: Matiamatically Vi = Vm Gn Wot = Vin Sinoc Vi = Peak AC ip voltage Ve - tM AC Ile voltage G Vm = Peake to peak Ac Ip voltage Frequenuy of signal in vad] Second = ando fo > Soe Cohen not twos wor Cn = 314 rad/s =v - we ee ‘ a ~ | (ios ¥ N > Pulsang De - Ea —+ | | Obsewatons Cant) 2 Oka < Vi is he | rete a he > Dio will ben Fo = ile voltage will appear almost acs Ri... Vo | Cadi) ome cam vi w nve- = Vy pode @ uw =) Dice will he in RB= oe vol acoy Ri becom ze ancl ile volage ppears | duty ero ta Open cikuik- (Vo=0) Analysu_ot tid: Rectifier » | Instantaneous olp cunent (1) * Cunent at a ing Hime. . Jets @ pulsating ne. cunent - | elacenate pace [0] 019+ Unidiectonal cawent on Can(i) Of KK Diode <7 Rbie WR —pnitod) Kvh in & lane 2 eV Leet LR, =O tA ea Mi = Vmsine | " i \ Ret Re Ret Re 4 Bert 2s Imsme Im y called peak ofp or Jood cawent - " T [Awa evi cea Ree] Come (it) Nie £ar e re Dade ~ Rg $20 Bi diodes prekered ox a rectifier loccaum Ws revers< Cawent “dies in NA Whith is almost zeo- tua [hs Imshw Sheen! jb oe 5 AK 2m | De olp canent : (Tye) - Fee De value of @ signa] is its average value... Tye sil) be ths average value of - = Area’ uncey Us waveform of t ! = Period i — pS ed ated pellets aq 0 a tin Bin de 4 / oad ] Em f sine a [J f a nea Ms i ac eenmeagt A || pies S an = dat rane oe ° classmate — \ pace [2]?2 pMssyp> _Bevpeeres SEpre Tt a Te wT lg - yt Med aa "aE ae oe oO if ence» acters P= —— op Zs cepa + Trompe t cerepmeen te. peep uae Vy ie20r9 ob 2¥ fp mips Shy war z quwuny djo Ww = 7 = Graces + qGavoduiey Sy + furvodwo) od g at SWvedwiey 2a pe DY Jo VORDUIqUO) Oo © 24 Mer vaigppax Pp juauna dlo 3a buADsind AL CME: quaun? djo Wy jo men “Swi | “T WaKM wa Buyjosird Pom. Hwa = BAL CET) $ Fuauns djo swe IE iva1 Ac Amuse shows — Tyms iz vate T ILO ] . (aes re eee Re eee toe 2 tw = | tie 7 7 Fo - x (ae Se ee L - Tim 6 alo called reading of AC ammeter e - ZB Ey $ ¥@) = pct Xne 4 wong vale of XG) 1X een OSL, a Xing = Tes valut of Xnc_ vo eo dst “@)= 404 aoSin Dot i 7 Kuna = [d+ fey = {i800 = . Ripple Factor % (x) as Ripple 2 The aE AC component present in dks . pulsating Dc ofp of @ rectifier is called Yippie Ripple factor ua muaime of ts amount of AC compongnt or Tipplz mesent in the olp of rectifier. ye Matkematical RF u die ratio of ymi Ac component do the DC componint - . 3 ems value of Ac componsnt] a \ } Dc cen ee = v= Fim ov Vit Toe Voe DMs. 64 Spee Tee lowe [flees =1 Toe Mtoe, 8 = ieee a (gensral exprealon ) . a \\toe / petits z for au woave x ay Pie fea ae <= al) tay El] classmate. pact [0 [1avate T ILL] For half wave «eclifier, rms ac cement y Lal bh Ha Dc canenk » [ Undaired] - | Sine ac Componsnt= %& unwanted , ripple factor Should be smarty enough and ictealleg i should be zevw- . | Input Powrey ; Cy | Te the average valu of dks produet- ot inatan tansa volkage Gev% g _windng and instanbaneoeu canenk though 9 winding Berege raat of Cixi) | is ved: dee e pul Vi = £CRy RL) | fg Cet adc = Geen) on ¢ FE = IR Qt By Ting : Efficiency or Rectification Ratio s (ty Efficieneg is a measure of the ability of a rectifier | b Converé [Q_ Pxwer into pe. power | Makemali cats ‘a0f Tm = De Power supplied to load! I ilp Power T 1 } ett 1 i — ~ + u e Poe x 190 Yot- Useea dno RE Py [ (dee sd Trg CG Re)pate [| In hald woe xeehisier, 400 hos Im. Re es Re iat X1e0 * th Rea Re tu (apt 2) E a ht = 40S ox Qu igi A a ae pd Re af - 1 ideal diode 4 preent, then Re =O eHidenuy of 40-5 “/- coil be obtained - and movimun Half cove vechfiev can converE approximate! 40% of ile 60 Yo power into DC power and remainin exsE G3 AC pocoer- ile power sill Dc_Diode volta: its ak Vdioue be tke instantaneous diode votkage cant) o< MoT Diode 4 in foncard bias = sk Vdieda = O-Re YO & Rezo Core Cit) nh kar ) tied Diocls is in Revere ‘bias = ofc ye volkage ill Faity Qppeay aerous te diodk Veious = Vi = Vm Sine Vanes SEO 7 OAM AT = Vn Ginoe RLK LOR a OO | ios oc = Areage of Vics | 3 om eae] ; ah of Vata PAGEVidtedt.oc 9 Rasding ct OC Vollmeky conneek! aero olpete pate T ICT ICL LI Ge ar SS St [No load 0¢ ofp 1 votkage & ce) IE Gt 0c ee volkage sbbaind fom & rectifier | when load Cement 4 Leo. je = smc=0 ih Vpn = Ve L Ti + il E pe =O sg oe Rxco Voene i | Apoly kve Ff = 0 + Vaiedte ne * Voenn =O ital Eevee ee ee st 1 Voce = Vm be: i ! me] Voen Y€prennis mauimum de olp “voltage ofa rectifier. 10: | Full load de ofp Votkage 2 Moemt IE & tHe Oc ofe voltage oblaind fom a rectifier i whan load canenk iso nok equal bo rev: Bc = fmm ae a — Toc fo, Nae = [token lead cement Flows th tu a aS [st oop Dc voltage drop tail ecuy acre 9° wincling ie [anal icle 7. Voces = Voce - intemal velkagc drop: | i | Wea, ak R= Reo t he Ip 7 -} classmate —— ke "Feeke - et COCCI Rew 2 Ruistanee ot 3° cinding. Vocen can abe be eritlen ay i Vocex = Te. Re | ; a .| Regulation Factor 8 Ina reclfiey, DC ofp voltage will Yary- inversely “ety load cawent - pop T2 Vien i Rev 2 Inch + Vol Regulation factor ty a measure of change in tx OC ofp volkeage due to changes in lead cament : _Matumatically , ik 4 defined ay Le veguiation = Vocwn - Vocre pow ieee lL tether So eee 2 : | For hal? ware vectifier Tee yy. vegulabion = Vm —~(¥m tne) : factor ay ao a ; . a Sa eae Woe RAN SAU = fe regulation = R xtoo ‘y. \ Qe Sne voltage chop Y unwanted, Voce, Shoulol be sane os Nocnte Of yegulation dactor should be zero Icteally - classmate. PAGEThevenint Equivalent Cine 2 R ee Vocen = Vm _ Tok ILS - Vio Tart —Ne Vin Ren, Peatc lovee voltage £ (piv) _ ae Ile s_the manimanm magnikucle of votkage Ohi appears across A cliode when ik y% in reverse bias in a veckifiey- ; : lew = Vetiodte | io 8B Canctition - | Pv = \Vmsn« a in half core vebtitier, . | Ply =_Vm ! 2 ¥ lo a rectifity diode should be selected such that ib breatedson voltax is greater than piv— To operate ta | eliocta | safety : ‘ransformsy Utilnation Fackor § (TUF) Ik defined as ee [TOF = de power supplied fo lead | 1 Ac rating of 3° eineling a Ac votes ts product of Rus volkage across 4 wind Gnd vers Lunent through te conding “1k 4 exprenseo] in vole Ampere. Ine tg 5 =a oa ¥en Se Te Re Ee | Oe “Ym xTm - a e Ve zt C G4 ee) : Sal classmate PAGEDATE Or = ax & T Ret Qe M0F “= 0296 ACRE. je \ Rete | eae Frequency of tat output 3 ae vi | Since p andl olp woreforms have same Elim’ period, tHoiv U Requencies will he equal - Frequency of olp signal i alo called ripple Frequency aes Ripon equang = fo | fe Tepe ‘Ip: Bince ofp warefam & periodic bub , nak sinuoidal, 'E will, Contain harmonic Fequenciey ayo. ‘Theve drequancies are found from ts trigonemebic Fourier Series exparuion jot Vo + Vo = Vn + Vm sinWok — Vm S~ Cosk Wok o es jo TA yeleven G&D Ce) oc wpe Componont Be Component [Ac component consists of Frequencies fo , 240, 440, a iy higher harmonics ave neglected, No = Vm + Vm SinWok | Pace [cart ECE IE] | A half wave rectifier 4 equivalent Lo seve) con of De soune Veofy and Ac soume Vmjg Sino - t Je T | &) Vo SinDoE a n | eee le. Fora Factor ¢ (F) re . 1 L Ee ‘ 7 Ripple Paster can be writen as, z eh Je=: QA half wave vectifiey wes a dliodk with tobernal veiplence S02 and qa 53} traniformuy. 18 load Yeliskence 4 soo and 1° vokage is anov my ,é0 Caleulake C1) De r/o volkage and coment — : Gi) AC ole vor and canenk __ ai) EHicteny and regulation faster Gv) DC eliade conent and voltages @)_PwW net ripple 1 Frequency. classmate. pace [| _Ve 8 Ree CX) peak olp canenk Tn = Vin eae ik ing Ret Re 550 rarer Tne = Im = 36 ~A T Dc ole Volleye Voc = tne. Re = 36 xx 500= LEY Gi) AC vale represent tus my value + ] ims AC op cuwen’ = Trg = % Joe 79 vippte Fas Cr) Nive Tob Dig Seah Bb mh 1S 1H BNSs mh 1 ‘rns HC OP YoHAYC = Vong = 1 Vpe ; ; Veg = EoeI8 = ATV Ane o 7 + jt | at) 2 405+ Re = 405 X25) = psbetove Ret Oe 2, lips BD Hy iv) ch veguation = — R xwo = Rut Re yiog eo Qa = OF 50 ywo = WS 500 aT a _Vyi neste tio Men nsiyas —4aa . -lvav 1, us ro Sins icc and Re are in series, be sane ie tov DC tanenk ail] T dade pe = Ine = 364Apare [ ial @) PW = Ym = 6&ay Ripoe Frequency = fo = SDA [Ful Dave Ruchfiey This rectifier w4es cenhe « topped chansdoventy in which each hal4# of 9° winding itl Conkain equal | no: barng and centie _poink of Ho cording eoitl be available ay Cente tapped tranidornay’ 34 terminal cart “lk poiide avolkeges Yaand Vb Shieh Gre equal 19 magnituda and opposite in sign: i@ Vb = =Vy If Va = Vin Sin Vo = -Yo Snx | operation ot eheurk Cau) ofa 86 0.9% >) K=O | Or= s/c | classmate vace [1]pare | FIO | Voltage Vy will appeay across Qu became node b u Shorbed do QL. Vb pone Full wave rectifier equilatent to Combination of 40 halfisave rectifiers . Analwur_ot Futltoave Rectifier: =| lagstantantous olp cument (i) cari) Of< KL 0, AFB, =Re Cunent flows into Qi through D, using kve | =—Vait Rp URE =O: R= Vo = VnSme = Tn Sine — RetRe Re te CanGi) mee cam 0.7 FB = Re | veng kve e . —VYot ARe 1 AR FO. + a b= Vb = -VmSinw _ — Tm Snot Reis Qed Re isa winisn ae eS ) : SA -Im Sma TKK KAT LSDC ofe Cumenk § (oc) The = frog. value of & et Nt dee an ie adm | | Th each dodo ack as a half weve rectifier and sueplies average cement tm 03 @ rele He net = ceurent- Hhyougn Ri Gill be aT rn/ir - tm_ole Cement ? (Tiny) Treg = 3m valus of f . aioe =| TE f a on J ise Vays = Dy af veal y RMS Ac ofP Canent 2 Cina) Resteslotien S_same as half ware yveotifier- (iw = Via—iy! - | Ripple Facto’ (a)pate[_ |_| [ I In fu ware rectifier, ams Ac ofp Cament is o-aes times tg OC ofp Canent Input Power 3 (Pi) Fo o Avg of nitentenisws Vo Hays Pur a Naty ae a Vitae ono Tees = -avm ! | 7) f No lead DC op volta Vpene. Ie % the 9c votkage mgarured whan cunt oo Voie = Vo | daczo dlacemate mee TT]vare TJ [ . Ve KVL § 0 4 Viiode,ve+ Vows 20 sVanavesral 3 ate Voce eye Vico pe = eae: Ak E st vate = ave | i rae ee - + Fun_load de qe voitage ¢ Vocee = Voc Tort : Saeetc Due to flow of canent voltage drop ocuns acres gad _winding old diode. js a resull tHe Oc ofp voltage becomes Noel = a¥m ay Re Re Rew f Re 3 \ ial } algol Vocex = Toc: Re | Regulation Factor 3 °fe Regulation = Vocne —Veee x too 7% Vocre. = Wm — (A¥m = Toes R) v 7 x 100° F The Re DL ec Ragulation = —_R xt00 ~ | Re | | Thavening Equivalent cimaie $0 RR | eee Re Voge i Vocen = 8Vm - Toe ae £ = — D chccmte ~ Ch 4 Van RmPeale. Inverse Voikage (ev) 19 RB Condition : Greater PW 4 @ diaesback becauk diodu ith greater beakdoan voltage will be quired Which ave expernive. Thansformar Ctitvation Factor 8 TUF A dull eave tectifier 4 Cembmation of a half orwe rectifiers. 2. TOR value will be a tines the TuF of haté ae rectifier na alotes TUF rt |° windy = 0-3] oe Tor = aX ogee S AWg TOF = O51 051. 6-69 [tor = 057 | ume, © emding Frequency of ofp 2 Ginee te Lime pericd of ths ofp woveforn 4 ont half tho the pevicd “Bee (of ip signal, frequency at do will be a Hives the fees oF ile: Riel Begun. = ah ade “he (9 waveform is periodic , buk non Sinuofclal Hone it contains harmonic fequences a0» ohes, | 81 known hom tet Argonomubic Fourier Series: classmate“es expanaon of Vo ” GARDEES en KH) CKD) Oc Component FC Comnentat AC Component consists of Frequencies ato , 4 fo, ote, == Fundonunial Fequinuy fo i nok prevent in Hs ofp dus to whub filtering proces wil be. easter in dail ave vectifier Se | ia higher harmonics _ ave naglectec! , Yo? &V¥m — 4Vm (os 800k a re Dc Some Fre Source + Fail were rectifier 4 equnalent be series connaction of DC and AC Sounes p— — — — — A \_L Vey di | (cai | \ ae Gsacdok \ allDATE Advantages of Full cave Reotifier Smalley Yio Factor. Greater efficiency Greatey DC ole wolbeage | and cawenk - Creates TUF Filkerng of AC Compontnt 4 eagier Drawbacks of Full are Rocher Crear PIV Te requives Cent? lapped thansformer Uhith a expenive and bigger in shes BRIOGE RECTIFIER IE hay smaller Piv and ues ordinay step dowo tantamy. 3 ik & prefered over fulloare rectifier. a Viz Pure Ac vakage oth vedeucod rms — Pwe 3 valer . i Vi = Ven Sin (aul) o will operak m FB [I et ee Sf. Wek 0,, D3 a wil ke m RB L = o¢ canent floes tna cloud loop hrmact by Oa, Re, Ds,and J wnding- classmate.vate TI I Cument flows tmough Re io downer nection and | through ie chang in upearcl —olvectisn el | node a is NM wit bb. Com (i) 16ehat vi ove 0, D3 => F@ = sie Or, Dt =) RB = ofc inae winding In thi case Cunent flow though ae “and se ainding will be in docmoard diection. Thus cuncot pausing through 9° ohding is bi-dvectional or Ae canent but canent through Re 4 uni-cliectiona | or - [pulsating oc- [ Direction vemamns same, but value Changs | >= T aa ] __ sith tina] E | Analysis of Bridge Rectifier x 1 Peak olp volkage U Vm in alt rectifiers if diccles are : ideal 1% diodes are non-ideal , the peak ofp volkage caill b€ Vin = 2V_ im bridge rectifier and Vm-Ve in Futlwave £ half wore a vectifies - } lastantaneous ofp Cunent ¢ i a _ (he dmSmea OK canara i 1 |S One} meee oth [deat & | y 2 f Foe = 21m ] . a classmate PAGEal Pe “Bin CBR BJ i i | De_diods Voltage $ WVaiour, rod | Consider Dioeke Da Catt) o¢e oF Oo => FG* > Vin £0 ok a Vi col appesy fully aeross Da cout) 5 4 AC Filter [ar ose Filler PAGE [2 |) (ee elif » Inductor Fitter : A_laige value inderetor connecled bh seres with load vegistor will act ay a filter. q loco + lor qypsog Fae Ts fe Datac Rackfer DB Vnct Vor "| Inductor and Ri fare voltage divider nebork z o| For Meee Filtering inductor shoute be selected buch that ie offers a vey high veaclance Cmueh grealey Hen QR) even at the lowest frequency. precat AC _Compontnk - ‘ For |HWR —> Ooh SRT ai [FOR > a0 re! 3 + | he pulsating DC o|p of vectifiey Conaits of AC and 0c vo} Sinte vecckinee of indteccfor much higher, dhe Ac voltage 2h apneay almost acrou inductor and negligible. Ac voltage appeas acon Re. a For Dc Component: inductor behaves as Short cule: 2. de + g i | vaitage Cill Qppecy acon Ri a a4 : i ss _ Calculation of — Ripple Factor i i | Conjicer a full oare_vectifiey with induoley Filler. a an a He : : > —— -2 tea bux ac} FoR re Re - 1 er t =! — ne | Replace Fuil ware rectifier with interconnection of « ae | Boum and an pe some a am = | 7 a & a wom tie classmate 6 mace | ‘DATE | I _I Rone factor YU defined P Ss ms AC Componsot : : iq Dc Componinle i 4 eee ‘ @ 4 Ine 4 ; 5 Assummng “deal inductor , i De cawent through Re vail he E Tne = Veg @) wRe Impedanee blo ALB ees Xy + Re Zaye ee Xn >>Re), Zng % jatook (AC Som Frequency = 200) > ac cumenk trough Re Tae 20 Vie ema TG ANN [Sec peate = Lae |peas: (Zre | u 2 tmA AC coment Ting = | Lacl peak NES s i ny = |Vaclocak = SMe ey yAviy tb ‘| Va. \ Zana} Fuk alieL am, eek { dee Toone was Peel 3q Woh Pu ey @and@yin Ws classmate[| (a ea a ana) = avin bye TR Si Tne BT Gok an For haPusare mis a ; Bi erga aamarparal BeOS Re lg omy | cease a LS i BYR Wok { Te obtain smaller ripple factor, inducior Filler should be wed when lecol relistanee yismall or) lod comreah is large - ct 1% COmponenis are iclea] » the Dc EUs Vm). a t= O03[ Ceeetty a alee ehtly higher < than Ce . @ TA ful] ware rectifier cues A0-0-40V¥ hamtormey and 1 diodes 651 teal Teidtenn 202. A JOU industoy i: Connnoted Serie voit loa reitane of Soon. if AC power fine eguonuy i 4 CoHe, 9° wihdlny Yeisen ‘ bs & 300 and De vesittenee 4 induator H (GL Calcutase GQ) vinle factor |G) de and he ole vonage ee : Gli) Ragutatisn Fector " 2 Ed Awe: [ct F vole Vin = Mo- Days 2 Ee uo | ee e SBVn- ek 2 com 0 AB RS }— cee sae ica 4 us : we ES S00 pe Cidesl can) } | 3 Wok 3A x Arx 6040 — aanpare [TT ICLICL TL G) R= Rew Ret Rnd = (St BOTS = SOM Tf a& = Foy Fail sare rectifier ite Mndastor filter, i Voc s Vm —Tye-R : qq gS 5k : put Bpc= Voc aN Ru a Voc. = a¥m — Voce. R < a 7 RE 5A» 1 Voc (1+ 8) = vm Re} T Voc (1h 22) = ax 56-56 Seo 7 Voc = 38:75 V ims AC. ole vollege Vina = 4 Vow Vana = OrOSL BATS ae “pon Vv in) -f% vequiation = R x @O. Y. : Re q a0 6a xco0 =- B56 KO URilles Bah section) > i TE Cons of a large inductor and large Capacitor Connected in te Form of 1: section eeacae classmate Ly Viet Veepate (QP Tt fae TR | For Ac Componnts _veactana of Incluctor it Very large “and reactance of Capacitor 4 ven smal}. Zeq = Xe lRe Zoe, Payee MG: xen) BML Xi > Zee, the AC. vottage of 2 eckifiey ap Lill ampear almost cored ra A and Zac, fogetay form « votkage divider ale. 4 indutofor and negligible Ac volkeg appears blo B£G- or acwou Rr + For Dc wolkeye appears Fully aco Qi becasue. ot inoluctor acting as a shee and Capacilov aeting, os open cieuie ~ Calculation of Ripple Factor Madimatically A % = Sms AC Component pe Component foe na COTY Yoe | Comiicttr a Full core Teetifier with Lc Filter. Replace FOR with ib _epndlent: Circuit which ltontaing Dc. and at soune series. i classmate.L pare [] | elle Assuming ical inductor , DC volkage acow Re = be E ‘Voc = ave ae 1 T L_Impedona blo SEEN Ke Pole ROVE = Yt xe (XeK RS (xe save] Mae canent ‘draan fom ac source will be, rom 8 2 : fa ei Vac) 1 Zno_} 1 Ss iN Sn |peat = Waaligect le 4 Zaesl >>} ims ac cuneot Tyuy > | Tach peas Me va sna Ayn = \Vae loca = A Vro [36 VE_|% aa) ve) Xe) = ava | L jie amt Ive) ot a RMS AC votkage blo BAG Cor) acros Re en be Naw toe ‘| Zac Vie = 2favm y [Xe] | a) ui ) an | %] af ie A | Substitute Q) ond @) in OD ; bv xe] x Me va Xe] - Ber 3 wx! x4) Ben 3 1X See eaetiati zs fe dxe} Gippk Tecfor uu Inolipenctent 3 [xe } of Re) et shoulct 1 be found af wradvo