PREDICTING AND TESTING INCINERATOR BOILER
EFFICIENCY. A PROPOSED SHORT FORM METHOD IN
LINE WITH THE ASME TEST CODE PTC 33
GEORG STABENOW
Consultant to UOP, Inc.
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
ABSTRACT
Solid waste as a heterogeneous fuel demands a
careful analysis for a realistic performance and
efficiency prediction. A uniform method of deter
mining combustion data for a given fuel composi
tion is necessary so that an agency requesting bid
offerings from competing vendors will be assured
to receive realistic performance data subinittals
from vendors for direct comparison of the poten
tial energy recovery.
This paper presents an analytical short form pro
cedure to predict the performance as well as testing
of the solid waste incinerator-boiler for energy re
covery in line with the newly approved ASME Test
OJde PTC-33 by the input-output method as indi
cated under Section 1, "Object and Scope," Par.
1.6.1.
INTRODUCTION
Municipalities throughout the country are faced
with the never ending problem of how to dispose
of the continuously increasing quantity of solid
waste. Landfill areas are less available and disposal
at far distant locations is becoming more costly as
a result of the recent increases in both fuel and
transportation charges.
Solid waste incineration, especially with energy
recovery, accordingly becomes progressively more
attractive to a wide range of communities, from
large cities to towns with less than 20,000 inhabi
tants. Municipal authorities, however are reluctant
301
to prepare and release specifications, unless they
can be assured that the contracted-for acquisition
will also be capable of demonstrating, not alone a
long term reliability, but also fully proven perfor
mance in compliance with the original intent of the
Request for Proposals.
PERFORMANCE TEST GUARANTEE
A specifying authority should request each ap
proved bidder to submit an anticipated continuous
full load performance calculation which will permit
a realistic evaluation and which shall also become
the basis for a performance test demonstration to
prove compliance with capacity, efficiency and
ecological as well as environmental regulations. To
enable a purchaser, as well as a bidder to prepare
his own calculations for evaluation or for conduct
ing performance tests, data sheets have been devel
oped to permit a systematic analysis of the antici
pated efficiency.
In accordance with Method One, the input-out
put method as outlined in the new ANSI/ASME
Performance Test Code PTC-33, "Large Incinera
tors" under Section 1, Object and Scope Par. 1.6.1.
,
The ASME Power Test Code PTC 4.1, "Steam Gen
erating Units," contains test form data sheets for
Abbreviated Efficiency Tests. However, due to the
fact that Solid Waste is a heterogeneous'fuel and
varies widely in its composition, it is not feasible to
apply these forms in their present state to deter
mine the efficiency of large incinerators with
waterwall boilers for steam generation.
 SHORT FORM TEST REPORT
This paper is prepared especially as a guide to
cover short form performance tests for large refuse
burning incinerators with waterwall boilers. For
this purpose, short form test report data sheets
have been prepared which will enable a specifying
engineer to establish design criteria and parameters
for a realistic evaluation of anticipated performance
guarantees and at the same time to have uniform
test data sheets available for actual performance
tests.
Solid waste or refuse becomes the fuel in this
case and the word, "refuse," in the PTC 4.1 short
form test report becomes "residue" in the incinera
tor code. F uel data for solid waste, which generally
the efficiency test or who desires to prepare anti
cipated incinerator performance data.
For clarification, a typical example is shown for
a 600 ton/day (545 tid) unit in which the perfor
mance data are in italics. As fuel, "as fired" or as
fed to the furnace, an average solid waste composi
tion of 4500 Btu/lb (10,500 kJ/kg) has been selec
ted from Table 1 and applied in Chart 1 with the
assumption that an analysis of the average residue
sample will reveal a combustible content of 5.0
percent.
As indicated in Chart No. 1, the combustible
content in the residue varies from case to case and
should be determined by individual sampling. The
resulting "as burned" composition is shown in
Chart 2 and permits the systematic stoichiometric
-

require a proximate and ultimate analysis cannot
be selected from standard fuel tables such as are
available for nearly all types of fossil fuel but must
be derived from typical test samples over a wide
variety of heating values. Table 1 shows such a
grouping of typical American Solid Waste Compo
sitions from which one example has been selected
to show a calculation procedure.
CALCULATION PROCEDURE
The following data sheets are designed to be
filled in by the engineer who will be in charge of
flue gas analysis of the Products of Combustion in
Chart 3. F lue gas analyses at various excess air rates
resulting from possible air inftltration between the
furnace and boiler outlet can now be determined
in Chart 4. In the sample calculation a 95 percent
excess air rate at the boiler outlet was selected for
mass burning. Normally the excess air rate may vary
anywhere from 40-120 percent depending on the
refuse burning method selected, whether combined
with other fossil fuel, suspension ruing or mass
burning. The last section in Chart 4 permits to
evaluate the hypothetical gas composition at 12.0
percent CO2 which can be used to correct for par-

TABLE 1. HEATING VALUES, COMPOSIT ION AND ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL AMERICAN SOLID WASTE

HEATING VALUES

High Heating Value (HHV) Btu/1b 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500
High Heating Value (HHV) kJ/kg 8,141 9,304 10,467 11,630 12,793 13,956 15,119
Lower Heating Value (LHV) Btullb 2,892 3,407 3,922 4,433 4,912 5,409 5,893
(LHV) kJ/kg 6,727 7,924 9,122 10,311 11,425 12,581 13,708
Lower Heating Value

COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE

WT % 23.70 22.30 21.00 20.00 16.20 14.00 11.50

Ash & Inert8
WT % 32.00 27.20 22.40 17.50 16.00 13.00 11.00
Moisture
WT % 44.30 50.50 56.60 62.50 67.80 73.00 77.50
Combustible Matter
WT % 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Total

COMPOSITION OF THE COMBUSTIBLE MATTER

Cellulose WT % 92.5 91.8 91.0 90.0 87.5 85.0 82.0

Albumen WT % 4.3 4. 7 5.1 5.5 6.9 8.0 9.0
Grease, Fats & 011 WT % 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.5
Plastics WT % 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.5 4.5
Total WT % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

ANALYSIS OF THE COMBUSTIBLE MATTER

Carbon WT % 20.07 22.92 25.74 28.51 31.13 33.77 36.25

Hydrogen WT % 2.84 3.24 3.64 4.04 4.43 4.81 5.18
Oxygen WT % 20.87 23.70 26.43 28.99 30.96 32.78 34.05
Nitrogen WT % 0.39 0.48 0.58 0.67 0.87 7.06 7.25
Chlorine WT % 0.08 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.30 0.44 0.60
Sulfur WT % 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Phosphorous WT % 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
'Fluorine WT % 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Summary of Combust ib Ie Matter WT % 44.30 50.50 56.60 62.50 67.80 73.00 77.50

Hydrogen in Combustible Matter 00 0%) WT % 6.40 6.42 6.44 6.46 6.52 6.59 6.68

302
 CHART 1 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SOLID WASTE

TEST FORM
FOR ABBREVIATED EFFICIENCY TEST

FUEL ANALYSIS & CALCULATIONS INCINERATOR - BOILER TEST

PROJECT LOCATION
OWNER, OF PLANT INC INERATOR NO. TEST NO.
OBJECTIVE OF TEST DURATION CONDUCTED BY
RATED CAPACITY 600 ton/day 544 tonne dav'BURNING RATE5DOOO Ib/h 22 6.Jl..6 kg h)
HEATING VALUE (HHV) 4.500 Btu/lb' ( 10.467 J/kg)
R.A,TED HEAT INPUT 225.0 X 10b Btu/h (237.3976 106 kJ/h
-
INCINERATOR BOILER MAKE & TYPE WELDED WATERWALL
STOKER MAKE & TYPE MASS BURNING
SOLID \ASTE, TYPE & SIZE AS FIRED RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIA - A g .lfE.f:.E. 'PD
ITEM SOLID WASTE FUEL DATA I
II SOLID WASTE AS RECEIVED (SEE TABLE til)
2
1 HEATING VALUE (HHV) Btu/lb 4.500 (kJ/kg 10.467 )

lA HHV ASH & MOISTURE FREE Btu/lb 7.951 ( kJ/kg 18,493 )

SOLID WASTE COMPOSIT ION
WT FRACTION
Ib/lb (kg/kg)

2 MOISTURE 0.224

3 COMBUSTIBLE MATTER 0.566

4 ASH & INERTS 0.210

TOTAL 1.000

ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTIBLE MATTER (AS RECEIVED)

5 CARBON 0.2574

> HYDROGEN 0.0364

7 OXYGEN 0.2643

8 NITROGEN 0.0058

9 SULFUR 0.0021

TOTAL COMBUSTIBLE 0.5660

3
ANALYSIS OF DRY RESIDUE

10 COMBUSTIBLE IN RESIDUE SAMPLE % 5.0

-
- ITEM #4 X 100
11 DRY RESIDlJE INCL. UNBURNED C
100 - ITEM # 10 0.2210

4 DRY RESIDUE ( = ASH + INERTS) 0.2100

12 UNBURNED CARBON IN RESIDUE 0.0110

5 TOTAL CARBON 0.2574

13 ACTUAL CARBON BURNED 0.2464

NOTE: 1 ambien temp. 80 F (26.7 C) at 29.92" Hg (760mm Hg)

-
2 for HHV & LHV determination
-
.
by Boje Formula see Chart 9

303
 CHART 2 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SOLID WASTE

TEST FORM
FOR ABBREVIATED EFF1CIENCY TEST

ITEM SOLID WASTE AS BURNED WT FRACTION

Ib/lb (kg/kg)

13 CARBON AS BURNED 0.2464

6 HYDROGEN 0.0364

7 OXYGEN 0.2643

8 NITROGEN 0.00 5 8

0.0021
9 SULFUR

11 0.2210
,

RESIDUE

0.2240
2 MOISTURE

TOTAL CENTER THESE VALUES ON PAGE 3) 1.0000

THEOR. AIR AT BLR OUTLET

15 CO2 20.25 % VOL 10.37 % VOL

16 02 o . -
% VOL 10.19 % VOL

17 CO o . - % VOL 0. - % VOL

18 N BY DIFFERENCE 79.75 % VO L 79.44 % VOL

2

19 EXCESS AIR o . - % VOL 95 % VOL

20 TOTAL DRY PRODUCTS BASED ON FUEL RATE 3.1805

-
Ib/lb 5.9779 kg/kg

21 GAS TEMP. LVG 380 F 193 c

22 AIR TEMP. ENT'G AIR HEATER 80 F 27

-....!:.
...!. - C

COMBUSTION AIR

TOTAL DRY AIR REQ'D BASED ON ON FUEL RATE 2.9508 5.754

23 Ib/lb kg/kg

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE 80 F 27 0

24 __

::...:..._
.. C

25 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 50 50 %

26 MOISTURE IN AIR 0.013 Ib air 0.013

air
Ib kg
80 of 27
27 AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE
c

28 AIR TEMP. FOR COMBUSTION IF CONDITIONS 210 of 99 c

TO BE CORRECTED TO GUARANTEE

80 of 27
29 FUEL TEMPERATURE - -- C
--=-

304
 CHART 3 STOICHIOMETRIC FLUE GAS ANA LYSI

ITEM FUEL AS BURNED 02 REQ'D & AIR CO 2 + S02 H2 O N

2

NO. WEIGHT FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR

FRACTION
Ib/lb
(kg/kg)

13 C 0.2464 X 2.664 +.6564 X 3.664 0.9028

6 H 0.0364 X 7.937 +.2889 X 8.937 0.3253

---

7 I
0.2643 -.2643
!
8 N 0.0058 0.0058
---

9 S 0.0021 X 0.998 +.0021 X 1.998 0.0042

11 RESIDUE 0.2210 I: 02 O 0.7685 2.2677

X.AIR

2
I 0.2240
MOISTURE 0.2240 I

I: 1. 000 I:C02 0.9070 I: H O 0.5493 N2 2.2735

2 I:

ArR
2.9508 1
I
0. 2315

I I
ENTER APPR OPR IAT E VA LUES ON CHAR T 4

305
 CHART 4 FLUE GAS COMPOSITION

THEOR ET ICAL AIR (0 % EXCESS AIR = ITEM 19)

FUEL 1fT FRACTION

-
ITEM GAS % ORY % DR Y PRODUC TS ITEM \
Ib/lb (kg/kg)
-

CCW'ONENT PRODUCTS 0.2 5 X M:lL.IfT . VOL.

0.9070 28.52 11. 0 2.5927 5 20.25

CO2 I

2 16

2.2735 71.48 7 .0 10.2114 79.75

18
N2

E DRY PROD. 3.1805 100.00 12.8041 100.00

20

60 H2O 0.6543

WET PROD. 3.8348

*23 E DRY AIR 2.9508

ITEM
-
AT FUR ACE OUTLET ( \ EXCESS AIR -
H9)
N

CO 11.0 15
2

8.0 16
O2

7.0 18
N2

*20 E DRY PROD.

*60 H O
2

E WET PROD.

23 E DRY AIR

AT BOILER, ECO OMIZER, AIR HEATER, OUTLET ( 95 \ EXCESS AIR = ITEM *19)
N ,

CO2 0.9070 15.17 11.0 1.3791 15 10.37

0.6489 10.85 8.0 1.3563 16 10.19

2

4.4220 73.98 7 .0 10.5686 18 79.44

N2

*20 E DRY PROD. 5.9779 100.00 13.3040 1700.00

H O 0.6543
*60 2
.

E WET PROD. 6.6322

1: DRY AIR 5.7540

*23

-
AT 12 .0 \ CO ( \ EXCESS AIR - ITEM *19)
2

CO2 11.0 15

8.0 16
2

7.0 18
N2

*20 E DRY PROD.

H2 O
*60

E WET PROD.

*23 E DRY AIR

306
ticulate emissions as found during an actual per
formance test. In this case, only the boiler outlet
gas composition is calculated.
To permit an accurate flue gas analysis and its
specific heat it is important to determine the mois
ture content resulting from:
1. Evaporation of the moisture in the "as re
ceived" solid waste.
2. Generation of moisture due to burning of
hydrogen in the fuel.
3. Flashed off vapor resulting from quenching
of residue when leaving the furnace.
4. Moisture content in the combustion air.
The summation of these values (se Chart 5 and
8; Item No. 60) can now be entered in Chart 4 to
permit calculation of the total Wet Products of
Combustion.
The next step is to determine the overall effici
ency as outlined in Chart 6 for which the values to
be entered have been established in the previously
mentioned charts.
The difference between the calculated and guar
anteed efficiencies are the ''unaccounted for losses
and manufacturers margin" which are generally

CHART 5 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SOLID WASTE

T EST F O RM F O R ABBREVIAT ED EFFICIE NCY TEST

ITEM
HEAT LOSSES IN RESIDUE A N D FROM QUENCH V A P O R
BASED O N AS FIRED FUE L

3& DRY RESIDUE

A DRY RESIDUE INCL. UNBURN ED CARB O N (ITEM 1 1) 0 . 2210 1

b/1b n 7n k g/k g

RESIDUE TEMPERATURE L EAVING FURNACE 700 0

F 371 C
o
RESIDUE TEMPERAT URE AFTER Q UE NCH I _ 21.J.1.0-
....
...
."
,.- 99 C
B TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE 490 F 2, -
o C

C S PECIFIC HEAT OF DRY RESIDUE 0.25 Btu/lb F 1.0468 kJ/kg C

o HEAT L OSS IN DRY RESIDUE ( A X B x C) 27.07 Btu/lb 62.96 kJ/kg

3& MOISTURE IN RESIDUE

E MOISTURE C O N TE N T IN RESIDUE 15 % 15 %
TEMPERATURE O F RESIDUE LEAVING QUE NCH 210 OF 99 c
TEMPERATURE O F W AT E R EN TERING Q UENCH 80 F 27 C
.

TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE -
fit 130 F 72 C

F M OISTURE IN RESIDUE .- ITEM 11

X E 0. 0391b/ lb
100 - E 0.039 kg/ k g

G HEAT L OSS IN MOISTURE = fit X F 5.070 Btu/lb 0. 7862 kJ/kg

H T OTA L RESIDUE HEAT L OSSES - 360 + 36G 32.140 Btu/lb 63.7462 kJ/kg

3& QUENCH V A P O R

J L ATE N T HEAT O F V A P O R AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 9 7 0 .4 Btu/lb 2J257.15 kJ/kg

K QUANTITY OF VAPOR FLASHED = 9. 0.0279 Ib/lb 0.0279 kg/kg
J
TEMPERATURE OF QUENCH VAPOR LV'G (BOILER,EC ON,AIR HTR) 380 OF 193 c

TEMPERATURE OF QUENCH VAPOR ENTERING FURNACE 212 OF 100 0c

TEMPERATURE OF WATER ENTERING QUENCH VESSEL 80 OF 27 c

L TEMPERATURE RISE IN QUENCH WATeR 132 OF 73 c

M ENTHALPY OF VAPOR LEAVING (BOILER, ECON., AIR HEATER) 1230.5QBtu/lb 2866.14 kJ / kg
ENTHALPY OF VAPOR ENTERING FURNACE 970.4 Btu/lb 2257.15 kJ/kg

N ENTHALPY DIFFERENCE =( M - 970.4) + L 392.10Btu/lb

IN S. 1. UNITS = 2.326 xM 910. 02 kl/kg

P HEAT L OSS IN QUENCH VAPOR = K X N 10.94 Iltu/lb 25. 45 k J/kg

307
 CHART 6 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SOLID WASTE

T EST FO R M FO R ABBREVIAT E D E FFI C I E N CY TES T

1.0 BTU/LB = 2,3 2 6 KJ/KG HHV = 4,500 BTUILB \1 0,467

..l..
__ _ _
__

kJ /kg

ITEM HEAT L O SS EFFI CI EN C Y AS FI R E D F U E L LOSS X 100 LOSS

%
Btu/lb kJ/ltg
HEAT LOSS DUE TO DRY GAS
30 TO DRY GAS=ITEM 20 X Cp X (ITEM 21-ITEM 2]) IIO X 100
= 5.9'1'19X 0.24 X 380 - 80 ) 430.41 1001.13 9.56
n

31 HEAT LOSS DUE MOISTURE IN FUEL '

= ENTHALPY OF VAPOR AT 1.0 PSIA & t GAS LVG.
,

A
B - ENTHALPY OF LIQUID AT t AIR (ITEM #27) #31 X 100
-
- ITEM 2 (ITEM 31A - ITEM 31B) n
X
- 5.90
-
-

0.224 ( 1232.5 48.1 ) 265.31 61'1.10

X

32 HEAT LOSS DUE TO H20 FROM COMB. OF H2

#32 X 100
-
- 9 X ITEM 6.X (ITEM 31A - ITEM 31B) n
- 1232.5 - 902.51 8.62
-
9 X 0.0364X ( 48.1 ) 388.01

33 HEAT LOSS DUE TO COMBUSTIBLES IN RESIDUE #33X 100

- ITEM 1 2 X 1 4,500
-
#1

= Q.QllQ X 14,500 159.50 3'10.99 3.54

34 HEAT LOSS DUE TO RADIATlCI'<

l!34 X 100
(SEE ABMtI CHART FIG. #2 & ITEM 157) 19.35 45.01 l!1 0.43

l!3X 100
35 UNACCOUNTED FOR LOSSES(PER MUTUAL AGREEMENT) 6.Z.IiQ 15'1.01 1I1 1.50

l!36X 100
36 HEAT LOSS IN RESIDUE = 360 + 36 G 32.14 '14.'16 n O. '11

37 HEAT LOSS DUE TO MOISTURE IN AIR 1137X 100

n
=ITEM 23 X ITEM 26x 0.489 (380 - 80) 5. 63 13.09 0.13

38 HEAT LOSS DUE TO QUENCH VAPOR = ITEM 36P 10.94 25. 45 1138 X 100 0.24
l!1

39 TOTAL GUARANTEED 13'18.79 32Q7.0 30.63

CALCULATED Hll,2 3050,04 29.14

40 EFFICIENCY GUARANTEED :'1127.27 7259.95 69.3'1

'10.86

CALCULATED 3188.'11 '1416.96

3SEE ASME S TEAM TAB L ES

308
 CHART 7 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SOLID WASTE

T E S T F OR M F O R ABBR E V I A T E D E F F ICIE N C Y T E S T

ITEM S T E A M PRESS U R E S & T E M P E R A T U R ES

*
41 SATURATED S TEAM PRESSURES IN BOILER DRUM 680 psia 4,688 KPa

42 SATURAIED STEAM TEMPERATE IN BOILER DRUM 500 OF 240 c

43 STEAM PRESSURE AT SUPERHEATER OUTLET 615 psia 4,246 KPa

44 STEAM TEMPERATE AT SUPERHEATER OUTLET 750 OF 399 c

45 FEEDWA TER TEMPERATURE ENT'G (BOILER) (ECON.) 300 OF 149 c

46 STEAM QUALI TV 1. 0
ppm
1. 0
ppm
UNIT QU A N TI T I E S

47 ENTHALPY SATURATED LIQUID 487. 70 Btu/lb 1134. 4k.J

48 ENTHALP Y (SAT.) (S.H.) STEAM 1378. 60 3206. 6 kJ

Btu/lb

49 ENTHALPY OF FEEDWATER ENT'G (BOILER) ( ECON.) 269. 70 Btu/lb 627. 3 k1

50 HEAT ABSORBED IN STEAM ( = ITEM 48-49) 1108. 90 Btu/lb 2579. 3 kJ

51 BLo.o/-DOWN RATE 5.0 % 5.0 %

52 HEAT CONSUMED BY BLOW-DOWN (ITEM 47-49) X ITEM 51
= ZO. 9 Btu/lb 22,686 kJ
100
53 HEAT CONSLMED BY STEAM INCL. BLOW-DOWN = (ITEM 50 + 52) 1119.80 Btu/lb 25.35 kJ
H O U R L Y QUANTITIES

RATE OF SOLID WASTE FIRING 50,000 lb/Hr 22,686 kg/h

54

55A F UEL HEAT I/If'UT = ITEM 54 X ITEM 1 225,000 KB/Hr 65,941 k W

1000
55B DRY AIR HEAT INPUT =

ITEM 54 X ITEM 23 (MAX%) X 0.24 (ITEM 28 - 27) 8,976 KB/Hr 2,631 k W

1000

55C HEAT INPUT BY KlISTURE IN AIR =

ITEM 54 X ITEM 26 X 0.489:: (ITEM 28-27) 41 KB/H r 12

1000
55 TOTAL HEAT INPUT = 55A + 55B + 55C 234,017KB /Hr 68,584 kW

56 TOTAL HEAT OUTPUT ITEM 55 X ITEM 40 G UARANTEED 162,337 47,576 k W

=
KB/Hr
100 CALCULATED 165,824KB/Hr48,599 kW

57 TOTAL EVAPORATION = ITEM 56 X 1000 GUARANTE ED 144,970lb/H r65,776 kg/h

ITEM 53 CALCULATED 148,0841b/Hr67,189

h/Hr
kg/h
58 HEAT LOSS IN BLOW-DOWN ITEM 57 X ITEM 52 1. 58 x10 463. 1 k
=
W
59 RATIO STEAM GENERATED = ITEM 57 2. 90 Ib/lb 2. 90 kg/kg
SOLID WASTE FIRED ITEM 54

x SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER VAPOR

AIR PREHEAT CREDIT: USE ONLY WHERE STEAM AIR PREHEATER IS APPLIED

309
 CHART 8 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SOLID WASTE

TEST FORM FOR ABBREVIATED EFFICIENCY TEST

. .

ITEM DETERMINATION OF THE LOW HEATING VALUE (LHV)

II
BASED ON "AS FIRED" FUEL

A. CALCULATION BASED ON TOTAL MOISTURE IN FLUE GAS

MOISTURE IN REFUSE (ITEM #2) 0.2240 1b/lb

MOISTURE FROM BURNING H2 ( 9 X ITEM #6) 0.3276 lb/lb

MOISTURE FROM QUENCH(ITEM #3 6K) 0.0279 lb/lb

MOISTURE IN AIR (ITEM #23 X 26) 0.0748 lb/lb

60 TOTAL MOISTURE IN FLUE GASES 0.6543 lb/lb

LATENT HEAT OF VAPOR AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE * 1040 Btu/lb

--

HIGH HEATING VALUE (ITEM #1) 4,500 Btu/1b

61 LESS LATENT HEAT OF MOISTURE (1040 X ITEM #(0) 680 Btu/lb

62 LOW HEATING VALUE - (ITEM #1 - ITEM #(1) 3,820 Btu/lb

LHVa 5.1. UNITS = ITEM #62 X 2.326 8,885 kJ/kg

B. CALCULATION FOR MOISTURE IN SOLID WASTE & H2 BURNING ONLY

0.2240
MOISTURE IN REFUSE (ITEM #2) lb/1b

MOISTURE FROM BURNING H2 ( 9 X ITEM #6) 0.3276 lb/lb

63 TOTAL MOISTURE 0.6616 lb/lb

HHV (ITEM U) 4,500 Btu/lb

LESS LATENT HEAT OF MOISTURE (1040 X ITEM (3) 574 Btu/lb

64

LHV (ITEM #1 - ITEM #64) 3,926 Btu/l

65

-
- iTEM #65 X 2.326 9,132 kJ /kg
66 LHVb

:CFACTOR TO REDUCE HIGH HEAT OF COMBUSTION AT CONSTANT VOLUME TO LOW

HEAT OF COMBUSTION AT CONSTANT PRESSURE.

310
 No. 01 Cooled furnoce Wall

'O'O

OOIH
2 0

A FURNACE WALL MUST H AVE AT LEAST ONE THIRD ITS

PROJECTED SURFACE COVERED BY WATER COOLED SURFACE

-!
BEFORE REDUCTION IN RoADIATION LOSS IS PERMITTED
10.0 I1
A IR THRU COOLED WALLS MUST BE USED FOR COMBUSTION
...
"
a. IF REDUCTION IN RADIATION LOSS IS TO BE MADE
..
z

JI
'.0 .
EXAMPLE: UNIT GUAR. FOR MAX. CONT. OUTPUT OF 400

:; MILLION BTU/HR WITH THREE WATER COOLED

w
x WALLS

'"
'"
o
'"
"
LOSS AT 400' 0.33". LOSS AT 200 0.68".

...
2.
H"
z
w
u
'"
w
1-

..

'"
'"
o
-' Em
mt
.a
z
o
...

-ffi -=-
c
o
c
'"
Tn_ Rodiation Loss Volu .. Obtained From Tl'lis Cury. o r .
for a Differential of 50 F Between Surface and Ambient
Temperatures and for on Air Velocity of 100 Feel per Minut.
'$!IS tr L''tri --j-I
Over th, Surface. Any Correction for Other Conditi ons snould ', ',,' OUTPUT
be mode in Accort.lance with FiO_ 3 PaOli 170 In the 1957
Manual of A S TM Standards on Refroctory Mol,rials

'+HJlli...L.LllJ-LJ
,-,:I II I 11 1 ! 111111111 I 11 11111111111 I 1 1 11111I1 I
3 <4 , 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 ZOO 300 400
Wal.r Woll Faclor
ACTUAL OUTPUT MILLION BTU PER HOUR
Air Cooled Wall Faclor

FIG. 1 ABMA STD RADIATION LOSS CHART

CHART 9 ENERGY RECOVERY FROM SOLID WASTE

TEST FORM
FOR ABBREVIATED EFFICIENCY TEST

ITEM DETERMINATION OF THE HIGH HEATING VALUE OF SOLID WASTE

* BY THE BOJE FORMULA

FOR A GIVEN SOLID WASTE COMPOSITION THE HHV CAN BE RECHECKED

BY THE FOLLOWING METHOD

AMBIENT
REF. TEMP. WEIGHT FRACTION COMBUST! BLE HHV = A X B
OF c Ib/lb kg/kg = Btu/lb kJ/kg Btu/lb kJ/kg

5 C 0 . 2 574 14, 9 7 6 3,855 8,967

6 H"
32 o 4 9,37 4

6 H 68 20 4 9,406. 4 114 , 9 1 9

6 H 80 26.7 0.0364 4 9,527 115,200 1,803 4,194

0 0.2643 10,802 - 1,227 - 2,854

7 - 4,644
-

8 N 0.0058 2,700 6,280 16 37

9 S 0.0021 4,5 00 10,467 9 21

3 COMBUSTIBLE 0.5660

2 MOISTURE 0.2240

4 ASH 0.2100

TOTAL 1.0000 4,456 10.365

FOR H2 VALUES AT OTHER AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURES

311
 Ln R
__: -',
-

, "
, .

, ,

'r, : .

Incinerator Zurich I
HEAT INPUT - 148,811,250 Btu/h - 43,612 kW

REFUSE THROUGHPUT - 20.66/12.51 sh.t/h - 18.75/11. 35 t/h

REFUSE NET HHV - 3,300/6500 Btu/1b - 7.675 MJ/kg/15.12 MJ/kg

STEAMING RATE - 98.519 Lb/h -

44.7 t/h

DESIGN PRESSURE -
650 psig -
4.4& kPa

OPERATING PRESSURE - 525 psig - 3.63 kPa

- o c
SUPERHEATER STEAM 788 f - 420

- o - c
FEEDWATER TEMP. 302 f 150

FIG. 2 TYPICAL INCINERATOR-BOILER UNIT

established by mutual consent as 1.5 percent. The SUMMARY

heat loss due to radiation is based on values deter
mined by the ABMA Standard Radiation Loss Chart
(See Fig. 1) which is also used by the ASME Power
Test Code PTC 4.1, for steam generating units.
HIGH AND LOW HEATING VALUES
While it is customary to use the high heating
values of a fuel in ASME practice to determine
boiler efficiency, the low heating value is generally
applied to boiler calculations throughout Europe.
Chart 8, shows how to determine the low heating
value where the high heating value has already been
established.
Chart 9 permits a recheck of the higher heating
value by the BOJE method which can be used with
,
The procedure for performance test calculation
can be a guide for engineers until a new ASME
Abbreviated Efficiency Test Form is developed by
PTC-33. Special consideration has been given for
ease of convertibility to S. I. Units. Weight fractions
have been applied wherever possible, so that Stand
ard American Units are equivalent to S. I. Units. It
may seem cumbersome to enter various figures on
different pages but a certain amount of backtrack
ing cannot be avoided. Wherever this becomes
necessary the item numbers serve to simplify this
procedure.
CONCLUSION

fair accuracy to determine the HHV of other solid

waste compositions than those indicated in Chart 1. Figure 2 illustrates a typical Incinerator-Boiler

312
Unit of the type and size outlined in this example. REFERENCES
Actual performance tests along these lines have
"Steam Generating Units," ANSI/ASME Power Test Code
been conducted in this country and abroad and it
is hoped that the procedure outlined will help to
PTC4.1,1964.
"Large Incinerators," ANSI/ASME Performance Test Code
establish a new standard for realistic efficiency PTC 33, 1978.
testing oflarge incinerators with energy recovery. ASME Steam Tables, 1967.

Key Words
Analysis
Boiler
Burning
Combustion
Heat
Refuse
Thermal

313