Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
REPORT
NHPC (TANAKPUR)
2017
Shadab khan
ABSTRACT
Hydro power plants in general and hydro turbine in particular like any other real
Systems are nonlinear and have time-varying parameters to some extent. The
hydrodynamics Of the tunnel, penstock and turbine are complex due to
nonlinear relationship, which exists between the water velocity, turbine
inlet pressure and developed power. The performance of hydro turbine is
strongly influenced by the characteristics of water inertia, water compressibility
and penstock-wall elasticity. The dynamic characteristics of a hydro turbine
power depend heavily on changes in set point and load disturbances. Thus the
hydro turbine exhibits highly nonlinear, non-stationary system whose
characteristics vary significantly with the unpredictable load.
A key item of any hydro power plant is the governor. Hydro turbine governing
system provides a means of controlling power and frequency. The speed
governor normally actuates the gates / vanes that regulate the water input to the
turbine. The hydro plants being site specific may have different configurations
of their layout; however the main motivation of dissertation is confined to a
small hydropower scheme, which can be as high head or low head. Small hydro
power schemes with high head and thus connected to reservoir with long
length penstock experience severe control problems due to occurrence of
transients. This is due to pressure wave rise on sudden change of gate position,
which in turn is adjusted to meet the load demand. A low head hydro plant
Connected as single machine infinite bus system experiences a critical
low stability margin.
The study for such systems is a useful starting point for designers to evaluate
the dynamic performance under alternative / new controller concepts.
Subsequently, advanced control techniques are required to realize the full
potential of the plant over a wide range of operating conditions to capture full
plant characteristics. The mathematical models of various elements of hydro
power plant like hydraulic structures / components and electrical systems can be
integrated to represent the plant as a single entity.
To obtain accurate representation of the integrated system, the plant model can
be identified either in open-loop or closed-loop using its input-output data. This
will facilitate the implementation of new /alternative control approach to the
plant model for effective operation during disturbance. The approach has
discussed above may be considered for model identification for real existing
hydro power plants using its input-output data only.
TRAINING CERTIFICATE
CONTENT
1.Introduction
2.Location
3.Hydrology
4.Spillway
5.Sluices
6.Power channel
7.Power channel
8.Forebay
9.Penstock
10.Tail Race channel
11.Power house
12.Turbine
12.Generator
13.Bus duct
14.Generator Transformer
15.Switch yard
16.Eot
17.Allocation of power generation
18.Design energy
19.Elevations in power house
20.Equipments at various elevations
21.Checks before the starting of generating
system
22.Summary of the start sequence
23.Synchronization of the machine
24.Stopping sequence
25.Tripping of machine on fault
26.Restarting of machine after prolonged
shutdown
27.Operation regime
28.Troubleshooting
INTRODUCTION
***************************
The River Sharda originates in the region of higher Himalayas, from the Glacier of Zaskara
range, at about 5250 meter. In the upper reaches, in the hills, it is called Mahakali. The river
emerges into plains at Barmdeo, 5 Km upstream of Tanakpur and is called Sharda. The river
is among the major rivers and has a large hydro potential.
The Tanakpur Power Station is located on the right bank of the river Sharda in the state of
Uttarakhand. It is a run-of-the river power station. The Project comprises a (i) Barrage for
diverting Sharda river waters into the power channel (ii) a surface power house with a total
installed capacity of 94.2 MW (derated from original rating of 120 MW due to a compromise
that had to be made on the designed head), near the Banbassa Barrage, for utilizing the
available head for power generation; (iii) about 1.15 Km long tail race channel for discharging
back the water from the generating machines in to the Sharda River ; (iv) 220 KV /132 KV
switching station adjacent to the power house and (v) 220KV double circuit transmission line
to Bareilly C. B. Ganj, 132KV single circuit transmission line to Mahender Nagar for evacuation
of power.
The Power Station has 3 Kaplan turbines of 31.4 MW each. The (Kaplan type) Hydro turbines
for the Tanakpur Power Station are supplied by M/s BHEL. The turbine and generating
equipment were manufactured against our purchase order in October 1985. The turbine is
designed for direct coupling with three phase 50 cycles/sec generators. The Generators are
of the Umbrella type which are also supplied by M/s BHEL.
The elements of water path of turbine viz. spiral casing, stay ring, guide apparatus, runner and
draft tube have been worked out to get minimum overall dimensions of the unit, with high
efficiency and good anti cavitation properties. Main attention in designing the machines was
focused to obtain high hydraulic and operational qualities of the equipment and its complete
reliability.
The project area falls under gradation 4 on Richters scale and is not seismically active.
Monsoons are heavy and covers the months of July to October, winter extends up to February
and summer from March to June. The max. and min. temperatures are 40 0C and 140C
respectively. Average rainfall is 1500mm.
During monsoon, in order to have silt-free water for the power house, a silt excluder
device is provided in the under sluice parts of the barrage and silt ejector is provided
on the power channel.
SALIENT FEATURES
************************
LOCATION
District Champawat
River Sharda
HYDROLOGY
BARRAGE
13
No. of spillways
69.271 MT
Weight of each gate
SLUICES
No. of sluices 9
18.3mx9.5
Size of under sluice gates
m
Weight of under sluice gate 73.687 MT
HEAD REGULATOR
Right bank
Location
of the river
Length
78.45m
6 Nos, 11.2
m x 5.5m
No.& Size of gate /wt.
each,
36.087 MIT
680
Discharge capacity.
cumecs
POWER CHANNEL
Length
6.4 Km(from
head regulator
to forebay)
Shape Trapezoidal
Depth 6-9 m
FOREBAY
Size 64.2mX91.0m
Diameter 6.5 m
Length 68 meter
POWER HOUSE
Type Surface
Dimensions 102.30x45.20x47.70m
Turbine Kaplan.
TURBINE
Frequency 50 Hz.
No. of poles 44
Air gap 14 mm
BUS DUCT
Rated voltage KV 11
Rated frequency Hz 50
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
Insulation class A
% Impedance 12.32 %
(at principal tap)
No. of bays 7
Unit bays 3
Number 2 Nos.
TRANSMISSION LINE
CONSTRUCTION COST
Note:The power allocation for different states will be pro-rata (%share) of net power transmitted
by TPS after deduction of power transmitted to Nepal.
1. April 19.71
2. May 28.94
3 June 42.29
4 July 66.59
5 August 66.59
6 September 64.44
7 October 51.92
8 November 31.12
9 December 24.13
10 January 21.25
11 February 17.12
12 March 18.09
452.19(MU)
Total
ELEVATIONS IN POWER HOUSE
*************************************
S.No. Location
Equipments
1. Machine Hall Instrument Panel, Alarm Panel, Unit Relay Panel-1&2,
Temperature& Measurement Panel, Unit Control &
Indication Panel, Thyristor Bridge, AVR cabinet, Field
Breaker cabinet, Field Flashing cabinet, Governor
System (Electrical Cabinet& Hydromechancial
cabinet).
2. Control Room Fire alarm control panel, fire annunciation panel, PLCC
Panel Nepal (ABB Make), PLCC CB ganj lines
(PUNCOM Make), Remote OLTC & cooler control
cubical (Nepal Line) 220KV/132KV, 50MVA auto
transformer, 132KV Nepal feeder, Time synchronizer
panel, Event logger panel, Disturbance recorder panel,
Auto synchronizer, 220V DC distribution board, CMR
panel, control desk, Bus coupler panel, CB ganj line
1&2 panel, Synchronizer panel.
4. Pump House (Fire Main fire pumps#1&2, One jockey pump, Water
Fighting) Storage Tank.
5. LT Panel Room SSB#1&2, 220 V Float charger and Boost charger, 48V
Float charger and Boost charger, Halon system for
control room fire fighting system.
6. Co2 System(Fire Co2 cylinder bank 1&2, Co2 fire extinguishing control
Fighting) panel, smoke alarm system panel.
1. Cooling floor Two Cooling pumps for each unit, One oil leakage
pump for each unit.
DISCHARGE.: .. DATE:..
FOREBAY LEVEL: TIME OF CHECKING
WHETHER CONDITION:
16 Balance position
17 Bridge current in AVR panel (a)
18 Bridge current in AVR panel (b)
19 Bridge current in AVR panel(c)
20 Pressure of runner servomotor
opening
21 Pressure of runner servomotor
closing
22 Any sparking on slip ring brushes
23 Head light glowing
24 Check any alarm in UCB panel
25 Healthiness of blower #1
26 Healthiness of blower #2
27 Healthiness of blower #3
28 Healthiness of sprinkler in cooling
pond
29 Water level in cooling pond
S.NO DESCRIPTION OF UNIT#1 UNIT#2 UNIT#3 REMARKS
EQUIPMENT
TRANSFORMER DECK (EL 227.70 M)
1 No of coolers working
2 Healthiness of oil circulation
temperature
3 Transformer winding
temperature
4 Transformer oil temperature
5 Humming sound from
temperature
6 Check for any sparking or
heating of transformer
jumpers
7 Any water leakage from any
point
8 Any oil leakage from any
point
CONTROL ROOM
1 Regular checking of control
desk and control panels
2 Indication of Annunciation
panel
3 Healthiness of relay Panels.
4 Cleanliness of control desk.
5 Cleanliness of relays.
6 Healthiness of PLCC of line #1
7 Healthiness of PLCC of line #2
8 Healthiness of PLCC of Nepal
line
9 Healthiness of AC
10 Healthiness of List
LT ROOM
1 Battery charger in
Float/Boost mode.
2 Healthiness of SST#1 circuit
breaker
3 Healthiness of SST#2 circuit
breaker
4 Healthiness of HALON system
OTHERS ISSUES/CHECKING
1 Illumination at different floors
2 Opening of any hatch cover
3 General cleanliness
PRESTART CHECK LIST
********************************
1) Verify from the shut down register that no work permit is outstanding.
2) Ensure that load schedule is approved from NRLDC.
3) Ensure that the machine is free from any fault and can be run on load.
4) Check that penstock drain valve & DT dewatering valve is closed.Air release valve
of spiral casing is opened and also check that Guide Vanes are closed and unlocked.
GENERATOR:
First make a general check of all the equipment. Ensure that tools, tackles, ladders,
platforms are removed from inside and around the component/ equipment. Ensure all
the manhole covers e.g. spiral casing, draft tube, generator barrel doors are closed
and securely fastened. Ensure that no body is inside the generator barrel.
Check that oil levels in bearings are normal as per level indicators.
Ensure normal water flow to generator air coolers.
Ensure that slip rings and carbon brushes are secured to their respective positions. This will
avoid sparking etc. Ensure that brake pads are in released condition.
CO2 SYSTEM:
Ensure that the CO2 cylinder banks in the system are in auto mode. Also check that no
annunciation is appearing on CO2 control panel.
THRUST BEARING:
Check the oil level of the chamber. In case the oil level is low, check for leakage and then
top up the oil to desired level.
Check the inlet and outlet valve of the unit for their open position.
Ensure water supply to TGB/GGB is normal.
BRAKE AND JACK:
CGLS SYSTEM:
Check the availability of the supply on the panel. Charge the main pipe line up to
required pressure of 150 kg/cm2 & check for any leakage in distributer/feeders.
Ensure that all the cooling water valves of the unit supplying water to the stator air
cooler, generator guide bearings, thrust bearings, Main transformers, shaft seal are
open. Also ensure that the outlet valves of the respective cooling water circuits are
open. Check that the pressure of 5-6Kg/cm2 is available at Turbine floor. In case of
reduction in pressure at any of the supply points, corrective measures should be taken
after finding the reason so as to avoid rise in temperature.
Dewatering & drainage system should work on auto mode. Ensure the pumps are on
Auto mode. If the system is operated manually, ensure the proper operation of the
pump so that flooding doesnt take place.
Ensure the settings of the compressor to operate at defined start and trip values.
Ensure the safety valve functions properly. Moisture should be drained from the
compressor air receiver. Selector switch should be on Auto mode.
Ensure the settings of the compressor to operate at defined start and trip values (If in
auto mode).If in manual mode the receiver pressure should be monitored at regular
intervals. Ensure the safety valve functions properly. Moisture should be drained from
the compressor air receiver. Selector switch should be on Auto mode.
PROTECTION SYSTEM:
All relay flag should be reset and there should not be any flag/alarm indication.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
PENSTOCK:
Penstock should be initially filled slowly with penstock by pass arrangement in order
to avoid sudden rush of water inside the penstock.
PENSTOCK GATES:
SWITCHYARD:
Ensure 415V supply to the breaker/isolator motors in the switchyard. Check SF6
pressure in all the SF6 breakers. Check for satisfactory functioning of the isolators
from control room and locally with the concerned breaker in open position. Then the
control switch may be put back on remote control. Do not operate the breakers locally.
Check that closing spring of the breakers is in charged position.
TURBINE:
Check that all shear pins of guide vanes are intact. Ensure that the oil level in TGB is
normal. In case of higher oil level check for the water content in oil due to leakage from
oil coolers. Check for the open position of valves supplying clean water to turbine shaft
seal. Ensure that the stopper for servomechanism is disengaged.
OIL LEAKAGE UNIT:
Check that the control gear of the OLU of turbine is in Auto mode.
Ensure that the control switches of the control panel for OPU are kept in auto mode
thereby indicating that out of the two oil pumps one will act as duty pump and other as
standby.
The valves connecting the OPU oil tank to pipe lines of oil handling system.
The valve connecting the OPU oil tank to pipe line for oil sampling.
The drain valve of the OPU oil tank.
GOVERNOR:
Ensure the control knob of the governor initially at the manual mode.
Main oil valve connecting OPU to governing system is open and oil pressure in the
cabinet is normal. If the pressure is less, check for rated pressure in of 40kg/cm2 in
OPU. If need be, take necessary measures and bring pressure at 40kg/ cm2 & oil level
at normal. Clean the filters in the mechanical cabinet of the governor.
Ensure for 220V DC supply from battery bank to the excitation panel for excitation
build up during black starting of the machine. Check DC supply for its control and
protection circuit. Ensure the field breaker is OFF. Ensure that all the protections of
Excitation system are in reset condition.
It should be ensured that supply to the control panel of OPU is available from LT
control panel.
Check for the cooling water supply to the oil coolers and ensure 5-6 kg/cm2 pressure at the
inlet of oil cooler.
Ensure that the water supply at 2-3kg/cm2 is maintained to the shaft seal.
TOP COVER DRAINAGE PUMP:
Check that the drainage of top cover water through submersible pumps is functional.
TRANSFORMER:
ISOLATOR POSITION-CLOSE:
Check for satisfactory functioning of isolators in remote and local mode with respective
breaker in open condition. Isolator should be in closed position.
BREAKER POSITION-OFF:
VENTILLATION SYSTEM:
For proper ventilation of the power house, blower fans should be ON
PLCC SYSTEM:
EMERGENCY LIGHTING:
DG SET POWER:
Check that penstock drain valves are closed & guide vanes are closed.
Check the oil level and oil pressure in the governor oil pressure accumulator. The
pressure in the accumulator should be 40 kg/cm2.
Ensure all Pre-start checks before starting the unit.The relay which indicates that the unit is
ready for start will be energized and unit ready to start indication will appear on the control
desk.
STARTING OF MACHINE
SYNCHRONIZATION OF MACHINE
When the machine has built up the required voltage and its frequency is 50 Hz,
synchronization can be done with the help of synchronization switch. The
synchronization can be done in two ways
Manual Synchronizing
Auto synchronizing
Keep the Guide vane limiter to appx. 30%.Switch the synchronizing switch to
main/check position.
Adjust the generation voltage and match it with running voltage through switch voltage
level control for AVR on the control desk. The incoming voltage (machine voltage)
should be slightly higher than running voltage system. Turn synchronoscope switch
on synchronizing panel to ON position. It will bring synchronoscope in the circuit. The
movements of synchronoscope needle in clockwise or anticlockwise direction will
indicate whether machine is fast or slower than the system.
Never close the main breaker of the machine in hurry. Wait for next rotation delaying the next
operation. Never try to close the breaker when synchroscope needle is moving fast in the clock
wise direction. Never try to close the breaker when the needle is very near to 12 Oclock
position but have a tendency to move anti clockwise. Each wrong synchronizing gives a
big jerk to the machine, which is harmful to the machine.
Switch off the synchroscope. Change synchronizing switch to off position. Set load on
the machine according to declared capacity. MVAR sharing of the machine can be
varied through voltage level controller switch.
When the machine is synchronized, shift all the auxiliaries of the machine from station
service transformer to unit auxiliaries transformer.
Note down the synchronizing time.
STOPPING SEQUENCE
************************
In case one unit has to be stopped then it should be ensure that the actual generation
does not deviate from scheduled generation ( Within +5% in a time block).No UI penalty should
be imposed. If switching of generation from one unit to other first synchronize the other unit
and then stop the running machine so as not to lose any UI charges due to delay in
synchronizing the other unit.If switching off the unit due to less inflow get the schedule
approved from NRLDC.
Following sequence shall be followed for stopping the unit when running on load.
1) Reduce the output of generator slowly till it is almost zero (at least 5 MW).
2) Trip HVCB.
3) Trip field circuit breaker and the closing of guide vanes starts.
4) Guide vanes close and the machine retards.
5) Ensure HS lubrication pump starts at 30% speed.(Normally in Auto)
6) Ensure brakes are applied after start of HS pump.(Normally in Auto)
7) Brake dust collector to be started if not in auto.
8) Machine comes to stand still.
9) HS Lubrication pump stops.
10) Generator brakes released.
11) Brake dust collector to be stopped if not in auto.
12) Shut off cooling water supply to stator, generator transformers and
bearings.(If unit to be stopped for more than 2 hours).
13) Shut off inter pad cooling system.(If running)
14) Engage G.V. lock.(If unit to be closed for long period)
15) Make a record of time of opening of Generator C.B. and stopping of machine
16) Close penstock gate when either leakage from guide vanes is expected or
the unit has to be closed for long period.
TRIPPING OF MACHINE ON FAULT
***********************************
8.In case of tripping of lines, communicate with remote end and get information about
operation of relays at receiving end. Also take print out of Fault Disturbance Recorder
(DR).
9.Intimate maintenance staff giving as much detail as known.
10.Analyze the fault as to ascertain the cause of tripping.
11. Prepare unit for re-starting after rectification of faults.
12. Shift Incharge to prepare tripping report as per format and send as per the mailing list.
13. Breakdown report/ Restoration and analysis report to be send by Incharge (Electrical
Maint.) as per format.
The following checks have to be made when the machine is to be started after prolonged shut
down.
1)The insulation resistance and polarization index values of the stator and rotor shall be
checked. The IR value of each phase of stator winding should be compared with the
commissioning values and P.I. values should be equal to or greater than 2 (two). The rotor IR
value should be 5 (five) mega ohm when measured at slip rings after removing the brushes.
If the IR and PI values are low, the machine must be put on dry run.
2)The bearing oil/OPU Oil has to be circulated through centrifuge for at least 24 hours.
Machine should be run as per the schedule approved by NRLDC and any variation in load
shall be done as per the revised schedule.
Monitor all parameters of the unit, feeders, grid conditions and auxiliaries.
Check that no alarm is appearing on the alarm facia of each machine/feeder
Ensure that the DC supply through distribution board is available to all the control and
annunciation panel of the running machine and in no case will it be switched off.
While generating active power, due consideration for generation of reactive power may also
be given depending upon the system conditions but should not be exceeded beyond the
permissible limits of the stator(2362 A for rated power at 0.90 p.f lag) and rotor current (900 A
at rated load).
Any annunciation appearing on the panel shall be accepted and recorded before resetting.
In case of non-resetting of the annunciation, remedial measures must be taken to rectify the
fault before tripping of the machine.
Ensure that any equipment under maintenance has a warning board DANGER/MEN AT
WORK hung on to avoid any operation by mistake.PTW should be given before performing
any maintenance work in machine.
All parameters of the machine and feeder on hourly basis as per format must be recorded
during each shift and signed.
Water quality should be monitored , especially during monsoon period. If silt level above
3500 ppm intimate Shift Coordinator/ HOD(Operations).
Water level at forebay should be constantly monitored and sudden variations in levels
should not be allowed.The level should be kept between 246.0m to 246.2 m.
In order to avoid imposition of UI penalty the actual generation should be kept within + 5%
of scheduled generation for a block of 15 minutes and within +1% for the whole day.
Note: The operating regime of the generating units are enclosed alongwith detailed
chart of values for important operation parameters.
SCHEDULING OF POWER
*******************************
i. The generator shall make an advance declaration of capacity of its generating station.
The declaration shall be for that capacity which can be actually made available for a period of
time not less than 3 hours within a 24 hours period for pondage and storage type of stations
and for the entire day for purely run-of-river type stations.
ii. The generator shall intimate the declared capacity (MW), for the next day, either as
one figure for the whole day or different figures for different periods of the day along with
maximum available capacity (MW) and total energy (MWh) ex-bus to the Regional Load
Despatch Centre.
The declaration should also include limitation on generation during specific time
periods, if any, on account of restriction(s) on water use due to irrigation, drinking water,
industrial, environmental considerations etc.
iii. While making or revising his declaration of capability, the generator shall ensure that
the declared capacity during peak hours is not less than that during other hours. However,
exception to this rule shall be allowed in case of tripping/re-synchronisation of units as a result
of forced outage of units.
iv. Generation scheduling shall be done in accordance with the operating procedure, as
stipulated in the Indian Electricity Grid Code.
v. Based on the declaration of the generator, the Regional Load Dispatch center shall
communicate their shares to the beneficiaries out of which they shall give their requisitions.
vi. Based on the requisitions given by the beneficiaries and taking into account technical
limitations on varying the generation and also taking account transmission system constraints,
if any the Regional load dispatch center shall prepare the economically optimal generation
schedules and drawal schedules and communicate the same to the generator and the
beneficiaries.
The Regional load dispatch center shall formulate the procedure for meeting contingencies
both in the long run and in the short run (Daily scheduling).
vii. The scheduled generation and actual generation shall be ex-bus at the generating
station. For beneficiaries, the scheduled and actual net drawals shall be at their respective
receiving points.
viii. For calculating the net drawal schedules of beneficiaries, the transmission losses shall
apportioned to their drawal schedule for the time being .However, a refinement may be
specified by the commission future ,depending upon the preparedness of the respective
Regional load dispatch center.
ix. In case of forced outage of a unit, the Regional Load Dispatch Centre shall revise the
schedules on the basis of revised declared capability. The revised declared capability and the
revised schedules shall become effective from the 4th time block, counting the time block in
which the revision is advised by the generator to be the first one.
x. In the event of bottleneck in evacuation of power due to any constraint, outage, failure
or limitation in the transmission system, associated switchyard and sub- stations owned by
the Central Transmission Utility or any other transmission licensee involved in inter-state
transmission (as certified by the Regional Load Despatch Centre) necessitating reduction in
generation, the Regional Load Despatch Centre shall revise the schedules which shall
become effective from the 4th time block, counting the time block in which the bottleneck in
evacuation of power has taken place to be the first one. Also, during the first, second and third
time blocks of such an event, the scheduled generation of the generating station shall be
deemed to have been revised to be equal to actual generation, and the scheduled drawals of
the beneficiaries shall be deemed to have been revised to be equal to their actual drawals.
xi. In case of any grid disturbance, scheduled generation of all the generating stations
and scheduled drawal of all the beneficiaries shall be deemed to have been revised to be
equal to their actual generation/drawal for all the time blocks affected by the grid disturbance.
Certification of grid disturbance and its duration shall be done by the Regional Load Despatch
Centre.
xii. Revision of declared capability by the generator(s) and requisition by beneficiary(ies)
for the remaining period of the day shall also be permitted with advance notice. Revised
schedules/declared capability in such cases shall become effective from the 6th time block,
counting the time block in which the request for revision has been received in the Regional
Load Despatch Centre to be the first one.
xiii. If, at any point of time, the Regional Load Despatch Centre observes that there is need
for revision of the schedules in the interest of better system operation, it may do so on its own
and in such cases, the revised schedules shall become effective from the 4th time block,
counting the time block in which the revised schedule is issued by the Regional Load Despatch
Centre to be the first one.
xiv. Generation schedules and drawal schedules issued/revised by the Regional Load
Despatch Centre shall become effective from designated time block irrespective of
communication success.
xv. For any revision of schedules generation,including post facto deemed revision,there
shall be a corresponding revision of scheduled drawals of the beneficiaries.
xvi. A procedure for recording the communication regarding changes to schedules duly
taking into account the time factor shall be evolved by the central transmission utility.
xvii. Purely run-of-river power stations since variation of generation in such stations may
lead to spillage shall be treated as must run stations. The maximum available capacity, duly
into account the over load capability, must be equal to or greater then that required to make
full use of available water.
xviii. Run-of-river power station with pondage and storage type power stations.
These hydro stations are designed to operate during peak hours to meet system peak
demand. Maximum available capacity of the station declared for the day shall be equal to the
installed capacity including overload capability, minus auxiliary consumption and
transformation losses, corrected for the reservoir level. The Regional Load Despatch Centres
shall ensure that generation schedules of such type of stations are prepared and the stations
dispatched for optimum utilization of available hydro energy except in the event of specific
system requirements/constraints.
EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
***************************
Release CO2 or water through mulsi fire system as per the provision.
If the leakage is from the machine immediately close the intake gate after opening the
generator circuit breaker and giving stop command to the machine.
Ensure that Power Supply to Drainage & Dewatering pumps is not shut down.
Run the available drainage / dewatering pumps or any other available pumps to pump
out the water.
3) Abnormal Vibration
Intimate Operation In charge.
If sudden increase of vibration(even though vibration level is low) and/or vibration level
is above 200 microns (peak-to-peak) (radial vibration measured at TGB and GGB)
inform maintenance.In case of abnormal noise and rising trend of bearing temperature
immediately stop the machine.
OPERATING REGIME
**********************
The generator is designed to operate electrically and mechanically within the prescribed limits
given below. Adherence to these limits will ensure maximum life of the machine.
The generator capability curve(See Annex. 4) provides the operating regime of generator.
Voltage
Generator can develop maximum output at rated p.f. with permissible change in voltage within
+/- 5% of the rated value.
Frequency
Operation of generator at rated frequency beyond +/- 3% of rated value is not permitted.
Power Factor
The generator is allowed to operate continuously at lagging p.f. provided the rotor current
doesnt exceed its rated value(900 A at rated load).
Operation of generator with cooling air temperature exceeding 40 C is not allowed except
when the machine is under dry out. Operation of generator at a cooling temperature less than
10 C is not permissible as per manufacturers instructions.
Unbalanced loading
During unbalanced loading of the generator, the current in any phase should not exceed the
rated current and the ratio of the negative sequence components of the system of currents to
the rated current should not exceed 8%.
Asynchronous operation
Vibration
2. Slip-rings 0.3(Throw) mm
Recommended setting of various Devices (As per OEM)
*********************************************************************
OPERATION PARAMETERS
****************************
53. Max . guide vane opening () Depends on load Upto 46.2 & guide vane
servomotor movement =660
mm
54. Working air pressure of isolating 3.0- 5.0 kg/cm2 6.0 kg/cm2(Max.)
seal
55. Max. Runner blade opening Depends on load From 8.2 to +13.0 degrees
.Servomotor movement = 105
mm.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES
********************************
The tripping due to the mechanical faults cause Non-Electrical Lock out through
operation of relay no 86B. This tripping causes opening of Main Generator Circuit
breaker, Field C.B and L.T. breaker of Unit Auxiliary transformer and shuts down the
unit. The machine is stopped. It operates controlled action shutdown relay(86A). The
detailed causes of tripping along with relays placed in U.C.B are as follows:
DESCRIPTION RELAY
1. Turbine guide bearing Temp.very high 38TB-TX
2. Gen. Guide bearing Temp. very high 38GB-TX
3. Gen thrust guide bearing Temp. very high 38TH-TX
4. Gen air cooler inlet air temp.very high 49AH-TX
5. Gen Tr. wdg Temp. very high 30F
6. Gen Tr .oil temp very high 30D
7. Governor oil press. Unit oil press Very low. 63G-2X
8. Unit over speed Elect/Mech.speed 12X3AX/12MX
9. Governor failure 2GFT
10. Controlled action shutdown. 86A
This tripping is caused through relay No. 86C. In this tripping, the Main Generator Circuit
breaker and Unit Auxiliary L.T. breaker is tripped. Penstock gate is not closed. The machine
keeps on spinning on no-load. This tripping is caused due to operation of following: relays:
DESCRIPTION RELAY
1. Gen. Backup Imp protn. 21AB/BC/CA
2. Gen over voltage protn. 59DI
3. Gen. ve Ph sequence protn. 46T/A
5. Gen.loss of field protn. 40G
6. No load Tripping protn 5NLT
8 Excitation TR O/C instantaneous. K219
9. Bus bar protn. Contact. 96
TROUBLE SHOOTING
**********************
The tripping of machine can be initiated due to fault in the turbine, generator, auxiliaries
or grid. On receiving the trip command the following sequence is initiated: -
After the tripping it is mandatory to check/note the operated protection relays and take a print
out of the sequential event recorder. In the event of tripping of lines, data about the operation
of relays at the receiving end and the disturbance recorder print out are also required. The
maintenance staff is provided with all the above details to enable them to analyse the problem
and take remedial action.
TURBINE:
The following chart provides a guide to fault diagnosis with probable cause and proposed
rectification action: -
Oil leakage from hydraulic Worn or damaged seal Replace seal, check rod for
servomotor gland seal scores, dents, etc. Rectify
damage to cylinder rod,
clean oil.
Guide vane mechanism will Obstruction inside guide Clear all obstructions
not cycle vane assembly
Individual guide vane not Obstruction in guide vane Clear all obstructions
cycling. assembly
Turbine/Generator
Check alignment
misalignment
Blockage to runner
Check runner clearance
OPU:
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
The following chart provides a guide to fault diagnosis with probable cause and proposed
rectification action: -
Guide vane Auto hydraulic Defective solenoid valve Ensure that hydraulic
circuit fails to operate pressure is normal
Replace defective solenoid.
Guide vane Start and Defective selector valve Ensure that hydraulic
stop hydraulic circuit fails pressure is normal
to operate
Check that solenoid valve is
energized Replace valve if
necessary.
Overheating water pump Blocked air vents Clean motor & ensure that
drive motor all air ventilation holes are
clear.
Check current
consumption is below
Motor overworking stated on nameplates
(Amps)
Strip water pump &
inspected for damage
Replace water pump as
necessary
Water pump jammed
Replace drive motor as
necessary
Water system low flow rate Air in system Bleed system free of air
i.e. No-Flow alarm
Water pump delivery Indication fault Ensure that the calibration &
pressure low isolation valve to pressure
gauge is correctly selected.
Ensure that the pressure
gauge is bled free of air.
Replace pressure gauge
with a re-calibrated gauge
Header tank level low Float operated ball valve Check float operated ball
stuck. valve for correct operation
Ensure the supply is
selected ON & check that
Supply cut-off supply line is not blocked.
Inspect complete potable
water system for leakage,
including possible leakage
at turbine bearing oil
Excessive system leakage coolers.
Rectify all leaks
immediately.
GENERATOR:
The fault which causes a trip can be indicated either in the control room or in the unit control
panel.
In case of non-response of any component to the order of start sequence an alarm from the
step time is generated and the stop sequence is initiated.
A few common electrical protections provided in the generating equipment are discussed in
brief: -
1.Observation: - Rotor earth fault alarm (on first earth fault) and facia annunciation.
Measure:
Inspection of pole coils, pole-coil-ends-holder and excitation bus bar for insulation
deterioration. Measurement of AC or DC voltage drop across the pole needs to be carried out.
If measured value(s) differ from the value during commissioning for one or more poles
(normally three consecutive poles will show anomalous reading if the middle pole is faulty),
then there must be an earth fault in that pole.
2.Observation:
Cause(s):
Measure:
Inspect/ check the excitation circuit and equipment components. Repair/ replace the faulty
parts if needed. Check the field breaker, roll the machine and build the excitation in manual
mode in a small go at a time. Run the machine for some time. Switch over to auto excitation
mode and observe the excitation performance. If found satisfactory then generator can be
synchronized.
3.Observation:
- Stator earth fault tripping/ alarm along with other tripping/ alarm such as.
- M.C.B
- Electrical lockout and other trip/ alarm as per the loading condition of the machine.
Cause(s):
Stator coil/ bars insulation layer might be damaged and earthing of the coil/ bar at a particular
part or parts might have occurred.
Measure:
Inspect the stator coils/ bars and over hang. If the fault is severe then burning patches near
the bars and core (at fault spot) can be seen along with insulation burning smell. If the fault is
mild, the change in the color shade (near the faulty part) is observed.
In this case repair/ replace the faulty coil/ bar, re-check the IR value of the stator coils. If found
O.K, dry out the generator winding (if necessary). At appropriate insulation resistance (IR)
value of the generator stator coil (each phase), the generator can be put back in service.
4.Observation:
- MCB tripping.
- Electrical lockout tripping/ alarm and other protections that are operating on the same
input quantities (like over current protection) and other trip/ alarm as per the loading of
the machine.
Causes:
Fault within the domain of the protection (within the range of CTs physical location) might
have occurred, causing diverting the current (through fault path) or might shift the phase angle
due to fault. The domain is mainly the generator stator winding and the protection is meant to
detect phase to phase fault only. Normally the fault will be accompanied by stator earth fault.
IR between phases as well as to ground should be measured in all cases of protection.
Measure:
Within the domain of the protection, thorough inspection of the circuit is done. Some times the
C.T could be faulty. Repair/ replace the faulty component. Check the protection by primary
injection test limit if found O.K, run the machine to put in service.
5.Observation:
Under impedance protection trip/ alarm followed by other overlap protections and locking
tripping/ alarm.
(This protection is used for protection of generator against uncleared on the high voltage bus
or grid. Also useful when the GCB is opened and the stator of the generator is isolated from
grid.) By setting the relay to cover the generator also, this can provide a backup protection to
generator. Therefore, generator needs to be checked as well.
Cause(s):
- Undesired fault on the HV side or failure of primary protection of generator and a fault
in generator.
Measure:
Check the transmission line fault details. The chances are that many main protections at our
end/ remote end have failed. To ensure safe operation (the chances are remote that there will
be a generator fault), inspect physically the generators outgoing bus bars/ link lines for short
circuit as well temporary shorting. Repair / replace the faulty component if necessary. Check
the protection for malfunctioning and analyze/ correct if necessary. Check the protection by
fault simulation. If found O.K, put the protection in service.
6.Observation:
Negative phase sequence tripping/ alarm followed by other protection provided in a typical
protection design for the generator.
Cause(s):
The protection is operative when there is considerable imbalance of power/ current in the
phases of the generator or when there is a broken wire condition, generally on the
transmission line. Due to imbalance, the negative sequence component rotates at twice the
synchronous speed (with respect to the rotor) in causing extra eddy current losses and thereby
additional heating of the rotor is caused. The imbalance also causes pulsating magnetic fluxes
and the unequal magnetic pull between rotor and stator, which causes unequal mechanical
forces acting on the rotor/ shaft.
Measure:
Check the causes for unbalance load or the broken wire condition as recommended in
standard practices and set right. Check the functioning of the protections and if malfunctioning
is found, check the cause for malfunctioning. Repair/ replace the faulty component if
necessary. Check the protection by fault simulation. If found O.K, put the protection in service.
7.Observation:
Cause(s):
High voltage in the grid, either due to load throw-off or surge in the grid.
- At the time of high surge there is change in the noise level of generating machine. (The
voltage surge can be confirmed from the disturbance recorder).
Measure: -
The high voltage surge is also accompanied by some power imbalance. Restart the machine
and put back in service.
In case there is fault in the AVR (the AVR malfunctioning/ tripping and indication shall confirm).
Check, analyze and repair/ replace the faulty component. Test the functioning of the AVR as
described in the AVR maintenance manual. If found O.K, put back AVR in service.
8.Observations:
Measure:
(i) Check the insulation provided to isolate electrically, the bearing pad(s) (it should
be as per the commissioning value or as mentioned in the maintenance manual).
If necessary replacement of the insulation is to be done.
(ii) Check the shaft earthing (done through slip ring) to the appropriate (low) value.
Take the measure to restore the earthing value as recorded.
(iii) In case the C.T. is faulty replace the same.
9.Observation:
Frequency protection tripping/ alarm [the normal operation is recommended from 49.5 Hz
(lower limit) to 50.5 Hz (upper limit) frequency bond.] followed by other indication as provided
in the protection system.
Causes:
(i) For high frequency: When the load demand is less in comparison to generation or
there may be tripping of feeder, the frequency of the generator may go beyond the
upper limit.
(ii) For low frequency: When the load demand is more than the generation, the
frequency will dip.
Measure:
(i) For higher frequency: Inform the grid controller and reduce generation/ stop the
machine, if trip is not provided. Confirm the causes of tripping. If it is due to grid
disturbance then reset the tripping. In case the protections have operated due to
malfunctioning, analyze/ repair/ replace the faulty component. Test the protection
and put in service.
(ii) For low frequency: In case the protection has operated due to grid disturbance,
follow the normal procedure to restore. In case the protection has malfunctioned
analyze/ repair/ replace the faulty component. Test the protection and if found
satisfactory put the protection in service.
Note: Both frequency settings are incorporated in a single relay and the upper and lower
frequency limit settings are independent. The timers are used for delaying the tripping when
the frequency variations are for a specified short duration. No tripping is provided in most
cases.
10.Observation:
Reverse power protection tripping/ alarm along with other indication as provided in the
protection system.
Causes:
Measure:
Check the governor thoroughly for its correct operation under various running and loading
condition. Repair/ rectify the fault if required. Test the operation of governor on off load as
recommended in the testing procedure. If found O.K, put the governor in service.
11.Observation:
Neutral voltage protection tripping/ alarm along with other indication as provided in the
protection system.
Causes:
Measure:
Same as described in the stator earth fault. Checking of the malfunctioning of the protection
should be done when there is no actual earth fault found after protection operation. If
necessary the repair/ replacement of the faulty component is done to put the protection in
service.
12.Observation:
Local breaker backup protection trips along with certain other primary protection trip.
Causes:
The primary protection has failed to trip the generator circuit breaker/ feeder circuit breaker
concerned. All the other breakers connected to the same bus must have tripped.
Measure:
Do the necessary maintenance of the breaker and adjust the various operating parameters,
ensure the correct operation by operating the breaker for its desired operation. Test for the
pole- discrepancy (in case multi pole) and for the phase discrepancy of the breaker if found,
attend to the same and check the protection again. If the breaker is all right, the problem could
be anywhere in the protection circuit from the primary protection up to the breaker tripping coil.
13.Observation:
Restricted earth fault tripping/ alarm of generator transformer along with other indication as
provided in the protection system.
Causes:
The winding of the generator transformer may be grounded due to insulation deterioration.
Measure:
Check the generator transformer (IR, winding resistance, magnetizing current, etc.). If
faulty, replace it with healthy spare transformer.
14.Observation:
Over fluxing tripping/ alarm of transformer along with other tripping and locking as provided
in the protection system.
Causes:
The transformers are designed to operate at certain maximum value of the flux density
in its case. When it over shoots the value of the maximum allowable flux density, the
overheating of the core takes place and under such conditions if the transformer is
allowed to operate, fast deterioration of its life takes place. The protection is used with
delay timer.
Measure:
Avoid the operation with higher excitation of upper limit and also when the frequency is low.
Under these conditions when alarm starts repeating, the load on the transformer is reduced to
set appropriate operating level.
15.Observation:
The fault is observed (during starting of the machine and also during stopping of the machine)
by observing the character display on the front of the CPU board presents a stop code to
assist in tracing faults.
(i) When start command is given by computer and instantly fault occurs in this computer then
in this case machine is started manually.
(ii) When machine is running normally and instantly fault occurs in controlling computer then
in this case machine will trip.
(iii) When stop command is given by computer and instantly fault occurs in this computer then
in this case machine is stopped manually.
Causes:
Faults in the computers common central parts such as the memory stop the system. These
faults trip the RUN relay, the contacts of which are available on the mains switch unit.
Measure:
Some of the other electrical faults, their causes & measures are described.
EXCITATION SYSTEM:
Cause:
Supervision of the measuring circuit to the voltage regulator has been activated.
Measures :
Automatic change over to the field current regulator will take place and the operation may
continue in this mode of regulation. Check the fuses to the voltage measuring transformers.
Also check the output signal from the voltage measuring unit.
Change over to voltage regulation is blocked until the fault has been attended.
Measures:
Check the miniature circuit breaker for synchronization voltage to the trigger pulse
unit. Try closing the miniature circuit breaker. If it trips again, there has been a short-
Check the MCCB for the adapting transformer. Try closing it. If it trips again, there has been
a short-circuit and the circuit must be checked for faults.
If the excitation equipment is supplied from the generator terminals and the miniature circuit-
breaker for the synchronization voltage has tripped, the circuit must be investigated for faults
before starting up again. This due to the fact that the synchronization voltage drops out when
the machine is dead, and the breaker can not trip when the machine is not under voltage.
Cause:
The internal supervision of the auxiliary power to the measuring board for the generator
voltage has been activated
Measures:
Cause:
The internal supervision of auxiliary power to the measuring board for the grid voltage has
been activated
Measures:
Check the miniature circuit-breaker for auxiliary power supply to the unit. Try closing the
miniature circuit breaker. If it trips again there has been a short-circuit and the circuit must be
checked for faults. Measure the internal auxiliary supply of the board.
Cause:
The internal supervision of the auxillary power to the supervision unit has been activated.
Measure
Check the minature circuit breaker of the unit. Try closing it.
If it trips again there has been a short circuit and the circuit must be checked for faults.
Cause:
The 50 HZ current pulsation protection has been activated on account of a branch in the
thristor bridge not conducting. If the equipment is fitted with a redundant bridge only an alarm
is obtained and operation can continue. In case of a thyrsitor fault occurring in the second
bridge as well, the machine is tripped.
Measure
If the equipment is provided with a redundant bridge the machine should be stopped at a
suitable moment and the cause of the fault investigated.
Check the fuses in the converter.
Check the trigger pulse circuits to the thyristors.
Cause :
Measure :
Upon an alarm, reduce the field current to avoid tripping. When high MVAR are in demand,
excessive excitation may be required. Check that the transformers ambient temperature is
not abnormally high, and that its ventilation ducts are not clogged. If the alarm does not cease
within 15 minutes, the machine should be stopped and the transformer checked.
Cause
Measure:
Check the high-voltage fuses in the circuit, and replace those that have blown. Make sure you
first isolate and earth the equipment in prescribed manner.
CAUSE: - The voltage supervision of the AC/DC converter has been activated.
MEASURE:- If there is a redundant power supply unit an alarm is obtained and operation can
continue. Otherwise tripping is initiated. Check the input and out voltage of the converter, and
the internal fuse.
CAUSE: - The temperature in the rotor winding has risen to a dangerous high value.
MEASURE: - When the alarm level has been reached the field current should be decreased
to a value that is allowed for the machine. A high temperature can be due to overloading of
the machine for a longer period, incoming cooling air temperature to the generator is too high
or that the cooling of the rotor has in another way drastically been deteriorated. If the
temperature still is over the alarm level the machine should be stopped in a controlled way,
before trip level is reached and load rejection will take place.
Check the output signal from the measuring units for the field current and field voltage.
Check the cooling circuits of the generator
CAUSE: - The overload protection has been activated due to excessive field current for too
long a period.
MEASURE: - If the machine was in the operational mode VOLTAGE CONTROL, the voltage
in the network has probably dropped to such a value that the machine has been reactively
overloaded. If the machine was in the operational mode FIELD CURRENT CONTROL, the
field current has probably been adjusted to an excessive value. The machine can be started
up again, but observe the value of the field current, generator voltage and reactive power.
A fault in the field current regulator may have occurred, in which case this has to be checked.
CAUSE: - One of the high-speed fuses in the thyristor bridges has been tripped. If the
equipment is provided with a single converter bridge, the machine is tripped. If the equipment
is provided with a redundant thyristor bridge an alarm is obtained, the ordinary bridge is
blocked and a change-over to the redundant bridge takes place. At a fuse failure in the
redundant bridge the machine is tripped.
MEASURE: - Check the fuses in the converter. Also investigate the reason for the fuses
tripping, e.g. a short-circuit in the field circuit.
N.B- The fuses cannot be replaced during operation, and therefore, the converter must be de-
energized and earthed in the prescribed manner before work on the main circuit.
DC Short-circuit ( tripping ) :
CAUSE: - The over current protection by measuring current ripple (300 or 360 Hz) has been
actuated due to a short-circuit in the DC circuit. The protection indicates a short-circuit on the
DC side of the converter when the field current limiter is in operation, or when the machine is
in the operating mode FIELD CURRENT CONTROL. Although no over currents appears, the
machine loses its excitation and loss-of-synchronism may appear.
MEASURE: - Look for shot-circuits on the DC side of the converter. In doubtful cases, megging
between plus and minus poles should be carried out, but not with a higher voltage than the
blocking voltage class of the thyristors involved. Also check the fuses in the converter.
CAUSE: - High voltage in the field circuit, caused by induced fault currents from the stator
circuit. Discharge thyristor or over voltage thyristor short-circuited.
MEASURE: - If the machine tripped as a result of external faults e.g. stroke of lighting or
breaker operation, a fresh start can probably be made without further checks. If the machine
tripped without being caused by external faults, the field over voltage thyristor and the
discharge thyristor must be measured and checked.
CAUSE: - An earth fault has occurred in the field circuit or in the power supply to the thyristor
converter.
MEASURE: - If the protection is not connected for tripping the machine, the latter should be
stopped at a suitable time. Since the field circuit is not earthed operation can continue, but if
further earth fault occurs, large fault currents and magnetic unbalance in the machine may
appear.
Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity today. No other energy
source, renewable or non-renewable can match it.
Producing electricity from hydro plants is cheap because, once a dam has been
built andthe equipment installed, the energy source-flowing water is
free.Although hydro plants do present a few environmental problems the
inherent technical, economic andenvironmental benefits of hydroelectric
power plants make it a important contributor to the future world energy.
It was a great honor for me to have four week training from such a prestigious
government undertaking projectwhich is awarded as a mini Ratna class I by
government of India. It was a great experience to see the formal work which
showed the status of a government Profile.