Classification of the Directive Principles :

The directive principles of state policy can be classified under various groups, they contain a set of ideals,
directions and a set of rights. Directive principles of state policy can be classified as follows :-

Socio-economic welfare:

A large number of directive principles aim at the establishment of a welfare state.

Article 38 - provides that the state shall endeavour to promote the welfare of the people by securing and
protecting a social order and shall inform all the institutions of national life.

Article 39 - states that the state shall direct its policy towars securing :

1. Adequate means of livelihood to all citizens.

2. A proper distribution of the material resources with a view to ensure common good.

3. Prevention of concentration of wealth to the common determinant.

4. Equal pay for equal work for both man and woman.

5. Protection of childhood and youth against exploitation or moral and material abandonment.

6. Protection of strength and health of the workers.

Article 41 - seeks to ensure the right to work, education, and to public asssistance in cases of
unemployment, old age, sickness and disability.

Article 42 - declares that state shall make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and
for maternity relief.

Article 43 - the state shall endeavour to ensure to all workers a living wage, a decent standard of life,
leisure and social and cultural opportunities for people.

Article 46 - prescribes that the state should promote with special care the educational and economic
interests of the weaker sections of the people.

Gandhian Principles:

Article 40 - declares the state shall organize village panchayats as units of self-government.

Article 45 - declares that the state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests
of the weaker sections.

Article 43 - declares that state shall try to promote cottage industries.

Article 48 - declares that state shall preserve and improve the breeds and prohibit the slaughter of cows,
calves and other milk and draught animals.
 Article 47 - declares the state shall try to secure the improvement of public health and the prohibition of
intoxicating drugs and drinks.

Educational and Cultural Principles:

Article 45 - declares that the state shall endeavour to provide within a period of ten years, free and
compulsory education to all children until they complete the age of 14 years.

Article 49 - directs the state to protect monuments and places or objects of artistic of historic interest.

Administrative Principles :

Article 50 - intends to separate judiciary from the executive.

Article 44 - directs the state to secure a uniform civil code for the entire country.

Article 39A - provides free legal aid to the poor and take suitable steps to ensure equal justice.

Article 49A - has been inserted to direct the state to enusre participation of workers in the management of
industry and other undertakings.

Principles for promoting international peace and security.

A few principles aim at securing international peace and security. They seek to :-

Article 51a - to promote international peace and security.

Article 51b - maintain just and honorable relations between nations.

Article 51c - foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of the organised
peple with one another.

Article 51d - settle international disputes through arbitration.

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Distinction between Fundamental rights and Directive principles:

The directive principles of state policy contained in Part IV of the Indian constitution is different from
fundamental rights contained in Part III of the constitution. They are :-

The fundamental rights limit state action whereas directives are instructions to the governments to do
certain things and to recieve certain ends through their actions.

Fundamental rights are justiciable whereas the directive principles anre non- justiciable.

The directives are to be implemented in the legislature.

 The fundamental rights lay down the negative obligations of the state. Directive principles contain
affirmative directives related with the positive obligations that the state has towars its citizens.

The primary purpose of the fundamental righs is to establish a political democracy. Directive principles of
state policy aim to establish social and economic democracy to sustain political democracy.

The fundamental rights are negative in character as they impose certain restrictions on the government.
While directive principles of state policy are positive as they ask the state to endeavour to achieve certain
goals.

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Significance of the Directive Principles of State Policy:

The Significance of the directive principles of state policy are :-

Directive principles are non-justiciable but their incorporation in the constitution is justified.

They emphasize their duty towards women, children and the socio-economic backward section of our
society.

They are significant for the working of the Constitution.

There is no legal sanction behind the directives.

They lay down philosophical foundations of a welfare state for securing social, economic and political
justice for all the people.

They contain the positive obligations of the state towards its citizens.

They have an educative value to ensure social security and latter standard of living for all.

The directives have been given due regards by the courts for the interpretation of the statute laws
especially those which are complementary to the fundamental rights.

The directive principles were given due regard through constitutional amendments.

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Fundamental rights of the Indian Constitution:

Part III of the Indian constitution constitutes of the salient features of the Fundamental rights and are
grouped into seven broad heads :

1. Right to equality (Article 14 to 18):

Article 14 - provides for equality before the law and equal protection of the law within the territory of
India. Equality before law means that every individual is equal in the eyes of the law.

Article 15 - ensures prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth

Article 16 - of our constitution guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

 Article 17 - The constitution abolishes untouchability through Article 17.

Article 18 - abolition of titles, no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by
the State.

2. Right to Freedom (Article 19 to 22):

Right to freedom includes six freedoms provided in our constitution by Article 19 :

1. Freedom of speech and expression.

2. Freedom to assemble peacefully and without arms.

3. Freedom to form associations or unions.

4. Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.

5. Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.

6. Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

State is allowed to put reasonable restrictions on these freedoms for the public interest.

Article 20 - Provides protection against excessive punishment and one person can be convicted only if he
has violated a law and no person can be subjected to a greater penalty than that was prevalent when he
committed the offence, and he cannot be punished more than once for the same offence and no accused can
be compelled to be a witness against himself.

Article 21 - provides protection of an individuals life and personal libery.

Article 22 - provides protection against arrest and detention as it guarantees the right to every person who
is arrested to be informed of the cause of his arrest, and to consult a lawyer for his defence and every
person arrested shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours.

3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23 to 24):

Article 23 to 25 deals with the right against exploitation as it seeks to :

1. Ban human trafficking and begar or any form of forced labour.

2. Prohibition of employment of children below 14 years of age in any factory or mine, or other hazardous
occupations.

3. As exploitation means misuse of services with the help of force, compulsory military service and
compulsory work for other national programmes are relevant examples of such a purpose.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25 to 28):

 Article 25 - guarantees to all persons the freedom of religion and conscience and they can freely profess,
practice and propogate any religion.

Article 26 - allows everyone the right to establish and maintain institutions for managing religious and
charitable affairs.

Article 27 - provides protection to religous activity by exempting funds as tax cannot be collected for
religious purposes.

Article 28 - prohibits religious instruction in any educational institution fully maintained by state funds
whether by the state or any other body.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29 to 30):

Article 29 - states that any state-aided educational institution shall not refuse admission to anybody on the
grounds of religion, race, caste or language.

Article 30 - provides that all minorities whether based on religion or language shall have the right to
establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

6. Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32):

This article guarantees every individual the right to move to the Supreme court by appropriate
proceedings for the enforcement of his/her fundamental rights, which means that the fundamental rights
and not just rights but are justiciable and enforcable in nature.

The courts can issue judicial writs of Haebeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and
Certiorari for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

7. Right to Education (Article 21A):

The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children within a period of ten years of the
children of age groups from 6 - 14 years, this fundamental right was passed by the parliament on the 1st of
April 2010.

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