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Abstract---The log-normal probability-density function is based on the following paradigm for the optical field after propagation through
atmospheric turbulence, a field with minimised coherence that follows Rice-Nakagami statistics is modulated by a multiplicative factors those
obeys log-normal statistics. The bigger eddies in the turbulent medium produce the log-normal statistics and as well as the smaller ones produce
the Gaussian statistics. By investigating this model all the parameters required by the density function could be calculated by means of physical
parameters such as turbulence strength inner scale, and propagation configuration. The heuristic density function is reliable with available data at
low and at high turbulence levels.
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IJRITCC | May 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 5 433 435
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/ x i / y j / z k Ar
with i, j and k 1 r In i r 0 r x iS
being the unit vectors along the x, y and z axes, respectively A0 r
The last term on the left-hand side of Equation 3.97
(9)
represents the turbulence-induced depolarization of the
Since 1(r) is Gaussian, it follows therefore that, x is the
wave In a weak atmospheric turbulence regime, which is
Gaussian distributed log-amplitude fluctuation, and
haracterized by single scattering event, the wave
similarly S is the Gaussian distributed phase fluctuation of
depolarization is negligible [80,93,94] In fact, it has been
the field By concentrating only on the field amplitude,
shown both theoretically [2] and experimentally [3] that the
however, the pdf of x is thus
depolarization is insignificant even for strong turbulence
x E x
2
conditions Equation 1 then reduces to 1
p x exp (10)
2 E k 2 nas2 E 0 (2)
2 x 2 x
2
2
The position vector will henceforth be denoted by r and E
represented by E(r) for convenience In solving this last where E[x] denotes the expectation of x and x2 is the log-
equation, Another approach introduced a Gaussian complex amplitude variance, commonly referred to as the Rytov
variable (r) defined as the natural logarithm of the parameter. Accordingly, the x2 which characterizes the
propagating field E(r), and termed it as the Rytov
extent of field amplitude fluctuation in atmospheric
transformation That is,
turbulence is related to the index of refraction structure
r In E r (3) parameter, the horizontal distance Lp, travelled by the
The Rytov approach is also based on a fundamental optical field/radiation by the following equations
Lp
C x L x
assumption that the turbulence is weak and that it is 5/ 6
characterized by single scattering process By invoking the 0.56k
2
x
7/ 6 2
n p (11)
Rytov transformation (3), and equating the mean refractive 0
index of the channel n0, to unity, Equation 2 transforms to And
the following Riccati equation whose solution already exists Lp
C x x / L L x
5/ 6
0.56k
2 7/ 6 2 5/ 6
k 1 nas1
2
2 2 2
0 (4) x n p dx
0
The next stage involves breaking (r) down to its free-space (12)
form 0(r), and its turbulence-induced departure form is For a field propagating horizontally through the turbulent
represented by 1(r) This is done via the smooth perturbing medium, as is the case in most terrestrial applications, the
method, which in effect implies that (r) = 0(r) + 1(r) 2
Combining this with the Rytov change of variable (4) results refractive index structure parameter Cn , is constant, and the
in the following log irradiance variance for a plane wave becomes [5]
1 r r 0 r (5)
l2 1.23Cn2 k 7 / 6 L112 / 6 (13)
E r
1 r In E r In (6)
E0 r
The field irradiance (intensity) in the turbulent medium is
I A( r )
2
where the electric field and its free-space (without .while the intensity in free-space (no
turbulence) form E0(r) are by definition given as
turbulence) is given by I 0 A0 ( r ) , the log-intensity is
2
E r A r exp i r (7)
then given by
2
E0 r A0 r exp i0 r (8) l log e
A( r )
2x (14)
A0 ( r )
where A(r) and (r), and A0(r) and 0(r) represent the
amplitude and phase of the actual field with and without I I 0 exp( l ) (15)
atmospheric turbulence, respectively These transformations
can then be used to arrive at the solution of Equation 1
which describes the behaviour of a field in weak To obtain the irradiance pdf, invoke the transformation of
dx
variable p p I p x
atmospheric turbulence In finding the irradiance fluctuation
to arrive at the log-normal
statistical distribution, first combine Equations 3 and 4 to dl
arrive at the turbulence-induced field amplitude fluctuation
distribution function given by
given below as [4]
434
IJRITCC | May 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 5 433 435
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
In I / I 0 E l
2
1 1
pI exp I 0
2 l2 I
2 I 2
(16)
IV. CONCLUSION
1 exp E l 05 l2 (18) In weak turbulence the predominance of data proposes that
the density function of intensity should be nearly log
normal. The initiates that function does appear nearly log
Hence
normal in this regime even if less than half of the variance
is due to the log-normal modulation. The predicted intensity
l2
E l
variance by this theory is nearly identical to the accepted
(19)
2 value. In strong turbulence, the density function should be
measured by using large data sets so that these low
probability tails can be observed.
l2 E I 2 E I I 02 E exp 2l E exp l
2 2
(20) REFERENCES
[1] S. Hranilovic, Wireless Optical Communication Systems,
New York:USA: Springer, 2005.
By applying Equation 15 into Equation 19 and substituting
[2] G R Osche, Optical Detection Theory for Laser
for E[l], the intensity variance
Applications New Jersey: Wiley, 2002.
is obtained as [6]
[3] N. D. Chatzidiamantis, D. S. Michalopoulos, E. E. Kriezis,
l2 I 02 exp l2 1
G. K. Karagiannidis, R. Schober, "Relay selection
(21) protocols for relay-assisted free-space optical systems", J.
Opt. Commun. Netw., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 92-103, Jan. 2013.
The normalized variance of intensity, often referred to as the [4] R. Boluda-Ruiz, A. Garcia-Zambrana, C. Castillo-
scintillation index (S.I.), is thus Vazquez, B. Castillo-Vazquez, "Adaptive selective
relaying in cooperative free-space optical systems over
atmospheric turbulence and misalignment fading
l2
S.I . 2
N 2
exp l2 1 (22) channels", Opt. Express, vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 16629-16644,
I 0 Jun. 2014.
[5] P. Puri, P. Garg, M. Aggarwal, "Analysis of spectrally
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION efficient two-way relay assisted free space optical systems
The log-normal pdf is plotted in Figure 1 for different values in atmospheric turbulence with path loss", Int. J. Commun.
of log-irradiance variance
2
l . As the value of l 2 Syst, May 2014.
[6] M. A. Khalighi, M. Uysal, "Survey on free space optical
increases, the distribution becomes more skewed with communication: a communication theory perspective",
longer tails in the infinity direction. This denotes the extent IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2231-2258,
of fluctuation of the irradiance as the channel Jun. 2014.
inhomogeneity increases. After obtaining the pdf of the
irradiance fluctuation, it is also paramount to derive an
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