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Notes
1 Due to product improvements and modifications, the product description in this document may
differ in certain respects from the actual product.
2 This document may not be used or reproduced in whole or in part without permission. This manual
may not be distributed or reproduced in whole or in part without permission.
3 The information in this document may change without notice.
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questions or comments or find mistakes, please notify us.
TAC121-E001E
Table of Contents
1.1 Overview
The vibration of a turbine occurs because of many reasons. To analyze the vibration phenomenon,
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries provides an assured technology that is developed based on the years
of experiences in designing, manufacturing, and installing steam turbines for power plants.
The vibration of a turbine differs greatly due to the status of the turbine. Therefore, by measuring
and analyzing the vibration, you can determine whether the turbine is running normally.
Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service collects vibration data, analyzes
frequencies and phases, and compares the vibration of the target turbine in the normal and
abnormal states. Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service analyzes and
diagnoses the vibration of the target turbine based on the highly accurate, useful data that is
collected.
The following subsections describe some main causes of vibration.
The most typical vibration of a rotating machine is caused by unbalance of the machine. More
than 90% of vibration problems is due to unbalance. Therefore, in analyzing and diagnosing
vibration, the basic method of determining the cause of vibration is checking the unbalance of the
target machine since unbalance can be caused by many reasons. To determine the cause of self-
excited vibration or other abnormal vibration, we usually check the difference from the
unbalance-induced vibration such as the nature of vibration, chronological changes, and
components of frequencies.
The cases and features of unbalance-induced vibration, which is the base for analyzing and
diagnosing all types of vibration, are described below.
1.1 Overview
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Rotation count
Vibration value
Vibration value
Time
Vibration value
Vibration value
Frequency
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Figure 1.2 shows a Bode diagram of normal unbalance-induced vibration and Figure 1.3 shows a
Nyquist plot of normal unbalance-induced vibration.
File name
Shaft vibration No. 1 (PmP-P)
Shaft vibration No. 3 (PmP-P) Shaft vibration No. 2 (PmP-P)
Shaft vibration No. 4 (PmP-P)
Shaft vibration No. 5 (PmP-P)
Shaft vibration No. 6 (PmP-P)
Time (hour)
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I: Initial I: Initial
Shaft vibration No. 3 P: Previous Shaft vibration No. 4 P: Previous
C: Current C: Current
I: Initial I: Initial
Shaft vibration No. 5 P: Previous Shaft vibration No. 6 P: Previous
C: Current C: Current
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Rotation count
Vibration value
Vibration value
Time
Vibration value
Vibration value
Frequency
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Rotation count
Vibration value
Vibration value
Time
Vibration value
Vibration value
Frequency
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Oil whip occurs in rare occasions if an error occurs in a turbine shaft for a generator. Oil whip is
mainly caused by the cross term (Kxy - Kyx) of spring moduli. A spring modulus is one of the oil
film characteristics of a hydrodynamic bearing. The features of oil whip are as follows.
(1) The vibration count is the same as that of the critical speed of the rotor.
(2) Oil whip occurs when the rotation count becomes twice or greater than that of the first
critical speed of the rotor.
Critical Critical
speed Oil whirl Oil whip
speed
Shaft vibration count
Rotation Rotation
count count
component component
Self-excite
d vibration
component
Normal shaft vibration count Shaft vibration count when oil whirl or oil whip occurs
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Measurement of shaft vibration (water fall diagram: speed-up condition and speed-down condition)
Date of report: August 14, 2005
File name
Amplitude (PmP-P)
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Amplitude (PmP-P)
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
1.4 Rub
In a steam turbine generator, if the gland seal or the bearing oil thrower comes in contact with the
rotor, vibration of the rotating component occurs. This type of vibration changes over time in a
peculiar way. Figure 1.7 shows the mechanism of this phenomenon. Note that when the rotating
part and the stationary part contact, the generated heat bends the shaft and unbalance-induced
vibration occurs.
Since the direction of the heat-induced bending caused by the contact (that is, direction of
unbalance) and the vibration vector caused by this bending have a phase difference, the direction
of contact always changes and the vibration vector changes as well.
1.4 Rub
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Point of contact
Direction of rotation
New vibration
Vibration vector caused by vector
heat-induced bending due
to contact
Point of heat-induced
bending
Original
vibration vector
Figure 1.8 shows the typical patterns of vibration vector changes. Each pattern has the following
features:
(1) Spiral pattern
The vibration vector continuously increases up to a certain size and draws a spiral.
(2) Stationary rotation pattern
The vibration vector circles around the original point of bending.
(3) Constant change pattern
The vibration vector changes a little around the original point of bending and stops at a
certain point.
Figure 1-8 Vibration Spectra of Rub-induced Vibration When the Turbine Rotation
Speed Increases
Figure 1.9 shows a case of rub-induced vibration in a steam turbine generator. In this case, the
turbine successfully restarted a continuous operation at rated 3600 rpm after an inspection. About
ten minutes later, the vibration amplitude increased rapidly and the rotation failed. As shown in
Figure 1.7, the phase of the vibration vector changes in a wide range of amplitude (greater than
180 degrees) in the polar diagram, which is a typical behavior of rub-induced vibration.
1.4 Rub
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In addition to the vibration abnormalities described so far, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration
Diagnostics Service can diagnose the following abnormalities. The items that can be diagnosed
differ depending on which bearing a vibration pickup is installed on. Table 1.1 lists the
abnormalities that can be diagnosed.
1.4 Rub
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1.4 Rub
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2.1 Overview
This service helps to assure the reliability of the operation and maintenance of the steam turbine
that we delivered to you. We hope that this service helps you to increase your trust in our product
and allows you to run the power plant more successfully.
The outline of the support is as follows. At your power plant, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine
Vibration Diagnostics Service collects, modifies and analyzes the shaft vibration data and process
signals of your steam turbine, and sends the results to Nagasaki Shipyard via a telephone line or
the Internet. Then we diagnose the data in our design, manufacturing, and installation
departments.
We monitor and analyze the shaft vibration in the steam turbine and the related process signals to
determine if there is a problem in the operation.
Nagasaki Shipyard makes diagnoses and sends the results to you in the following formats:
Monthly report
We send the results of diagnostics once every month. Table 2.1 lists the criteria of diagnostics in
the monthly report.
2.1 Overview
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Figure 2.1 shows the system configuration for enabling the remote support of a steam turbine.
Customer power plant and vibration diagnostics device (additionally installed)
Customer power plant and vibration diagnostics device (additionally installed)
Operation
data input
DCS TSI
Vibration
data input
Evaluation and
reports by
turbine experts
Printer
Figure 2-1 Configuration of the Remote Support System for a Steam Turbine
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Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service samples the following signals from the
existing steam turbine controller (DSC: Digital Control System) and the turbine monitor (TSI:
Turbine Supervisory Instrument):
Table 2.2 lists the intervals of collecting and analyzing data when the steam turbine is run at the
rated operation count, when it is started and when it is stopped, and the intervals of saving data.
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The collected or processed overall vibration levels and vibration (1N component) spectrum values
are checked against the following threshold values each time they are collected. Figure 2-2 shows
the procedure for detecting an error in overall vibration levels and Figure 2-3 shows the procedure
for detecting an error in vibration (1N component) spectrum values.
Overall vibration levels
Level determination
Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service compares the overall vibration
levels and the threshold values (alarm values). When the OA value is greater than the
threshold value, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service determines
that an abnormality has occurred.
Abnormality diagnosis
If an abnormality is detected in the level determination, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine
Vibration Diagnostics Service performs a detailed diagnosis.
Change rate determination
Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service determines the absolute value
of the level difference between the current value and the previous value, and compares
the absolute value with the threshold value. If the absolute value is greater than the
threshold value, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service issues a
prealarm indicating that the rate of change is abnormal.
Vibration (1N component) spectrum
Amplitude determination
Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service compares the amplitude of the
1N component and the threshold value (alarm value). If the amplitude of the 1N
component is greater than the threshold value, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration
Diagnostics Service determines that an abnormality has occurred.
Abnormality diagnosis
If an abnormality is detected in the amplitude determination, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine
Vibration Diagnostics Service performs a detailed diagnosis.
Amplitude change rate determination
Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service determines the absolute value
of the amplitude difference between the current value and the previous value, and
compares the absolute value with the threshold value. If the absolute value is greater
than the threshold value, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service issues
a prealarm indicating that the rate of change is abnormal.
Phase change rate determination
Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service determines the absolute value
of the phase difference between the current value and the previous value, and compares
the absolute value with the threshold value. If the absolute value is greater than the
threshold value, Mitsubishi Remote Turbine Vibration Diagnostics Service determines
that an abnormality has occurred.
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Enter data
OA value 1N component
Alarm
NO See
SeeFigure
Figure2-3.
2.4(b)
OA value
< alarm value
Abnormality
YES
diagnosis
NO
Rate of change from
previous value < 25%
+25% or greater
1N Phase
YES Current measured value is Phase difference from previous YES
75% or less of alarm value value < r20 degrees
NO NO
Prealarm Prealarm
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1N component data
Amplitude Phase
Alarm
NO 1N phase
1N value < YES
Phase difference from previous
alarm value value < r20 degrees
YES
NO
Abnormality
Abnormality
diagnosis
diagnosis
NO Prealarm
Rate of change from
previous value < 25%
YES
-25% or greater
Rate of change
+25% or greater
1N phase
YES YES
Current measured value is Phase difference from
75% or less of alarm value previous value < r20
degrees
NO NO
Prealarm
Prealarm
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