Mechanical speed Governors

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

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 Why do we need Governors?

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Power sources must be controlled to be converted
to useful work.
Uncontrolled prime movers, not operating at
desired speed or load are examples of why
governors are needed.

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 What is a Governor?
Governor Definition: a: An attachment to a machine for
automatic control or limitation of speed. b: A device
giving automatic control (as of pressure or
temperature).

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

A Governor is a device which controls the energy
source to a prime mover to control its power for a
specific purpose.
Basic governors sense speed and sometimes load of a
prime mover and adjust the energy source to maintain
the desired level.
Advanced governors are often referred to as Control
Systems.
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 Simple explanation of governing

Imagine you are driving a car. The speed limit on

the road is 60 km/h and you want always to go that
fast it is allowed. In that case you have to control

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

the accelerator depending of driving up- or downhill.

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 Constant Load

DESIRED SPEED

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ACTUAL SPEED

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 Constant Load

The driver of the car is the control or governor.

The speed limit sign is the desired speed setting.
The speedometer senses actual speed.

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

The driver compares desired speed to actual speed, If
they are the same, fuel is held steady.
If desired speed and actual speed are different, the
fuel setting is adjusted by the driver to make actual
speed equal desired speed.
Fuel is held steady until a speed or load change
occurs.

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 Increased Load
SPEED
LIMIT
60

Increase

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Fuel

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 Increased Load

The car starts up the hill, load increases, speed

decreases.
The actual speed is less than desired speed.

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Driver increases the fuel to increase the speed,
which returns the actual speed to the desired speed.
Before the actual speed reaches the desired speed,
the driver reduces the fuel to prevent overshoot of
speed. This is called Compensation and is adjusted
to match the response time of the prime mover.
It takes more fuel to pick up load than to maintain
load.

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 Decreased Load

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

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 Decreased Load

The car starts down the hill, load decreases, speed

increases.

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Actual speed is greater than desired speed.
Driver decreases fuel to decrease speed, which
returns the actual speed to desired speed.
Before the actual speed reaches the desired speed,
the driver increases the fuel to prevent overshoot of
speed. This is called Compensation and is adjusted to
match the response time of the prime mover.

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 Control Loop

Control of the
Energie
Actual Speed

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or Load

Desired Speed or
Load Reference

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 Closing the Loop

The governor functions the same as the car driver.

It automatically changes the Fuel Flow to maintain
the desired speed or load.

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Closed Loop Definition: When used as an automatic
control system for operation or process in which
feedback in a closed path or group of paths to
maintain output at a desired level.
If parameter(s) of the loop change, it will effect the
entire loop and fuel will automatically be corrected to
maintain the desired setpoint.

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 Control Loop at a Diesel engine

Actuator Governor

Fuel

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Control
Loop

Actual
Speed or
Engine Load

Fuel Pumps

Exhaust

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The Control Loop of the mechanical governor
consists of the proportional and the integrator part

Engine speed

reaction of the Proportional Part:

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

reaction of the Integrator Part:

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 Proportional Governor
(P-Governor)

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Water

Early Mechanical Governor

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 Proportional Governor
This governor is driven by the prime mover.
Centrifugal force from the Flyballs rotating provides
a force to sense speed.
The faster the prime mover is turning, the further the

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

flyballs move out from center.
The flyballs are attached to the collar on the rotating
shaft.
Load change causes speed changes.
The flyballs move in when load increases and
therewith speed decreases, the collar moves down
and increases the fuel. The opposite happens when
a load is decreased.
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 Integrating Governor
(I-Governor)

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Unstable Governor

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 Integrating Governor
As load is added, speed decreases. Fuel is added,
increasing speed until speed equals speed setpoint.
Due to the acceleration and lag time of the prime
mover, speed overshoots thus decreasing the fuel.

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Speed decreases until speed equals speed setpoint.
Due to the deceleration and lag time of the prime
mover, speed undershoots thus decreasing the fuel.
Process is repeated remaining unstable or in some
conditions becoming more and more unstable.
Summary: A simple integrating governor is always
instable at a Diesel engine
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 PI Governor with compensation
(Woodward PG-Governors)

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

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 Dashpot Compensated Governor
(Woodward UG-Governor)

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

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 Speed Droop

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Why do we need
Droop ?

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 Reasons for Droop

To operate a diesel engine in a grid.

For Loadsharing between two or more engines

running parallel.

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

To stabilize the control loop.

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 Droop Curve

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

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 Droop Governor

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Load
Added
SPEED

Load
Removed
Droop Governor
Time
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 Droop Load Sharing
Propeller

Engine A Engine B

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Gearbox

Speed setpoint

105 %

102,5 %

100 % Nominal Speed

Load %
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 Droop Droop Load Sharing

In applications with two or more droop governors,

the individual speed references will change by the

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

same amount to maintain an even percentage of
load. (If the same percent of droop is set on all
governors).
Load will stay balanced under all load conditions.
Frequency (speed) will not stay constant with load
variances.

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 Unequal Droop adjustment

Generator A Generator B
Grid

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

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 Unequal Droop adjustment

If the Droop Percentages are different, then load

sharing will be unequal.

MAN B&W Diesel Training mechanical speed governors

Frequency (speed) will not stay constant with
change in system load.
Example, Unit A has 3% Droop, and Unit B has 5%
Droop.

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