ba: surtves A ‘ies tom al ast phises of Kiso and intitons of «fate pio ony...” He shows how the soiled "sel? which underpins these Saeoloicl formations br no und but a contraditry sbjet and a cia consition, He thos helps us to wdersand ome of the mas ‘common, least exphined Tear of “ram's the “subjection” of the ‘tims of rac fo the mysifentons of the very rcs ideologies which Inpriton and efne them. He shows ov diferent, ten coniadicory Clements com be woven int and ineprted within different ideolotel tiscouses; bat alo, the mitre and value of Heslogicalsrugle which Seka rasforn popular seas ad he ‘eommon sense” ofthe masses. Al sha the most profound importance forthe soa it eno fd forthe contra, wth st of aeotgpea sega nal these diferent ways = and no doubt in ther Ways which T have not had ime to develop ere ~ Gramsci proves, om closer inspection, and despt bs apparently ‘Enrocentri” postion, lobe one of the mest hoo fell fia, aswell at one of the least known an least understood, sources of new ideas, paradigms and perspectives in the contemporary ‘tudes of racially snctued sca phenomens crigialy deter tthe cllogsiom on Theoret Perspec= Analy Racr a iy" nanze 198 y te Den tien Red ee USC, eee de i ie Star "Gramet rlevance othe sa fc ad cy) 2 Sime wt ton of te clea ee tng yt pic ne ing ery la Ena indie excl dno Seen rm the Prion Neco fy, Nowell Smith andar (Ne Yorker! Peli 17, {nda Lawrence Wasa) wo volume of elected Pola! Wigs {Bison apo hey Yo to oan 17, 97a the mare weet rom Carel Wen (Came? Harare Ue ‘ray ese 45 ee Oy Foran and G Nowe Seth: Te fteenes soutien is nny sel am the Engl anon cod shove, Chapter 21 % New ethnicities ‘Stuart Hall [have cented my remarks onan atlempt to ieaity and characterize 3 ‘ance shift that hasbeen going on (and is ill going o®) ia lack ‘Sturt poics, This shi not definite, nthe sense dha thre ae wo ‘Sealy serie phases one Ete ast wBch snow over nd he new ‘Se whic fs begins which we can nelly eountrpose o one aoe. Rainer thy ave two. phases ofthe same movement, which constant {vera ad aterveav: Bot re Tawi By the sae historical conjure hd bth ate voted inthe politics af atracsm an he postwar ack “npeiene in Brain. Nevrteless I shisk we can esi wo diferent Stoments’ and tht the ference between them is sgn, Wis ficult to characterize thee precisely, but would say that the fist moment was grounded in 3 porticlar political and clr analysis Pallcaty, this the moment when the term “back” was cine 2 &| tray ofrefrencing the common experienc of racism and mrgialztion Jaan and amet provide the ogarzing category of» neve pots of “tsintnce, among pps and communities with fae, very diferent soi, aiios and ea ets fo his momen, policy peak Tog. "The black experience’ aa singular and unifying framework tase op {he balding op of deny actors ent and cultural ference between he ‘ferent communities, became ‘hegemonic over eer eth aciHen fies though the Tailor didnot of cose, appear Catal, this ips formatted itself in tems of cnigue ofthe Way Backs were ‘oaloned av the unspoken al ivible “ther of predannaly white eathall and caualdiscomes. ) = “This analysis wos predicted onthe margnaization of the Mack exp ence in Brish colar; nol frstouly occuring a the margins, But ‘ccd pitied atthe margin, ab the consequence of » net of ile [cif poiicl and cara practices which regulate, governed and12" Stunt Hal “normale erst ad dine pa of gh wy ‘Rewari of see ae poi gad Biikopsnst an whee ps rt donna egies sSrcttaden swe al eae ey, ed “etoa oman ps cs Sve Spey fen ese Sree fe ate Reeencer et epetomron fie ego a et weston’ os cies edo ot ‘Site Settee ad spe gro Shih sa mach ‘Site he feces ote Sc sees ee samen ‘ii winc sence omg fe ack epee: bt of saethcaen ntsc cer re ps se ge ec eee meg eee naa nay aes pal pen wes ee ein ie tees by mpi Sak tn So ee Shen estes Sed he comention of he mp he sets Tan sno eehacd ear imagee het he Se eae patie ha mug, Teas eee oe a ratte of aungg wht Tous el eons a na eg Tne Sint sneha he ce prod we een pose Btw mato sy car what we mane ie Seu too You las ry hoe palms age at wetietkeanninona om ts pe ata SRLSiSty wu tining hows oth me Pts cs nt ey paced yay oft st of opto ned versio ie Cera sin one! and ha ae mtr tae he wetiat aa are Te engl ee of he pina ans Seed retype eo snd hare sere Se psi see ie hens wih pe to atu ncy ne Dewan fot ny pt posse sine ee aera Tenses 8 oc» se rece etnant ones ui eee ate ane Newt ae wera edge moneys ses fom se seaee Mapai ind peso be cent tr eps Se ee tached ae oek Stremsciwos ph tro ha sek is iene unas wt ote Satie i hater MNT neem a sik Apt ere vig nce elgg yaoi ini ut ts tee Cert wel Stericaues poe ect thes ay 9 nd ti san ai aes ne et hn ope A aston onan emt cans fn sap eh ronan apie aepeen a waa New tis 40 osu ere oat ach a plies of repescattion” in siren Sent, Wel pow onthe wet eesti Rowe Ki an ‘itnclynpperycostome, ican be ee, om The one handy spl Seoner Poy taking abut hw one age ely tha nou dtcmeams by lc things ve epee conrton gun na inet tery of eesetton Oot hn he trea also std vey raat Saplcement of at wpblemai retin ote comer Sragetinaton My on vow ar venom, ster ohare “helio einer et elects cule the sper of ted ‘februari on win he escarve,an saget oH pect "SS ts nd ote, do they hve or am they be const Teidhduve lacy, how thingy a cpetened 2 the mochieri regimes of eprescnaton ns saute do play conte, od 0 Merevareexie afertbescvent oe. This ges uesons af cates ogy, am the sscaron of reprsenaton = bec, Westy wae Tomatves not mily su expressive, place tn the consiin pus and pola fest hk iste mow nds hed ese epee which faking pce sa wich transforming th pelle of epreseaton in Back clare “ns complexe, te th fle a hort ensunter serena ch efter police nde decors of Ewen, arzly Sie ene cla fear whch i een curs, hs fost so ch gui the pais of foesnaion. THs always an extemal ‘eat fo dngerous, ester (ik pata of Hack people Scouting be scour of pos-srvctrta,postmadees pyc ‘Sapes al eminsn) Secon, mrs wat ca onl eal tech oF Innoene' or heen ofthe noe tone sel Mac ie. Wee se ead of ie exon ack sbje something ch Pople ineresingly dating ba hy may ot tae aly resions hsp conscquences: Wat ac here he recognition of Kenrdnay Sere of jective psn oc experiences ‘lho enter whch compas the exept the og Geet blac ih xemaly-» pobucly and cally conte ‘any, wish came be round ns nel 9 hel aca tmscndcntl acl eps sn wih tlre fs no Roratss awe ott henge it pay therein he mons ‘WS on eelaton she Hives an etal cxprence ne adjec Tis ntl evan weaken Fad of He nan Phat aca same componte won of ace aro he tea ach wl ier gute he flecviyofany crt pce tere oy fit ems Inst ale "Weta pu ism py 2 pose. Fin ae nt cea ge esti blak pete make them, Tey seo nese by we4 Stunt Ht ‘vie ofthe fat that hey del withthe black experience. Once you enter The poles of the en of fhe essen Black mbjet you ae planed beadong int the macltom of «continously contingent, onquarated, pleat argument nd dete!» erica plies, x polis of eres. You can no longer condict lack pits hugh the satgy of simple ting the place of the bao esseta white sujet, iy god black subject. Now, hat fomulation may Sem 10 {reat the collage ofan eae pla! world. Aterativey it may be rected with exrsordinay relict the pacing aay af what stone tine ‘emed to bea ncesiry Rion. Namely her tht al ack poople ae fod oid that al black pope re dhe same. Aer al, is one ofthe Predicts atom hat "you cat ell he ference Deas the a 1 the same” This docs not make it ay esi eoeeive of bow a polities tan be constractd which works wih pd tough ference, whic sable fo bull howe form of slay sn Menlieation which make common ugele and resistance poole but without suppressing the real hetero evel of intrest and entities, and which cm effectively draw the folic boundary lines witht which political cometaton impos by ithou xing those boundaries for etry. eats the movement in ‘lack polities, from wha Grant elle the wat of manoeuvte to the “wae of positon" the suggle sound postoalits. Bu the difiulty of ‘conceptaizng such + politics (and te tempation to sip nto a sor of Endl sliding discursive Herat plurals) doesnot absolve ws of the tank of developing sch plies “Te end ofthe went Hach subject aso eats «recognition that he conrad esos of race always appest Nstovialy fm aticuation, in a formation, wih othe calegvies and ivsions and are consanly crossed ld rece bythe eters of ls, of gener and emit. (make a ‘itinton here between ace and tinicy fo which Usb turn) Tome, ‘ls ike Terres, Pasion of Remembrance, My Beau Lawndrete nd Sammy and Rose Get La, for example, make it psec clear hat this shift hat en sogageds and tat the question ofthe black subject ‘Cannot be epesricd witout ference tothe dimensions of as, gender, ferusliy and tine. J DIFFERENCE, AND CONTESTATION ‘A furtereomequence of this pte af repeesentton i the slaw reng ‘ton of he deep nnbvsence of Werieation and dee, We thnk about Heniatonustlly x ple pres, cred seu xe "eves ‘whic we eter ae orate ne The ply of Mcmity an ference which onic rai spect nl ly By the pitino blacks as the Interior pees taunt the nme ine, by 8 expres envy nd Alesies am ths f seth the recoition of whi Toameatally places many of ou hither sable politica categories, since implies paces of enication and termes which more complex than We had Bien imagieed Rectan of couse operates by consrting impassable symbole boun auies belveen tavalyconsttued categories, and i pial. inary “psc of representation contny marks and temps of apd nt fae the diffrence between belongingness and theres. Alon. hs omit thore rises what Gayl Spivak calls the “epistemic violence" of the discourses ofthe Ott of imperiatinm, the colonized, Orin, The exe the priming, the amhrpologcal and the Tlie.” Conse. iquenly the discourse of antcracism had fen been founded on a state ‘dscourse opidedown, However, a6 Fanon consnly reminded! wy the pitemic voence both outside ad inside, and operates by a proces of ‘Ring on both sides of the evsion in here swell out te. Tat thy itis a queslon, not ony of “lackskn” but of “Blac-Stin, Whit [Stts'= the trmatiation of th selfs. Just as masculinity anys Constructs feminiy adaue = sllanously Madonna and Whore ~ 30 ‘lam contrac te black sbjet noble savage smd vilem avenge. And lithe doting fear and desine double for one athe and play aos the stractrs of otberaess, complicating is polis TRecenly { have read several aticles about the photographic text of| Robert Mapplethorpe esecially hi inscription ofthe made, lack male ein writen by Black ers or clara praciloners These essays Fropedy begin by Weniffing in Mapplethorpe work he ropes of eis inom he fagmentation of the Mack image and it objection, ws the rm of their apropition sith the white, gay ga. Bul, a 1 ven, 1 {iow that sometog else ging amas wel in fot the production andthe Feallng of towe texts. The coniquowscicing sound Mappletorpe's ‘Work ot existed by being slo to pce it asthe white fetish, {ny photographer ands becuse 8 also marked bythe srepiiows ‘elm af dese ~ that deep ambivalence of etieation which makes the ‘Stagores in wich we have previously thooght and argued abot lack tet poten and the black cura tox exrmely poem. Tis Frings ote fie the wwelconefct hl 4 eat deal of Hach plies, fhmarctelsablrextad and developed dec rela so questions of face and stint, has een predicated om the sss ta the et ori of gender an xeaiy wo The same al remain Hse Sorel. Wat the new polis of representation des Ho pat that ti {queton, crossing the questions of rcim revocably with questo of ‘Eevatiy. Tht i what x0 eign 0 many of ue etd Policalhabie abot Pasion of Remembrance This doe Facing mala ire Kind of pies fecnos, ax we kw, Wack alia frien tan rently Been alized noua ptt conceptionssg sun sek masculinity, whieh ate only now being pu into question y black ‘women and lack gay men. A extn pot ack pics has lo ees Snipe ty dep ence mre ply emi te wit ‘Another element inscribe in the new politi of representation has todo withthe gueation: af ethnicity. Tm fair wih all the dangers of vanity a concept and have writen mpl boul the fac that sfinity, in the form of 2 calturlly constructed sense of Eaglshess Snd's paricuurly closed, exclusive and regressive form of Enlsh Rationgh identity, 6 one of the coe chareteisies of Trish eis faa wel aware thatthe inf aici a fen “mutatis. On the other hand, asthe polis of representation) noun the bck sbjet shifts, | Think we sill Begin to sexs roneied onesttion over the meaning ofthe er ethnicity sel SJ I the black subject and ack experience arent sabilizcl by Nature oe ty some oer estentitguara, then it most be The case Tat Hey ate ‘Stnsrcted history, cally, polly ~ andthe concept which {eters to his fet” The term etniiy acknowledges the pace of istry. Language and cutee in the constoction of subjectviy and “entty, aswell s the fact tat all discourse is placed, postion, sit Sted, an all knowledge is contextual. Representation te pose only ‘becuase enunciation i ays produced within caes sich have 8 Bis too. poston within the dseuriv formations of parca space and Time. The dgplaceren of the “cenred” uscourses Of the Westen Plting in question is universalist character and is wanscendental las Tospe for everone, while being vel everywhere an nowhere. The fact that this grounding of ent in illereace was deployed inthe discourse ‘ofracim, 3 means of dsaowing the vealies of racism and repression ‘doce not mean tht we can pol the term to be permanently colonized “That appropriation wil have Tobe contested the erm di-aiculated From its postion inthe discoare of “multrelturalisn and transcode, jut 25 ‘we previotsly had to recuperate the tem black’ tom is place ina system. ‘of negative equivalenes. The new plies of representation therefore also) Sets in tion an Mcoogial contention around the ter emi Bat [node to pst that movement farther, we wil have fo Ytherizs the ‘concept of irene seems fo me that in he various practices and giscoures of lack calf production, we are begining to see consrctons of jst sch 4 ‘ew conception of ehniia new caltual pits which engages ate) than supetses diferece and which depends, a pat on te cull ‘consrton of now en ientles. Dilferene, the representation tao a llppery, and terete, ele concep. Tete ste ieee Which men radial ad tndgable parton: ab there 8 di ffecerve” New ation 447 litecoce? which i posonsl, conitonal and conjunetr, elas 19 Dertid'svotion of diferanee, hough i we are concerned 0 nai 2 ples canot be defined exclusively interns fan nite hiding of the pm We il ave ret dal of work odo wo decouple etnias Tomcions in the dominant discourse fem its equivalence with atonal, imperiaism, ci atd the sate, which are the Ponts of allachmen ound wiih + diintive Briss or, more aecuratly, English thnicy five een constivted. Nevertheless I thnk such a projects ot only possble tut necessary. Tndeed, this Secoupling of etmiity trom the fotence of the sate implicit in some of the new forms of curl practice that ave going of im fms ike Passion and Hendsworh Song. move diverse conception of ethnic, 1 et agus the eabatd, eas ‘monic conception a Englishes" which, under Thatcher, sabi 0 noch ofthe dominant politcal and clturl discourses, nd which, beease (itis hegemonic, doesnot represen ise asap etiiy at al.) “Thin ark areal shit inte pot of cotetion, sce ts Tonge oly tencenatrrecis an! malian bul mide the nin of etnicly ll, What is involved i the spliting a te nation of ety betwen, on {he one andthe dominant notion which comics onlin ad ae" wd ‘nthe other band wha hing the begining oa postive conception ofthe {thay of the mari he perpery. That st, a eognton that we {Mtspesk tom sparta place, oa paula Nistor ou of «puriuie apeince, parle cure, vaout being contained by that postion ay “Stn sso fim-makets We areal hat Sense, eal eat and ‘Gaeta entities are crc fo our subjective sense of who we ae: ut his {ian ecopniton tat ths na iy whic sored to survive a= Engistoess ws, only by maginalisng, disposing displacing and for beting berets, Tis pecly the oles of misty predicted ‘on ference and divert. “The fn point whic I think is ena in his new polit of repre sentation has odo with an awareness ofthe black experience sa daspore apeiene, and the consequences wich this cas fr the process of “aeing, recombination, hybridization and “eatand-mix’~in sor he proces of cultural daspora-aetion (ein anu tern) which pies, Fhe cae ofthe young book Trin ims and i-mate ure deus on the daypora experience ceva profoundly fe and nourished by. Iremple te emergence of Thad Word einea; by the Altea xparene: ihe conncetion with Afo-Caiboesnexperiene; and the ‘ep inheritance of complex systems of representation and astetie al tion ffom Asian and Asean cule. But. insite ofthese rich cual om ths pew alta polis ix opeaing on new aml gute dint ground spoil, contestation over wat I meats to he Bri The Feion of this ultra polis 40 the ps 10 iy lifter wns fy166 Stunt Ha profound, but complex. It canst be simple or unmedited eis 4 fm Tike Dreuming iver eminds us) complexly mediated and ranformed By ‘memory. anisy spd dese. Or, seven an expiily pola! ly Uke IManasorsh Songs lealy sages, the relations inte entual~ mediated, Urouph a variety of ole lexts Thee cam, therefore, be mo simple "return eecovery” ofthe ancestral past which fe no re-ererensed | hough te extegories ofthe present no base for eeative enunciation ‘imple production of tadonal forms which are wo ransormed by Technologies and the emits of the present. This I something tht was ‘Signal sexy a «film like Blacks frtannica and a cet a Pl Gitoys importa book, There Ain No Black inthe Uni Jack” Fifeen ‘ess ao we did car, ora least id cre, wheter tere as ay back a the Union Jack: Now nt only do we cre we mas, “Thiele poit suggests that we are also approaching wha U would call ‘he en of ern eal innocence in ack calurlplts, And bee, might be appropriate to refer, glncngl, to the debe Deween Salman Reshiie and mycin the Gurion rme moms ap. Te debate was nat shout whether Handsworth Samgs ot The Pasion of Remembrance were fea ns or nt because, nthe light of what T hae sai once you ene this pact problematic the question of what goo lms ae, which pats ‘of them ate goed and why, is apen to she polities of ens. Oace yo andan esc ctegris, tee is no place ogo apart ro he pies Of enticism dt ener the ples of eticlsm a Mack elt so gro tin to leave the age of eal fnocence, al ites not Salman Rashi’ particu adgment hat Iwas contesting Addressing the lms 28 I fom the sable, wellestblsed rte ete ‘8 Guardian reviewer. as trying perhaps unsuccessfully 10 sy th ‘hough this an inadequate Basis fr polices ad one which ‘overlooked precisely the sigs of fnovaton, andthe constraint der ‘which these firmakers were operating” I dfenl fo define what an iematve mode of ares would ber I cern did't waat Salman Rashi to sy he thought the fms were good because they were black, aL sso die’ wat hen 0 ay tha he hows they weren't good because ‘we creative artists al know what goo films ar" since T 9 Tonger Relieve swe cam resolve the questions of sesthebc vaive by the tof these Transcendental, canons ella categories. hink thee is another posi tion one which Ioetesdself inside 4 cotnuous stuggle aad poles ‘ound black represeatation, but which then i able to open up a conte ‘ous eral scouts aout themes, abou the forms of reesettion he rubjets of representation, shovel, the regimes af reqreenation, | {hot twee porn, a apt, to Hnervenc to yn ett ‘mode of erin ree righ cation the new Mack nein, ‘Rexiremely ricky, 81 ko, fect appei lervenng New etieios 449 the mode of ates wrong fo! I filed to comenicte the fae hat in Felton to his Guarda ariel {thought Salman was hopes wrong ‘Shout Handnwordh Song: which dos notin anyway diminish my jul ‘ment aout te satire of Midnight's Children cpt hat Foul ge Tight, exactly, Because the politics af ela hast Be able To get bo things ih Such a policy of citcam has to be able to say (just to give one zal) wy My Resid Leave ef he ms ing a Stmporian is produced bya black writer in recent years 3 pcs for the aso tat made iso Conover is refoa to repese! the lack txpeienc in Briain a monolith, self-contained ex stabilized and jays rgh-on" = inn orytways an way ps’ bat Hat Keishi hs called, ‘heen fetions the writer 8 publi elation offer, 8 hired Hae I here i 10 be a tevius step fo understand Din toy, wth its of races ad ours, hysteria a en wting aio th oe come pews icant apologize or Weare. Itcan't sentinefalig and Wt ean Fepresent only one group as having » monapay on vitue “Loundrete is imporant particulary interns of is conta, of knowing ‘wut iis doing, te text crosses those fomiers between gender, ce ‘Shniiysealy an clas. Sammy and Rosie also a bold and aver. {eros i, though in some ways fee cabeen, aot so sure of where i {ning overdrven by on slmos conte, cool anger. One tees 0 be {blo offer that a eal jgement an to argue throug, to have ‘nes mind changed, without sndermining one's essen comment 10 the proeeof the polities of back repesotation ores ‘The Yor ims of Dewey became he ous of mato tenon when ‘the pret ihe the chic from oa school ith pesany ‘Sm an he ane og car wy ng gn Be “Znderpioned The Sonrowcrscs mound Bradford headmaster ay Hoveyford Se"Paul Gono, “The New Rig ace snd ederion; Race ‘on! Class Six), Weer 8 . ya Spe I her Wort amy Cala! Pte: Metue, 1987. ein Sear nape ma x Fa sid ra 6) Poconos Too Comedahtteen, UN apd ato aes Fen Ue an ue 0 Blak sxprencs eed by Dav A, tl 4 Si Hy Race orion nF Miia ia ‘Commi fo ace ti, 17 Bal Gite Pre Alt No Dick tthe Un Jak: Te Catal Pte of Roce ond Nato tise, 1 «thn Raaa yw Ont, 20 Noe