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PartCMachinery,Electricity,AutomationandFireProtection
Chapter1Machinery
Section10PipingSystems
9Air,soundingandoverflowpipes

9.1Airpipes

9.1.1Principle
Airpipesaretobefittedtoalltanks,doublebottoms,cofferdams,tunnelsandothercompartmentswhichare
notfittedwithalternativeventilationarrangements,inordertoallowthepassageofairorliquidsoasto
preventexcessivepressureorvacuuminthetanksorcompartments,inparticularinthosewhicharefitted
withpipinginstallations.Theiropenendsaretobesoarrangedastopreventthefreeentryofseawaterinthe
compartments.

9.1.2Numberandpositionofairpipes

a.Airpipesaretobesoarrangedandtheupperpartofcompartmentssodesignedthatairorgaslikelyto
accumulateatanypointinthecompartmentscanfreelyevacuate.
b.Airpipesaretobefittedoppositethefillingpipesand/oratthehighestpartsofthecompartments,the
shipbeingassumedtobeonanevenkeel.
c.Ingeneral,twoairpipesaretobefittedforeachcompartment,exceptinsmallcompartments,where
onlyoneairpipemaybeaccepted.Whenthetopofthecompartmentisofirregularform,thepositionof
airpipeswillbegivenspecialconsiderationbytheSociety.
Note1:Twoairventsarenormallyrequiredforlongtankse.g.aballasttankinadoublehullship.
Inmachineryspaces,twoairventsarenotnormallyrequired.
d.Whereonlyoneairpipeisprovided,itisnottobeusedasafillingpipe.

9.1.3Locationofopenendsofairpipes

a.Airpipesofdoublebottomcompartments,tunnels,deeptanksandothercompartmentswhichcancome
intocontactwiththeseaorbefloodedintheeventofhulldamagearetobeledtoabovethebulkhead
deckorthefreeboarddeck.
Note1:Inshipsnotprovidedwithadoublebottom,airpipesofsmallcofferdamsortanksnotcontainingfueloilor
lubricatingoilmaydischargewithinthespaceconcerned.
b.Airpipesoftanksintendedtobepumpeduparetobeledtotheopenabovethebulkheaddeckorthe
freeboarddeck.
c.Airpipesotherthanthoseoffueloiltanksmaybeledtoenclosedcargospacessituatedabovethe
freeboarddeck,providedthatsuchspacesarefittedwithscuppersdischargingoverboard,whichare
capableofdrainingallthewaterwhichmayenterthroughtheairpipeswithoutgivingrisetoanywater
accumulation.
d.Airpipesoftanksotherthanoiltanksmaydischargethroughthesideofthesuperstructure.
e.Theairpipeofthescuppertankistobeledtoabovefreeboarddeck.
f.Thelocationofairpipesforflammableoiltanksisalsotocomplywith[9.1.7].

9.1.4Heightofairpipes

a.Theheightofairpipesextendingabovethefreeboarddeckorsuperstructuredeckfromthedecktothe
pointwherewatermayhaveaccessbelowistobeatleast:
760mmonthefreeboarddeck,and
450mmonthesuperstructuredeck.
Thisheightistobemeasuredfromtheupperfaceofthedeck,includingsheathingoranyothercovering,
uptothepointwherewatermaypenetrateinboard.
b.Wheretheseheightsmayinterferewiththeworkingoftheship,alowerheightmaybeapproved,
providedtheSocietyissatisfiedthatthisisjustifiedbytheclosingarrangementsandother
circumstances.Satisfactorymeanswhicharepermanentlyattachedaretobeprovidedforclosingthe
openingsoftheairpipes.
c.Theheightofairpipesmayberequiredtobeincreasedonshipsforthepurposeofcompliancewith
buoyancycalculations.
d.Theheightofairpipesdischargingthroughthesideofthesuperstructureistobeatleast2,3mabove
thesummerloadwaterline.

Note1:Forshipstobeassignedarestrictednavigationnotation,theheightofairpipesmaybereducedto:

450mmonthefreeboarddeck,
300mmonthesuperstructuredeck.

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9.1.5Fittingofclosingappliances

a.Satisfactoryapplianceswhicharepermanentlyattachedaretobeprovidedforclosingtheopeningsofair
pipesinordertopreventthefreeentryofwaterintothespacesconcerned,exceptforpipesoftanks
fittedwithcrossfloodingconnections.
b.Automaticclosingappliancesaretobefittedinthefollowingcases:
where,withtheshipatitssummerloadwaterline,theopeningsareimmersedatanangleofheelof
40or,attheangleofdownfloodingifthelatterislessthan40
where,asper[9.1.3]itemc),airpipesterminateinenclosedspaces
where,asper[9.1.4]itemb),airpipeshaveaheightlowerthanthatrequiredin[9.1.4]itema)
andforshipsassignedtimberfreeboard.
SeealsoPtB,Ch3,Sec2,[2.1.2]andPtB,Ch3,Sec3,[3.3.2].
c.AutomaticclosingappliancesaretobeofatypeapprovedbytheSociety.Requirementsfortypetestsare
givenin[20.2.2].
d.Forshipssubjecttospecificbuoyancyorstabilityrequirements,thefittingofclosingappliancestoair
pipeswillbegivenspecialconsideration.
e.Pressure/vacuumvalvesinstalledoncargotanks,asperPartE,Chapter7andPartE,Chapter8,canbe
acceptedasclosingappliances.

9.1.6Designofclosingappliances

a.Whenclosingappliancesarerequestedtobeofanautomatictype,theyaretocomplywiththefollowing:
Theyaretopreventfreeentryofwaterintothetanks.
Theyaretoallowthepassageofairorliquidtopreventexcessivepressureorvacuumcomingonthe
tank.
Theyaretobesodesignedthattheywithstandbothambientandworkingconditionsuptoan
inclinationof40to+40withoutfailureordamage.
Theyaretobesodesignedastoallowinspectionoftheclosureandtheinsideofthecasingaswell
aschangingoftheseals.
Wheretheyareofthefloattype,suitableguidesaretobeprovidedtoensureunobstructedoperation
underallworkingconditionsofheelandtrim.
Efficientseatingarrangementsaretobeprovidedfortheclosures.
Theyaretobeselfdraining.
Theclearareathroughanairpipeclosingapplianceistobeatleastequaltotheareaoftheinlet.
Themaximumallowabletolerancesforwallthicknessoffloatsisnottoexceed10%ofthenominal
thickness.
Theircasingsaretobeofapprovedmetallicmaterialsadequatelyprotectedagainstcorrosion.
Closuresandseatsmadeofnonmetallicmaterialsaretobecompatiblewiththemediatobecarried
inthetankandwithseawateratambienttemperaturesbetween25Cand+85C.
b.Whereclosingappliancesarenotofanautomatictype,provisionistobemadeforrelievingvacuumwhen
thetanksarebeingpumpedout.Forthispurpose,aholeofapproximately10mmindiametermaybe
providedinthebendoftheairpipeoratanyothersuitablepositionintheclosingappliance.
c.Woodenplugsandtrailingcanvasarenotpermittedinposition1orposition2,asdefinedinPtB,Ch1,
Sec2.

9.1.7Specialarrangementsforairpipesofflammableoiltanks

a.Airpipesfromfueloilandthermaloiltanksaretodischargetoasafepositionontheopendeckwhereno
dangerwillbeincurredfromissuingoilorgases.
Wherefitted,wiregauzediaphragmsaretobeofcorrosionresistantmaterialandreadilyremovablefor
cleaningandreplacement.Theclearareaofsuchdiaphragmsisnottobelessthanthecrosssectional
areaofthepipe.
b.Airpipesoflubricatingorhydraulicoilstoragetanksnotsubjecttofloodingintheeventofhulldamage
maybeledtomachineryspaces,providedthatinthecaseofoverflowingtheoilcannotcomeintocontact
withelectricalequipment,hotsurfacesorothersourcesofignition.
c.Thelocationandarrangementofventpipesforfueloilservice,settlingandlubricationoiltanksaretobe
suchthatintheeventofabrokenventpipethereisnoriskofingressofseawaterorrainwater.
d.Airpipesoffueloilservice,settlingandlubricationoiltankslikelytobedamagedbyimpactforcesareto
beadequatelyreinforced.
e.Whereseawaterorrainwatermayenterfueloilservice,settlingandlubricationoiltanksthroughbroken
airpipes,arrangementssuchaswatertrapswith:
automaticdraining,or
alarmforwateraccumulation
aretobeprovided.

9.1.8Constructionofairpipes

a.Whereairpipestoballastandothertanksextendabovethefreeboarddeckorsuperstructuredeck,the
exposedpartsofthepipesaretobeofsubstantialconstruction,withaminimumwallthicknessofat
least:
6,0mmforpipesof80mmorsmallerexternaldiameter
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8,5mmforpipesof165mmorgreaterexternaldiameter,
Intermediateminimumthicknessesmaybedeterminedbylinearinterpolation.
b.Airpipeswithheightexceeding900mmaretobeadditionallysupported.
c.Ineachcompartmentlikelytobepumpedup,andwherenooverflowpipeisprovided,thetotalcross
sectionalareaofairpipesisnottobelessthan1,25timesthecrosssectionalareaofthecorresponding
fillingpipes.
d.Theinternaldiameterofairpipesisnottobelessthan50mm,exceptfortanksoflessthan2m3.

Table25:760mmairpipethicknessandbracketstandards
Nominalpipediameter Minimumfitted Maximumprojectedarea Heightofbrackets(1)
(mm) grossthickness(mm) ofhead(cm2) (mm)
40A(3) 6,0 520
50A(3) 6,0 520
65A 6,0 480
80A 6,3 460
100A 7,0 380
125A 7,8 300
150A 8,5 300
175A 8,5 300
200A 8,5(2) 1900 300(2)
250A 8,5(2) 2500 300(2)
300A 8,5(2) 3200 300(2)
350A 8,5(2) 3800 300(2)
400A 8,5(2) 4500 300(2)

(1)Brackets(see[9.1.9]itemsb)toh))neednotextendoverthejointflangeforthehead.
(2)Bracketsarerequiredwheretheasfitted(gross)thicknessislessthan10,5mm,orwherethetabulated
projectedheadareaisexceeded.
(3)NotpermittedfornewshipsseeTab6.
Note1:Forotherairpipeheights,therelevantrequirementsof[9.1.9]aretobeapplied.

Table26:900mmventilatorpipethicknessandbracketstandards
Nominalpipediameter Minimumfitted Maximumprojectedarea Heightofbrackets
(mm) grossthickness,(mm) ofhead(cm2) (mm)
80A 6,3 460
100A 7,0 380
150A 8,5 300
200A 8,5 550
250A 8,5 880
300A 8,5 1200
350A 8,5 2000
400A 8,5 2700
450A 8,5 3300
500A 8,5 4000

Note1:Forotherventilatorheights,therelevantrequirementsof[9.1.9],itemsb)toh),aretobeapplied.

9.1.9Strengthrequirementstoresistgreenseaforcesfortheairpipes,ventilatorpipesandtheir
closingdeviceslocatedwithintheforwardquarterlength

a.Inadditiontoallotherrequirementsspecifiedbefore,followingshallapplyontheexposeddeckoverthe
forward0,25L,applicableto:
Allshiptypesofseagoingserviceoflength80mormore,wheretheheightoftheexposeddeckin
wayoftheitemislessthan0,1Lor22mabovethesummerloadwaterline,whicheveristhelesser.
Forapplicationtoexistingships(thatarecontractedforconstructionpriorto1January2004),see
PartA,Chapter6.
Therulelength"L"isthedistance,inm,takenasdefinedinPtB,Ch1,Sec2,[3.1.1].
b.Generally,thebendingmomentsandstressesinairandventilatorpipesaretobecalculatedatfollowing
criticalpositions:
atpenetrationpieces
atweldorflangeconnections
attoesofsupportingbrackets.

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Bendingstressesinthenetsectionarenottoexceed0,8ofthespecifiedminimumyieldstressor0,2%
proofstressofthesteelatroomtemperature.Irrespectiveofcorrosionprotection,acorrosionadditionto
thenetsectionof2,0mmisthentobeapplied.
Relevantdrawingandcalculationshallbesubmitted.
c.Forstandardairpipesof760mmheightclosedbyheadsofnotmorethanthetabulatedprojectedarea,
pipethicknessandbracketheightsarespecifiedinTab25.Wherebracketsarerequired,threeormore
radialbracketsaretobefitted.Bracketsaretobeofgrossthickness8mmormore,ofminimumlength
100mm,andheightaccordingtoTab26butneednotextendoverthejointflangeforthehead.Bracket
toesatthedeckaretobesuitablysupported.
d.Forotherconfigurations,loadsaccordingtoitemi)aretobeapplied,andmeansofsupportdeterminedin
ordertocomplywiththerequirementsofitemb).Brackets,wherefitted,aretobeofsuitablethickness
andlengthaccordingtotheirheight.Pipethicknessisnottobetakenlessthanasindicatedin[9.1.8].
e.Forstandardventilatorsof900mmheightclosedbyheadsofnotmorethanthetabulatedprojectedarea,
pipethicknessandbracketheightsarespecifiedinTab26.Brackets,whererequiredaretobeasspecified
initemc).SeealsoPtB,Ch9,Sec9,[8].
f.Forventilatorsofheightgreaterthan900mm,bracketsoralternativemeansofsupportshallbefitted
accordingtothearrangementacceptabletotheSociety.SeealsoPtB,Ch9,Sec9,[8].Pipethicknessis
nottobetakenlessthanasindicatedin[9.1.8].
g.Allcomponentpartsandconnectionsoftheairpipeorventilatoraretobecapableofwithstandingthe
loadsdefinedinitemi).
h.Rotatingtypemushroomventilatorheadsarenotsuitableforapplicationintheareaswherethese
requirementsareapplied.
i.Appliedloadingmaybecalculated:
Thepressuresp,inkN/m2,actingonairpipes,ventilatorpipesandtheirclosingdevicesmaybe
calculatedfrom:
p=0,5V2CdCsCp
where:
: Densityofseawater,equalto1,025t/m3
V : Velocityofwaterovertheforedeck,equalto13,5m/sec
Cd : Shapecoefficient,equalto:
0,5forpipes
1,3forairpipeorventilatorheadsingeneral
0,8foranairpipeorventilatorheadofcylindricalformwithitsaxisinthe
verticaldirection
Cs : Slammingcoefficient,equalto3,2
Cp : Protectioncoefficient,equalto:
0,7forpipesandventilatorheadslocatedimmediatelybehindabreakwaterora
forecastle
1,0elsewhereandimmediatelybehindabulwark.
Forcesactinginthehorizontaldirectiononthepipeanditsclosingdevicemaybecalculatedfrom
formulaabove,usingthelargestprojectedareaofeachcomponent.

Next:9.2Soundingpipes

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