Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination in Power Systems

Overvoltage Protection
and
Insulation Coordination
in Power Systems
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Hinrichsen

Dipl.-Ing. Simona Feier-Iova
Technische Universität Darmstadt
High Voltage Laboratories
© Siemens
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 -1-
What is Insulation Coordination?
Definition
Definition in
in IEC
IEC 60071-1
60071-1
Definition
Definition in
in IEEE
IEEE 1313.1
1313.1
Fachgebiet
Fundamentals of Insulation Coordination
5
Possible voltages without arresters
Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.
4
Withstand voltage of equipment
1
Voltages limited by arresters
0
Lightning overvoltages Switching overvoltages Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment
(Microseconds) (Milliseconds) (Seconds) (Continuously)
Time duration of (over-)voltage
Fachgebiet
What is Insulation Coordination?
Procedure of insulation coordination [THI-01]
Three
Three elements
elements are
are involved
involved in
in the
the insulation
insulation coordination
coordination discipline,
discipline, namely:
namely:
•• the
the study
study of
of the
the "stresses",
"stresses", both
both electrical
electrical and
and environmental,
environmental, acting
acting on
on the
the equipment
equipment
insulation.
insulation. This
This is
is usually
usually performed
performed by
by calculations
calculations or
or field
field measurements;
measurements;
•• the
the study
study of the "strength"
of the "strength" (dielectric
(dielectric withstand
withstand characteristics)
characteristics) of of the
the insulation
insulation (both
(both
new
new and
and aged)
aged) when
when submitted
submitted to
to such
such stresses,
stresses, taking
taking into
into account,
account, when
when applicable,
applicable,
the
the effect
effect of
of the
the environmental
environmental stresses
stresses (pollution,
(pollution, rain,
rain, snow,
snow, ice,
ice, atmospheric
atmospheric
conditions
conditions atat large
large altidudes),
altidudes), including
including the
the study
study of
of the
the "test
"test and
and measurement
measurement
techniques"
techniques" which
which are
are employed
employed toto assess
assess such
such strength.
strength. The
The strength
strength is is determined
determined
by
by calculations,
calculations, based
based on on suitable
suitable discharge
discharge models,
models, and/or
and/or by
by laboratory/factory
laboratory/factory tests,
tests,
on-site
on-site tests
tests and
and in-service
in-service measurements
measurements (diagnostics);
(diagnostics);
•• the
the assessment
assessment of of the
the insulation
insulation performance
performance (usually
(usually expressed
expressed inin terms
terms ofof risk
risk of
of
failure)
failure) in
in the
the considered
considered situation
situation of
of stresses
stresses and
and strength,
strength, including
including the
the selection
selection and
and
application
application of of "protective
"protective devices
devices and
and techniques",
techniques", to
to establish
establish the
the final
final insulation
insulation
design
design fulfilling
fulfilling the
the specified
specified requirements.
requirements. This
This may
may bebe based
based on
on "deterministic"
"deterministic" or or
"statistical"
"statistical" approach.
approach.
Fachgebiet
Literature (1)
[BAL-04-1] G. Balzer
Power Systems, Part 2
Chapter 4: Insulation coordination
Script TU Darmstadt, 2004
[BAL-04-2] G. Balzer
Elektrische Energieversorgung, Teil 2
Kapitel 4: Isolationskoordination
Skript der TU Darmstadt, 2004
[CIG-73] CIGRE W.G. 13-02

Switching overvoltages in EHV and UHV systems with special reference
to closing and reclosing transmission lines
ELECTRA 30 (1973) pp. 70-122
[CIG-79-1] CIGRE WG 33.02

Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination:
Part 1: Switching overvoltages in three-phase systems
ELECTRA 64 (1979) pp. 138-158

Phase-to-phase Insulation Co-ordination
Part 2: Switching impulse strength of phase-to-phase external insulation
ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 158-181
Fachgebiet
Literature (2)
Part 3: Design and testing of phase-to-phase insulation
ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 182-210
[CIG-79-4] CIGRE TF 33-03.03

Part 4: The influence of non-standard conditions on the switching impulse strength
of phase-to-phase insulation
ELECTRA 64 1979, pp. 211-230
[CIG-91] CIGRE WG 33.01

Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance of
transmission lines, CIGRE technical brochure No. 63, 1991
buch_020.pdf
[CIG-92] CIGRE WG 33-07

Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external
insulation, CIGRE technical brochure No. 72, 1992
buch_019.pdf
[DOR-81] H. Dorsch
Überspannungen und Isolationsbemessung bei Drehstrom-Hochspannungsanlagen
Siemens AG, Erlangen, 1981 (ISBN 3-8009-1325-9)
Fachgebiet
Literature (3)
[ERI-88] A.J. Eriksson, K.-H. Weck
Simplified procedures for determining representative substation impinging lightning
overvoltages, CIGRE report 33-16, 1988
[ETG-93] ETG-Fachbericht 49
ETG-Tage '93: Isolationskoordination in Hoch- und Mittelspannungsanlagen
vde-Verlag GmbH Berlin, Offenbach (ISBN 0341-3934)
[FGH-78] FGH Technischer Bericht 1-240

Isolationskoordination auf der Grundlage der neuen DIN/VDE-Bestimmung 0111
FGH, Mannheim, Juli 1978
[HIL-99] A. R. Hileman
Insulation Coordination for Power Systems
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Basel, 1999
[HIN-00] V. Hinrichsen
Metalloxidableiter: Grundlagen
Siemens AG Berlin, 1. Auflage 2000
AbleiterBuch.pdf
Metalloxidableiter: Grundlagen
Siemens AG Berlin, Edition 1, 2001
ArresterBook.pdf
Fachgebiet
Literature (4)
Latest Designs and Service Experience with Station-Class Polymer Housed Surge Arresters
World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings
Marbella (Málaga), Spain, November 16-19, 2003, Proceedings pp. 85-96
pub_048.pdf
[KIN-05] V. Hinrichsen
Latest Testing Requirements and Emerging Standards for Transmission Line Arresters
World Conference on Insulators, Arresters & Bushings
Hong Kong, November 27-30, 2005
inmr_2005_paper.pdf
[KIS-84] I. Kishizima, K. Matsumoto, Y. Watanabe, New facilities for phase switching impulse
tests and some test results, IEEE PAS TO3 No. 6, June 1984 pp. 1211-1216.
[KOE-93-1] D. König, Y. N. Rao

Teilentladungen in Betriebsmitteln der Energietechnik
vde-Verlag, Berlin, Offenburg, 1993, ISBN 3-8007-1764-6
[KOE-93-2] D. König, Y. N. Rao

Partial discharges in Power Apparatus
vde-Verlag, Berlin, Offenburg, 1993, ISBN 3-8007-1760-3
Fachgebiet
Literature (5)
[PAR-68] L. Paris, R. Cortina
Switching and lightning impulse discharge characteristics of large air gaps and long insulation
strings, IEEE Trans on PAS, vol 87, No. 4, April 1968, p. 947-957
[RUD-99-1] R. Rudolph, B. Richter

Dimensioning, testing and application of metal oxide surge arresters in medium voltage networks
3rd Edition, 1999, ABB Switzerland, 26 pages (also available in German)
application_guide_medium_voltage_networks.pdf
[RUD-99-2] R. Rudolph, B. Richter

Bemessung, Prüfung und Einsatz von Metalloxid-Ableitern in Mittelspannungsnetzen
ABB Schweiz AG, Wettingen (CH), 3. Auflage 1999
Anwendungsrichtlinien_Mittelspannung.pdf
[THI-01] L. Thione
Insulation coordination in electrical power systems – theory and application
Tutorial, ALPI, Milan, 2001 (www.alpiass.com)
buch_018.pdf
Fachgebiet
Literature (6)
[WEC-07] K.-H. Weck
Standardization of insulation withstand levels for UHV systems in
IEC TC 28 „Insulation co-ordination”
IEC/CIGRE UHV Symposium Beijing 18-21 July 2007, report 5-4
5-4_KHWeck.pdf
Overview on CIGRE publications (very interesting!): Cigré Catalogue of Publications 01/07/2005

CATALOGUE_PUBLICATIONS_2005.pdf
Fachgebiet
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 1 - 10 -
Standards (1)
IEC 60071-1, Edition 8.0 (2006-01)
Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
IEC 60071-2, Third Edition (1996-12)

Insulation co-ordination – Part 2: Application guide
IEC/TR 60071-4, First Edition (2004-06)

Insulation co-ordination - Part 4: Computational guide to insulation co-ordination and modelling of
electrical networks
IEC 60099-4, Ed. 2.1, 2006-07
Surge arresters – Part 4: Metal-oxide surge arresters without gaps for a.c. systems
IEC 60099-5, Ed. 1.1, 2000-03

Surge arresters – Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
DIN EN 60071-1, 1996-07

Isolationskoordination - Teil 1: Begriffe, Grundsätze und Anforderungen (IEC 60071-1:1993); Deutsche Fassung EN
60071-1:1995
DIN EN 60071-2, 1997-09

Isolationskoordination - Teil 2: Anwendungsrichtlinie (IEC 60071-2:1996); Deutsche Fassung EN 60071-2:1997
IEEE 1313.1-1996
IEEE Standard for Insulation Coordination—Definitions, Principles, and Rules
Fachgebiet
Standards (2)
IEEE 1313.2-1999
IEEE Guide for the Application of Insulation Coordination
IEEE C62.11-2005
IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits (> 1 kV)
IEEE C62.22-1997
IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating-Current Systems
Fachgebiet
Organization
1 18.10.2007 Lecture 1 Introduction
2 25.10.2007 Lecture 2
3 01.11.2007 Lecture 3 Voltage stresses
08.11.2007 cancelled in power systems

4 15.11.2007 Lecture 4
5 22.11.2007 Lecture 5 Traveling waves
6 29.11.2007 Lecture 6 Overvoltage protection incl. protective distance
7 06.12.2007 Lecture 7 Dielectric strength (incl. gap factors,
8 13.12.2007 Lecture 8 pollution, rain, parallel insulation, aging)
9 20.12.2007 Lecture 9 Insulation coordination
27.12.2007 Christmas holidays
03.01.2008 Christmas holidays
10 10.01.2008 Lecture 10 Insulation coordination
11 17.01.2008 Lecture 11 Calculation Examples
12 24.01.2008 Lecture 12 Test procedures; condition monitoring (life time aspects, partial
13 31.01.2008 Lecture 13 discharges, non-conventional approaches)
Fachgebiet
Organization
Examination
Examination
Exclusively oral
Exercises
Exercises
None; but calculation examples in the lecture
Script
Script
Slides will be available for download
www.hst.tu-darmstadt.de
User: studentiso
PW: isows0708
Fachgebiet
Insulation Coordination - Principles
System
System voltages
Overvoltage
protection devices
stress
versus
Equipment
Environment strength
Dielectric
strength
Fachgebiet
• Voltages of the system

– Nominal voltage Un
» rounded value for characterizing the system
» 10 kV - 20 kV - 110 kV - 220 kV - 380 kV
– System voltage
» voltage at which the system is being operated
» around the nominal value, but not constant
– Highest system voltage Us
» highest operating voltage between phases under normal conditions
» 12 kV - 24 kV - 123 kV - 245 kV - 420 kV (IEC 60038)
• Voltages of equipment
– Highest voltage for equipment Um
» highest voltage between phases for which the insulation is designed
» 12 kV - 24 kV - 123 kV - 245 kV - 420 kV (IEC 60071-1)
Fachgebiet
• Overvoltages
– voltages exceeding the peak value of the highest system voltage
– various amplitudes and shapes depending on
» system configuration (grid size, degree of meshing, etc.)
» origin of overvoltage (failure, switching, lightning strike etc.)
• Dielectric strength of insulation
– verified by type test in the laboratory with the help of
» standardized test voltages (shape, amplitude)
» specified test setups
» specified environmental conditions
• Insulation coordination
– Determination of interdependence between voltages and
overvoltages of the system and necessary test voltages for the
equipment in the laboratory
Fachgebiet
Equipment in Equipment in
the system the laboratory
Variety
Variety of
of amplitudes
amplitudes and
and Standardized
Standardized amplitudes
amplitudes
shapes
shapes ofof overvoltages
overvoltages and
and shapes
shapes of
of test
test voltages
voltages
Variety
Variety of
of operating
operating Standardized
Standardized setups
setups
conditions
conditions and
and age
age and
and conditions
conditions
Variety
Variety of
of Standardized
Standardized
environmental
environmental conditions
conditions environmental
environmental conditions
conditions
Fachgebiet
bb 1 Insulation phase - ground

stressed by voltages between one phase and ground
bb 2 1
3 Insulation phase - phase

stressed by voltages between two phases
1
2
Longitudinal insulation
busbar disconnectors stressed by voltages between same phases of
two different systems
line
3
Fachgebiet
Insulation Coordination according to IEC 60071-1 (and 60071-2)
Fachgebiet
Fachgebiet
...39
...39 pages
pages in
in sum
sum
Procedure
Procedure for for
insulation
insulation
coordination
coordination
== 10
10 pages!
pages!
Fachgebiet
Fachgebiet
Fachgebiet
Fachgebiet
Fachgebiet
Fachgebiet
...125
...125 pages
pages in
in sum
sum
Fachgebiet
Procedure for Insulation Coordination - General
The procedure for insulation coordination consists of the selection of a set of
standard withstand voltages which characterize the insulation of the
equipment.
Range I Range II
Fachgebiet
Procedure for Insulation Coordination - General
Basic difference between ranges I and II
Minimum
Minimum ofof withstand
withstand
Range gap spacing 3 m voltage
voltage for
for switching
switching
Range IIII
overvoltage
overvoltage
withstand voltage
Range
Range II Withstand
Withstand voltage
voltage
gap spacing 0.5 m continuously
continuously
decreasing
decreasing with
with time
time
[FGH-78] duration
duration of
of stress
stress
peak
time duration of stress
Fachgebiet
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps
Determination of the representative overvoltages Urp

• The representative overvoltages are derived from real service conditions, but have
just standardized shapes.
• They are determined in amplitude, shape and duration by system analysis, taking
into account overvoltage limiting devices.
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Determination of the coordination withstand voltages Ucw
• The coordination withstand voltages are the lowest values of withstand voltages of
each overvoltage class, for which the expected low failure rate of the equipment is not
exceeded over its full lifetime.
• Derived from the representative overvoltages Urp by the coordination factor Kc.
Typical for
Germany:
0.1% per year
1 failure in
1000 years
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Deterministic
Deterministic approach
approach Statistical
Statistical approach
approach
Assumed
Assumed maximum
maximum Statistical
Statistical distribution
distribution of
of
of
of representative
representative overvoltage
overvoltage representative
representative overvoltages
overvoltages
Determination
Determination ofof
failure
failure probability
probability of
of insulation
insulation
Multiplication
Multiplication by
by coordination
coordination Calculation
Calculation of
of failure
failure risk
risk
factor
factor based
based on
on depending
depending on
on assumed
assumed
operating
operating experience
experience coordination
coordination withstand
withstand voltage
voltage
Coordination
Coordination withstand
withstand voltage
voltage
Assumed
Assumed conventional
conventional U (0% value)
cw (0% value)
Ucw Statistical
Statistical U
Ucw (10% value)
cw (10% value)
Fachgebiet
Determination of the required withstand voltages Urw
• The required withstand voltages are determined by converting the coordination withstand
voltages to appropriate standard test conditions.
• Usually different from the coordination withstand voltages.
• Derived from the coordination withstand voltages Ucw by the safety factor Ks and the
atmospheric correction factor Kt or the altitude correction factor Ka.
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Influences covered by the safety factor Ks

• Differences in equipment assembly
• Dispersion in product quality
• Quality of installation
• Aging of the installation during expected lifetime
• Other unknown influences
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Determination of the required withstand voltages Urw
• The required withstand voltages are determined by converting the coordination withstand
voltages to appropriate standard test conditions.
• Usually different from the coordination withstand voltages.
• Derived from the coordination withstand voltages Ucw by the safety factor Ks and/or the
altitude correction factor Ka.
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Selection of the rated and of the standard insulation level
(set of standard rated withstand voltages Uw)
• Most economical set of standard withstand voltages Uw of the insulation to prove that all
the required withstand voltages are met.
• For each range (I or II) a combination of only two withstand voltages defined:
Range I: standard lightning impulse withstand voltage
standard short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
Range II: standard switching impulse withstand voltage
standard lightning impulse withstand voltage
• For range I, only phase-to-earth standard withstand voltages are defined, which have to
cover phase-to-earth, phase-to-phase and longitudinal insulation.
Fachgebiet
Definitions
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Examples for…
... non-self-restoring insulation ... self-restoring
(power transformers, insulation
instrument transformers*)) (disconnectors,
insulators)
*) mixed insulation
Fachgebiet
List of standard short-duration power-frequency withstand voltages (r.m.s. values in kV)
10 20 28 38 50
70 95 140 185 230
275 325 360 395 460
480 510 570 630
List of standard impulse withstand voltages (peak values in kV)
20 40 60 75 95 125 145 170 250

325 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 1175
1300 1425 1550 1675 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Range I:
Um = 1 kV up to and including Um = 245 kV
The standard voltage values are

all the same for
• phase-to-earth-,
• phase-to-phase-,
• longitudinal
insulation!
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Range II:
Um above 245 kV
Different standard voltage values for

• phase-to-earth-,
• phase-to-phase-,
• longitudinal
insulation!
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet
Outcome of insulation coordination

– For three types of insulation
» phase to ground
» phase to phase
» longitudinal
– and for 4 values each of required withstand voltages Urw twelve
voltages
» required continuous operating voltage
» required short-duration power-frequency withstand voltage
» required switching impulse withstand voltage
» required lightning impulse withstand voltage
Standardization of tests for equipment
– Reduction of these 12 values to a necessary minimum number of
withstand voltages Uw of the insulation
– Determination of necessary withstand voltages from tables for two
ranges of highest voltage for equipment
Fachgebiet
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps - Summary
Flow chart acc. to IEC 60071-1
(Figure 1)
[IEC 60071-1]
continued next slide
Fachgebiet
Procedure for Insulation Coordination in Four Steps - Summary
Flow chart acc. to IEC 60071-1
(Figure 1) (continued)
[IEC 60071-1]
Fachgebiet

Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination in Power Systems

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Overvoltage Protection

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Hinrichsen

Time duration of (over-)voltage

[CIG-73] CIGRE W.G. 13-02

[CIG-79-1] CIGRE WG 33.02

[CIG-79-2] CIGRE WG 33.03

[CIG-79-4] CIGRE TF 33-03.03

[CIG-91] CIGRE WG 33.01

[CIG-92] CIGRE WG 33-07

[FGH-78] FGH Technischer Bericht 1-240

[KOE-93-1] D. König, Y. N. Rao

[KOE-93-2] D. König, Y. N. Rao

[RUD-99-1] R. Rudolph, B. Richter

[RUD-99-2] R. Rudolph, B. Richter

Overview on CIGRE publications (very interesting!): Cigré Catalogue of Publications 01/07/2005

IEC 60071-2, Third Edition (1996-12)

IEC/TR 60071-4, First Edition (2004-06)

IEC 60099-5, Ed. 1.1, 2000-03

DIN EN 60071-1, 1996-07

DIN EN 60071-2, 1997-09

08.11.2007 cancelled in power systems

Slides will be available for download

• Voltages of the system

bb 1 Insulation phase - ground

3 Insulation phase - phase

Determination of the representative overvoltages Urp

Influences covered by the safety factor Ks

List of standard impulse withstand voltages (peak values in kV)

20 40 60 75 95 125 145 170 250

The standard voltage values are

Different standard voltage values for

Outcome of insulation coordination

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