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Banglaore Institute of technology New tank project 2010-11

CONTENTS
Page.

1. Synopsis 2

2. Salient features 3

3. Topography sheet 6

4. Aim and Objectives of the Project 7

5. Technical aspects of Project 8

6. Introduction to Irrigation 10

7. Survey work 18

8. Location of bund 21

9. Types of Earthen Dams 22

10. Methods of construction of earthen dams 29

11. Design criteria for earthen dams 30

12. Selecting a suitable preliminary section for earthen dams 31

13. Seepage control in earthen dams 34

14. Slope protection in earthen dams 39

15. Area of capacity contours 41

16. Estimation of materials of Bund 42

17. Channel Design 46

18. Design of Waste Weir 48

19. Conclusion 49

20. Bibliography 50

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1. SYNOPSIS

New tanks are constructed to provide water for multipurpose irrigation


purpose. Tanks and reservoirs requires very careful planning, design and
operation for which certain observations relating to selection of site, relative
merits of different types of tanks, storage capacity, optimum yield,
coordinated uses of storage for different purposes etc, are to be studied in
detail.

The irrigation reservoir is primarily meant to store the excess water during
the period of large supply and release it gradually for irrigation as and when
required. A scheme of this type of formation of new tank near Melkote,
Pandavapura Taluk, Mandya District, has been taken up as mini project work
as per the university regulations.

The proposed site across the stream called Hebballa, and is situated nearly
2Km from Yoganarashimha swamy temple, Melkote, Pandavapura Taluk,
Mandya district. The Catchment area is good, with Seasonal rainfall.
The latitude and longitude of the place are 1239' N and 7638' E respectively.

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2. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

DETAILS OF SITE

Place of Project - Melkote, Pandavapura Taluk, Mandya


District.

Distance from Bangalore - 140 km.

Distance from Development - 3 km from Temple

Nature of the Project - New Tank Project

Type of Bund - Homogeneous Earthen Bund

DETAILS OF STORAGE RESERVOIR

Catchment area of tank - 7.00 Sqkm. (From: Toposheet


no.57D/10)

Area Irrigated - 64 Hectares

Proposed crop pattern - Wet crops & vegetables

Average Annual Rainfall - 75 cm (assumed)

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DETAILS OF BUND

Type of Bund - Homogeneous type earthen dam

Length of Bund - 233.5m

Maximum Height of Bund - 17.737m

Top Level of Bund (TBL) - 928.000 m

Maximum Water Level (MWL) - 927.000 m

Full Tank Level (FTL) - 925.500 m

Dead Storage Level (DSL) - 920.000 m

Lowest Bed Level (LBL) - 910.736 m

Sluice level - 920.000 m

Top width of Bund - 3.000 m

Upstream slope - 3:1

Downstream slope - 2:1

Rock toe - Provided

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U/s pitching - 50 cm thick stone revetment over


10cm thick gravel backing.

DETAILS OF WASTE WEIR

Type - Broad Crested Surplus Weir

Crest level - 925.500 m

Depth of Spillage - 1.000 m

Waste Weir Length - 18.50 m

Top width of Weir - 1.500 m

Bottom width of Weir - 3.000 m

DETAILS OF MAIN CHANNEL:-

Channel off taking RL - 920.000 m

Longitudinal Gradient provided - 1: 1500

Bottom width of channel - 0.500 m

Depth of water - 0.300 m

Side slopes - 1H:1V

Free Board - 0.20 m

Type of Sluice - Tank Sluice with tower head

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Canal Length Surveyed - 600.000 m


4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:-

OBJECTIVES:
In view of acquiring a sound knowledge of both theory and practical
situations and also difficulties that would be encountered during field survey
work, an extensive survey project camp is usually arranged for civil
engineering students.
With this motive survey camp was arranged with the help of our lecturers
at Melkote from24/01/2011 to 07/02/2011. We were able to finish the survey
works under guidance of our lecturers and the knowledge gained by us in our
course of study.

FOLLOWING ARE THE TECHNICAL AIMS AND ABILITIES:

To impart training in the use of surveying instruments and to acquire a


Comprehensive idea of the project, along with designs, drawings and
Estimations.

To learn handle real and difficult situation of project surveying.

To develop team spirit in practical situation.

To impart and develop the self-confidence in the management of


project survey.

AIM OF THE PROJECT:

Longitudinal Section for the New Tank.

Cross Section for the New Tank


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Capacity Contour

Canal Alignment.

5. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF A PROJECT


Before designing and construction of a dam, road or any other project it
requires a thorough investigations of the site, its stability etc.,
This investigation starts right from:

1. Reconnaissance work.

2. Study of Toposheet(Map).

3. Proposal of alternate sites etc.

The second stages of work i.e., actual work done by us includes the survey
work at site. This is done to calculate and collect the data necessary for the
design of the parts of the project. In the classroom we do the drawings and the
design like

1. Knowing the amount of earth work in cutting and filling

2. Profile of the land

3. Sluice and weir points

4. MWL, FTL, sill, storage levels, etc.


5. Length of canal and its alignments.

BOOKING THE STAFF READING IN THE LEVEL BOOK

1. The readings should be entered in the respective columns and in order


of their observation.

2. The first entry on the page is always a back sight and the last one
always a foresight.

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3. In carrying forward the readings from one page to the next, if the last
entry happens to be an IS, it is entered in both IS and FS columns and in
the BS and IS columns as a first entry on the next page.

4. The FS and BS of the change point should be written in the same


horizontal line.

5. The R.L. of P.C. should be written in the same horizontal line opposite
the B.S.

6. B.M., change point and other important points should be brief, but
accurately explained in the remarks column.

6. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION:-
Irrigation may be defined as the science of artificial application of water to
the land, in accordance with the crop requirements throughout the crop
period for full fledged nourishment of the crops.
NECESSITY OF IRRIGATION

India is the tropical country with a vast diversity of climate, topography


and vegetation. Rainfall varies considerably in its place of occurrence, as well
as in its amount. Crops cannot therefore be raised successfully over the entire
land, without ensuring artificial irrigation of fields.
More than 70% of our population directly depends on agriculture and
remaining depends indirectly on agriculture. Only 50% of total geographical
is cultivable in country.
In order to saw this area from the complete wishes of nature, and to ensure
full growth of crops, it is necessary that adequate artificial irrigational
facilities be ensured.
THE NEED FOR IRRIGATION CAN BE SUMMARIZED IN THE FOLLOWING 4
POINTS.
1.LESS RAINFALL:

When the total rainfall is less than that needed for the crop, artificial
supply of water is necessary. In such a case, irrigation system be developed at

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the place where more water is available, and then the means to convey this
water to the place where there is deficiency.

2. NON-UNIFORM RAINFALL:
The rain in a particular area may not be uniform throughout the crop
period. During the early periods of the crop rain may be less or the crop may
wither. But the accumulated or stored water during the excess rainfall periods
may be supplied to the crops during the period when there may not be
rainfall, but there is a need for watering.

3. COMMERCIAL CROP WITH ADITIONAL WATER:


The rainfall in a particular area may be just enough to raise the usual
crops, but more water may be necessary for raising commercial or cash crops
in addition to increasing the annual output by adopting multiple cropping
patterns distributed throughout the year.

4. CONTROLLED WATER SUPPLY;


Buy constructing proper distribution system; the yield of crops may be
increased. Applications of water to the soil by modern methods of irrigation
serve the following

PURPOSE:
It adds water to the soil to supply moisture essential for the plant
growth.

It washes out all diluted salts in the soil.

It washes the hazards of soil piping.

ADVANTAGES:-
1) Increase in food production:
Irrigation helps in increasing crop yield, and hence to attain self-sufficiency
of food.
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2) Optimum benefits:
Optimum utilization of water is made possible by irrigation by optimum
utilization, we generally mean, obtaining maximum crop yield with any
amount of water.
3) Elimination of mixed cropping:
By mixed cropping we mean, sowing together of 2 or more crops in the same
fields. If irrigation is ensured mixed cropping may be eliminated.
4) General prosperity:
Revenue returns are sometimes at high and helps in all-round development
of the country and prosperity of the entire nation and community.
5) Generation of Hydroelectric power:
Canal falls can be used for power generation. So, cheaper power generation
can be obtained on projects, primarily designed for irrigation, available with
great difficult.
6) Facilities of communication:
The inspection paths of irrigation channels provide a good roadway to the
villager for walking, cycling or sometimes even for motoring.
7) Inland Navigation:
Sometimes, larger irrigation canals can be used and developed for
navigation purposes.
8) Afforestation:
Trees are generally grown along the banks of the channels, which increase
the timber wealth of the country and also help in reducing soil erosion.

SOURCES OF IRRIGATION:-
1) RAINFALL AND ITS DISTRIBUTION:
Areas of high rainfall are a good source for a good irrigation project.

2) RUNOFF AND SURFACE RUNOFF:

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Runoff includes all the water flowing in the stream channel at any given
section. Surface runoff includes only the water that reaches the stream
channel without first percolating down to the water table.

3) YIELD OF DRAINAGE BASIN:


It is as same as the runoff, with the only difference that it is expressed
over long periods, while runoff is expressed for short periods.

4) SUB-SURFACE RUNOFF:
The water that reaches stream channel without first percolating down to
the water table.

5) INFILTRATION:
When waterfalls on a given formation, a small part of it, is first of all,
Absorbed by the top thin layer of soil so as to replenish the soil moisture
deficiency. This is called Infiltration. The maximum rate at which a soil in any
given condition is capable of absorbing water is called its infiltration capacity.

6) SOIL MOISTURE:
The water below the water table is called ground water and that above
water table is called soil moisture.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IRRIGATION DUTY:


Duty represents irrigating capacity of a volume of water. I is the relation
between the area of crops irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water
required during the entire period of the crop.
FOR EXAMPLE: If 3 cumec of water supply is required for a crop sown in an
Area of 5100 hectares, the duty of irrigation water will be 5100/3=1700
hectares/cumec, and the discharge of 3 cumec will be required throughout the
base period.
DELTA:
Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire
period from the day of sowing of seeds to the harvesting.

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FOR EXAMPLE: If a crop requires about 12 watering at an interval of 10


days and a water depth of 10cm in every watering then the delta for the crop
will be 12*10= 1.2 meters. If the area under that crop is A hectares, the total
quantity of water required will be 1.2*a=1.2A hectares meters in a period of
120 days.
CROP PERIOD:
Crop period is the time, in days that a crop takes from the instant of sowing
to that of its harvesting.
BASE PERIOD:
Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the
time of First watering for preparation of soil for sowing the seeds to the last
watering before Harvesting.

THE DUTY OF WATER IS EXPRESSED IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:


1)By the number of hectares that 1 cumec of water can irrigate during base
Period i.e. 1700hectares per cumec
2) By the total depth of water i.e., 1.20 meters
3) By the number of hectares that can be irrigated by million cubic meter
stored Water. This system is used for tank irrigation
4) By the numbers of hectares meters expended per hectares irrigated. This is
also used in the tank irrigation.

RELATION B/W DUTY (D), DELTA () AND BASE PERIOD (B) IN METRIC
SYSTEM:
Let there be a crop of base period b days. Let one cumec of water be
applied to this crop on the field for B days. Now, the volume of water applied
to this crop during B days (V)
V=(1*60*60*24) m cube
= 86400(cubic meter)

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By definition of duty (D), one cubic meter supplied for B days matures D
hectares of land.Therefore this quantity of water (V) matures D hectares of
land or 10 square meters of area.
Total depth of water applied on this land
= Volume / area = 86,400 b/10^4 meters
= 8.64 B/D meters.
Therefore
=8.64 B/D meters
Or
=864B/D cm.
Where, is in cm or m, B in days and d is duty in hectares/cumec.

GROSS COMMANDED AREA:


This is an particular area lying under the canal system, the irrigation can
be done only up to the drainage boundaries. The gross commanded area is
thus the total area lying between drainage boundaries, which can be
commanded or irrigated by a canal system.

CULTURABLE COMMANDED AREA:


The gross commanded area contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil,
local ponds village and other area as habitation. These areas are known as
uncultivable areas. The remaining area on which crops can be grown
satisfactorily is known as cultivable area. Cultivable commanded area can be
further classified as cultivable cultivated area and cultivable uncultivated
area.

TYPES OF CROPS:
The duty varies from crop to crop. The various types of crops can be
classified as follows
1. WET CROP:
A wet crop is that which requires water for irrigation.
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2. DRY CROP:
A dry crop is that which does not require water for irrigation.
3. GARDEN CROP:
A garden crop requires irrigation throughout the year.
4. KHARIF CROP:
Kharif crop are sown by the beginning of the southwest monsoon and
are Harvested in autumn i.e. from 1st October to 31st March.
5. RABI CROP:
Rabi crop are sown in autumn and are harvested in spring i.e. from 1st
of April to 31st of September.

BASE PERIOD OF THE CROP:


If the base period of the crop is more, the amount of water required will
be high. Hence duty will be low and vice versa.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE AREA:


The climatic conditions which affect the duty are temperature, wind
humidity and rainfall. Due to high temperature and wind evaporation loses
will be more, and duty will be less. A humid atmosphere reduces the losses,
Rainfall during the crop period will reduce the irrigation water requirements;
the duty will thus be higher.

NECESSITY OF THE NEW TANK:


Primarily all the irrigation structures are developed and built to cater to
the needs of:
1) Irrigation
2) Water supply
3) Recharging of ground water resources
4) Flood mitigation.
5) Drought relief measures or any other such relevant needs of the
community.

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A bund is usually constructed in valley keeping in mind the greatest


possible ratio of height to length for a given capacity. In deep gorge, the length
of the bund will be usually of less and capacity of water stored will be more,
which is directly proportional to the height of the bund.
In all such cases due to storage of water environmental mismanagement
invariability occurs. As per basic human instinct, to develop civilization near
water fonts habitations begin to develop leading to deforestation and
environmental changes. Deforestation will lead to soil erosion of the green
cover. Soil erosion will lead to situation in tank due to removal of the topsoil
by surface runoff. This result is gradual reduction of storage capacity of tank
and the rate of citations is directly proportional to rate of denigration of green
cover.
The erosion of green cover invariably has a disastrous effect on
environment. With the present much talked about phenomenon of global
warming and its resulting effect, it has generally lead to either untimely or
scanty rainfall in much area. This necessitates the development of proper
storage system to optimize the solution for our needs since there is a wide
area of land left barrel especially on side of a gradual slope being on the left
side of the stream the proposal of a new tank is ----appropriate. More over the
earth and rock necessary for construction is available at the site. The labor
would easily available from the local area for their people seem to be
relatively in need of such jobs as there is less part of their area is not
cultivated and quite a lot sell coconut along the road though there isnt much
scope of earning from the moderately dense population.

BASIS FOR FORMATION OF TANKS


1.Area of the catchment basin:
The catchment area for the proposed tank should be determined
accurately. If the catchment is large, it could be traced from the Survey of India
contour map. However, if the area is small the watershed has to be traced by a
compass and the area is to be determined by running a closed traverse.
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2. Nature of the catchment:


The nature of the catchment has to be examined to check whether it is
good, average or bad for purpose of computing runoff. Generally, catchment
with vegetation gives good yield. Those with porous soil give poor yield. If
there are already some tanks with their ayacuts in the catchment of the
proposed tanks, the details of storage capacities and the ayacuts they irrigate
have to be gathered and noted.

ACHIEVEMENT OF IRRIGATION
Irrigation is achieved by means of irrigation projects such as construction
of dams, channels with only 20 to 25% of our cultivated land under irrigation
and definite limits to the additional area, which can be brought under
irrigation.

MINOR IRRIGATION PROJECTS


These envisages the construction of minor irrigation projects such as
earthen Dams etc., a low diversion water across a small stream, an open well,
tube well, lift Irrigation from non-perennial system. Minor irrigation projects
have small catchment area hence water supply may not be continuous.

MAJOR IRRIGATIONAL PROJECTS


A major project consists of major irrigation works like storage reservoir
like a dam, a barrage, and solid diversion weirs across perennial rivers. The
cost of major projects will be in terms of crores of rupees. These projects will
benefit large areas of cultivated land and will have major head works,
elaborate canals, masonry works. These projects take many years for
construction after planning.

7. SURVEY WORK
The various survey works carried out are as follows:
a) Reconnaissance
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b) Fly leveling

c) Longitudinal sections and cross sections

d) Contour tracing

e) Block leveling at sluice point and waste weir site.

f) Channel alignment

a) RECONNAISSANCE:
It involves the determination of the most feasible site by observing the
who are. It consists of the following things,
1) Location of bund
2) Area to be irrigated
3) Nature of the soil
4) Crops to be cultivated
5) Communication links like roads, bridges
6) Population
7) Availability of construction material

FLY LEVELLING OBJECT:


The object of fly leveling is to establish a temporary reference
benchmark near the site, which is accurate, from mean sea level.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
1) Auto Level,
2) Leveling staff.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION AND CROSS SECTIONS:


OBJECT:
Longitudinal and cross section are required to be carried out in order to
determine the length of bund, area of bund and in turn to calculate earthwork
quantities also. The longitudinal section is required in order to complete the

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other survey works as block leveling at its sluice point and tracing of capacity
contours.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
a)Auto Level, b)Leveling staff, c)arrows, d)Chain-Tape, e)Ranging rods, f)Cross
staff.

CONTOUR TRACING: OBJECT:


The object of contour tracing is to be contours, to find out capacity of the
tank and to fix the maximum water level and sill levels.
INSTRUMENTS USED:
Tachometer, leveling staff, plain table, alidade, trough compass and other
plain table accessory.
PROCEDURE:
Here the principle of tachometry is adopted .A person holding the leveling
staff stands on the center line of the bund at the required R.L. and a back sight
is taken to determine the plane of collimation. Next the leveling is moved
forward, in the upstream side, say: for a distance of 30 m and is moved up and
down to get required staff reading.
The staff reading is calculated before itself, so as to get the required R.L. on
the ground, i.e. the contour to be traced .The distance is calculated using the
principle of tacheometry,
i.e. D=KS+C, Where d is the distance between the plane table and the point,
K=100 & C=0. The procedure is repeated until the same R.L. is obtained on the
centre line of the bund on the other bank. Simultaneously the points are fixed
on the plane table and joined with the smooth curve to some scale and hence
the required contour is obtained on the paper.

CHANNEL ALIGNMENT: OBJECT:


To estimate the cost of channel and cross drainage works and other canal
works.

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INSTRUMENTS USED:
Auto level with stand, Leveling staff, Plane table with accessories, Chain,
Arrows, Ranging rods, Tape.

POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED:
The following points are to be kept in view for channel alignment:
1. The channel is aligned in a falling contour.
2. The depth of cut should be a minimum.
3. The straight channel is preferred wherever possible.
4. If curves are unavoidable, curves of large radius are preferred.
5. There should be few cross drainage works.

PROCEDURE:-
1. Starting from a Bench Mark levels are carried until the required elevation
of the starting point of the channel on the central line of the bund is
obtained.
2. This is the position of sluice and this point is marked on the plane table.
3. Allow a fall of 1.0m for 2000m, trace falling contours and plot it on the plane
table.
4. Bench Mark should be left at an interval of 100m.
5.Pegs are driven at 30m intervals.
6.Cross sections are taken at every 30m interval and levels along the cross
section along 5m intervals, to an extent of 30m on both sides of channel
alignment.
7.Plane table station should be established by using three established points.
8. The details of area through which the channel passes should be marked on
the Plane table .
9.Plan of the area lying between the channel and the mother valley should be
prepared to determine the extent of area that can be irrigated.
10.Block levels are to be taken at all points of crossing the natural drainage.
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11.Final alignment should then be marked on the sheet.


12.The pegs are driven at 30m intervals in the final alignment and the
longitudinal and cross sections are taken if necessary for the changed
position of the alignment.

8. LOCATION OF BUND
In the new tank project it is proposed to have an earthen bund with core
wall across the stream HEBALLA .The stored water is used irrigate the near
by lands with the help of banks canal.
The selection of bund is made considering the following factors:
1. Geology of the area, surface, sub surface rocks should be of such a nature
that it should offer maximum resistance to percolation.
2. Object able mineral salts, which could affect irrigation when mixed with
stored water, should not be present at site.
3. The (proposed) topography of the area should be such that there is a
narrow opening to reduce the length of the dam. The rapidly widening valley
above the dam is desirable to facilitate greater average volume, height and
length of the dam.
4. Steep slopes are not desirable as it reduces the surface area per unit
volume.
5. The land selected is such that it is unimportant, and submergence of
Roadways or Railways is unobjectionable.
6. The proposed site is located at about 2.0 Kms from Ahobila mutt.
7. A V-shaped valley is capable of storing the maximum amount of water for
the catchment and has good runoff at the proposed site.
8. The saddle between the hillocks is the best suited since it is suited for
surplus water works with a minimum cost of construction.
9. There s a subsidiary valley, the excess water flows into the other valley.

9. TYPES OF EARTHEN DAMS:-


EARTHEN BUNDS:
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Earthen bund or earthen dam is a form of embankment dam that is widely


used, made predominantly of earth or soil.
Earthen dams have been built since the early days of civilization, but until
recently these dams were designed by empirical methods and these
constructions was based mostly on experience and precedent. They were
built with the natural materials with a minimum of processing and with
primitive equipment, but in the ancient days the cost of carriage and dumping
of the dam materials was quite high. However the modern developments in
earth moving equipments have considerably reduced the cost of carriage and
the laying of dam materials. They are still cheaper as they utilize the locally
available materials and less skilled labour is required for them.

TYPES OF EARTHEN DAMS:


The earthen dams may be classified on the basis of method of construction
in to the following three categories.
1.Rolled fill dams
2.Hydraulic fill dam
3.Semi hydraulic fill dam

ROLLED FILL DAM:


A rolled fill dam is one that is constructed in successive mechanically
compacted layers. The material (sand, clay, gravel, etc.,) it is transported form
the borrow pits to the dam site by truck or scrapers. It is then spread within
the dam section by bulldozers to form layers of 15cm to 45cm thickness. Each
layers is then thoroughly compacted and bonded with preceding layer by
means of power-operated rollers, of proper design and weight. Usually sheep
foot rollers and heavy pneumatic tyred rollers are used either singly or in
combination for compacting the fill. Further, for proper compaction, the
moisture content of the material should be near that for optimum density for
which the required quantity of water is sprinkled on each layer during
compaction.
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The earthen dams can be of the following three types:


1) Homogeneous embankment type
2) Zoned embankment type and
3) Diaphragm type.

HOMOGENEOUS EMBANKMENT TYPE:


It is the simplest type consisting of a single material and is homogenous
throughout. Sometimes a blanket of relatively impervious material placed on
the upstream face.

HOMOGENEOUS TYPE EMBANKMENT


The type of embankment is used, when only type of material is
economically or locally available. Such a section is used for low to moderately
high dams and for levees. Large dams are seldom designed as homogenous
embankments.
A purely homogenous section poses the problems of seepage, and huge
sections are required to make it safe against piping, stability etc., due to this a
homogenous section is generally added with an internal drainage system, such
as a horizontal drainage filter, rock toe etc. The internal drainage system
keeps the pheratic line (i.e., top seepage line) well within the body of the dam,

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and steeper slopes and thus, smaller sections can be used. The internal
drainage is therefore always provided in almost types of embankments.

ZONED EMBARKMENT TYPE:


Zoned embankments are usually provided with a central impervious
core, covered by a comparatively previous transition zone, which is finally
surrounded by a much more pervious outer zone.

ZONED TYPE EMBANKMENT


The central core checks the seepage .The transition zone prevents piping
through cracks, which may develop in the core .The outer zone gives stability
to the central impervious fill and also distributes the load over a large of
foundations.
These types of embankments widely constructed and the materials of the
zones are selected depending upon their availabilities. Even though clay is
highly impervious, it might shrink and swell too much. Hence clay is
sometimes mixed with fine core. Silt or silty clays may be used as the
satisfactory central core materials. Freely draining materials, such as coarse
sands and gravels, are used in outer shell. Transition filters are provided
between the inner zone and outer zone. These types of transition filters are
always provided, whenever there is an abrupt change of permeability from
one zone to other.
DIAPHRAGM TYPE EMBANKMENT:
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Diaphragm type embankments have a thin impervious core, which is


surrounded by earth or rock fill. The impervious core, called diaphragm is
made of impervious soils, concrete, steel, timber or any other material. It acts
as a water barrier to prevent seepage through the dam. The diaphragm may
be placed either at the center as a vertical core or at the upstream face as a
blanket.
The diaphragm must also be tied to the bedrock or to a very impervious
foundation material, if excessive under seepage through the existing pervious
foundations has to be avoided.

DIAPHRAGM TYPE EMBANKMENT


The diaphragm types of embankments are differential from zoned
embankment, depending upon the thickness of the core. If the thickness of the
diaphragm at any elevation is less than 10 meters or less than the height of
embankment above the corresponding elevation, the dam embankment is
considered to be of Diaphragm type. But if the thickness equals or exceeds
these limits, it is considered to be of zoned embankment type.

SURPLUS WEIR:-
The excess surplus water is spilled from a tank, into the downstream
channel, so as to avoid the rise of water in the tank above the maximum water
level (MWL). In fact, the water will generally starts spilling over the crest of

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this escape weir, as and when it rises above full tank level (FTL); and the
discharging capacity of this weir will be designed such as to pass the full
maximum flood discharge (likely to enter the tank) with a depth over the weir
equal to the difference between FTL and MWL.
Although the effective storage capacity of a tank is limited by FTL, the area
submerged by the tank bund and revetment is dependent on MWL. And hence,
in order to restrict the dimensions of this, it is desirable to keep the difference
between FTL and MWL to a smaller value. The usual difference between FTL
and MWL 1 m or smaller value.

LENGTH OF THE TANK WEIR:


In order to determine the length of the escape weir, it is, first of all,
necessary to determine the maximum flood discharge that may enter into a
tank, after it is filled up to FTL. This peak discharge may come from the free
catchment of a tank and can be fairly estimated by using an empirical formula
applicable to the given region. The following modified formula is used for
calculating peak discharge.
Q=C*A^-c*a^
Where C1 is the coefficient in Ryves Formula, A is the area of the combined
catchment in sq. kilometers, c1 is the coefficient for one-fifth to one-third of C1
and a is the area in sq.kilometers of the catchment intercepted by upper tanks.
In general, the discharge over a broad crested free weir and without any
velocity of approach is given by
Q=C*L*H^3/2
Where L is the length of the weir H is the head of water over the weir (i.e.
the difference between MWL and FTL), C is a constant.

TANK SLUICE
This is uncontrolled storage, which is given by the volume of water stored

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between normal and maximum pool level. A tank sluice is an opening in the
form of a culvert or pipe running through or under the tank bund, and
supplying water from the tank, to the distributory channel below, to meet the
irrigation and other water requirement, as and when needed. Suitable wing
walls and other bank connections are also provided as required at the head
and tail end of the culvert.
The size of the culvert (i.e. its cross section depends the maximum quantity of
water it is required to convey, but in no case should be less than 0.6m wide
and 0.75m high, so as to allow a man to enter it for examination and repairs or
removal of obstructions.
The size of the barrel should also be such as to limit the velocity through
the sluice barrel to a maximum of 4.5m/sec, under the condition of plughole
being fully open and with the water at full tank level.
The pipe sluices not adopted in tank bunds, where the depth below FTL
exceeds 2.5m or so. This is because, in such cases, the earthenware pipes may
get fractured, or leakage through their joints may take place, resulting in a
breach, as the pipes can neither be examined nor repair easily without cutting
open the bund.

SELECTION OF SITE FOR A DAM


The following points has to be considered for the selection of site for the
dam:
1. Cost of dam is controlling factor if the site is suitable for the dam i.e. types of
Dam (earthen dam, masonry dam, and gravity dam) governs.
2. Geological formation for reservoir bank walls etc should be such that there
is minimum leakage.
3. Geology of catchment area or basin should be such a way so as to assume
minimum absorption and percolation losses.
4. The site should be such that a deep reservoir since it has a merit of lower
land cost per unit capacity, less evaporation loss, less weed growth etc.

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5. The site should have very good capacity to store water so usually a valley a
profile is chosen.
6. Too much silt-laden tributaries must be avoided.
7. Reservoir basin should have deep narrow opening in the valley so that
length of dam is minimum.

STORAGE ZONES OF RESERVOIR:


a) DEAD STORAGE:
It is the volume of water stored below minimum pool level. It is not used
for Reservoir operation.
b) VALLEY STORAGE:
It is the amount stored in the stream channel before the construction of
dam .
c) USEFUL STORAGE:
It is the volume of water between the minimum and normal pool level. It may
be divided into conservation and mitigation storage in multi purpose storage
reservoir.
d) SURCHARGE STORAGE:
This is uncontrolled storage, which is given by volume of water stored
between normal and maximum pool level.
e) BANK STORAGE:
It is the volume of the water collected only in the permeable reservoir bank.
This can be used when the reservoir is depleted. The amount of water
depends on the type of geological formation.
f) MINIMUM POOL LEVEL:
It is the lowest water surface for irrigation that has to be kept under normal
operation. It is kept equal to elevation of lowest outlet sluice of dam or at
minimum head of the turbine.
g) NORMAL POOL LEVEL:
It is the maximum elevation to which water surface will rise during normal
water operations; it is kept at elevation of spillway crest.
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h) MAXIMUM POOL LEVEL OR FULL RESERVOIR LEVEL:


It is the maximum level to which water rises during the worst design flood.
i) RESERVOIR YEILD:
This is the amount of water that can be drawn from reservoir in a specified
time interval.
j) MASS CURVE OF INFLOW:
It is a plot of annual inflow to reservoir with respect to time.
k) MASS CURVE OF OUTFLOW:
It is a plot of annual outflow from reservoir with respect to dam.

10. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF EARTH DAMS


There are two methods of constructing earthen dams.
1. Hydraulic fill method
2. Rolled fill method

1. HYDRAULIC FILL METHOD:


In this method, excavating and transporting soils by using waters
construct the dam body. Pipes called flumes are laid across the outer edge of
the embankment. The soil materials are mixed with water and pumped into
these flumes. The slush is discharged through the outlets in the flumes at
suitable intervals along their lengths. The slush, flowing towards the center of
the bank tends to settle down. The coarser particles get deposited soon after
the discharge near the outer edge, while fines get carried and settle at the
center, forming a zoned embankment having a relatively impervious central
core.
This type of embankment is susceptible to settlement over long periods
because of slow drainage from the core and high pore pressures developed
due to saturation in core material. Hence this method is not usually adopted.

2. ROLLED FILL METHOD:

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This method is generally universally adopted in these modern days. The


embankment is constructed by placing suitable soil materials in thin layers
(15 to 30 cm) and compacting them with rollers. The moisture content of the
soil fill must be properly controlled. The best compaction can be obtained at
moisture content somewhere near the optimum moisture content. (The
optimum moisture content is the moisture required for obtaining optimum
density in the field).

11. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR EARTH DAMS


1. A fill of sufficiently low permeability should be developed out of the
available materials, so as to best serve the intended purpose, with minimum
cost. Burrow pits should be as close to the site as possible, so as to reduce the
leads.

2. Sufficient spillway and outlets capacities should be provided so as to avoid


the possibility of overtopping during the design flood.

3. Sufficient free board must be provided for wind setup, wave action, frost
action and earth quake motions.

4. The seepage line (i.e., pheratic line) should remain well within the down
stream face of the dam, so that no sloughing of the faces occurs.

5. There is little harm in seepage through a flood control dam, if the stability of
foundations and embankments is not impaired, by piping, sloughing etc., but a
conservation dam must be as water tight as possible.

6. There should be no possibility of free flow of water from the upstream face
to the downstream face.

7. The upstream face should be properly protected against wave action and
downstream face against rains and against waves up to tail water. Provisions
of horizontal berms at suitable intervals in the downstream face may be
thought of, so as to reduce the erosion due to flow of f rainwater. Ripraps
should be provided on the entire upstream slope and also on the down stream

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slope, near the toe and up to slightly above the tail water so as to avoid
erosion.
8. The portion of the dam, down stream of the impervious core, should be
Properly drained by providing suitable horizontal filter drain, or toe drain or
chimney drain etc.,
9. The upstream and downstream slopes should be so designed as to be stable
under worst condition of loading. These critical condition occur for the
upstream slope during sudden draw down of the reservoir and for the
downstream slope during steady seepage under full reservoir.
10. The upstream and downstream slopes should be flat enough, as to provide
sufficient base width at the foundation level, such as the maximum shear
stresses developed remains well below the corresponding maximum shear
strength of the soil, so as to provide a suitable factor of safety.

11. After consolidation of soil, the embankments height reduces. Hence a


suitable allowance in height of embankments (between 2 to 3 percent of dam
height, determined by laboratory test) must be made in fine grained soils so as
to account for the consolidation that may takes place up to years of
construction. Dewatering the foundations may sometimes be used to
accelerate the process of consolidation.
12. Since the stability of the embankment and foundation is very critical
during construction or even after construction (i.e., during the period of
consolidation), due to the development of excessive pore pressure and
consequent reduction in shear strength of soils, the embankment slopes must
remain safe under this critical condition also.
All the criteria must be satisfies and accounted for in order to obtain the safe
design and construction of an earthen dam.

12. SELECTING A SUITABLE PRELIMINARY SECTION OF AN EARTHEN DAM


A preliminary design of an earthen dam is done on the basis of existing
dams of similar characteristics and the design is finalized by checking the

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adequacy of the selected section from the worst loading condition. Empherical
rules are frequently used in these designs. A few recommendations, for
selecting suitable values of top width, free board, up stream and down stream
slopes, drainage arrangements, etc., are given below for preliminary designs.

FREEBOARD:
Free board or minimum free board is the vertical distance between the
maximum reservoir level and the top bund level (i.e., the crown or crest of
dam). The dam vertical distance between normal pool level or spillway crest
and the top of the dam is termed as normal free board .The minimum height of
the free board for wave action is generally taken to be equal to 1.5Hw where,
Hw = 0.032(V.F) 1/2 +0.763-0.271(F) 3/4 for F<32kms
Hw= 0.032(V.F) 1/2 for F>32kms.
Hw = height of water from top of crest to bottom of trough in meters.
V = wind velocity in km/hr.
F = fetch or straight length of water expense in km.

Most of the hydraulic failures of the earthen dams have occurred due to
overtopping of dams. Hence, the free board must be sufficient enough as to
avoid any such possibility of overtopping. Values of free board, for various
heights, recommended by U.S.B.R are given in the following table.

Spillway type Height of dam Minimum free board


over MWL
Uncontrolled (i.e., free) Any height Between 2 m to 3m
spillway
Controlled spillway Height less than 60 2.5 m above top of gates
meters
Controlled spillway Height more than 60 3m above top of gates
meters

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An additional free board up to 1.5m should be provided for dams suited


in areas of low temperatures for frost action.

WIDTH:
The top width of large earthen dams should be sufficient to keep the
seepage line well within the dam, when the reservoir is full. It should also be
sufficient to withstand earthquake shocks and wave action. For small dams,
this top width is generally governed by minimum roadway width
requirements.
The top width (A) of the earth dam can be selected as per the following
recommendations:
A=H/5+3 for very low dams
A= 0.55H1/2+0.2H for dams lower than 30meters
A=1.65(H+1.5) 1/3 for dams higher than 30meter, Where H is the height
of the dam.

UPSTREAM AND DOWN STREAM SLOPES:

The side slopes depend upon various factors such as the type and nature of
dam and foundation materials, height of the dam etc., the recommended
values of side slopes as given by Terzaghi are tabulated in the following table,
TYPE OF MATERIAL UPSTREAM SLOPE DOWNSTREAM
(H:V) SLOPE (H: V)
Homogenous well graded 2.5:1 2:1
Homogenous coarse silt 3:1 2.5:1
Homogenous silty clay 2.5:1 2:1
1.height less than 15 meter
2.height more than 15 meter 3:1 2.5:1

Sand or sand and gravel 3:1 2.5:1


with a central clay core

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Sand or sand and gravel 2.5:1 2:1


with R.C diaphragm
The various dimensions of low earth dams for their preliminary section, may
sometimes be selected from the recommendations of strange, as given in the
following table:
Height of Maximum Top width Upstream Down stream
dam freeboard in (A) slope
in meters meters (H: V) slope (H: V)
in meters
Up to 4.5
1.2 to 1.5 1.85 2:1 1.5:1
4.5 to 7.5
1.5 to 1.8 1.85 1.5:1 1.75:1
15 to 22.5
2.1 3.0 3:1 2:1

14. SEEPAGE CONTORL IN EARTHEN DAMS:-


The following are the seepage control in earthen dams,
1. Seepage controls through embankments
2. Seepage control through foundations

SEEPAGE CONTORLS THROUGH EMBANKMENTS:


a) Rock toe or toe filter
b) Horizontal blanket or horizontal filter
c) Chimney drain

ROCK TOE OR TOE FILTER:


The rock toe consists of stones of size usually varying from 15 to 20 cms.
A toe Filter (graded in layers) is provided as a transition zone, between the
homogenous Embankment fill and rock toe.

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Toe filter generally consists of three layers of fine sand, coarse sand and
gravel, as per the filter criteria requirements. The height of rock toe is
generally kept between 25 to 35% of reservoir head. The top of the rock toe
must be sufficiently higher than the tail water depth, so as to prevent the
action of tail water.

HORIZONTAL BLANKET OR HORIZONTAL FILTER:


The horizontal filter extends from the toe (downstream end) of the dam,
inwards, up to a distance varying from 25 to 100% of the distance of the toe
from the central line of the dam. Generally, a length equal to three times the
height of the dam is sufficient. The blanket should be properly designed as per
the filter criteria, and should be sufficiently pervious to drain off effectively.

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CHIMNEY DRAIN:
The horizontal filter not only helps in bringing the pheratic line down in
the body of the dam but also provides drainage of foundation and helps in
rapid consolidation. The horizontal filter tries to make the soil more pervious
in the horizontal direction and thus causes stratification. When large scale
stratification occurs, such filter becomes inefficient as shown in figure.

In such a possible case, a vertical filter (are inclined upstream or down


stream) is placed along with horizontal filter, so as to intercept the seeping
water effectively, as shown in figure. Such an arrangement is termed as
chimney drain. Some times a horizontal filter is combined and placed along
with a rock toe, as shown in figure

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SEEPAGE CONTRL THROUGH FOUNDATION:


a) Impervious cutoff
b) Relief wells and drain trenches

IMPERVIOUS CUTOFF:
Vertical impervious cutoff made of concrete or sheet piles may be
provided at the upstream end (i.e., at heel) of the earthen dam. These cutoffs
should generally, extend through the entire depth of the pervious foundation
strata is very large cutoff, up to a lesser depth, called a partial cutoff may be
provided. Such a cutoff reduces the seepage discharge by smaller amount. So
much so, that a 50% depth reduces the discharge by 25% and 90% depth
reduces the discharge by 65% or so.

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RELIEF WELLS AND DRAIN TRENCHES:


When large scale seepage takes place through the pervious foundation,
overlain by a thin less pervious layer, there is a possibility that the water may
boil up near the toe of the dam, as shown in the figure.

Such a possibility can be controlled by constructing relief wells or drain


trenches, through the upper impervious layer, as shown in the figure, so as to
permit escape of seeping water. Providing may also control the possibility of
sand boiling downstream berms behind the toe of the dam as shown in the
figure. The weight of the overlaying material, in such a case, is sufficient to
resist the upward pressure and thus preventing the possibility of sand boiling.
The provision of such berms also protects the downstream toe, from possible
sloughing due to seepage.

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15. SLOPE PROTECTION


PROTECTION OF UPSTREAM SLOPE:
The upstream of earth dam is protected against the erosive action of
waves, by stone pitching or by stone dumping as shown in the figure.

The thickness of the dumped rock should be about one meter, and should
be placed over the gravel filter of about 0.3-meter thickness. The filter
prevents the washing of fines, from the dam into the riprap. The provision of
such a dumped riprap has been found to be most effective and has been found
to fail only in 5% cases.
The stone pitching, i.e. the hand picked riprap requires a lesser thickness
and may prove more economical if suitable rock is available only in limited
quantity. However, when provided in smaller thickness (i.e. single layer), it is
more susceptible to damage and has been found to fall in about 30% cases.
Concrete slabs may also be laid over the upstream slope of the earth dam.
Then such slabs are constructed, they must be laid over a filter and weep holes
should be provided so as to permit escape of water, when the reservoir is
drawn down. If the filter is not provided, the fines from the embankment may
get washed away from the joints, creating hollows beneath the slab and
causing the consequent cracking and failure of the slab under its own weight.

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Concrete slab protection have been found to fail in about 36% cases mainly
because of not providing filter below them.
PROTECTION OF DOWNSTREAM SLOPE:
The downstream slope of the earthen dam is protected against the
erosive action of wave up to a slightly above the water depth, in a similar
manner as is explained above for upstream slope. More over, the downstream
slope should be protected against erosive action of rain and its runoff by
providing horizontal berms at suitable intervals, say about 15 meter or so has
to intercept the rainwater and discharge it safely. Attempts should also be
made so as to grow grass and plants at the downstream slope, soon after their
construction.

16. AREA OF CAPACITY CONTOUR


AREA OF CONTOUR VOLUME OF
Sl no RL OF CONTOUR m m2 WATER IN m^3
1 912.650 14100.00 0
2 918.500 36400.00 146950
3 919.500 40800.00 185500
4 920.000 42550.00 206300
5 921.500 47800.00 274060
6 922.000 50420.00 298615
7 923.500 55490.00 378045

8 924.000 71680.00 409835


9 924.500 83705.00 451688
10 925.000 95730.00 493540
11 925.500 100060.00 542480
Area under submergence = 100060.00 m2
VOLUME BY TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
V1=((A1+A2)/2)*DIFFERENCE OF CONTOUR

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17. ESTIMATION
Caluclation :
Mean Area = BD + SD2
Where B = Bredth of top bund
D = Mean Depth =( d1 + d2)/2 =D
S = (3+2)/2 =2.5
L = Length between chainage
Volume = (BD+SD2)*L
EARTH WORK CALCULATIONS FOR EARTHEN BUND
SL NO. CHAINAGES DISTANCE AREA MEAN VOLUME
(m) (m) AREA (m3)
(m2)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 42.87 42.87 265.6252 132.8126 5693.676
3 75.27 32.4 316.5957 291.110 9431.978
4 110.47 35.2 189.2092 102.902 535.0904
5 142.01 31.54 99.7486 144.4789 4556.8645
6 196.01 54 0 49.8743 2693.2122
7 233.51 37.5 0 0 0
Total = 22910.821m3
Net Earthwork = 22910.821m3

CALCULATIONS FOR STONE PITCHING


Calculation :
Sloping breadth = D*(S2 + 1)
D = difference b/w RL = (d1+d2)
S = side slope =3
Mean area of side slope = (D*(S2 + 1))*L
Volume of pitching = (D*(S2 + 1))*L)*d
d = thickness of pitching (m)

QUANTITY CALCULATIONS FOR STONE PITCHING

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DEPTH OF AREA(m^2)
MEAN VOLUME
SL CHAINAGE DISTANCE PITCHING AREA PITCHING
NO (m) (m)
(m) (m) (m)

0 0
1 0 0 0 0
2 42.87 42.87 0.6 17.0479 8.5239 365.4217
3 75.27 32.4 0.6 19.9560 18.5019 599.463
4 110.47 35.2 0.6 13.6927 16.824 592.217
5 142.01 31.54 0.6 7.9640 10.828 341.526
6 196.01 54.00 0.6 0 3.982 215.028
7 0.6 0
233.51 37.5 0 0
TOTAL = 2113.6557m3

NET STONE PITCHING=2113.6557m3

18. CHANNEL DESIGN


From Topo sheet:
Assuming,
CCA= 40 hectares
PROPOSED CROPPING PATTERN
CROP TYPE INTENSITY DELTA cm

Kharif crop 60 % 100.00


(Rice)
Rabi crop 30 % 45.00
(Vegetables)
30% 45.00
(Ground nut)

Duty for certain crops


For Rice : 775hectares/ cumec
For Robi : 2000 hectares/ cumec

Area to be irrigated in Kharif season = 0.60*64 = 24.00hectares.

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Area to be irrigated in Rabi season = 0.3*64 = 12.00hectares.


The water required at the discharge tributary to irrigate Kharif area =
(24/775)= 0.0309 cumecs.
The water required at the discharge tributary to irrigate Robi area =
(12/2000) = 0.006 cumecs.
Allowing 7% losses in canal = (1.07*0.0309) = 0.03306cumec
Q = 0.03306cumec

DESIGN OF CANAL: LACEYS THEORY:-


DATA:
Q = 0.03306cumec
F = 1 silt factor D=0.5m
Side slopes=05H:1V
1)silt factor
F=1 B=0.5m
F =1.76mr
1=1.76mr
mr=0.32mm
2)Velocity of flow
V=(Q.F2/140)(1/6)
V=(0.03306*1/140) (1/6)
V=0.25 m/sec
3)To find area of channel
A=Q/V
=(0.03306/0.25)
A=0.1322 m
4)Wetted perimeter
P=4.75Q

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=4.740.03306
P=0.86 m 0.9 m
5)Depth of channel
D=(P-(P-6.944*A))/3.47)=
(0.9 -(0.9-6.944*0.1322))/3.472
D=0.27 m

6)Base width of channel


B = P-2.236*D
= 0.9-2.236*0.27
B = 0.29m 0.3m
7)Now Rt = (BD+(D/2))/(B+2.236D)
= (0.3*0.27+(0.27/2))/(0.3+2.236*0.27)
Rt = 0.13 m
Hydraulic mean depth Ra = 2.5(V/f)
= 2.5*(0.25/1)
Ra=0.156 Ra>Rt hence checked

8)Bed slope(S)
S =1/(3340*Q(1/6))
S =1/(3340*(0.03306) (1/6))
S =1/1892 m
.. B=0.5mt, D=0.3+0.2=0.5m

19. DESIGN OF WASTE WEIR


The catchment area = 7.00 km2
C =10.0
Q= C*A^ (2/3)
Q= 10.0*(7.00)^(2/3)
Q= 36.593 cumecs

LENGTH OF THE WASTE WEIR


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We have discharge equation over a rectangular weir


Q =2/3*Cd*L* (2*g)*(H)^(3/2)
36.593= 2/3*0.67*L* (2*9.81)*(1)(3/2)
L= 18.5 m

BODY WALL OF WASTE WEIR


Top width = 2.0m
Bottom width = 3.0m
Sloping towards down stream side(1H:8V)

CONCLUSION
1. The Survey carried out at Melkote was effective as the site is suitable for the
construction of dam and reservoir.
2. Carrying out the survey work with the help of necessary instruments, the
dam and Reservoir can be effectively and successfully designed.
3. The project carried out involving various surveys is helpful in estimating
and Calculating various data like runoff, total reservoir capacity, ground
feature etc, for the dam or reservoir to be economical and effective.
4. A new communication road over the dam is proposed to connect right bank
and left bank.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Irrigation and Water Power Engineering


-By Dr. B.C. Punmia and Dr. Pande B.B. Lal.

2.Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures


-By Santosh Kumar Garg

3.Surveying
-By Dr. B.C. Punmia

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4.Surveying
-By Kanitkar

5.Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering


-By Dr. B.C. Punmia

6.Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering


-By Prof. V.N.S. Murthy

7.Engineering Hydrology
-By K. Subramanya

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