Chp. 1 Ex. 1.

1
1)

2)

i.

Six lines can be drawn through four given points such that no three points are collinear.
The six lines are line PQ, line QR, line RS, line SP, line PR, and line QS.

ii.
Let Q, R and S be the three collinear points.
 Four lines can be drawn through given four points such that three points are collinear.
The four lines are line PQ, line PS, line PR, and line QS.

3) The sets of collinear points are:

1. P, F, R, B
2. P, S, T, Q
3. A, R, E, Q
4. A, F, S, D
5. B, E, T, D

4)

i. Line PQ, line SR, and line DC are parallel to line AB.
ii. Yes, line AD and point R lie in the same plane.

[There is exactly one plane passing through a line and a point, not on the line (axiom)].

iii. Yes, points A, S, R, and B are coplanar (since these points lie in the same plane ASRB).
iv. Plane APSD, plane APQB and plane ABCD pass through point A.
v. Points A, S, R, B, and V.

Ex. 1.2

i. Co-ordinates of points C, S, Q, and D are -3, 4, 2 and -4 respectively.

ii. The points whose co-ordinates are 4, 5, 0, and -2 are S, T, O, and B respectively.
iii.

a. d(Q, T)
Co-ordinate of Q is 2 and co-ordinate of T is 5, 2 < 5

d(Q, T) = 5 - 2 = 3
 b. d(E, B)
Co-ordinate of E is -5 and co-ordinate of B is -2, -5 < -2

d(E, B) = -2 - (-5) = -2 + 5 = 3

c. d(O, C)
Co-ordinate of O is 0 and co-ordinate of C is -3, -3 < O

d(O, C) = 0 - (-3) = 3

d. d(O, R)
Co-ordinate of O is 0 and co-ordinate of R is 3, 0 < 3

d(O, R) = 3 - 0 = 3

iv. There are two cases :

a. The point can be towards the positive side i.e. point S ( d(O, S) = 4 - 0 = 4)
b. The point can be towards the negative side i.e. point D (d(O, D) = 0 - (-4) = 4)

2)

i. Co-ordinate of point P is x = 7

Co-ordinate of point Q is y = 10

10 > 7

d(P, Q) = 10 - 7 = 3

d(P, Q) = 3

ii. Co-ordinate of point P is x = -2

Co-ordinate of point Q is y = 11

11 > -2

d(P, Q) = 11 - (-2) = 11 + 2 = 13

d(P, Q) = 13

iii. Co-ordinate of point P is x = -8

Co-ordinate of point Q is y = -3

-3 > -8
 d(P, Q) = -3 -(-8 ) = -3 + 8 = 5

d(P, Q) = 5

iv. Co-ordinate of point P is x = 5

Co-ordinate of point Q is y = -9

5 > -9

d(P, Q) = 5-(-9) = 5 + 9 = 14

d(P, Q) = 14

3)

If points P, Q and R are three distinct collinear points and if d(P, Q) + d(Q, R) = d(P, R), then the point Q is
said to be between the points P and R. When point Q is between the points P and R, we write P - Q - R to
represent the betweenness among P, Q and R.

i. d(A, B) + d(B, D) = 5 + 8 = 13

d(A, D) = 11

d(A, B) + d(B, D) d(A,D)

There is no betweenness among the points A, B and D

ii. d(B, D) + d(A, D) = 6 + 5 = 11

d(A, B) = 11

d(B, D) + d(A, D) = d(A, B)

There exists a betweeness among the points A, B, and D.

The point D lies between A and B.

Hence we write, A - D - B.

iii. d(A, B) + d(B, D) = 2 + 15 = 17

d(A, D) = 17

d(A, B) + d(B, D) = d(A, D)

There exists a betweenness among the points A, B and D.

The point B lies between A and D.

 Hence we write, A - B - D.

4)

ii.

iii.

5)

l(PL) + l(LN) = l(PN) (P-L-N)

l(PL) + 5 = 11
l(PL) =11 - 5
l(PL) = 6 units

l(MN) + l(NR) = l(MR) (M-N-R)

7 + l(NR) = 13
l(NR) = 13 - 7
l(NR) = 6 units

l(LM) + l(MQ) = l(LQ) (L-M-Q)

6 + 2 = l(LQ)
l(LQ) = 8 units
 6)

l(AB) + l(BC) = l(AC) (A-B-C)

l(AB) + 5 = 8
l(AB) = 8 - 5
l(AB) = 3 units (i)
seg AC seg BD (given)
l(BD) = 8
l(BC) + l(CD) = l(BD) (B-C-D)
5 + l(CD) = 8
l(CD) = 8 - 5
l(CD) = 3 units (ii)
seg BD seg CE (given)
l(CE) = 8
l(CD) + l(DE) = l(CE) (C-D-E)
3 + l(DE) = 8
l(DE) = 8 - 3
l(DE) = 5 units (iii)

i. l(BC) = l(DE) = 5 units [from (iii) and given that l(BC) = 5]

seg BC seg DE

ii. l(AB) = l(CD) = 3 units [from(i) and (ii)]

seg AB seg CD

7)

Co-ordinate of point P is -3
Co-ordinate of point Q is 5
5 > -3
d(P, Q) = 5 - (-3 ) = 5 + 3 = 8 units
l(PQ) = 8 units

Co-ordinate of point P is -3
Co-ordinate of point R is 2
2 > -3
d(P, R) = 2 - (-3 ) = 2 + 3 = 5 units
l(PR) = 5 units

Co-ordinate of point P is -3
Co-ordinate of point S is -7
-3 > -7
d(P, S) = -3 - (-7 ) = -3 + 7 = 4 units
l(PS) = 4 units

Co-ordinate of point P is -3
Co-ordinate of point T is 9
9 > -3
d(P, T) = 9 - (-3 ) = 9 + 3 = 12 units
l(PT) = 12 units
Co-ordinate of point Q is 5
Co-ordinate of point R is 2
5>2
d(Q, R) = 5 - 2= 3 units
l(QR) = 3 units

Co-ordinate of point Q is 5
Co-ordinate of point S is -7
5 > -7
d(Q, S) = 5 - (-7 ) = 5 + 7 = 12 units
l(QS) = 12 units

Co-ordinate of point Q is 5
Co-ordinate of point T is 9
9>5
d(Q, T) = 9 - (5 ) = 4 units
l(QT) = 4 units

Co-ordinate of point R is 2
Co-ordinate of point S is -7
2 > -7
d(R, S) = 2 - (-7 ) = 2 + 7 = 9 units
l(RS) = 9 units

Co-ordinate of point R is 2
Co-ordinate of point T is 9
9>2
d(RT) = 9 - 2 = 7 units
l(RT) = 7 units

Co-ordinate of point S is -7
Co-ordinate of point T is 9
9 > -7
d(S, T) = 9 - (-7 ) = 9 + 7 = 16 units
l(ST) = 16 units

8)

9)

Q is the midpoint of CD
l(CD) = 2 l(CQ)
l(CD) = 24.5
 l(CD) = 9 cm

10)

7 > 5.4 > 4

l(AB) > l(AP) > l(BP)
seg(AB) > seg(AP) > seg(BP)
AB > AP >BP

11)

l(AB) = l(AC) = 5 cm
seg AB seg AC
l(BC) = l(DE) = 5.5 cm
seg BC seg DE
l(CD) = l(CE) = 4 cm
seg CD seg CE

Ex. 1.3
1)

i. Yes, two acute angles measuring 30 and 60 have their sum 90.
ii. No, because the sum of the measures of two obtuse angles cannot be 90.
iii. No, because the sum of the measures of two right angles is 180
iv. No, because the sum of the measures of two acute angles is always less than 180
v. No, because the sum of the measures of two obtuse angles is always greater than 180.
vi. Yes, because the sum of the measures of two right angles is 180
vii. Yes, because a linear pair of angles are adjacent as well as supplementary.
viii. Yes, if the sum of the measures of adjacent angles adds to 90
ix. Yes, AOB and COB are obtuse and adjacent angles.

x. Yes, POR is an obtuse angle and QOR is an acute angle and they both are adjacent to
each other.
 xi. No, the sum of the measures of two acute angles is always less than 180 and for a linear pair
their sum should be 180

xii. No, the sum of the measures of two obtuse angles is always greater than 180 and for a linear
pair their sum should be 180

xiii. Yes, because the sum of the measures of two right angles is 180

2)(i) Measure of the given angle = 60

Measure of its supplementary angle = 180 - 60 = 120

(ii) Measure of the given angle = 138

Measure of its supplementary angle = 180 - 138 = 42

(iii)

iv) Measure of the given angle = (180 - r)

Measure of its supplementary angle = 180- (180 - r)= r

(v)

Measure of the given angle = (90 + r)

Measure of its supplementary angle = 180 - (90 + r)
= 180 - 90 - r
= (90 - r)

(vi) Measure of the given angle = 87

Measure of its supplementary angle = 180 - 87 = 93

(vii) Measure of the given angle = 124

Measure of its supplementary angle = 180 - 124 = 56

(viii) Measure of the given angle = 108

Measure of its supplementary angle = 180 - 108 = 72

3)(i) Measure of the given angle = 58

Measure of its complementary angle = 90 - 58 = 32

(ii) Measure of the given angle = 16

Measure of its complementary angle = 90 - 16 = 74

(iii)

(iv) Measure of the given angle = (a + b)

Measure of its complementary angle = 90 - (a + b)= (90 - a - b)

(v) Measure of the given angle = (90 - r )

Measure of its complementary angle = 90 - (90 - r)

= 90 - 90 + r
= r
(vi) Measure of the given angle = 78

Measure of its complementary angle = 90 - 78 = 12

(vii) Measure of the given angle = 68

Measure of its complementary angle = 90 - 68 = 22

(viii) Measure of the given angle = 56

Measure of its complementary angle = 90 - 56 = 34

4)
 5)

Ex. 1.4
1)

i. Alternate angles are congruent. (Converse of alternates angle test)

ii. All three lines are parallel to each other. (If two lines are parallel to the same line then they are
parallel to each other.)
iii. Both angles are congruent.
iv. One and only one such line can be drawn.
v. Let the interior angles formed be 2x and 7x.

Converse of interior angles test:

If two lines are parallel then the interior angles formed by a transversal are supplementary.
 2x + 7x = 180

9x = 180

x = 20

The measure of the greater angle = 7x

= 7 20

= 140

2)

3)
4)
Chp. 2 Ex. 2.1

2)

3)

The ratio of the angles of the triangle is 3 : 3 : 6.

Let the measures of the angles be 3x, 3x and 6x.
Then 3x + 3x + 6x = 180
12 x = 180
x = 15
3 x = 3 15 = 45 and 6x = 6 15x = 90x
Two angles of the triangle are equal and one angle is a right angle.
The triangle is an isosceles right angled triangle.

4)

In the ABC, mB = 90.

So, AB is the altitude on side BC.
BC is the altitude on side AB.
BP is the altitude on side AC.
All the altitudes meet at the point B.
In a right angled triangle, the altitudes meet at the vertex forming a right angle.

5)

ABC is an obtuse angled triangle, B being an obtuse angle.

The orthocenter O of the obtuse angled triangle lies outside the triangle.

6)
In an equilateral triangle, altitudes, medians and angle bisectors are one and the same.
So, in an equilateral triangle, the orthocenter, centroid and incentre lie at the same point.
In the above diagram, point O is the orthocenter, centroid and incentre of ABC.

7)

ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.

Side BC is its non-congruent side.
Seg AD is the median drawn on the side BC.
Median AD is the altitude and angle bisector of A also.
[In an isosceles triangle, the centroid, orthocenter and incentre lie on the same line. In the given figure, all the
three points lie on line AD.]

8)

The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle do not always pass through the opposite vertex except in
an equilateral triangle. In the case of an isosceles triangle, the perpendicular bisector of the non-congruent side
is a cevian and in a scalene triangle the perpendicular bisector of its sides are not cevians. Hence, in general,
the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are not cevians.

So, I agree with statement.

Ex. 2.2
1)(i)

The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.

mV + mA + mT = 180
a + a + 40 = 180
2a + 40 = 180
2a = 180 - 40 = 140
a = 70

(ii)

The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.

mP + mU + mX = 180
90 + 50 + a = 180
a = 180 - 140 = 40
a = 40

(iii)

The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.

mT + mA + mP = 180
a + 110 + 25 = 180
a = 180 - 135
a = 45

2)

The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.

mM + mT + mG = 180
76 + 48 + mG = 180
124 + mG = 180
mG = 180 - 124
mG = 56

3)
4)
5)

mM + mN + mK = 180
...(The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle) ....(1)
mM + mN = 125 ...(Given)..(2)
From (1) and (2),
125 + mK = 180
mK = 55 ...(3)
mM + mK = 113 ....(Given)...(4)
mM + 55 = 113 ...[From (3)]
mM = 58
From (1) and (4),
mN + 113 = 180
mN = 67
mM = 58; mN = 67; mK = 55.

6)

7)(i)

mNME + mEMR = 180

...(Angles in a linear pair)
mNME + 140 = 180
mNME = 180 - 140
mNME = 40 ...(1)
TEN = ENM + NME
....(Remote interior angle theorem)
100 = x + 40
...[Given and from(1)]
x = 100 - 40
x = 60.

(ii)

RQS = PQX
...(Vertically opposite angles)
mPQX = 100 ...(Given)
mRQS = 100
QST = QRS + RQS
...(Remote interior angle theorem)
x = 50 + 100
x = 150

(iii)

In NYX, mNYX = 90 ...(Given)

mN + mX = 90
...(Acute angles of a right angled triangle)
mN + 45 = 90
...(Given : mX = 45)
mN = 45
Consider the DNMZ.
Now, mN + mNMZ + mZ = 180
...(The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle)
45 + 110 + x = 180
...[From (1) and given]
155 + x = 180
x = 180 - 155
x = 25

(iv)

ABDE ...(Given)
AD is the transversal.
BAD = ADE
...(Alternate angles)
BAD = 70
ADE = 70 i.e.EDC = 70 ...(1)
Now consider the DCDE:
CED + ECD + EDC = 180
...(The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle)
35 + x + 70 = 180
...[Given and from (1)]
x + 105 = 180
x = 180 - 105
x = 75

8)

mTPR + mRPQ = 180

...(Angles in a linear pair) ...(1)
Similarly, mPRQ + mSRQ = 180 ...(2)
and mRQP + mPQU = 180 ...(3)
From (1), (2) and (3),
mTPR + mRPQ + mPRQ + mSRQ + mRQP + mPQU = 540

(mTPR + mSRQ + mPQU)

+ (mRPQ + mPRQ + mRQP) = 540 ...(4)

But, mRPQ + mPRQ + mRQP = 180

...(The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle) ...(5)

From (4) and (5),

(mTPR + mSRQ + mPQU) + 180 = 540
mTPR + mSRQ + mPQU = 540 - 180
= 360
TPR + SRQ + PQU = 4 right angles.

9)

10)
Ex. 2.3
1)

2)
3)
4)

5)
6)

7)
8)

9)
10)
11)

12)
 13)

seg SK seg MP seg TN.

and AT is the transversal. ....(Given)
ASK AMP ATN ...(Corresponding angles) ....(1)
A is common to the triangles, ASK,
AMP and ATN.
ASK~MAP~TAN ....(AA test for similarity)

14)

15)

Seg RV seg PS
mRVP = mSVR = 90

i. In SRP and SVR,

mSRP = mSVR = 90 ...[Given and from(1)]
PSR = VSR ...(Common angle)
SRP ~ SVR ...(AA test for similarity)

ii. In SRP and RVP,

mSRP = mRVP = 90 ...[Given and from(1)]
SPR = RPV ...(Common angle)
 SRP ~ RVP ...(AA test for similarity)

iii. In SPR, mS + mP = 90
In RVP, mP + mVRP = 90 ...(2) ...(Acute angles of a right angled triangle)
From (2), RSV = VRP ...(3)
In SVR and RVP
mSVR = mRVP = 90
and RSV = VRP ...[From (3)]
SVR ~ RVP ...(AA test for similarity)
The pairs of the given triangles are similar.

16)

17)
 Chp. 3 Ex. 3.1
1)

Congruent sides:
i. side AB side MN
ii. side BC side NP
iii. side AC side MP
Congruent angles:
i. A M
ii. B N
iii. C P

2)
Seg PQ seg QR
R P ....(Isosceles triangle theorem)
mP = 70 ...(Given)
mR = 70 ....(1)
Now, the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
mP + mQ + mR = 180
70 + mQ + 70 = 180 ...[Given and from (1)]
140 + mQ = 180
mQ = 180 - 140
mQ = 40
The measures of the remaining angles are mR = 70 and mQ = 40.

3)

In PST, seg PS seg PT. ....(Given)

By Isosceles Triangle Theorem,
PTS PST ....(1)
The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
mP + mPTS + mPST = 180 ....(2)
mP + 2mPTS = 180 ..... [From (1) and (2)] .....(3)
Seg PS seg PT and seg SQ seg TR ...(Given)
PS = PT and SQ = TR
PS + SQ = PT + TR
PQ = PR ....(P-S-Q and P-T-R)
seg PQ seg PR.
In PQR, seg PQ seg PR ....(Proved)
PRQ PQR ....(4)
mP + mPQR + mPRQ = 180 .....(5)
mP + 2mPQR = 180 ......[From (4) and (5)]....(6)
From (3) and (6), PTS = PRQ
seg ST seg QR ....(corresponding angles test for parallel lines)
i.e. Side ST Side QR.

4)

Proof with justification:

In POR and SOQ,
seg OP seg OS and seg OR seg OQ .....(Given)
POR SOQ ....(Vertically opposite angles)
POR SOQ ....(SAS test)
seg PR seg SQ ....(c.s.c.t.)
Also, P S and R Q .....(c.a.c.t.)
For seg PR and seg SQ, PQ is the transversal.
For seg PR and seg SQ to be parallel, the alternate angles, P and Q, should be congruent.
But these angles are not congruent.
seg PR and seg SQ are not parallel.
Also, taking RS as the transversal, we can show that seg PR and seg SQ are not parallel.

5)
ABP CBQ .....(Given)
ABP = CBQ
Adding PBC to both the sides
ABP + PBC = CBQ + PBC
ABC PBQ ....(1)
seg AB = seg PB and seg BC seg BQ .....(Given)
ABC PBQ .....(SAS test)
seg AC seg PQ ....(c.s.c.t.)

6)

Solution with justification:

In ABC, seg AB seg AC ......(Given)
by Isosceles Triangle Theorem,
ABC ACB.
i.e. ABC = ACB ...(1)
The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180
mA + mABC + mACB = 180
mA + mABC + mABC = 180 .....[From (1)]
mA + 2mABC = 180
40 + 2mABC = 180 ...[Given: mA = 40]
2mABC = 180 - 40 = 140
mABC = 70
mABC = mACB = 70 ...(2)
In ABP, seg AB seg PB ...(Given)
P PAB i.e. P = PAB ...(3)
By Remote Interior Angle Theorem,
ABC = P + PAB
From (2) and (3), 70 = mP + mP
mP = mPAB = 35 ....(4)
Similarly, we can prove that
mQ = mQAC = 35 ....(5)
In APQ, mPAQ + mP + mQ = 180
mPAQ + 35 + 35 = 180 ....[From (4) and (5)]
mPAQ = 180 - 70
mPAQ = 110 .....(6)
So, mP = mQ = mPAB = mQAC = 35
PC = PB + BC and QB = QC + BC .....(7)
But PB = QC ....(Given) ....(8)
PC = QB ....[From (7) and (8)]
In PAC and QAB,
PC = QB .....(Proved)
AC = AB ....(Given)
ACB = ABC .....[From (2)]
i.e. ACP = ABQ
PAC QAB .....(SAS test)
Similarly, we can prove that
PAB QAC.
Hence, mPAQ = 110; Also PAC QAB and PAB QAC are the congruent triangles.
Ex. 3.2
1)

In ACO and DBO,

ACO DBO ....(Given)
seg CO seg BO ...(Given)
AOC DOB .....(Vertically opposite angles)
ACO DBO ....(ASA test)
The remaining congruent parts:
A D, seg AC seg DB, and seg AO seg DO

2)(i)

BDA BDC
1. Test of congruence: SAA test
2. Correspondence: BDA BDC
3. Congruent Parts:

ABD CBD

seg AB seg CB

seg AD seg CD

(ii)
PQR SRQ
1. Test of congruence: SAS test
2. Correspondence: PQR SRQ
3. Congruent Parts:

seg PR seg SQ

QPR RSQ

PRQ SQR

(iii)

MQN PQN
1. Test of congruence: SAS test
2. Correspondence: MQN PQN
3. Congruent Parts:

seg MN seg PN

QMN QPN

QNM QNP
(iv)

BPA BPC
1. Test of congruence: ASA test
2. Correspondence: BPA BPC
3. Congruent Parts:

BAP BCP

seg BA seg BC

seg PA seg PC

(v)

ABP CBP
1. Test of congruence: SSS test
2. Correspondence: ABP CBP
3. Congruent Parts:

PBA PBC
 BAP BCP

BPA BPC

(vi)

BD + DC = FC + DC
BC = FD
ABC EFD
1. Test of congruence: SAS test
2. Correspondence: ABC EFD
3. Congruent Parts:

seg AB seg EF

ABC EFD

BAC FED

(vii)

AP = AQ
PB = QC
 AP + PB = AQ + QC
AB = AC .....(A-P-B; A-Q-C)
ABQ ACP
1. Test of congruence: SAS test
2. Correspondence: ABQ ACP
3. Congruent Parts:

seg BQ seg CP

ABQ ACP

AQB APC

(viii)

PSQ PSR
1. Test of congruence: Hypotenuse-Side theorem
2. Correspondence: PSQ PSR
3. Congruent Parts:

seg QS seg RS

QPS RPS

PQS PRS

(ix)

Solution 2(ix)
 APR BPQ CQR QPR
1. Test of congruence: SSS test
2. Correspondence:

APR BPQ CQR QPR or any correspondence

3. Congruent Parts:

All the angles of APR, BPQ, CQR and QPR are 60 each.

(x)

PQS RQS
1. Test of congruence: Hypotenuse - side theorem
2. Correspondence: PQS RQS
3. Congruent Parts:

seg PS seg RS
 PQS RQS

PSQ RSQ

3)

1. XYZ and DYZ are drawn as above.

2. Congruent parts seg XZ seg DY and

XZY ZYD are shown in the figure by identical marks.

3. Test of congruence: SAS test

4. Congruent triangle: XYZ DZY.

Correspondence: XYZ DZY

ii

1. EFG and LMN are drawn as above.

2. Congruent parts seg FG seg MN,
 G N and F M are shown in the figure by identical marks.

3. Test of congruence: ASA test

4. Congruent triangle: EFG LMN.

Correspondence: EFG LMN

iii

1. MNO and CNR are drawn as above.

2. Congruent parts seg MN seg CN,

seg NO seg NR and MNO CNR are shown in the figure by identical marks.

3. Test of congruence: SAS test

4. Congruent triangle: MNO CNR.

Correspondence: MNO CNR

iv

1. BTR and BTP are drawn as above.

 2. Congruent parts seg BR seg BP,

Seg RT seg PT are shown in the figure by identical marks.

3. Test of congruence: SSS test

4. Congruent triangle: BTR BTP.

Correspondence: BTR BTP

v. In LMP and LPN,

LMP LNP, LPM NPL.
Ans. (1) and (2)

1. LMP and LPN are drawn as above.

2. Congruent parts LMP LNP and LPM NPL are shown in the figure by identical marks.
3. Test of congruence: SAA test
4. Congruent triangle: LMP LNP.

Correspondence: LMP LNP

4)
 Missing information required and sufficient to prove
ADC CBA:
i. SAS test

seg AD seg CB

ii. SAA test

D B

iii. ASA test

ACD CAB

5)

Seg QS is the bisector of PQR ....(Given)

PQS RQS ...(1)

Seg QS is the bisector of PSR ....(Given)

PSQ RSQ ...(2)

In PQS and RQS,

PQS RQS ...[From (1)]

seg QS seg QS ...(Common side)

PSQ RSQ .....[From (2)]

PQS RSQ ....(ASA test)

P R ....(c.a.c.t.)

6)

Diagonal MP is the perpendicular bisector of diagonal NQ.

seg NT seg QT and
mNTM = mQTM = mPTN = mPTQ = 90 .....(1)

Now, in MNT and MQT,

seg NT seg QT ...[From (1)]
MTN MTQ ...[From (1)]
seg MT seg MT ...(Common side)
MNT MQT ...(SAS test)
seg MN seg MQ ...(c.s.c.t.)

In PNT and PQT,

seg NT seg QT ....[From (1)]
PTN PTQ ....[From (1)]
seg PT seg PT ...(Common side)
PNT PQT ...(SAS test)
seg NP seg QP ...(c.s.c.t.)
 In NMP and QMP,
seg MN seg MQ
seg NP seg QP
seg MP seg MP ...(Common side)
PNT PQT ...(SSS test)

7)

i. In ABC and CDE,

mB = mD = 90
hypotenuse AC hypotenuse CE ....(Given)
seg BC seg ED ....(Given)
ABC CDE ....(Hypotenuse- side theorem)

ii. As ABC CDE

BAC DCE ....(c.a.c.t.) ...(1)

iii.
In ABC, mBAC + mACB = 90 ... (Acute angles of a right angled triangle)...(2)
From (1) and (2),
mDCE + mACB = 90 ....(3)
mACB + mACE + mDCE = 180
mACB + mDCE + mACE = 180
90 + mACE = 180 ....[From (3)]
mACE = 90

8)

i. The pairs of congruent triangles:

a. ABP and ACP
b. ABQ and ACQ
c. BQP and CQP

a.
In ABP and ACP,
seg AB seg AC ...(Given)
BAP CAP ....(AP is the bisector of BAC)
seg AP seg AP ...(Common side)
ABP ACP ....(SAS test)
seg BP seg CP ...(c.s.c.t.)....(1)

b.
In ABQ and ACQ,
seg AB seg AC ...(Given)
BAQ CAQ ....(AP, i.e. AQ is the bisector of BAC)
seg AQ seg AQ ...(Common side)
ABQ ACQ ....(SAS test)
seg BQ seg CQ ...(c.s.c.t.)....(2)

c.
In BQP and CQP,
seg BP seg CP ...[ From (1)]
seg BQ seg CQ ...[ From (2)]
seg QP seg QP ...(Common side)
BQP CQP ...(SSS test)

ii BQC is an isosceles triangle. ....[From (2)]

seg AB seg AC ...(Given)
ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Ex. 3.3
1)

mA + mB + mC = 180 ...(Angles of a triangles)

40 + 80 + mC = 180
mC = 180 - 120 mC = 60
The descending order of the measures of the angles is B > C > A
side AC > side AB > side BC ....(Sides opposite to the angles)
The shortest side is side BC and the longest side is side AC.

2)

AB = 5 cm, BC = 8 cm, AC = 10 cm.

AC > BC > AB
B > A > C .....(Inequality property of a triangle)

The smallest angle is C and the greatest angle is B.

Their descending order is B > A > C.

3)

In ABC, AB = 4 cm, AC = 6 cm.

AC > AB.
Angle opposite to the greater side is greater.
a > b
b is the exterior angle of ACD.
By exterior angle theorem b > d ....(2)
From (1) and (2) a > b > d ....(3)
Now, c is the exterior angle of ABC.
c > a ....(By exterior angle theorem) ...(4)
From (3) and (4) c > a > b > d.

4)

In ABC, mB = 30, mC = 25,

B > C
side AC > side AB
.....(In a triangle, the side opposite to the greater angle is greater) ....(1)
mADB + mADC = 180 ...(Angles in a linear pair)
mADB + 70 = 180
mADB = 110
In ABD, mADB = 110 and mB = 30
ADB > B
side AB > side AD ...(2)
From (1) and (2),
side AC > side AB > side AD.
5)

(i) In ABC, side AB side BC and A-P-C. ...(Given)

A C ...(Isosceles Triangle Theorem) ..(1)
BPC > A ...(Exterior Angle Theorem) ...(2)
From (1) and (2), BPC > C
BC > BP
...(Side opposite to greater angle)
i.e. BP < BC ...(3)
AB BC ....(Given)...(4)
From (3) and (4),
BP<="" ab.<="" span="" style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px;">
BP< congruent sides.

(ii) In ABC, side AB side BC and A-C-P.

....(Given)
A BCA ....(Isosceles Triangle Theorem) ...(1)

BCA > P ...(Exterior Angle Theorem)...(2)

From (1) and (2), A > P
BP > BA ...(Side opposite to greater angle) ..(3)
side AB side BC ...(Given) ...(4)
From (3) and (4),
BP > BA and BP > BC.
BP > congruent sides.
6)

APC > B ...(Exterior Angle Theorem) ...(1)

B ACB ...(Isosceles Triangle Theorem) ...(2)
From (1) and (2), APC > ACP.
AC > AP ...(Side opposite to greater angle) ... (3)
AB = AC ....(Given) ...(4)
From (3) and (4), AB > AP
i.e. AP < AB ...(5)
ACB > AQC ...(Exterior Angle Theorem) ..(6)
ABC > AQC ...[From (2) and (6)]
i.e. ABQ > AQC
in ABQ, AQ > AB
...(Side opposite to greater angle)
i.e. AB < AQ ...(7)
From (5) and (7), AP < AQ.

7)

Let the length of side PR be x cm.

The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
PQ + QR > PR
4 + 6 > PR
10 > PR
10 > x ...(1)
The difference between the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is less than the length of the third side.
QR - PQ < PR
6 - 4 < PR
2 < PR i.e. PR > 2
x > 2 ...(2)
From (1) and (2), 10 > x > 2
The length of side PR is greater than 2 cm but less than 10 cm.

Chp. 4 Ex.4.1
1)

Points in the interior: O, A, B, C.

Points in the exterior: E, D, G, F.
Points on the circle: P, Q, T, R.

2)

Radius of the circle is 6.7 cm.

d(P, R) = 5.7 cm.
5.7 cm < 6.7 cm.
The distance between P and R is less than the radius of the circle.
Point R lies in the interior of the circle.
d(P, Q) = 7.6 cm.
7.6 cm> 6.7 cm.
The distance between P and Q is greater than the radius of the circle.
Point Q lies in the exterior of the circle.

3)

Only one common chord (joining the points of intersection) can be drawn between two common points oftwo
intersecting circles.

4)

Radius (r) = 7cm ...(Given)

OP=4cm
4 < 7
OP < r
Point P is in the interior of the circle.

OQ=9cm
9>7
OQ > r
Point Q is in the exterior of the circle.

5)

Let the two circles with centre O and P intersect each other at the points A and B.
AB is the common chord.
Line l passes through the centre O and P.
Draw seg OA, seg OB, seg PA, seg PB.

Let line l intersect chord AB in point M.

In AOP and BOP,
seg OA seg OB ... (Radii of the same circle)
seg PA seg PB ... (Radii of the same circle)
seg OP seg OP ... (Common side)
AOP BOP ... (sss test)
AOP BOP ... (c.a.c.t.)
i.e. AOM BOM
In AOM and BOM
seg OA seg OB ... (Radii of the same circle)
AOM BOM ... (Proved)
seg OM seg OM ... (Common side)
AOM BOM... (SAS test)
seg AM seg BM ...(c.s.c.t.)
and AMO BMO ...(c.a.c.t.)
But mAMO + mBMO = 180 ... (Angles in a linear pair)
mAMO = mBMO=90
seg OP is the perpendicular bisector of seg AB.
i.e. line l is the perpendicular bisector ofthe common chord AB.

6)
7)

In AOB and COD,

seg OA seg OD; seg OB seg OC ... (Radii of the same circle)
AOB COD ... (Vertically opposite angles)
AOB COD ... (SAS test)
seg AB seg CD ... (c.s.c.t.)
i.e. chord AB chord CD.

8)
9)

Join OQ and OR.

In OPQ and OPR

seg OQ seg OR ... (Radii of the same circle)
seg PQ seg PR ... (Given)
seg PO seg PO ... (Common side)
OPQ OPR ... (SSS test)
OPQ OPR ... (c.a.c.t.)
seg PO is the bisector of QPR.
i.e. the bisector of RPQ passes through the centre of the circle.
10)

11)
12)
13)
14)

Draw seg AM chord PS.

The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
In the larger circle, PM = MS ...(1)
and in the smaller circle, QM = MR ...(2)
Now, PM - QM=PQ ... (P-Q-M) ...(3)
AndMS - MR=RS ... (M-R-S) ...(4)
From (1), (2), (3) and (4), PQ = RS.

15)

Circles with centres O and P intersect each other in points Q and R

Seg QR is the common chord.
Seg OP intersects the common chord QR in point S.
OQ = OR ... (Radii of the same circle)
Point O is equidistant from points Q and R. ...(1)

Similarly, PQ=PR
Point P is equidistant from points Q and R ... (2)

From (1) and (2) and by Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, OP is the perpendicular bisector of QR.
point S is the midpoint of QR and
mQSO = mQSP = 90 ...(3)

QR=12cm ...(Given)(4)
From (3) and (4), QS = 6cm (5)

In right angled PQS,

By Pythagoras' Theorem
PQ2 = QS2 + PS2
(8)2 = (6)2 + PS2...[Given and from (5)]
PS2 = 82 - 62 = 64 -36
PS2 = 28
PS= 28
PS= 27 cm ...(6)

Similarly, in right angled OQS,

QO2 = QS2 +OS2
(10) 2=(6) 2+OS2 ...[Given and from (5)]
OS2 = 10 2 - 6 2 = 100 - 36
OS2 =64
OS= 8cm ...(7)

OP = OS +SP [O - S - P]
= (8+27) cm
The distance between their centres is (8+27) cm

16)

The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
Point E is the midpoint of chord AB.
seg AE seg BE ... (1)
Diameter CD chord AB ... (Given)
In CAE and CBE,
seg AE seg BE ... [From (1)]
CEA CEB
seg CE seg CE ... (Common side)
CAE CBE ... (SAS test)
seg CA seg CB ... ( c.s.c.t.)
i.e. CA= CB
ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Chp. 5 Ex. 5.1
1)

Let measure of the fourth angle be x.

By using the angle sum property of quadrilaterals, we get,
130+ 82+ 40+ x= 360
x= 360- 252
x= 108
The measure of the fourth angle is 108.

2)

The angles of the quadrilateral are in the ratio 2:3:5:8.

Let the measures of the angles of the quadrilateral be 2x, 3x, 5x and 8x.
Using the angle sum property of quadrilaterals, we get,
2x + 3x + 5x + 8x = 360
18x= 360
x = 20
2x = 2 20 = 40
3x = 3 20 = 60
5x = 5 20 = 100
8x = 8 20 = 160
The measures of the angles of the quadrilateral are 40, 60, 100 and 160.

3)

The measures of angles of a PQRS are 3x, 4x, 5x and 6x respectively.

So P = 3x, Q = 4x, R = 5x and S = 6x.

Using the angle sum property of quadrilaterals, we get,

mP + mQ + mR + mS = 360
3x + 4x + 5x + 6x = 360
18x = 360
x = 20

mP = 3x = 3 20 = 60
mQ = 4x = 4 20 = 80
mR = 5x = 5 20 = 100
mS = 6x = 6 20 = 120
The measures of the angles of the quadrilateral are 60, 80, 100and 120.

4)

Let B = C = D = x

Using the angle sum property of quadrilaterals we get,

mA + mB + mC + mD = 360
120 + x +x +x = 360
3x = 240
 x = 80

mB = x = 80
mC = x = 80
mD = x = 80
The measures of angles B, C and D are 80, 80and 80 respectively.

5)

Let the measures of all angles of a quadrilateral be x.

By using angle sum property of quadrilaterals, we get,
x + x + x + x = 360
4x = 360
x = 90

The measure of all the angles of the quadrilateral is 90.

6)

The measures of the angles of a quadrilateral are 120, 90, 72and x.

Using the angle sum property of quadrilaterals, we get,
120 + 90+ 72 + x = 360
x = 360- 282
x = 78
The measure of x is78.

7)

In KLMN, mK = 30, mM = 150 and mN = 110.

By using the angle sum property of quadrilaterals we get,

mK + mM + mN + mKLM = 360
30 + 150+ 110 + mKLM = 360
mKLM = 360- 290
mKLM = 70

mKLM + mMLP = 180 .[Linear pair angles]

70 + mMLP = 180
mMLP = 110

The measures of KLM and MLPare 70and 110 respectively.

8)

Let KLMN be the quadrilateral withmK = 55,

mL = 55, and mM = 150.

Using the angle sum property of quadrilaterals, we get,

mK + mL + mM + mN = 360
55 + 55+ 150 + mN = 360
mN = 360- 260
mN = 100

The measure of fourth angle is 100.

9)

10)
11)
Ex. 5.2

1)

The opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.

A = C = x
B = D = 3x + 20

In parallelogram ABCD
Using the angle sum property of quadrilaterals, we get,
mA + mB + mC + mD = 360
x+ (3x + 20) + x+ (3x + 20) = 360
8x+ 40= 360
8x= 320
x= 40

mC = x= 40
mD = 3x + 20 = 120+ 20= 140

2)

The ratio of two sides of a parallelogram is 3:5.

Suppose the lengths of the sides of theparallelogram are 3x, 5x, 3x and 5x.

Perimeter of the parallelogram is 48cm.

3x + 5x + 3x + 5x = 48
16x= 48
x = 3 cm

3x = 3 3 = 9 cm
5x = 5 3 = 15cm

The lengths of the sides of the parallelogram are 9cm, 15cm, 9cm and 15cm.

3)

Let the lengthof first side of the parallelogram be x cm.

The other side of the parallelogram is greater than the first by 25cm.
So the length of other side is (25 + x) cm.

Perimeter of the parallelogram is 150cm.

x + (25 + x) + x + (25 + x) = 150
4x + 50 = 150
x = 25 cm

The length of the other side

= (25 + x) cm = (25 + 25) cm = 50 cm

The lengths of the sides of the parallelogram are 25cm, 50cm, 25cm and 50cm.
4)

Adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 1:2.

Let the measures of the adjacent angles of the parallelogram be x, 2x.

We know that the opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.

So there are two angles having measure x and two angles having measure 2x.

By angle sum property of quadrilaterals we get,

x + 2x + x + 2x = 360
6x = 360
x = 60
2x = 120

The measures of all the angles of the parallelogram are 60, 120, 60and 120.

5)

6)
7)
8)

9)
10)
11)

12)
Ex. 5.3
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Ex. 5.4
1)
lution 1
2)
3)
4)
Chp. 6 Ex. 6.1
1)(i)
(ii)

(iii)
iv)

v)

2)
3)

4)
5)

6)
Ex. 6.2

1)(i)
(ii)

(iii)
2) (i)

(ii)
(iii)

3)

4)
5)
Chp. 7 Ex. 7.1
2)
3)
4)
5)

6)
Ex. 7.2
2)
3)
4)
5)
Chp. 8 Ex. 8.1

2)
3)

4)
5)
6)
7)(i)

(ii)

Ex. 8.2
1)
2)

3)(i)

ii)
4)

5)
Ex. 8.3
1)(i)

(ii)

(iii)
2)

3)

4)

Chp. 9 Ex. 9.1

1)
2)

3)
4)

5)
Ex. 9.2
Let PQRS be the parallelogram having SQ as one diagonal of length 6.8 cm and RT of length 7.5 cm
perpendicular to SQ.

The diagonal of the parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.

2)
3)

The area of the square-shaped field

= (side)2
= (300)2
= 90000 m2

Cost of levelling the field per square metre = Rs. 1.25

The cost of levelling = rate area
= Rs. 1.25 90000
= Rs. 1,12,500
The cost of levelling the field is Rs. 1,12,500.

4)

Let the length and breadth of the hall be l metres and b metres.

The length of the rectangular hall is 5 m more than its breadth.

l = b + 5 (1)

The area of the rectangular hall = l b

l b = 750 (2)

Substitute (1) in (2) we get

(b + 5) b = 750
b2 + 5b -750 = 0
b2 - 25b + 30b - 750 = 0
b(b - 25) + 30(b - 25) = 0
(b + 30)(b - 25)=0
b + 30 = 0 or b - 25 = 0
b = -30 or b = 25
But breadth of the hall cannot be negative.
b = 25 m

Substitute b = 25 in equation (1) we get

l = 25 + 5 = 30m

The perimeter of the rectangular hall

= 2 (l + b)
= 2 (30 + 25)
= 110

The perimeter of the rectangular hall is 110 m.

5)
6)
7)

Let the length of the lawn = 75 m and its breadth = 60m.

Road ABCD is parallel to the length and road EFGH is parallel to the breadth.
AB = FG = 4 m
AD = 75 m
EF = 60 m

The area of the road ABCD

= AD AB
= 75 4
= 300 m2 ...(1)

The area of the road EFGH

= EF FG
= 60 4
= 240 m2 ...(2)

UVWX which is 4 4, is common to both the roads.

Area of UVWX = 4 4 = 16 m2 ...(3)

The area of the road

= A(ABCD) + A(EFGH) - A(UVWX)
= (300 + 240 -16) m2.....[From (1),(2) and (3)]
= 524 m2

The total cost of gravelling the road

= rate area
= Rs. 4.50 524
= Rs. 2358

The total cost of gravelling the road is Rs.2358.

Ex. 9.3
A horse is tethered at a point by a 10 m long rope.
The horse can graze around that point in a circular path.

The horse can graze in a circular path with the point where horse is tethered as the centre and radius equal to
the length of the rope, i.e. 10 m.

So the area of the region where the horse can graze is area of the circle.

The area of circle = r2

= 3.14 (10)2
= 3.14 100
= 314 m2

The area of the region where the horse can graze is 314 m2.

2)

The diameter of the circle = 2r = 20 cm

The diameter of the circle is equal to the side of the square.

The side of the square is 20 cm.

Area of a square= (side)2 = 400 cm2

Area of a circle = r2
= 3.14 (10) 2
= 314 cm 2

Area of the shaded portion

= Area of the square - Area of the circle
=(400 - 314)cm2
= 86 cm2

The area of the shaded portion is 86 cm2.

3)

Area of the circle with radius 3 m

= r2
= (3)2
= 9 m2 ...(1)
Area of the circle with radius 4 m
= r2
= (4)2
= 16 m2 ...(2)

Area of the required circle

= 9 + 16 ... [From (1) and (2)]
= 25 m2 ...(3)
Let the radius of the required circle be R.
Then its area = R2 = 25 ...[From (3)]
R2 = 25 R= 5 m
The radius of the required circle is 5 m.

4)

5)